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The current status and the future direction of DMB technology 2005. 9. 29. [email protected] ::: ETRI, The Future Wave :::1 Contents 1.1. IntroductionIntroduction 2.2. EvolutionEvolution ofof BroadcastingBroadcasting TechnologyTechnology 3.3. ScheduleSchedule andand ModelModel ofof T-DMBT-DMB ServiceService 4.4. DataData ServiceService andand TechnologyTechnology 5.5. Concluding Remarks -2- ::: ETRI, The Future Wave ::: 55 1.1. IntroductionIntroduction -3- ::: ETRI, The Future Wave ::: Characteristics of DMB • mobile multimedia (audio/video/data) broadcasting Mobile (mobile TV upto 200km/h) services at anytime, Mobile anywhere with any devices • Personalized services by handheld receivers Personal (cellular phone, PDA, notebook, PMP, etc.) • Bi-directional interactive services in conjunction with Interactive mobile communication networks (TTI, PPV, on-line shopping, internet access, etc.) CAR AV mobile Broadcasting Centers S-DMB Cellular PDA handheld PMP video T-DMB audio Mobile AV equip. PC life infor. communication network fixed * TTI : Traffic and Travel Information -4- ::: ETRI, The Future Wave ::: 56 DMB Services -5- ::: ETRI, The Future Wave ::: DMB Receiver Types -6- ::: ETRI, The Future Wave ::: 57 Characteristics of T-DMB and other media T- DMB S-DMB T-DTV CATV S-DTV (System-A) (System-E) Service Mobile Mobile Fixed Fixed Fixed/mobile Type (base free) (subscription) (base free) (subscription) (subscription) Multimedia, Multimedia, Program Audio, etc. Audio, etc. 5ch ~80ch ~140ch 6~12ch* ~40ch Regional Regional Regional Coverage Nationwide Nationwide Nationwide Nationwide Nationwide Personal/Mobile Personal/Mobile Fixed/Wide Fixed/Wide Fixed/mobile Receiver (2-7”) (2-7”) (HD) (HD) (HD) (VCD/QVGA) (VCD/QVGA) * Seoul Metropolitan Area -7- ::: ETRI, The Future Wave ::: Concept of DMB Service (System-A) Terrestrial and Satellite frequency of up to 3GHz with gap filler GPS 1 .4 5 L 2 - b ~ a radio studio 1 n .4 d 9 2 G H S-DMB z Delivery Network Broadcasting (IP/data) Center TV studio Gap Filler Hanheld 이 VH F: 17 L 4 ~ 2 Band 40 MH : 1.45 z Fixed additional data 2 ~ 1 휴대 .492 Mobile provider T-DMB GHz Broadcasting Center Mobile/Fixed Comm. Net. -8- ::: ETRI, The Future Wave ::: 58 Concept of S-DMB Service (System-E) Satellite frequency of 2.6GHz with gap filler (Satellite E144 °) 1 Ku 2. - 21 Ba 4~ nd 1 (T 2. DM GPS 23 ) 2 9 S G ) z . H M H 6 - z D G 3 b T 9 0 4 a d( n n .8 ) ~ Gap a 3 z d 1 M H 2 ( B D G . C - ~ C 3 6 Filler u 8 D K 4 d( 8 5 2 n . 5 M .8 a 3 G 3 B 1 ) - H 1 u ~ 8 z K 5 .8 S-Band(CDM) 13 Program Contents Provider (A/V/Data ) S-DMB Broadcasting Center Mobile/Fixed Comm. Net. -9- ::: ETRI, The Future Wave ::: Specification of System-A & System-E System System-A System-E Remarks Item Rec. ITU-R BS. 1114 Rec. ITU-R BO. 1130-4 Medium Terrestrial, Satellite, and Cable Satellite only upto 3 GHz Broadcasting • Terrestrial : VHF(174 ~ 240 MHz), S-band (2.630 ~ 2.655 MHz) Frequency L-Band(1.452 ~ 1.492 GHz • Satellite : L-band(1.452 ~ 1.492 GHz) Ku-band - Frequency for Relay Frequency No spec. up : 14 GHz satellite comm. Down (to Gap Filler) : 11 GHz -QPSK/TDM Basic Transmission -Bandwidth - 1.536MHz -25 MHz - Modulation -DQPSK -QPSK - Transmission Multiplex -OFDM -CDM S System-E includes -Audio - MPEG-1,-2 Layer 2 - MPEG-2 AAC RS - Transport -Eureka 147 - MPEG-2 Systems - Inner FEC - Convolution Code ( (4,1,7) Variable - Convolution Code ( (2,1,7) Variable Rate, 24 modes) Rate, 5 modes) - RS(204,188) AV Outer FEC RS(204,188) AV multimedia spec. added to each Mul Video MPEG-4 Part 10(AVC) Baseline @Level 1.3 MPEG-4 Part 10(AVC) Baseline @Level 1.3 ti- System spec. me Audio MPEG-4 BSAC MPEG-2 AAC-LC+SBR dia Add. Data MPEG-4 Systems BIFS - Data Multiplex MPEG-4 Systems (SL) + MPEG-2 Systems MPEG-2 Systems -10- ::: ETRI, The Future Wave ::: 59 DMB System-A Standardization Status EU Standard Global Standard WorldDABWorldDAB Forum Forum ITUITU WDFWDF standardstandard (‘04.12.)