Major Earth Station Equipment

6/10/5244 - 1 Major Earth Station Equipment

. ANTENNA – Types – Parameters . Uplink – Modulation – Up-converters – Transmitters – Inter Facilities Link . RF Downlink – LNA / LNB – Down-converters – Demodulation – Inter Facilities Link

6/10/5244 - 2 Antenna

. A satellite earth station antenna – An effective interface between the uplink equipment and free space – Must be directional to beam an RF signal to the satellite – Requires a clear line of sight between the antenna and the satellite

Free space

HPA

Antenna

Free space

HPA

6/10/5244 - 3

Antenna

6/10/5244 - 4 ANTENNA

. ANTENNA PARAMETERS: . . GAIN

. G (dBi) = 20.4 + 20 Log f + 20 Log D + 10 Log h

. f = frequency in GHz . D = diameter in meters . h = antenna efficiency in decimal format

. What should be the gain of a 9.3 m C-band antenna at 6.4GHz that is 62% efficiency ?

. G = 20.4 + 20 Log 6.4 + 20 log 9.3 + 10 Log 0.62 . G = 20.4 + 20 ( .806179) + 20 ( .968482) + 10 ( -0.2076) . G = 20.4 + 16.12 + 19.37 - 2.08 . G = 53.81 dBi

6/10/5244 - 5 ANTENNA

BEAMWIDTH:

. For a given antenna, the higher the frequency the narrower the 3dB beamwidth. Therefore the receive band will be broader than the transmit. . For a given frequency band the larger the antenna aperture the smaller or narrower the beamwidth.

θ (deg.) = 21 f D f = frequency in GHz D = diameter in meters

6/10/5244 - 6 ANTENNA

BEAMWIDTH:

6/10/5244 - 7 Antenna

. Full Motion – Motorized o – Azimuth ± 180 from antenna center line (CL) – 5 - 90o – Tracking satellites in transfer orbit . Limited Motion – Typically Motorized o – Azimuth ± 60 from center line (CL) – 5 – 90o Elevation – Full time service – Occasional use on multiple satellites . Fixed – Manual movement – Provides coverage of the entire satellite arc – Peaked on satellite with no further adjustments

6/10/5244 - 8 Antenna

. Antenna Position Controllers (APC) – Installed at base of the antenna (“Jog Controller”) – Toggle switches for AZ (CW/CCW), EL (UP/Down) and Polarizer – Serial data link for remote control with a computer – Transducers provide AZ & EL and Polarizer angle readouts . Antenna Control Unit (ACU) – Manually position and polarize the antenna – Preset satellite locations stored in memory – Step Track • Requires a suitable receiver to provide signal level to the ACU • Back and forth movement in AZ and EL to ensure peak signal level – Memory Track • Creates a model of satellite motion for a twenty-four hour period • Uses this model to track the satellite – Computer Track • Predict data from computer controls antenna movement

6/10/5244 - 9 Antenna

. Antenna Control Unit (ACU) – Mono-pulse • Relative signal phase and the sharp slope of a tracking null is used to determine peak position • It is not necessary to step the antenna to determine satellite target orientation relative to the antenna’s RF axis • Utilizes an electrical means (phase comparison) rather than a mechanical means (antenna stepping) to determine satellite orientation • Responds more accurately and faster to satellite dynamics • Primary use is for tracking transfer orbits

6/10/5244 - 10 Antenna Efficiency

. Well-designed antennas have efficiency ratings of 50 - 70% – 60 – 65 % typical

. Efficiency is affected by: – Spar and feedhorn blockage – Subreflector alignment and placement – Subreflector surface tolerance and design – Main reflector surface tolerance or deviation – Feed horn loss – On axis alignment – Polarization purity

. Efficiency can never be 100%

6/10/5244 - 11 Antenna Types

. Prime Focus parabolic reflector – Center Feed – Feed & strut blockage can be large – High feed line loss RF – Both TX and RX – Poor G/T performance Feed

OMT SPAR MAIN REFLECTOR

RF

6/10/5244 - 12 Antenna Types

. Parabolic reflector Cassegrain – Typical use 5m or larger – Parabolic main reflector – Hyperboloidal subreflector – Subreflector and strut blockage small – Small feed line loss – Good G/T

6/10/5244 - 13 Antenna Types

. Parabolic reflector Gregorian – Typical use 5m and larger

– Parabolic main reflector RF – Ellipse subreflector – Subreflector and strut blockage small – Small feed line loss SPAR – Good G/T SUBREFLECTOR OMT Ellipse Feed

SPAR

RF

MAIN REFLECTOR

6/10/5244 - 14 Antenna Types

. Parabolic reflector offset feed – Typical 3.7m and smaller – No feed blockage – Small feed line loss R F – VSAT applications MAIN REFLECTOR

