Architecture & Stratigraphy of Neogene & Quaternary Sediments
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The Sedimentology and Palaeoecology of the Westleton Member of the Norwich Crag Formation (Early Pleistocene) at Thorington, Suffolk, England
Geol. Mag. 136 (4), 1999, pp. 453–464. Printed in the United Kingdom © 1999 Cambridge University Press 453 The sedimentology and palaeoecology of the Westleton Member of the Norwich Crag Formation (Early Pleistocene) at Thorington, Suffolk, England A.E. RICHARDS*, P.L. GIBBARD & M. E. PETTIT *School of Geography, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK Godwin Institute of Quaternary Research, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK (Received 28 September 1998; accepted 29 March 1999) Abstract – Extensive sections in the Thorington gravel quarry complex in eastern Suffolk include the most complete record to date of sedimentary environments of the Westleton Beds Member of the Norwich Crag Formation. New palaeoecological and palaeomagnetic evidence is presented, which confirms that the Member was deposited at or near a gravelly shoreline of the Crag Sea as sea level fluctuated during a climatic ameloriation within or at the end of the Baventian/ pre-Pastonian ‘a’ Stage (Tiglian C4c Substage). 1. Introduction 2. Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene deposits in Suffolk The gravel quarry complex at Thorington (TM 423 728) is situated 8 km west of Southwold in northern A stratigraphical table, comparing British nomencla- Suffolk (Fig. 1). This paper will present details of ture with that of the Netherlands, is given in Table 1. observations in the quarry during the period from The earliest Pleistocene deposits that occur in June 1994 to September 1997, which provide signifi- northern Suffolk are the East Anglian Crags, which cant biostratigraphical and sedimentological evidence were deposited at the margins of the southern North for depositional environments associated with the Sea Basin. -
Ice-Rafted Erratics with Early Middle Pleistocene Shallow Marine
Published in Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association (2011) Possible ice-rafted erratics in late Early to early Middle Pleistocene shallow marine and coastal deposits in northeast Norfolk, UK. Nigel R. Larkina*, Jonathan R. Leeb & E. Rodger Connellc a The Natural History Department, Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service, Shirehall, Market Avenue, Norwich, Norfolk NR1 3JQ, UK [email protected] b British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK [email protected] c Geography and Environment, School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, St Mary’s, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen, AB24 3UF UK [email protected] *Corresponding author: email [email protected] telephone 07973 869613 Abstract Erratic clasts with a mass of up to 15 kg are described from preglacial shallow marine deposits (Wroxham Crag Formation) in northeast Norfolk. Detailed examination of their petrology has enabled them to be provenanced to northern Britain and southern Norway. Their clustered occurrence in coastal sediments in Norfolk is believed to be the product of ice-rafting from glacier incursions into the North Sea from eastern Scotland and southern Norway, and their subsequent grounding and melting within coastal areas of what is now north Norfolk. The precise timing of these restricted glaciations is difficult to determine. However, the relationship of the erratics to the biostratigraphic record and the first major expansion of ice into the North Sea suggest these events occurred during at least one glaciation between the late Early Pleistocene and early Middle Pleistocene (c. 1.1−0.6 Ma). In contrast to the late Middle (Anglian) and Late Pleistocene (Last Glacial Maximum) glaciations, where the North Sea was largely devoid of extensive marine conditions, the presence of far-travelled ice-rafted materials implies that earlier cold stage sea-levels were considerably higher. -
Caistor St Edmund Quarry Are Echinoids, Molluscs, Sponges and Other Fosssils Associated with the Chalk
