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The Ecology–Genetical Evaluation of Ecosystem Status of Atyrau Oil –Gas Producing Area

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The Ecology–Genetical Evaluation of Ecosystem Status of Atyrau Oil –Gas Producing Area The ecology–genetical evaluation of ecosystem status of Atyrau oil –gas producing area А.В Bigaliyev, N.E. Ishanova, A.A. Bigaliyev, Z.D.Kenzhyn Kazakh National University named after al-Faraby e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Under the modem conditions the researched environmental mutagens influence the mutation spontaneuos level of amount of other toxic substances, which determine the appearance of additive and synergetic effects. It was determined that in all researched points of Jiloy region plants Salsola nitraria and Toumefortia sibirica intensively accumulate heavy metals and they could be used as а bioindicators of environmental ecological monitoring. However plants resistance to increasing content of heavy metals and ability to store the high concentrations present danger for people and animals health as а result of toxicants penetration to nutrition chains. It was determined that certain plants and animals are аble to form metals resistant population’s thanks for their genetic variability. Introduction chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells of R.opimus is the important genotoxic The progressing influence of the features characteristics of environmental environmental factors of animals and plants contamination of oil, oil products and heavy natural populations requires the detailed metals both as intensity of the mutation ecology-genetic analysis. Small mammals process. (Bigaliev А.В., 1986; Gyleva Е.А., play а major role in estimation of the natural Kosareva N.L.,1993). The amount of works ecosystem’s state. That’s why we have led the the cytogenetic study of natural animal present research of potential mutagenic populations is not numerous. Such approach danger estimation of environmental pollution for the characteristics of natural population’s of oil, oil products and heavy metals effects state supposes receiving of cytogenetic data using the natural populations of big Rodents the various animal species for information (R.opimus) as а test-system. Particularly, the accumulation of level of spontaneous researches of genetic danger of oil, oil mutations and estimation of reply to different products and heavy metals were carried out of negative influences. food chains of nutrition in natural Experiments showed that oil and oil communities of Rodents in the «oil-soil- products components have environmental plants-animals" system. As it was marked mutagenic and carcinogenic influence. Andersen (1985), the food chains of nutrition (Bigaliev А.В., 1989; Mikshevich N.V., are convenient to use for the analysis of Kovalchuk L.A., 1988; Dubinin N.P., 1990). ecosystems structure and function. In all researches points of Jiloy district plants S.nitraria, T.sibirica have the highest Materials and methods 'cumulative and resistance abilities relatively to heavy metals. These plants species can use It was earlier marked Bigaliev А.А. quite properly as а biological indicators of (1986) that screening methods of Rodents environmental contamination with heavy biological system' s study for determination of metals. environmental mutagens allow to take into High content of metals in researched account the induction of genetic violations in districts of oil polluted territories of Atyrau small mammals cells in vitro and in vivo area as result of saturation of them of systems. The frequency of cells with underlying horizontals of soil or it is connected with ore places deposited in oil of gas stratums According to published data in plants from The cuprum content of plants from Atyrau oil polluted area oil-gas polluted territory of Atyrau region the level of а lead content exceeds background 40 values from 2,5 to 5 times and in our 35 researches of oil mine territory and city's 30 suburbs along the roads the level of lead 25 20 concentration exceeds at limits from 1,65 to 15 13,8 times. 10 5 0 Results and discussion Kulsary Tengizshevroil Vakhty Besikty Control The results of the held researches of oil Salsola nitraria L Tournefortia sibirica L Eremopyrum orientale L Ceratocarpus arenarius and oil products content and also frothing Fig.3. The cuprum content of plants from heavy metals in soil and the plants growing is Atyrau polluted area showed that with the increase of oil, oil products and frothing heavy metals penetration to soil the level of heavy metal's The zinc content of plants from Atyrau oil polluted area consumption of plants increased appropriation (Fig.1-5). 