R F Feed OMT SPAR

6/10/5244 - 15 Antenna Types

. Simulsat – Receive Only – Captures signals across a 70° view arc – Up 35 satellites are received with uniform performance – Each satellite illuminates a specific area – Signals reflect to their corresponding C or Ku-Band feed – Feeds are adjusted, no antenna movement

6/10/5244 - 16 Antenna Types

. In a direct feed reflector, the feed horn is located at the focus or may be offset to one side of the focus . Large earth station antennas have a subreflector at the focus – The subreflector permits the antenna optics to be located near the base of the antenna – Reduces losses because the length of the waveguide between the transmitter or receiver and the antenna feed is reduced – The system noise temperature is also reduced because the receiver looks at the cold sky instead of the warm earth

6/10/5244 - 17 Antenna Subreflector

. Cassegrain – The subreflector is convex with an hyperboloidal surface – Hyperboloidal? A mathematical surface whose sections parallel to one coordinate plane form ellipses and those parallel to the other two coordinate planes form hyperbolas

. Gregorian – The subreflector is concave with an ellipsoidal surface – Ellipsoidal? A geometric surface or a solid figure shaped like an oval. Any section through an ellipsoid is either an ellipse or a circle.

6/10/5244 - 18 Antenna Focal Distance (f/d)

. Focal Distance (f/d) – To calculate: f/d = D2/16d • D = Antenna Diameter • d = Depth of Parabola

f/d

f/d

d = 0.6m d = 0.8m

D = 3.8m D = 3.8m

f/d = D2/16d f/d = D2/16d D = 3.8 m D = 149.6 in D = 3.8 m D = 149.6 in d = 0.6 m d = 23.63 in d = 0.8 m d = 31.5 in f/d = 1.504 m f/d = 59.23 in f/d = 1.128 m f/d = 44.42 in

6/10/5244 - 19 Antenna

. Shallow dish antenna – Long focal length increases the feedhorn’s ability to illuminate the entire reflector area providing good gain – More susceptible to: • Earth noise at low elevation angles • Terrestrial interference – Affects antenna noise temperature . Deep dish antenna – Short focal length decreases the feedhorn’s ability to illuminate the entire reflector area providing less gain – Can provide advantages • Low elevation angles • Terrestrial interference – Better antenna noise temperature

6/10/5244 - 20 Antenna De-Ice

. Freezing perception will impact antenna performance – Snow or ice on the reflector surface • Attenuates the signal • De-focus the antenna . Area’s with freezing perception require antenna de-icing . Electric – Blankets glued to the back of the reflector – Forced hot air with the back structure enclosed . Natural gas – Forced hot air with the back structure enclosed . Fabric Cover – Prevent snow/ice accumulation in the dish . Rain Blower – Blows air across feed input to prevent water buildup

6/10/5244 - 21 Antenna Feed Assembly

6/10/5244 - 22 Antenna Feed System

. 1 Port – Receive Only . 2 Port – Two Receive – One Transmit and One Receive . 3 Port – One Transmit and Two Receive . 4 Port – Two Transmit and Two Receive . Polarization adjustment – Single plane, transmit and receive are fixed and both rotate – Dual plane, transmit and receive rotate separately

. Rain Blower – Blows air across feed input to prevent water buildup

6/10/5244 - 23 OMT and TRF

. Ortho Mode Transducer (OMT) – Changes feeds circular W/G to two rectangular W/G’s – Separates and directs signals of two different polarities – Determines isolation for Circular Polarization

V Feed H Transmit

.Transmit Reject Filter (TRF) – Blocks transmit power from the Low Noise Amplifier TRF

. 4 port feed will have an OMT and TRF LNA for each polarity

Receive

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Antenna Patterns

6/10/5244 - 25 Antenna Pattern

•3D Radiation Pattern

6/10/5244 - 26 Antenna Pattern

•Cut Through Radiation Pattern

6/10/5244 - 27 Antenna Pattern

. FCC / ITU requirements for transmit patterns – 29-25log θ from 1 to 7o from – 8 dBi from 7 to 9.2o Deg 29-25 log θ peak o – 32-25log θ > 9.2 1 29.0 15.2 2 21.5 22.7 . How are the curves applied? 3 17.1 27.1 4 13.9 30.3 – Calculations are subtracted from 5 11.5 32.7 antenna gain 6 9.5 34.7 – i.e. antenna gain = 44.2 dBi 7 7.9 36.3 – Higher gain antenna will provide 8 8.0 36.2 more discrimination 9 8.0 36.2 – i.e. 50 dBi – 29 = 21 dB 10 7.0 37.2 11 6.0 38.2

6/10/5244 - 28 Antenna Pattern

from Deg peak 1 15.2 2 22.7 3 27.1 4 30.3 5 32.7 6 34.7 7 36.3 8 36.2 9 36.2 10 37.2 11 38.2