CAISTOR ST. EDMUND QUARRY, NORFOLK INTRODUCTION TO CAISTOR ST. EDMUND QUARRY Thank you for enrolling on our fossil hunting event. THE GEOLOGY The large quarry at Caistor St. Edmund allows This site displays the best exposure of the Upper Cretaceous you to explore the rocks and fossils from both the (Late Campanian) Beeston Chalk, a unit not exposed in Cretaceous and later Pleistocene epochs. coastal sections, and representing some of the youngest of situchalk in Britain. The site is famous for its large flints, This quarry is mostly popular for its superb known as ‘potstones’ and ‘paramoudras’, with their echinoids, which can be found well-preserved in remarkable contained burrow systems. The Chalk here very flint from the Pleistocene gravels. Sponges and fossiliferous; of note are the specimens of the molluscs Belemnitella and Inoceramus and sea urchin Echinocorys corals can also be found in these flints, which are which it commonly yields. usually piled up and easy to pick through. At the top of the quarry are several meters of Pleistocene The Cretaceous Chalk itself yields many different gravels of the Norwich Crag Formation of Baventian age fossils from 83.6 to 72.1 million years ago, found (which ended 1.8 Mya). These contain flints, stones and by searching the chalk embankments around the sands, deposited at the front of the ice sheets further north. edge of the quarry or in the loose scree. Most Sitting directly on top of the chalk, is the Norwich Crag fossils are found by breaking the chalk boulders Basement Bed; full of flints, stones gravels and shelly apart using a geological hammer or pick. -
Mineral Resources Report for Suffolk
Mineral Resource Information in Support of National, Regional and Local Planning Suffolk Commissioned Report CR/03/076N BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY COMMISSIONED REPORT CR/03/076N Mineral Resource Information in Support of National, Regional and Local Planning Suffolk D J Harrison, P J Henney, S J Mathers, D G Cameron, N A Spencer, S F Hobbs, D J Evans, G K Lott and D E Highley This report accompanies the 1;100 000 scale map: Suffolk Mineral Resources The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Ordnance Survey licence number GD 272191/1999 Key words Suffolk, mineral resources, mineral planning. Front cover Front cover photo: Coastal scenery at Minsmere RSPB reserve, north of Sizewell, Suffolk. Bibliographical reference D J Harrison, P J Henney, D G Cameron, Mathers S J, N A Spencer, S F Hobbs, D J Evans, G K Lott and D E Highley. 2003. Mineral Resource Information in Support of National, Regional and Local Planning. Suffolk. British Geological Survey Commissioned Report, CR/03/076N. Keyworth, Nottingham British Geological Survey 2003 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of Survey publications is available from the BGS Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG Sales Desks at Nottingham and Edinburgh; see contact details 0115-936 3241 Fax 0115-936 3488 below or shop online at www.thebgs.co.uk e-mail: [email protected] The London Information Office maintains a reference collection www.bgs.ac.uk of BGS publications including maps for consultation. Shop online at: www.thebgs.co.uk The Survey publishes an annual catalogue of its maps and other publications; this catalogue is available from any of the BGS Sales Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LA Desks. -
Tides of Change 2 Million Years on the Suffolk Coast
Tides of Change 2 million years on the Suffolk Coast Tim Holt-Wilson 2 Tides of Change 2 million years on the Suffolk Coast How to use this book This is an introduction to over 2 million years of change on the Suffolk coast. Rising seas and surging ice sheets have come and gone, leaving a legacy you can discover for yourself. We suggest you start by flicking through the book and finding a few sites that catch your interest, then plan a visit using the map and access details inside the back cover. Some words which may be unfamiliar to you are listed in the glossary. All sites can be visited at your own risk. Please stick to beaches and paths, and follow the Countryside Code. Dead people don’t enjoy life The seashore can be a dangerous place so treat it with respect. Don’t get cut off by a rising tide or crushed under a cliff fall (soft cliffs like ours can give way without warning even in fine weather). And don't push your luck by standing on the cliff edge. Respect Nature Please don’t trample on vegetated shingle, a surprisingly fragile habitat, and steer clear of fenced areas with ground nesting birds in spring. Dogs on leads near these places too please. This book is published as part of the Touching the Tide Landscape Partnership Scheme, with grateful acknowledgement of support from the Heritage Lottery Fund Acknowledgements Moira Chapman and Corinne Cappell (SCDC) – Felixstowe history Alister Cruikshanks (UKGE Ltd) - Easton Bavents palaeontology Roger Dixon (GeoSuffolk) – Red Crag stratigraphy Bill Jenman - editorial Ann Trewick (Felixstowe Museum) – Felixstowe history Photograph credits All photographs © TD Holt-Wilson unless otherwise credited. -
