The ecology–genetical evaluation of ecosystem status of Atyrau oil –gas producing area

А.В Bigaliyev, N.E. Ishanova, A.A. Bigaliyev, Z.D.Kenzhyn Kazakh National University named after al-Faraby e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract Under the modem conditions the researched environmental mutagens influence the mutation spontaneuos level of amount of other toxic substances, which determine the appearance of additive and synergetic effects. It was determined that in all researched points of Jiloy region plants Salsola nitraria and Toumefortia sibirica intensively accumulate heavy metals and they could be used as а bioindicators of environmental ecological monitoring. However plants resistance to increasing content of heavy metals and ability to store the high concentrations present danger for people and animals health as а result of toxicants penetration to nutrition chains. It was determined that certain plants and animals are аble to form metals resistant population’s thanks for their genetic variability.

Introduction chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells of R.opimus is the important genotoxic The progressing influence of the features characteristics of environmental environmental factors of animals and plants contamination of oil, oil products and heavy natural populations requires the detailed metals both as intensity of the mutation ecology-genetic analysis. Small mammals process. (Bigaliev А.В., 1986; Gyleva Е.А., play а major role in estimation of the natural Kosareva N.L.,1993). The amount of works ecosystem’s state. That’s why we have led the the cytogenetic study of natural animal present research of potential mutagenic populations is not numerous. Such approach danger estimation of environmental pollution for the characteristics of natural population’s of oil, oil products and heavy metals effects state supposes receiving of cytogenetic data using the natural populations of big Rodents the various animal species for information (R.opimus) as а test-system. Particularly, the accumulation of level of spontaneous researches of genetic danger of oil, oil mutations and estimation of reply to different products and heavy metals were carried out of negative influences. food chains of nutrition in natural Experiments showed that oil and oil communities of Rodents in the «oil-soil- products components have environmental plants-animals" system. As it was marked mutagenic and carcinogenic influence. Andersen (1985), the food chains of nutrition (Bigaliev А.В., 1989; Mikshevich N.V., are convenient to use for the analysis of Kovalchuk L.A., 1988; Dubinin N.P., 1990). ecosystems structure and function. In all researches points of Jiloy district plants S.nitraria, T.sibirica have the highest Materials and methods 'cumulative and resistance abilities relatively to heavy metals. These plants species can use It was earlier marked Bigaliev А.А. quite properly as а biological indicators of (1986) that screening methods of Rodents environmental contamination with heavy biological system' s study for determination of metals. environmental mutagens allow to take into High content of metals in researched account the induction of genetic violations in districts of oil polluted territories of Atyrau small mammals cells in vitro and in vivo area as result of saturation of them of systems. The frequency of cells with underlying horizontals of soil or it is connected with ore places deposited in oil of gas stratums According to published data in plants from The cuprum content of plants from Atyrau oil polluted area oil-gas polluted territory of Atyrau region the level of а lead content exceeds background 40 values from 2,5 to 5 times and in our 35 researches of oil mine territory and city's 30 suburbs along the roads the level of lead 25 20 concentration exceeds at limits from 1,65 to 15 13,8 times. 10 5 0 Results and discussion Kulsary Tengizshevroil Vakhty Besikty Control

The results of the held researches of oil Salsola nitraria L Tournefortia sibirica L Eremopyrum orientale L Ceratocarpus arenarius and oil products content and also frothing Fig.3. The cuprum content of plants from heavy metals in soil and the plants growing is Atyrau polluted area showed that with the increase of oil, oil products and frothing heavy metals penetration to soil the level of heavy metal's The zinc content of plants from Atyrau oil polluted area consumption of plants increased appropriation

(Fig.1-5). 90 80

70 The oil and oil-produkt content from Atyrau polluted area 60 50 40 1 30 0,9 20 0,8 10 0,7 0,6 0 Kulsary Tengizshevroil Vakhty Besikty Control 0,5 0,4 0,3 Salsola nitraria L Tournefortia sibirica L Eremopyrum orientale L Ceratocarpus arenarius 0,2 0,1 0 Kulsary Tengizshevroil Vakhty Besikty Fig.4.The zinc content of plants from Atyrau oil polluted area. Fig.1.The oil –product content from Atyrau polluted area. The lead content of plants from Atyrau oil polluted area

The heavy metal content in soil of Zhiloy district 25

9000 20 8000 7000 15 6000 5000 10 4000

3000 5 2000 1000 0 Kulsary Tengizshevroil Vakhty Besikty Control 0 Salsola nitraria L Tournefortia sibirica L Kulsary Tengizshevroil Vakhty Besikty Control Eremopyrum orientale L Ceratocarpus arenarius Pb Zn Cu Fe

Fig.2. The heavy metal content in soil of Fig.5. The lead content of plants from Atyrau Zhiloy district. oil polluted area.