6/10/5244 - 29 Antenna Pattern

Co-pol pattern

Cross-pol pattern

6/10/5244 - 30

Uplink

6/10/5244 - 31 Uplink Components

. Uplink Block Diagram – Modulator / Modem – Up-Converter – Power Amplifier – Antenna – Inter Facility Link (IFL) • Fiber Optics • Co-axial cable • Patch Panels • Combiners / Splitters

• Waveguide Antenna

Modem IFL Up-Converter IFL Transmitter IFL Feed

Simplified Uplink Block Diagram

6/10/5244 - 32

Up-Converter (U/C)

6/10/5244 - 33 Up-Converter (U/C)

. A device that converts an input signal known as the intermediate frequency (IF) to a desired higher frequency without disturbing the intelligence (modulation) on the incoming signal

. The method used to achieve the conversion is heterodyning. That is the mixing of two different frequencies into a non-linear device ( mixer ) to produce two other frequencies equal to the sum or difference of the first two, while maintaining it’s characteristics

6/10/5244 - 34 Up-Converter (U/C)

. 70 / 140 MHz IF to L-Band

– 70 MHz to L-Band • 70 ±18 MHz input • 950 – 1450 MHz output • Non inverting • 36 MHz bandwidth

– 140 MHz to L-Band • 140 ±72 MHz input • 950 – 1450 MHz output • Non inverting • 72 MHz bandwidth

6/10/5244 - 35 Up-Converter (U/C)

. L-Band to C-Band – 950 - 1450 MHz input – 5.925 – 6.425 GHz output – Non inverting (4.900 GHz LO) – Inverting (7.375 GHz LO) – 500 MHz bandwidth . L-Band to Ku-Band – 950 - 1450 MHz input – 14.00 – 14.50 GHz output – Non inverting (LO = 13.050 GHz) – Inverting (LO = 15.450 GHz) – 500 MHz bandwidth

6/10/5244 - 36 U/C Frequency Calculations

. 70 to L-Band to C-Band (Non Inverted) – Center Frequency of transponder (6100 MHz) – LO frequency of the BUC (4900 MHz) – Center frequency of Up-Converter = 1200 MHz (6100 – 4900) • Bandwidth center freq (-) BUC LO freq – Carrier Uplink Frequency 6104.5 MHz – Modem IF Frequency = 74.5 MHz (6104.5 – 4900 -1200 + 70) – Uplink freq (-) BUC LO freq (-) U/C center freq (+) 70 MHz

Modem 74.5 MHz 70 Mhz to L-Band 1204.5 MHz BUC 6104.5 MHz HPA

Center Frequency LO = 4900 MHz 1200 MHz

6/10/5244 - 37 U/C Frequency Calculations

. 70 to L-Band to C-Band (Inverted) – Center Frequency of transponder (6100 MHz) – LO frequency of the BUC (7375 MHz) – Center frequency of Up-Converter = 1275 MHz (7375 – 6100) • BUC LO freq (-) Bandwidth center freq – Carrier Uplink Frequency 6104.5 MHz – Modem IF Frequency = 65.5 MHz (7375 - 6104.5 - 1270 + 70) – BUC LO freq (-) Uplink freq (-) U/C center freq (+) 70 MHz

Modem 65.5 MHz IF to L-Band 1270.5 MHz BUC 6104.5 MHz HPA

Center Frequency LO = 7375 MHz 1275 MHz

6/10/5244 - 38 U/C Frequency Calculations . 70 to L-band to Ku-Band (Not inverted) – Center Frequency of transponder (14200 MHz) – LO frequency of the BUC (13050 MHz) – Center frequency of Up-Converter = 1150 MHz (14200 – 13050) – Bandwidth center freq (-) BUC LO freq – Carrier Uplink Frequency 14207.5 MHz – Modem IF Frequency = 77.5 MHz (14207.5 – 13050 -1150 + 70) – Uplink freq (-) BUC LO freq (-) U/C center freq (+) 70 MHz

Modem 77.5 MHz IF to L-Band 1157.5 MHz BUC 14207.5 MHz HPA

Center Frequency LO = 13050 MHz 1150 MHz

6/10/5244 - 39 U/C Frequency Calculations

. 70 to L-Band to Ku-Band (Inverted) – Center Frequency of transponder (14200 MHz) – LO frequency of the BUC (15540 MHz) – Center frequency of Up-Converter = 1340 MHz (15540 – 14200) – BUC LO freq (-) Bandwidth center freq – Carrier Uplink Frequency 14207.5 MHz – Modem IF Frequency = 62.5 MHz (15540 - 14207.5 - 1340 + 70) – BUC LO freq (-) Uplink freq (-) U/C center freq (+) 70 MHz

Modem 62.5 MHz IF to L-Band 1332.5 MHz BUC 14207.5 MHz HPA

Center Frequency LO = 15540 MHz 1340 MHz

6/10/5244 - 40 Up-Converter (U/C)

. 70 MHz to C-Band – 70 ±18 MHz input – 5.850 – 6.425 GHz output – Non inverting – 36 MHz bandwidth