A Provisional Quaternary and Neogene Lithostratigraphical Framework for Great Britain
N S Netherlands Journal of Geosciences — Geologie en Mijnbouw | 84 - 2 | 87 - 107 | 2005 A provisional Quaternary and Neogene lithostratigraphical framework for Great Britain A.A. McMillan British Geological Survey, Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LA, Scotland, UK. Email: [email protected] Manuscript received: November 2003; accepted: November 2004 Abstract This paper presents an overview of a provisional lithostratigraphical framework for the Quaternary and Neogene deposits of Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) (onshore). The objective is to provide a workable framework to aid future Quaternary mapping and research, and a stratigraphical scheme capable of use in a wide variety of applications. Using the full hierarchy, a supergroup, group and subgroup lithostratigraphy, based upon the primary mapping unit, the formation, is proposed. It is recommended that some classes of lithogenetically-defined deposits which, at present cannot be accorded formational status, should be assigned informally to one of the proposed groups or subgroups. The framework distinguishes one superficial deposits supergroup within which seven groups are defined: i) Crag Group, marine deposits (Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene); ii), Dunwich Group, fluvial deposits (pre-Anglian/pre-Elsterian); iii) Residual Deposits Group; iv) British Coastal Deposits Group, coastal and marine deposits (Anglian to Holocene); v) Britannia Catchments Group, fluvial, organic and mass movement deposits (Anglian to Holocene) within broadly defined catchment areas related to Late Devensian to present-day physiography; vi) Albion Glacigenic Group, Glacigenic deposits (pre-Devensian/pre-Weichselian), and vii) Caledonia Glacigenic Group, glacigenic deposits (Devensian/Weichselian). North of the Devensian (Weichselian) ice-sheet limit, a series of glacigenic subgroups are defined geographically for the two glacigenic groups on the basis of mappable formations of till. -
(Linné, 1758) Palaeobiogeography and Migration
November 2002 Cainozoic Research, 1(1-2X2001), pp. 3-12, The mesogastropod Littorina littorea (Linné, 1758) in Iceland: palaeobiogeography and migration Ólöf+E. Leifsdóttir & Leifur+A. Símonarson University ofIceland, Science Institute, Dunhaga 3, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland; e-mail: [email protected], and [email protected] Received 5 April 2001; revised version accepted 29 September 2001 in Atpresent, the periwinkle, Littorina littorea (Linné, 1758), is not found living Iceland. The only confirmedoccurrence of the species in Icelandic sediments is in the Middle Pleistocene upper littoral conglomerate at Búlandshöfdi, Snaefellsnes, West Iceland. These layers were deposited during an interglacial stage, slightly older than 1.1 Ma. The species apparently evolved from the Pacific L. squalida Bro- & derip Sowerby, 1829, after the trans-Arctic/North Atlantic migration from the Pacific, possibly in response to cooling and increasing 2.55 environmental energy. The oldest fossil occurrence of L. littorea is in the British Red Crag Formation, between and 2.4 Ma; it is unknown from the Pliocene Tjörnes deposits in N Iceland, older than 2.6 Ma. This indicates that the species separation postdates the deposition of the uppermost Serripes Zone of Tjörnes, after the tide of the migration wave passed Iceland, but before it reached the The taxonomic and of North Atlantic molluscs North Sea area and Britain, between 2.6 and 2.4 Ma. diversity palaeobiogeography were about greatly affected by the major climatic changes that resulted in an extensive glaciation at 2.5 Ma. Key words: Mesogastropoda,Littorina, Iceland, MiddlePleistocene, speciation, palaeobiogeography, migration. Introduction Growth lines are distinctly prosocline and form an angle of about 120° with the axis of the spire. -