(‘04.12.) ApprovedApproved asas thethe ITU-RITU-R ReportReport ETSIETSI standardstandard (’05.7.)(’05.7.) (’04.11.)(’04.11.) -- ReportReport ITU-RITU-R BTBT [6/122][6/122] ITU-RITU-R RecommendationRecommendation atat thethe endend ofof 20052005 2004.12. Erlangen, Germany -11- ::: ETRI, The Future Wave ::: T-DMB Introduced Worldwide 9 Beijing Radio : T-DMB for the 2008 Olympic Shanghai TV, Foshan Radio Amsterdam 9 Netherlands (’04.9.10~14) Beijing China Munich London (’04.11. 16) Germany GB (’04.10. 22) Las Vegas (’04.12. 2) U.S.A. (’05.4.16~21 ) Paris Istanbul France Turkey Mexico City (’04.12. 7) (’05.4.16 ) Mexico (’05.6.16) San Paulo Brazil 9 BLM T-DMB trial(’05.10.) Lima (’04.11.17) Peru for the 2006 WorldCup (’05.6.1~2) 9interested in ATSC+T-DMB services -12- ::: ETRI, The Future Wave ::: 60 2.2. EvolutionEvolution ofof BroadcastingBroadcasting TechnologyTechnology -13- ::: ETRI, The Future Wave ::: Trends in Convergence Era Seamless wireless mobile MobilityMobility Trend 1 telecommunication Services Wireless & Mobile Intelligent, personalized Smart Handheld Terminal Broadband wired & wireless MultimediaMultimedia Trend 2 All IP Networks Digital Broadband Multimedia Contents (movie, music, etc.) Voice/Data, wired/wireless ConvergenceConvergence Integrated Services Trend 3 Convergent Services of Convergent Service telecom. & broadcast -14- ::: ETRI, The Future Wave ::: 61 Evolution of Broadcasting Service ~ 2001 2002 ~ 2007 ~ 2011 ~ Uni-directional Infor. Selective Personalized Creative TV TV Service TV Service TV Service Service • A/V Digital • EPG service • ECG service • Viewers create and Broadcasting service • Weather, stock and • Interactive contents distribute contents to other daily life service program provider information service and/or other users * Creative TV Allow viewer to create their own media worlds according to their specific interests or tastes Viewers to be able to shape TV – Viewer are able to participate in storylines, manipulate plots Example: New Media for a New Millennium (NM2) EU Project -15- ::: ETRI, The Future Wave ::: New Broadcasting Services : Vision Smart terminal Home HDTVHDTV gateway Anydevice Anywhere Convergent Network gamesgames Content SatelliteSatellite AV Music Interactive service Mobile program 3D TV terminal Multimedia ComputerComputer Anytime CableCable TerrestrialTerrestrial Wired/wireless HDTV T-Commerce 3D A/V PC DMB terminal Realization of Ubiquitous society -16- ::: ETRI, The Future Wave ::: 62 New Broadcasting Services : Property Contents digestion Functionalities Interactivity • Retrieval of favorable ones • Connection to Home net. • Selection of contents •Filtering • X-commerce • Content based •Summarization • T- government bi-directionality • Manipulation Through the convergence of both broadcasting & communication, a user can utilize his/her favorable contents at anytime, anywhere with any devices -17- ::: ETRI, The Future Wave ::: New Broadcasting Services : Milestone Important ’03 ’04 ’05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10 ’11 ’12 Point Medium Coverage area extension Metropolis Province Nation-wide HD broadcasting Contents Ratio Terrestrial 10 % 30 % 50 % 100 % Data broadcasting Personalized broadcasting Channels for HD Contents HD HD 1Ch 3Ch 5Ch 10Ch Wideband Adaptive Satellite broadcasting Broadcasting Satellite Interactive broadcasting Personalized Broadcasting Digital conversion 50 % 100 % T-Government / Giga class Cable Service Cable Data broadcasting / SD VOD Personalized broadcasting / HD VOD Coverage area extension Experimental Test Main Nation-wide Terrestrial Mobile Broadcasting Data broadcastingBidirectional Data broadcasting Satellite Main Data broadcastingBidirectional Data broadcasting 3D Stereoscopic 3DTV broadcasting Broadcasting Experimental Test