. 140 MHz to C-Band – 140 ± 36 MHz input – 5.850 – 6.425 GHz output – Non inverting – 72 MHz bandwidth

6/10/5244 - 41 U/C Frequency Calculations

. 70 MHz to C-Band – Center Frequency of transponder (6100 MHz) – Center frequency of Up-Converter = 6100 MHz – Carrier Uplink Frequency 6104.5 MHz – Modem IF Frequency = 74.5 MHz (6104.5 – 6100 + 70) – Uplink freq (-) U/C center freq (+) 70 MHz

Modem 74.5 MHz Up-Converter 6104.5 MHz HPA

Center Frequency 6100 MHz

6/10/5244 - 42 U/C Frequency Calculations

. 140 MHz to C-Band – Center Frequency of transponder (6100 MHz) – Center frequency of Up-Converter = 6100 MHz – Carrier Uplink Frequency 6104.5 MHz – Modem IF Frequency = 144.5 MHz (6104.5 – 6100 + 140) – Uplink freq (-) U/C center freq (+) 140 MHz

Modem 144.5 MHz Up-Converter 6104.5 MHz HPA

Center Frequency 6100 MHz

6/10/5244 - 43 Up-Converter (U/C)

. 70 MHz to Ku-Band – 70 ±18 MHz input – 14.00 – 14.50 GHz output – Non inverting – 36 MHz bandwidth

. 140 MHz to Ku-Band – 140 ± 36 MHz input – 14.00 – 14.50 GHz output – Non inverting – 72 MHz bandwidth

6/10/5244 - 44 U/C Frequency Calculations

. 70 MHz to Ku-Band – Center Frequency of transponder (14200 MHz) – Center frequency of Up-Converter = 14200 MHz – Carrier Uplink Frequency 14207.5 MHz – Modem IF Frequency = 77.5 MHz (14207.5 – 14200 + 70) – Uplink freq (-) BUC LO freq (-) U/C center freq (+) 70 MHz

Modem 77.5 MHz Up-Converter 14207.5 MHz HPA

Center Frequency 14200 MHz

6/10/5244 - 45 U/C Frequency Calculations

. 140 MHz to Ku-Band – Center Frequency of transponder (14200 MHz) – Center frequency of Up-Converter = 14200 MHz – Carrier Uplink Frequency 14207.5 MHz – Modem IF Frequency = 147.5 MHz (14207.5 – 14200 + 140) – Uplink freq (-) BUC LO freq (-) U/C center freq (+) 140 MHz

Modem 147.5 MHz Up-Converter 14207.5 MHz HPA

Center Frequency 14200 MHz

6/10/5244 - 46 U/C Attributes

Parameter Typical Value* Unit Parameter Typical Value* Unit Return Loss > 20 dB AM/PM conversion at rated < 0.1 degree/ output power dB Noise Figure < 15 dB Group Delay (per 40 MHz) RF output Linear < 0.05 ns/MHz Return Loss > 20 dB Parabolic < 0.01 ns/MHz Spurious 2

Non-Carrier < -80 dBm Ripple < 1 ns P-P Carrier < -60 dBm Frequency Stability Third Order Intermodulation < -40 dBc -9 Daily < 5 x 10 at 10 dB backoff from rated -7 output power Yearly < 1 x 10 -8 Third Order Intercept > 23 dBm Over Operating Temperature < 1 x 10

IF/RF Performance Phase Noise (IESS 308/309

(Transfer) phase noise profile)

Gain Stability vs. < 1 dB 10 Hz < -30 dBc/Hz Temperature at 0-50 Celsius 100 Hz < -60 dBc/Hz Degree 1 kHz < -70 dBc/Hz Gain Stability vs. < 0.25 dB

Temperature 24 Hr. at 10 kHz < -80 dBc/Hz constant drive and temp. 100 kHz < -90 dBc/Hz 1 MHz < -90 dBc/Hz * For better performance, the selected value should be less or greater than as indicated

6/10/5244 - 47

Transmitters High Power Amplifier (HPA)

6/10/5244 - 48 Transceiver

. Transceiver – Combination Power Supply, Up / down converter, HPA and LNA – Mounted on / at the antenna – 70 or 140 MHz IF input – C-Band output – Single or dual synthesized converters • Uplink

• Downlink Transceiver Block Diagram

Power Supply

SSPA

TXIF Up-Converter

RXIF Down-Converter LNA

6/10/5244 - 49 Transceiver Attributes

Parameter Typical Value* Unit Parameter Typical Value* Unit IF Input VSWR < 1.5 : 1 Gain Stability vs. < 1.5 dB RF Output VSWR < 1.5 : 1 Temperature (0-50 Celsius Degree) Gain Flatness over any 40 < 1 dB