Accepted Manuscript
1 Deposition and provenance of the Early Pleistocene Siliceous Member in 2 Westbury Cave, Somerset, England 3 4 Neil F. Adams a,b,*,1, Ian Candy a, Danielle C. Schreve a, René W. Barendregt c 5 6 a Centre for Quaternary Research, Department of Geography, Royal Holloway 7 University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK 8 b Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, 9 Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK 10 c Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, T1K 3M4, Canada 11 12 * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) 13 14 1 Present address: Centre for Palaeobiology Research, School of Geography, 15 Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK 1 16 Abstract 17 The Early Pleistocene is an important interval in the Quaternary period as a time not 18 only of climatic and environmental change, but also of key events in human 19 evolution. However, knowledge of this period in northwest Europe is hampered by 20 the limited extent of deposits of this age. Westbury Cave in the Mendip Hills of 21 Somerset preserves an understudied example of fossil-bearing Early Pleistocene 22 sediments, with rare potential to inform our understanding of British Early 23 Pleistocene stratigraphy and landscape evolution outside the East Anglian Crag 24 Basin. This study identifies the processes responsible for deposition of the Early 25 Pleistocene Siliceous Member in Westbury Cave, thereby aiding taphonomic and 26 palaeoenvironmental interpretations of associated fossil assemblages. New 27 excavations revealed over ten metres of Siliceous Member stratigraphy, dominated 28 by fine-grained silts/clays with interbedded sands and gravels, interpreted as being 29 deposited within a subterranean lake or flooded conduit with fluvial input. -
The Sizewell C Project
The Sizewell C Project 6.3 Volume 2 Main Development Site Chapter 23 Marine Historic Environment Appendices 23A - 23C Revision: 1.0 Applicable Regulation: Regulation 5(2)(a) PINS Reference Number: EN010012 May 2020 Planning Act 2008 Infrastructure Planning (Applications: Prescribed Forms and Procedure) Regulations 2009 SIZEWELL C PROJECT – ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT NOT PROTECTIVELY MARKED VOLUME 2, APPENDIX 23A – OFFSHORE AND INTERTIDAL HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT DESK-BASED ASSESSMENT NOT PROTECTIVELY MARKED Volume 2 Appendix 23A Offshore and Intertidal Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment | NOT PROTECTIVELY MARKED NOT PROTECTIVELY MARKED Sizewell C: Offshore and Intertidal Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment 34882-C-001 NOT PROTECTIVELY MARKED Report Number 34882-C-001 ii Issue 03 Issue No. 3 October 2014 Date October 2014 NOT PROTECTIVELY MARKED NOT PROTECTIVELY MARKED Sizewell C: Offshore and Intertidal Historic Environment DBA Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms iii Executive Summary iv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 2 Methodology 2 2.1 Study Area 2 2.2 Scope of this Assessment 2 2.3 Objectives 2 3 Legislation, Policy and Guidance 4 3.1 International Legislation 4 3.2 European Legislation 4 3.3 UK Legislation, Policy and Guidance Notes 5 3.4 Regional and Local Planning Policies and Guidance 7 4 Baseline Environmental Characteristics 9 4.1 Introduction 9 4.2 Previous offshore bathymetric and sub-bottom seismic surveys 10 4.3 Pre-Quaternary and Pleistocene Deposits 10 4.4 Holocene Deposits 13 4.5 Sea-Level History for the Study Area 22 4.6 Modern Coastal Processes and Sediment Dynamics 22 5 Archaeological and Historical Background 27 5.2 Statutory Designations 28 5.3 Period Summaries 29 5.4 Palaeolithic (c. -
2011 Workshop
