NEW MATERIALS Petrochemicals and Ecology

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN NJC "Atyrau University of Oil and Gas named after S. Utebayev" Gilazhov Yessengaly NEW MATERIALS Petrochemicals and Ecology VOLUME 6 Selected Works Аtyrau-2020 UDC 54:66.0 LBC 24.1 G 70 Reviewers: Kenzhegaliev A.K. - Academician of IAELPS, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Research Laboratory "Geoecology" of the Atyrau University of Oil and Gas named after S. Utebayev; Fayzullaev N.I. - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of the department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Samarkand State University; Satenov K.G. - Сandidate of chemical sciences, head of the department "Chemistry and Chemical Technology" of the Atyrau State University named after Kh. Dosmukhamedov G 70 Gilazhov Y. New materials. Petrochemicals and ecology: Selected works in 10 volumes. / Y. Gilazhov. - Atyrau "NJC Atyrau University of Oil and Gas named after S. Utebayev", 2020. Volume 6 – 375 p. ISBN 978-601-286-179-2 ISBN 978-601-286-184-6 The sixth book of Selected Works, presented by readers of the academician of the Kazakhstan National Academy of Natural Sciences, doctor of technical sciences Gilazhov Esengali Gilazhovich, part of the work on the influence of anthropogenic impacts on the environment in the territory of Atyrau region, questions of the state of the natural environment of the northern coast of the Caspian Sea are presented. The book is designed for a wide range of scientists involved in environmental management issues, as well as students, graduate students studying courses in ecology and nature conservation. UDC 54:66.0 LBC 24.1 ISBN 978-601-286-179-2 ISBN 978-601-286-184-6 Editorial team: Doctor of Chemistry, Professor Saginaev A.T., Ph.D. Kanbetov A.Sh., Minazova E.Sh., Aronova A.A., Izgaliev S.A., Urazgalieva M.D. Executive editor Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences and NIA RK, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Akhmetov S.M. © Gilazhov Y. © Atyrau University of Oil and Gas named after S. Utebayev STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE NORTHERN CASPIAN SEA AND NORTHERN PART OF THE ATYRAU OBLAST AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES With Diarov M.D. and Mulikov P.P. The Environment and Oil and Gas Sector. 5 volumes. - Almaty: Galym, 2003. Volume 4. State of the Environment of the North Caspian Sea and the Northern Part of Atyrau Oblast and Enhancement Measures. 3 PART 1 ECOLOGY OF THE NORTH CASPIAN SEA 1. Ecology of the North Caspian Sea The northern shore of the Caspian Sea accommodates 5 districts of the Atyrau Oblast. The regional features are that the base industry is oil and gas production, oil processing, mechanical engineering and petrochemical, that there are many large and medium size industrial enterprises; and that the population is mainly concentrated in Atyrau and along Ural, Kigach and Sharonovka rivers, man-made channels and within the Caspian Sea coastline. The life in the region is closely linked with the Caspian Sea (sea level fluctuation and wind-induced tides). Moreover, the state of the environment in the region becomes more and more critical due to the increasing human pressure caused mainly by oil and gas extraction and production, the impact on the Caspian Sea and its pollution and radiation are related to the presence of Azgir nuclear site in Kurmangazy district. 1.1. Environmental state in Atyrau city 1.1.1. General information about Atyrau city Guryev Town emerged from a small fishing village Uishik; in 1992, the city was renamed as Atyrau where by the Tsar’s decree a basic wooden fortress was built in 1622. It was known as Fort Ust-Yaitsk. In 1645, an Astrakhan fish merchant was granted permission to build a domain. In return, the merchant constructed a stone fortress in the shape of a rectangle, stockaded by a 2 m high stone wall with bastions at each corner and a ravelling at the northern and southern sides. It had gates only at the eastern side with access to the river. Five versts down from the fortress on the bank of the Yaik River (now Ural) a guard ship was installed with a watch and lighthouse. After construction of this fortress Ust-Yaitsk town became known as Stone Yaik and later Guryev after the name of its founder, the merchant Gurya. Guryev had been guarded by Astrakhan Strelets employed by fish merchants. Yaitsk Cossacks were displeased by the construction of both the fortress and stockaded town damaging fishing in the upper and lower stream of the river. In 1667 the town was routed and robbed by Vassiliy Kassimov’s men. Later in 1668, under the consent of Yaitsk Cossacks the town was seized by Stepan Razin. A few years after the suppression of Cossacks uprising in 1720-1723 and divestiture to elect independently their ataman, the Tsar’s Government decided to charge the Yaitsk Cossack Army with the expenses for maintenance of