MHz Noise Figure < 1 dB

Gain Stability vs. < 1.5 dB Frequency Stability Temperature (0-50 Celsius Daily < 5 x 10-9 Degree) Yearly < 1 x 10-7 Spurious at rated output < -50 dBc power Over Operating Temperature < 1 x 10-8

Harmonic Output at rated < -50 dBc Phase Noise (IESS 308/309 output power phase noise profile)

Third Order Intermodulation < -26 dBc 10 Hz < -30 dBc/Hz at 3 dB backoff from rated 100 Hz < -60 dBc/Hz output power 1 kHz < -70 dBc/Hz Receive Characteristics 10 kHz < -80 dBc/Hz RF Input VSWR < 1.5 : 1 100 kHz < -90 dBc/Hz IF Output VSWR < 1.5 : 1 1 MHz < -90 dBc/Hz Gain Flatness over any 40 < 1.5 dB MHz * For better performance, the selected value should be less or greater than as indicated

6/10/5244 - 50 Transmitters (HPA) . Block Up-Converter (BUC) – Non linear – Provides up conversion from L-band to C or Ku band – SSPA Provides amplification – Requires external 10 MHz reference – Typical output power 1 to 10 Watts – 500 MHz bandwidth – Typical application on remote VSAT with L-Band Modem – ≈ 3 dB OBO for multi carrier operation

SSA SSPA Bandpass Filter

IN L-Band U/C OUT

10 MHz

6/10/5244 - 51 Transmitters (HPA)

. Solid State Power Amplifier (SSPA) – Typical output power 5 to 200 Watts – 500 MHz bandwidth – Non Linear – L-Band Up-Converter optional • Requires external 10 MHz reference • Requires Diplexer – Typically ≈ 3 dB OBO for multi carrier operation

6/10/5244 - 52 SSPA Attributes

Parameter Typical Unit Parameter Typical Unit Value* Value* Input VSWR < 1.3 : 1 Phase Noise (IESS 308/309

Output VSWR < 1.3 : 1 phase noise profile) 10 Hz < -30 dBc/Hz Gain Flatness over any 40 < 0.5 dB MHz 100 Hz < -60 dBc/Hz Gain Stability vs. < 1 dB 1 kHz < -70 dBc/Hz Temperature (0-50 Celsius 10 kHz < -80 dBc/Hz Degree) 100 kHz < -90 dBc/Hz Noise Figure < 10 dB 1 MHz < -90 dBc/Hz Spurious at rated output < -65 dBc power Group Delay (per 40 MHz) Harmonic Output at rated < -60 dBc Linear < 0.05 ns/MHz output power 2 Parabolic < 0.01 ns/MHz

Third Order Intermodulation < -26 dBc Ripple < 1 ns peak at 3 dB backoff from rated to peak output power

AM/PM conversion at rated < 2 degree/ output power dB

* For better performance, the selected value should be less or greater than as indicated

6/10/5244 - 53 Transmitters (HPA)

. Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier (TWTA) – Typical output power 100 – 750 Watts – 500 MHz bandwidth – Non Linear – Built in BUC optional • Requires 10 MHz external reference and Diplexer – ≈ 7 dB OBO for multi carrier operation – ≈ 4 dB OBO with linearizer for multi carrier operation

6/10/5244 - 54 Transmitters (HPA)

. HPA HIGH POWER AMPLIFIER • TRAVELING WAVE TUBE AMPLIFIER • WIDEBAND ( FULL SPECTRUM ) GREATER 500MHz • NON LINEAR – SMALL SIGNAL SUPRESSION – AMPLITUDE TRANSFER CURVE

6/10/5244 - 55 Transmitters (HPA)

. TRAVELING WAVE TUBE AMPLIFIER – SMALL SIGNAL SUPRESSION – AMPLITUDE TRANSFER CURVE ( f 1 - f 2 ) - f 1 – INTERMODULATION

f - f f + f 1 2 f1 f2 1 2

6/10/5244 - 56 TWTA Attributes

Parameter Typical Unit Parameter Typical Unit Value* Value* Input VSWR < 1.3 : 1 Phase Noise (IESS 308/309 phase noise profile) Output VSWR < 1.3 : 1

Gain Flatness over any 40 < 1 dB 10 Hz < -30 dBc/Hz

MHz 100 Hz < -60 dBc/Hz Gain Stability vs. < 0.25 dB 1 kHz < -70 dBc/Hz Temperature (0-50 Celsius 10 kHz < -80 dBc/Hz Degree) 100 kHz < -90 dBc/Hz Noise Figure < 15 dB 1 MHz < -90 dBc/Hz Spurious at rated output < -65 dBc power Group Delay (per 40 MHz for C-band / per 80 MHz for Ku- Harmonic Output at rated < -60 dBc band) output power

Third Order Intermodulation < -24 dBc Linear < 0.05 ns/MHz at 7 dB backoff from rated 2 Parabolic < 0.01 ns/MHz output power Ripple < 0.5 ns peak AM/PM conversion at rated < 6 degree/ to peak output power dB