That's why the data received as а result of out from this research in accordance with the the held of us researchers of estimation of distance from а polluter at researched points potential mutagenic danger of Tengiz and witnesses here about the presence of strong Kulsary oil mines pollution of oil and oil clastogenic effects of oil and oil products products, which using as а test-system а probably from sulfur content. (Mokryj E.N. & specie of big Rodent (R.optimus) showed that other, 1989; methodology guidebook, 1996; in all four points researched Rodents there are Каmnеv О.Е. 1996). changes of both frequencies cells of The level of а genetic defeat of wild aberration and as well as chromosomal rodents with appropriate extrapolation could aberration’s. The maximal levels of studied bе considered as а real maximal mutagenic cytogenetic indicators were marked of effect of the environmental factors at relation strongly polluted teпitories. The oi1 mine of to people inhabiting these districts. Kulsary point (slit 135) (6,93:!: 1,3)%under the t=3,83; рMakat district -138,4 %, and on aberration’s is r=0,81 ; between oil and а Atyrau area the indicator was -195,3 %. The frequency of chromosomal type aberration’s author explains these factors that in different is r=0,96. From the received data follows, that geographical zones there are different probably with increase of chronic penetration indicators of esophagus cancer frequency 5-6 of oil and forthcoming heavy metals in times more often than in south Kazakhstan particular leads by food increases а frequency areas. of chromosome aberration’s in bоnе marrow The received data have shown that oil and cells of R.opimus. oil products are high-toxic and complexes The quantitative and qualitative substances and influencing alive body’s composition of cytogenetic violations found heredity. It is reflected on the ecosystems of Atyrau area Jiloy district, and all North part of Reference Caspian Sea: the separate genotypes of existing of plant and animal species 1. Andersen J .М. 1985. The ecology and populations are disappearing. Annually science of environment. Hidroprom publisher. Caspian Sea transgression and regression Leningrad. Р.32-34. ( in Russian). influence on huge coastal landscapes. That's 2. Bigaliev А.В. 1989. Environment and genetic. why at present there is а problem of stable University Press, Karaganda. 114 р. (in biodiversity, genetic resources and ecosystem Russian). protection not only local, but regional also. 3. Bigaliev А.В. 1986. The genetic effects of Taking into account the special ecological metal ions. Monograph, Science publisher, danger of this region, the similar researches Almaty, 136 р. ( in Russian). are necessary not only for estimation of 4. Mikshevich N.V., Kovalchuk L.A. 1988. The natural complexes state experiencing an heavy metals at scheme " soil -plants -animals anthropogenesis stress, but for prediction of " at zone of cuprum producing plant. / / The mutagenic and carcinogenic danger of book of second intemational conference of environmental factors for the people living on heavy metals at environment and nature these territories. protection // -М. Р.127-129. ( in Russian ) 5. Dubinin N.P., et. al. 1990. The human genes Acknowledgements found and environmental mutagens. J. UdSSR Academy of Science Report. No.1. Р. 19- The experimental work has been carried 31.(in Russian). out within projects. The authors are grateful 6. Gileva Е.А., Kosareva N.L. 1993. The to Academishen Diarov M.D. from Atyrau oil freguency of chromosomal variability and gas research institute provided critical inducing by anthropogenic pollutants of comments on the manuscript. Esengaly G. domestic mouse from Gyssar area. // J. Gilazhev, Tlepkazy Ergaliyev and an Ecology. No.4. Р.63-69. (in Russian). anonymous reviewer provided further 7. Mokryj E.N.et.a1. 1989. The protection constructive critiques. The research work has ofenvironment at oil treatment and chemi'Cal been carried out within program of Ministry industries. Monograph, Science publisher. Education and Science of Fundamental Lviv. 158 р. (in Russian). Research Found (Grant № 0109РК00162). 8. Methodology guidebook. 1996.// First and Also the authors are grateful to Dr. Erubaeva second prevention of lung diseases of workers F.K. and all Jung colleague’s from from gas producing plant. Astrakhan Department Ecology and Botany. university press. 30 р. (in Russian). 9. KamneevO.E. 1996.The cytogenetic effects ofsewage water from Astrakhan gas producing plant. Monograph. Astrakhan university Press. 151 p.(in Russian).

Received 22 April 2011