the Guryev military corps. From 1743, the Army had taken over the responsibility of keeping 100 men of the corps. In exchange the Tsar obliged the owners of the Guryev stockaded town to 4 open the way up by 8 sazhen (18m) from both banks to allow fish movement for spawning. Having conceded to the persistence from the Cossacks Army, in 1752 the Tsar’s Government transferred the ownership of the Guryev fortress to the Army which made them the absolute proprietor of the rich fish resources of the Yaik (Ural) river. After the suppression of the Pugachev rebellion in 1772-1774 and consequent management reforms, the Yaitsk Cossack Army obtained governorship over Guryev town granted by a Resolution of the Military Administration. Since then, the Yaik River and Yaitsk Cossacks Army had been renamed the Ural river and Uralsk Cossack Army respectively. The Army was in charge of supporting 200 military men in Guryev. Later on, with the expansion of the Russian Empire to the south and east and with the colonisation of the region, the militarily strategic importance of the town had been lost, and Guryev became a trade hub between Central Asian and European parts of the Russian State. By the First World War in 1914, Guryev was the second biggest city in Uralsk County. The city was entirely dependent on the fishing industry. The main tradable goods were fish, livestock and some produce of husbandry (wool, skin etc). The development of heavy industry took place in areas adjacent to the city. Many foreign and Russian entrepreneurs established companies, opened offices for oil exploration and concession enterprises for salt production (evaporated sea water). Cargo and passenger steamship connection had been developed between Guryev and Astrakhan to increase trade flows. In 1884, a new railway from Ryazan to Uralsk was inaugurated. Regular communication by river between Guryev and Uralsk has been open since 1925 and in the 1930s; a railway connecting Guryev and Kandagach came into operation. In the 1960s and 1970s, Guryev-Astrakhan railway line was built, and a new railway via Makat linked Guryev with Shevchenko (now Aktau) which provided Guryev with direct access (through Beineu) to the States of Central Asia. Resources for the development of both oil industry and fishing are abundant which predetermined that these two sectors should become traditional for Guryev (Atyrau) oblast and have taken accordingly leading places in the regional economy. During the Great Patriotic War, many large industries were dislocated and newly built in Guryev such as Guryev Oil Refinery, enterprises of mechanical engineering, metal-working, light and food industries. The 1960 and 1970s witnessed the construction of a chemical plant for production of polyethylene and polypropylene, plant of metalware and a new railway station and airport. In the 1980s and 1990s new 12 enterprises came into operation such as a group of enterprises of prefabricated construction parts, a garment factory, wood-working factory (south-eastern industrial unit), road-building material (asphalt-concrete), local industrial material (northern industrial unit), mechanical workshops of the aviation industry, a city bakery etc. However, it was difficult to create a full-scale urban environment due to the harsh climatic and natural environment and the lack of technical knowledge. For example, the plan of Guryev fortress dating back to 1794 gives the following 5 description about the place: “Guryev town is located on the island in rather low-lying land by the Ural River, 10 versts away from the estuary where the river inflows the Caspian Sea...”. Analysis of historical, documentary and graphic material from this period provides the evidence of the fact that a maximum sea level rise historically recorded in that century occurred exactly at that time (Н = -25 m in relation to the level of open seas). “...This took its origin from its first settler, the fish merchant Guryev (Gurya Nazariev) who surrounded his stone house with towers by a wall. That castle has now become so decayed, that the walls are partially ruined... Because of wet saline soil, the air in spring and autumn time could be quite unhealthy”. It is understood that the area adjacent to the fortress is located in the central historical part of the modern city and was based on an island whereas the area around became seasonally flooded locked within wetland. The coastline of the Caspian Sea was right behind the current Balykchy village. The expansion of Atyrau has continued through history. The most ancient part of Guryev is on the right bank of the river which is home to the historical centre of the city comprising a former fortress, the square of Uspensky Cathedral, the market place and residential district. One of unique pieces of post-revolution architecture and urban building is a town of oilmen based on the left side of the river.

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