Main broadcasting Multiview 3DTV broadcasting Experimental broadcasting -18- ::: ETRI, The Future Wave ::: 63 3.3. ScheduleSchedule andand ModelModel ofof T-DMBT-DMB ServiceService -19- ::: ETRI, The Future Wave ::: Schedule of T- DMB Service 2005 2006 2007~ Public Uni-directional o Bi-directional Data Data (6 providers) Data o Personal customized o 3D Display Multimedia Traffic, Location, News, Stock, CD quality music Weather, Goods T-commerce, Information etc. hotel, performance etc. reservation etc. -20- ::: ETRI, The Future Wave ::: 64 T- DMB BM ( I ) Service Type Profit Source Remarks • Advertisement * TV ad, banner ad, data related ad, Free AV service web related ad • Program sail * program sail in on/off line • Constant subscription fee •S-DMB Constant Fee base • PPV program or channel •T- DMB AV service advertisement • considering • usage fee of Data service up/down link • file download fee • T-commerce etc. -21- ::: ETRI, The Future Wave ::: T- DMB BM ( II ) Free AV service with Advertisement c on p te ro nt vid s ing co nten ts Contents provider f Contents provider ee AV service ee . f user ad BroadcasterBroadcaster user goods purchase Ad.Ad. provider provider (goods(goods provider) provider) -22- ::: ETRI, The Future Wave ::: 65 T- DMB BM ( III ) Constant Fee base AV service c p o Contents provider r n Contents provider o t v e i n d t i s c n o g n ten ts f e e Ad. provider ad. fee (goodsAd. provider)provider AV service (goods provider) Broadcaster Broadcaster Usage fee/PPV fee goods purchase User User -23- T- DMB BM ( IV ) ::: ETRI, The Future Wave ::: Data service co p nt ro e v n Contents provider id ts Contents provider c i o n nt g ent s f ee A Broadcaster V Broadcaster / da ta s e er . fe data vi ad ce providing Ad. provider (goodsAd. provider)provider (goods provider) service fee/comm. fee Telco. Telco. web service
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  • Complementarity of X-, C-, and L-Band SAR Backscatter Observations to Retrieve Forest Stem Volume in Boreal Forest

    Complementarity of X-, C-, and L-Band SAR Backscatter Observations to Retrieve Forest Stem Volume in Boreal Forest

    remote sensing Article Complementarity of X-, C-, and L-band SAR Backscatter Observations to Retrieve Forest Stem Volume in Boreal Forest Maurizio Santoro 1,* , Oliver Cartus 1, Johan E. S. Fransson 2 and Urs Wegmüller 1 1 Gamma Remote Sensing, Worbstrasse 225, 3073 Gümligen, Switzerland 2 Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +41-31-9517005 Received: 28 May 2019; Accepted: 28 June 2019; Published: 2 July 2019 Abstract: The simultaneous availability of observations from space by remote sensing platforms operating at multiple frequencies in the microwave domain suggests investigating their complementarity in thematic mapping and retrieval of biophysical parameters. In particular, there is an interest to understand whether the wealth of short wavelength Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) backscatter observations at X-, C-, and L-band from currently operating spaceborne missions can improve the retrieval of forest stem volume, i.e., above-ground biomass, in the boreal zone with respect to a single frequency band. To this scope, repeated observations from TerraSAR-X, Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 from the test sites of Remningstorp and Krycklan, Sweden, have been analyzed and used to estimate stem volume with a retrieval framework based on the Water Cloud Model. Individual estimates of stem volume were then combined linearly to form single-frequency and multi-frequency estimates. The retrieval was assessed at large 0.5 ha forest inventory plots (Remningstorp) and small 0.03 ha forest inventory plots (Krycklan). The relationship between SAR backscatter and stem volume differed depending on forest structure and environmental conditions, in particular at X- and C-band.