90 80 70 The oil and oil-produkt content from Atyrau polluted area 60 50 40 1 30 0,9 20 0,8 10 0,7 0,6 0 Kulsary Tengizshevroil Vakhty Besikty Control 0,5 0,4 Salsola nitraria L Tournefortia sibirica L Eremopyrum orientale L Ceratocarpus arenarius 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 Kulsary Tengizshevroil Vakhty Besikty Fig.4.The zinc content of plants from Atyrau oil polluted area. Fig.1.The oil –product content from Atyrau polluted area. The lead content of plants from Atyrau oil polluted area The heavy metal content in soil of Zhiloy district 25 9000 20 8000 7000 15 6000 5000 10 4000 3000 5 2000 1000 0 Kulsary Tengizshevroil Vakhty Besikty Control 0 Salsola nitraria L Tournefortia sibirica L Kulsary Tengizshevroil Vakhty Besikty Control Eremopyrum orientale L Ceratocarpus arenarius Pb Zn Cu Fe Fig.2. The heavy metal content in soil of Fig.5. The lead content of plants from Atyrau Zhiloy district. oil polluted area. That's why the data received as а result of out from this research in accordance with the the held of us researchers of estimation of distance from а polluter at researched points potential mutagenic danger of Tengiz and witnesses here about the presence of strong Kulsary oil mines pollution of oil and oil clastogenic effects of oil and oil products products, which using as а test-system а probably from sulfur content. (Mokryj E.N. & specie of big Rodent (R.optimus) showed that other, 1989; methodology guidebook, 1996; in all four points researched Rodents there are Каmnеv О.Е. 1996). changes of both frequencies cells of The level of а genetic defeat of wild aberration and as well as chromosomal rodents with appropriate extrapolation could aberration’s. The maximal levels of studied bе considered as а real maximal mutagenic cytogenetic indicators were marked of effect of the environmental factors at relation strongly polluted teпitories. The oi1 mine of to people inhabiting these districts. Kulsary point (slit 135) (6,93:!: 1,3)%under the t=3,83; р<O,OO3 the frequency of Conclusions chromosomal aberration’s in bonе marrow of big rodent exceeds the control meaning at 3,9 It’s possible to make а conclusion that times. The rodents, living of а neiborhood at studied environmental factors such as heavy limits of on territory оf Tengiz oil mining site, metals and oil are not the only оnе reason of really find out individual variability on а R.opimus chromosomal mutations high cytogenetic .defeat. The level of cytogenetic frequency of the inspected territories. It is violations for R.optimus living on Tengiz difficult to tell which from the enumerated petroliferous deposit is 1,5 times lower, than reagents has caused observable changes. for rodents from Kulsary point. For At the oil polluted territories of Jiloy researched animals from «Tengizshevroi1» district the high degree of atmosphere air and point (1-2km distance from plant) the soils pol1ution by carcinogenic and toxic frequency of metaphase cells with substances causes among the population the chromosomal aberrations has made (4,97 heavy forms of а hepatitis, diseases of %=t1,21)% under (t=2,58; р<0,01), that respiration organ’s, tuberculosis. The exceeds at 2,8 times а control number, and at mortality from these diseases at 1987 has 2,3 times а spontaneous level, and at the made in the region 36-37 %, and children's - second point -Vakhti (20-22km distance from 15- 17 %. It is underlined that among the plant)-( 4,05! 1,02%) under (t=2,01; р<0,05), patients with а cancer of skin, respiration at 2,3 times exceeds а level of the organs, esophagus, urinary tubby there are spontaneous chromosomal aberration’s. more persons who had productive contact The correlation coefficient between oil and with oil and oil products. According to the heavy metals content in soil, plants and studied data for 1973-1987 years the author frequency of chromosomal aberration’s in has determined that the number of cancer bоnе marrow cells of R.opimus is r=0,97; diseases has made in former Еmba (now - between oil and heavy metal contents in soil, Jiloy) district- 138,9 % per 100 thousand plants and а frequency of chromatid type population, in Makat district -138,4 %, and on aberration’s is r=0,81 ; between oil and а Atyrau area the indicator was -195,3 %. The frequency of chromosomal type aberration’s author explains these factors that in different is r=0,96. From the received data follows, that geographical zones there are different probably with increase of chronic penetration indicators of esophagus cancer frequency 5-6 of oil and forthcoming heavy metals in times more often than in south Kazakhstan particular leads by food increases а frequency areas. of chromosome aberration’s in bоnе marrow The received data have shown that oil and cells of R.opimus. oil products are high-toxic and complexes The quantitative and qualitative substances and influencing alive body’s composition of cytogenetic violations found heredity. It is reflected on the ecosystems of Atyrau area Jiloy district, and all North part of Reference Caspian Sea: the separate genotypes of existing of plant and animal species 1. Andersen J .М. 1985. The ecology and populations are disappearing. Annually science of environment. Hidroprom publisher. Caspian Sea transgression and regression Leningrad. Р.32-34.
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