First Workshop of AHOB3 (Ancient Human Occupation of Britain) Dispersal of Early Humans: adaptations, frontiers and new territories Edited by Chris Stringer, Nick Ashton and Silvia Bello AHOB, London May 19–20th, 2011 AHOB3 Workshop May 19th-20th, 2011 AHOB wishes to acknowledge the Leverhulme Trust for its generous support of the projects 1 AHOB3 Workshop May 19th-20th, 2011 1st AHOB3 Workshop Queen Mary University of London, Geography Room 126 May 19-20th, 2011 Thursday 19th May Session 1: The earliest occupation of Europe Chair: Adrian Lister 10:00 A reinvestigation of the Chapel Hill Simon Lewis et al. sands, Norwich, Norfolk 10:20 Coleoptera from the Bytham palaeoriver Russell Coope channels at Brooksby, Leicestershire 10:40 Chronology, sedimentology and palaeo- Ian Candy et al. environments of the Crag Basin: significance to the landscapes and timing of early human occupation 11:00 A new biostratigraphy for the Early David Mayhew Pleistocene of the North Sea Basin 11:20 Discussion 11:30 Coffee 11:50 The stratigraphic context of the Simon Lewis Palaeolithic sites at Happisburgh 12:00 Recent excavations at Happisburgh Site Mike Field 1 12:20 Flint artefacts from Happisburgh 1 Monika Knul 12:40 Savin’s collection of Pleistocene Simon Parfitt mammals from East Anglia: implications for archaeology and the age of the East Anglian pre-glacial sequence 13:00 Discussion 13:10 Lunch 2 AHOB3 Workshop May 19th-20th, 2011 Chair: Mark White 14:00 Climate structure and duration of MIS Adrian Palmer et al. 11 in Britain: preliminary results from Marks Tey, Essex 14:20 Evolutionary trends at the Early and Andreu Ollé et al. -
The Kor & Bot Collection Revisited, with a Biostratigraphic Interpretation Of
1 Online Journal of the Natural History Museum Rotterdam, with contributions on zoology, paleontology and urban ecology deinsea.nl The Kor & Bot collection revisited, with a biostratigraphic interpretation of the Early Pleistocene Oosterschelde Fauna (Oosterschelde Estuary, the Netherlands) D.J. Scager 1, H.-J. Ahrens 2, F.E. Dieleman 2, L.W. van den Hoek Ostende 2, J. de Vos 2 & J.W.F. Reumer 1,3 1 Department of Geosciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80115, 3508 TC Utrecht, the Netherlands 2 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands 3 Natural History Museum Rotterdam, Westzeedijk 345 (Museumpark), 3015 AA Rotterdam, the Netherlands ABSTRACT Submitted 30 March 2016 For the first time in 30 years the Kor & Bot collection is surveyed and interpreted in its entirety Accepted 26 May 2017 (i.e. all known 2174 pieces) on the occasion of the 65th Kor & Bot expedition in 2015. The Published 16 July 2017 locality nomenclature within the Oosterschelde is restructured and clarified, the taxonomy and the anatomical information are corrected and complemented where necessary and 1631 Author for correspondence fossils (excluding cetacean material) are measured to gain insight in their taphonomy. The Jelle W.F. Reumer: collection contains five faunal groups: (1) Middle Miocene cetaceans, (2) Pliocene marine [email protected] mammals, (3) Early Pleistocene (Middle Villafranchian) terrestrial mammals (forming the so-called Oosterschelde fauna), (4) Late Pleistocene terrestrial mammals and (5) Holocene ter- Editors of this paper restrial mammals, and derives for ~95% from three pits within the estuary. Moreover ~75% of Bram W. -
Baseline Report Series: 21
Baseline Report Series: 21. The Chalk and Crag of north Norfolk and the Waveney Catchment Groundwater Systems and Water Quality Commissioned Report CR/06/043N Science Group: Air, Land & Water Technical Report NC/99/74/21 The Natural Quality of Groundwater in England and Wales A joint programme of research by the British Geological Survey and the Environment Agency BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Commissioned Report CR/06/043N ENVIRONMENT AGENCY Science Group: Air, Land & Water Technical Report NC/99/74/21 This report is the result of a study jointly funded by the British Geological Baseline Report Series: Survey’s National Groundwater Survey and the Environment Agency’s Science 21. The Chalk and Crag of north Group. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or Norfolk and the Waveney Catchment by any means, or stored in a retrieval system of any nature, without the prior permission of the copyright proprietors. All rights are reserved by the copyright E L Ander, P Shand and S Wood proprietors. Disclaimer Contributors The officers, servants or agents of both the British Geological Survey and the Environment Agency accept no liability D Lapworth, S Hannay and S Hickling whatsoever for loss or damage arising from the interpretation or use of the information, or reliance on the views contained herein. Environment Agency Dissemination status Internal: Release to Regions External: Public Domain Project No. SC990024 ©Environment Agency, 2006 Statement of use This document forms one of a series of reports describing the baseline chemistry of selected reference aquifers in England and Wales.