* For better performance, the selected value should be less or greater than as indicated

6/10/5244 - 57 Transmitters (HPA)

. Klystron Power Amplifier (KPA) – Typical output power 1000 to 3000 Watts – Non linear – 40 or 80 MHz bandwidth – OBO ≈ 2 dB for dual carrier operation ≈ 7 dB for multi carrier operation

6/10/5244 - 58 Transmitters

KLYSTRON POWER AMPLIFIER

NARROWBAND , TUNED CAVITY FREQUENCY RESPONSE GROUP DELAY HIGH POWER NON-LINEAR

6/10/5244 - 59 KPA Attributes

Parameter Typical Unit Parameter Typical Unit Value* Value* Input VSWR < 1.3 : 1 Phase Noise (IESS 308/309 phase noise profile) Output VSWR < 1.3 : 1

Gain Stability vs. < 0.25 dB 10 Hz < -30 dBc/Hz Temperature (0-50 Celsius 100 Hz < -60 dBc/Hz Degree) 1 kHz < -70 dBc/Hz Spurious at rated output < -65 dBc 10 kHz < -80 dBc/Hz power 100 kHz < -90 dBc/Hz Harmonic Output at rated < -60 dBc 1 MHz < -90 dBc/Hz output power Group Delay (per 40 MHz for Third Order Intermodulation < -28 dBc C-band / per 80 MHz for Ku- at 7 dB backoff from rated band) output power Linear < 0.1 ns/MHz AM/PM conversion at rated < 4 degree/ 2 output power dB Parabolic < 0.03 ns/MHz Ripple < 2 ns peak to peak

* For better performance, the selected value should be less or greater than as indicated

6/10/5244 - 60

Downlink

6/10/5244 - 61 Downlink Components

. Downlink Block Diagram – Demodulator / Modem – Down-Converter – LNA – Antenna – Inter Facility Link (IFL) • Fiber Optics • Co-axial cable • Patch Panels • Combiners / Splitters • Waveguide

Modem IFL Down-Converter IFL LNA Feed

6/10/5244 - 62

Low Noise Amplifier

6/10/5244 - 63 Low Noise Amplifier (LNA)

. Input Waveguide Low Noise Amplifier – CPR-229 C-Band Input Output – WR-75 Ku-Band . Output Coaxial connector DC Regulator Power – N-Type (50 ohm) Standard C-Band – SMA (50 ohm) Standard Ku-Band . Typical 3 stage amplification (Designed to keep noise down) – No Frequency Conversion . “Noise Temperature” is the amount of noise added – Specified in degrees K for C-Band • 20o – 40oK Typical – Specified as Noise Figure (NF) for Ku-Band • 0.7 to 1.0 Typical (50o – 75oK) . Lower the Noise Temperature, the better the performance

6/10/5244 - 64 Low Noise Block Down-Converter (LNB)

. LNA with a Block Down-Converter built in . Provides Frequency Conversion – DRO (Dielectric resonator Oscillator) • ± 150 kHz to ± 500 kHz C-Band • ± 150 kHz to ± 900 kHz Ku-Band – PLL (Phase Locked Loop) • ± 5 kHz to ± 25 kHz C-Band • ± 5 kHz to ± 50 kHz Ku-Band – External (10 MHz reference) . Input Waveguide – CPR-229 C-Band Low Noise Amplifier

– WR-75 Ku-Band Input Output . Output Coaxial connector

– N-Type (50 ohm) DC Regulator Power – F-Type (75 ohm)

6/10/5244 - 65 Low Noise Amplifier (LNA/LNB)

. Designed to provide the lowest noise contribution as possible – 20o – 40o K noise temperature typical for C-band – 70o – 90o K noise temperature typical for Ku-band – 50 to 60 dB Gain typical

. Mounted as close as possible to the OMT waveguide ports

. One of the most critical components of an antenna system – Major factor in determining the systems figure of merit (G/T)

. Frequency stability of LNB critical depending on type of service

6/10/5244 - 66 LNA / LNB Attributes

LNA LNB Parameter Typical Unit Parameter Typical Value* Unit Value* Input VSWR < 2.5 : 1 Input VSWR < 1.3 : 1 Noise Temperature for C-Band < 45 K Noise Temperature for C-Band < 45 K Noise Temperature for Ku- < 100 K Band Noise Temperature for Ku- < 100 K Output Band Output VSWR < 2.5 : 1 Output Gain Flatness over any 40 MHz < 1 dB Output VSWR < 1.3 : 1 Frequency Stability over < 50 kHz

Gain Flatness over any 40 MHz < 0.2 dB Temperature Gain Stability vs. Temperature < 2 dB Phase Noise (IESS 308/309 at 0-50 Celsius Degree phase noise profile)

Third Order Intercept > 20 dBm 10 Hz < -30 dBc/Hz

Group Delay (per 40 MHz) 100 Hz < -60 dBc/Hz

Linear < 0.01 ns/MHz 1 kHz < -70 dBc/Hz 2 Parabolic < 0.01 ns/MHz 10 kHz < -80 dBc/Hz

Ripple < 1 ns P-P 100 kHz < -90 dBc/Hz 1 MHz < -90 dBc/Hz * For better performance, the selected value should be less or greater than as indicated

6/10/5244 - 67

Down-Converter (D/C)

6/10/5244 - 68 Down-Converter (D/C)

. A device that converts an RF input signal to a desired lower frequency known as the intermediate frequency (IF) without disturbing the intelligence (modulation) on the incoming signal

. The method used to achieve the conversion is heterodyning. That is the mixing of two different frequencies into a non-linear device ( mixer ) to produce two other frequencies equal to the sum or difference of the first two, while maintaining it’s characteristics

6/10/5244 - 69 Down-Converter (D/C)

. C-Band to L-Band (LNB) – 3.70 to 4.2 GHz input – 950 - 1450 MHz output – Inverted (5150 MHz LO) – 500 MHz bandwidth

. Ku-Band to L-Band (LNB) – 11.70 – 12.20 GHz input – 950 - 1450 MHz output – Non inverted (10.75 GHz) – 500 MHz bandwidth

6/10/5244 - 70 D/C Frequency Calculations

. C-band to L-Band – Inverted C-Band (LNB) – LO frequency of the LNB (5150 MHz) – Carrier Downlink Frequency 3879.5 MHz – Modem IF Frequency = 1270.5 MHz (5150 – 3879.5) – LNB LO freq (-) Downlink freq

Modem 1270.5 MHz LNB 3879.5 MHz

LO = 5150 MHz

6/10/5244 - 71 D/C Frequency Calculations

. Ku-Band to L-Band – Non Inverted Ku-Band (LNB) – LO frequency of the LNB (10750 MHz) – Carrier Downlink Frequency 11907.5 MHz – Modem IF Frequency = 1157.5 MHz (11907.5 – 10750) – Downlink freq (-) LNB LO freq

Modem 1157.5 MHz LNB 11907.5 MHz

LO = 10750 MHz

6/10/5244 - 72 Down-Converter (D/C)

. L-Band to 70 / 140 MHz IF

– L-Band to 70 MHz • 950 – 1450 MHz input • 70 ±18 MHz output • Non inverting • 36 MHz bandwidth

– L-Band to 140 MHz • 950 – 1450 MHz input • 140 ± 36 MHz output • Non inverting • 72 MHz bandwidth

6/10/5244 - 73 D/C Frequency Calculations

. Inverted C-Band (LNB) – Center Frequency of transponder (3875 MHz) – LO frequency of the LNB (5150 MHz) – Center frequency of Down-Converter = 1275 MHz (5150 – 3875) – LNB LO freq (-) Bandwidth center freq – Carrier Downlink Frequency 3879.5 MHz – Modem IF Frequency = 65.5 MHz (5150 – 3879.5 -1275 +70) – LNB LO freq (-) Downlink freq (-) D/C center freq (+) 70 MHz

Modem 65.5 MHz Down-Converter 1270.5 MHz LNB 3879.5 MHz

Center Frequency LO = 5150 MHz 1275 MHz

6/10/5244 - 74 D/C Frequency Calculations

. Non Inverted Ku-Band (LNB) – Center Frequency of transponder (11900 MHz) – LO frequency of the LNB (10750 MHz) – Center frequency of Down-Converter = 1150 MHz (11900 – 10750) – Bandwidth center freq (-) LNB LO freq – Carrier Downlink Frequency 11907.5 MHz – Modem IF Frequency = 65.5 MHz (11907.5 – 10750 - 1150 +70) – Downlink freq (-) LNB LO freq (-) D/C center freq (+) 70 MHz

Modem 77.5 MHz Down-Converter 1157.5 MHz LNB 11907.5 MHz

Center Frequency LO = 10750 MHz 1150 MHz

6/10/5244 - 75 Down-Converter (D/C)

. C-Band to 70 MHz – 3.700 – 4.200 GHz input – 70 ±18 MHz output – Non inverting – 36 MHz bandwidth

. C-Band to 140 MHz – 3.700 – 4.200 GHz input – 140 ± 36 MHz output – Non inverting – 72 MHz bandwidth

6/10/5244 - 76 D/C Frequency Calculations

. C-Band (70 MHz) – Center Frequency of transponder (3875 MHz) – Center frequency of Down-Converter = 3875 MHz – Carrier Downlink Frequency 3879.5 MHz – Modem IF Frequency = 74.5 MHz (3879.5 – 3875 + 70) – Downlink freq (-) U/C center freq (+) 70 MHz

Modem 74.5 MHz Down-Converter 3879.5 MHz LNA 3879.5 MHz

Center Frequency 3875 MHz

6/10/5244 - 77 D/C Frequency Calculations

. C-Band (140 MHz) – Center Frequency of transponder (3875 MHz) – Center frequency of Down-Converter = 3875 MHz – Carrier Downlink Frequency 3879.5 MHz – Modem IF Frequency = 144.5 MHz (3879.5 – 3875 + 140) – Downlink freq (-) U/C center freq (+) 140 MHz

Modem 144.5 MHz Down-Converter 3879.5 MHz LNA 3879.5 MHz

Center Frequency 3875 MHz

6/10/5244 - 78 Down-Converter (D/C

. Ku-Band to 70 MHz – 11.70 to 12.20 GHz input – 70 ±18 MHz output – Non inverting – Inverting – 36 MHz bandwidth

. Ku-Band to 140 MHz – 11.70 – 12.20 GHz input – 140 ± 36 MHz output – Non inverting – Inverting – 72 MHz bandwidth

6/10/5244 - 79 D/C Frequency Calculations

. Ku-Band (70 MHz) – Center Frequency of transponder (11900 MHz) – Center frequency of Down-Converter 11900 MHz – Carrier Downlink Frequency 11907.5 MHz – Modem IF Frequency = 77.5 MHz (11907.5 – 11900 + 70) – Downlink freq (-) U/C center freq (+) 70 MHz

Modem 77.5 MHz Down-Converter 11907.5 MHz LNA 11907.5 MHz

Center Frequency 11900 MHz

6/10/5244 - 80 D/C Frequency Calculations

. Ku-Band (140 MHz) – Center Frequency of transponder (11900 MHz) – Center frequency of Down-Converter 11900 MHz – Carrier Downlink Frequency 11907.5 MHz – Modem IF Frequency = 147.5 MHz (11907.5 – 11900 + 140) – Downlink freq (-) U/C center freq (+) 140 MHz

Modem 147.5 MHz Down-Converter 11907.5 MHz LNA 11907.5 MHz

Center Frequency 11900 MHz

6/10/5244 - 81 D/C Attributes

Parameter Typical Value* Unit Parameter Typical Value* Unit RF Input AM/PM conversion at rated < 0.1 degree/ output power dB Return Loss > 20 dB

Noise Figure < 15 dB Group Delay (per 40 MHz)

IF output Linear < 0.05 ns/MHz 2 Return Loss > 20 dB Parabolic < 0.01 ns/MHz

Spurious Ripple < 1 ns P-P

Non-Carrier < -80 dBm Frequency Stability -9 Carrier < -60 dBm Daily < 5 x 10 -7 Third Order Intermodulation < -50 dBc Yearly < 1 x 10 -8 at 10 dB backoff from rated Over Operating Temperature < 2 x 10 output power Phase Noise (IESS 308/309

Third Order Intercept > 25 dBm phase noise profile) RF/IF Performance 10 Hz < -30 dBc/Hz

(Transfer) 100 Hz < -60 dBc/Hz

Gain Stability vs. < 1 dB 1 kHz < -70 dBc/Hz Temperature at 0-50 Celsius Degree 10 kHz < -80 dBc/Hz Gain Stability vs. < 0.25 dB 100 kHz < -90 dBc/Hz Temperature 24 Hr. at 1 MHz < -90 dBc/Hz constant drive and temp. * For better performance, the selected value should be less or greater than as indicated

6/10/5244 - 82 Patch Panels

IF Patch Panel

IF 10 dB 40 dB Modem Patch Panel Coupler Coupler DATA Up-Converter HPA Patch Panel 8:1 1:2 Modem

Modem TP-1 TP-2

Modem

50 dB Inject 1:8 Down-Converter Coupler 1:2 LNA

TP-4 TP-3

Uplink & Downlink Patch Panel and RF monitor block diagram

6/10/5244 - 83 Patch Panels

. Patch Panel’s provide a convenient place to interconnect equipment within the uplink and downlink chains . Data Patch Panel – Connection between the DTE and Modem • Ease of testing without having to get into equipment rack to disconnect data cables • Test equipment can be patched in to test either direction (satellite or terrestrial) . IF Patch Panels – Connection between the modem transmit and uplink combiner • Cross patch modems – Connection between Combiner and Up-Converter • Monitor output of combiner (All modem transmit carriers) – Connection between the downlink splitter and modem receive • Monitor output of Down-Converter

6/10/5244 - 84 Patch Panels

. RF Monitor Points

– 10 dB coupler on Up-Converter output (TP-1) • Monitor Up-converter output – 40 dB coupler at feed input (TP-2) • Monitor aggregate transmit carriers and power

– Receive inject coupler (TP-3) • Capability to inject carrier prior to LNA – Ability to calibrate downlink chain – Splitter at Down-Converter input (TP-4) • Monitor full 500 MHz downlink spectrum

6/10/5244 - 85