South East OCTOBER 2015 Volume 9 Number 4 Newsletter of the Land for Wildlife Program ISSN 1835-3851

CONTENTS 1 No Room at the Inn 2 Editorial and Contacts 3 Fauna Vignette Nesting Willie Wagtails 4-5 Fauna Discoveries Lucky Luke Uncovers a New Potoroo Population 6 Fauna Research An Unsavoury Task Helps Potoroo Researchers 7 Fauna Profile Thank goodness for nest boxes. This one is in demand from both Links between Fungi, a Rainbow Lorikeet and Sugar Glider. Photo by Vic Weaver. Long-nosed Potoroo and Ecosystem Health No Room at the Inn 8-9 Property Profile Into the Forest hen I bought our property in 1975 it I try to prioritise my weed control efforts Wwas mainly a kikuyu paddock. Back and I use selective herbicides to target 10-11 Fauna Profile then, Witta was a rural area of dairy and specific weeds. We are always learning and The Queensland Bush beef cattle properties. Initially we ran beef just keep going. Stone-curlew cattle and then planted about 300 avocado trees. We built our home in 1981. We joined Land for Wildlife back in 2009 12 My Little Corner and have installed 15 nest boxes on our Eventually, as most of the avocado trees property, thanks to the Sunshine Coast Who is Nesting Where? started to die out due to root rot and as Council incentives program. The nest boxes 13 Book Reviews I was cutting them out, I started to plant are made and installed by Hollow Log native trees. Over time these areas of Homes, so we just sit back and observe the 14 Flora Focus native trees have become well established wildlife moving in. Possums, of course, get Ancient Eucalypt Discovered and our property has become home to into the boxes, as do parrots, lorikeets and in South America lots of little critters such as wallabies and other critters. We have lots of wonderful forest pigeons. We like to keep some areas birds now, especially since the native trees 15 Property Profile of grass to let the sunlight in otherwise we have matured. We are at the stage that Quinnie’s story of habitat would be living in a dark, damp rainforest. we see birds such as drongos and fantails coming back each year to nest. restoration on Oakey Creek As well as rural acreage properties, Witta now has subdivisions of residential sized There is always something to look out for 16 Philosophy with Phil blocks. The changes in land usage has in nature, and my interest in photography Wattle Homes resulted in a vastly changed environment has encouraged me to keep an eye out for with residents creating their own wildlife interesting bird behaviour, as shown in this habitats. Unfortunately the number and photograph above. Published by SEQ Catchments through variety of weeds has also increased. Birds funding from the Australian Government’s have also increased, benefiting from this Article by Vic Weaver National Landcare Programme new food source. They are unfortunately Land for Wildlife member good distributors of weeds too. Witta, Sunshine Coast Land for Wildlife Officers editorial South East Queensland City Council ompared to many other nations, of Land for Wildlife Officers combined All enquiries, 3403 8888 CAustralia is the clichéd ‘lucky country’. with enthusiasm of Land for Wildlife Peter Hayes Catherine Madden A friend recently returned from Mexico landholders, this truly is a good news story. Cody Hochen Scott Sumner where her family work a standard 12 We now have researchers, governments Tony Mlynarik Amanda Maggs hour day only to rest during their one and landholders working together to

week’s annual leave. I have just returned protect a fungi-eating, lightning bolt of Gold Coast City Council from a four weeks paid annual leave. fur that few Australians will ever see – the Lexie Webster, 5582 8344 Lucky. still leaves much room threatened Long-nosed Potoroo. Saul Hondow, 5582 8896 for improvement in certain areas, but it is Todd Burrows, 5582 9128 always better to focus on one’s blessings. To celebrate spring, Land for Wildlife members have shared their nesting Ipswich City Council My leave turned into a combined tales, whether they be Willie Wagtails on Stephani Grove, 3810 7173 staycation, road trip out west and day clotheslines, Bush Stone-curlews under trips around SEQ, mostly in pursuit of houses or lorikeets in nesting boxes, there Lockyer Valley Regional Council bird species that are not yet on my ‘list’. I is always something enjoyable about Kaori van Baalen, 5462 0376 ticked the Painted Honeyeater in a patch of watching nature in action. Council roadside Brigalow near Goondiwindi; such Nicole Walters, 3412 4859 is the plight of our declining woodland On a final note, I would like to pay tribute Peter Copping, 3412 5321 birds, hanging on to bits of habitat among to Darryl Larsen, who after 17 years of Rachel Booth, 3412 4821 fields of wheat and cotton. service to private land conservation in SEQ, has retired and will re-focus his passion Then I was off to for conservation towards hands-on bush Regional Council with friend and Land for Wildlife colleague, regeneration activities. In effect, he has Ainslie Wyer, 5433 2288 Todd Burrows, in pursuit of the elusive swapped an office for his local creek and Zoe Samson, 5433 2244 Rufous Scrub-bird. It is not signposted, but his computer for a restoration tool kit. The at Lamington you enter the largest patch January edition will profile Darryl’s career Noosa Council of subtropical rainforest on Earth. Just and his unique perspective on the rise of Conor Neville, 5329 6287 under two hours’ drive from my home. And the private land conservation sector. Aren’t not only did I see the scrub-bird, I even got we lucky to have such a sector in SEQ? Council a blurry photo of it. Talk about lucky. Maree Manby, 3820 1106 As always, thanks to all contributors and I The luck continues in this edition with the welcome your feedback or comments. Regional Council story of Luke, an orphaned Long-nosed Keith McCosh, 5540 5436 Potoroo, who triggered the discovery of a Deborah Metters previously-unknown potoroo population Land for Wildlife Darren McPherson, 5424 4000 on the Blackall Range. Through the tenacity Regional Coordinator SEQ Catchments Sunshine Coast Council Alan Wynn, 5439 6477 Danielle Crawford, 5475 7339 Landholder Registrations, Land for Wildlife SEQ - 1/9/2015 Dave Burrows, 5475 7345 Marc Russell, 5475 7345 Registered Working Towards Total Area under Kenneth McClymont, 5439 6433 Total Area Retained Properties Registration Restoration Stephanie Reif, 5475 7395 3129 840 58,204 ha 5,945 ha Qld Murray-Darling Region Toowoomba, Crows Nest and Forward all contributions to: Print run - 4795 western regions Back copies from 2007 - 2015 Sandy Robertson, Qld Murray-Darling The Editor available for download from Committee, 4637 6228 Land for Wildlife Newsletter www.lfwseq.org.au SEQ Catchments Back copies from 1998 - 2006 Burnett Mary Region PO Box 13204 available upon request to the Editor. Gympie, Fraser Coast, George Street QLD 4003 ISSN 1835-3851 07 3211 4404 North & South Burnett, Land for Wildlife is a voluntary program that [email protected] Bundaberg and Baffle Creek encourages and assists landholders to provide Burnett Mary Regional Group, 4181 2999 habitat for wildlife on their properties.

Land for Wildlife South East Queensland lfwseq.org.au is a quarterly publication distributed facebook.com/lfwseq free of charge to members of the Land for Wildlife program in South East Queensland.

2 Land for Wildlife South East Queensland October 2015 fauna vignette Nesting Willie Wagtail Calendar 2013 NOV 20 DEC 11 DEC 15 DEC 17

Willie Wagtails find that my Three open mouths and First flight. Once they left the clothesline makes a good Getting squishy. dinner’s arrived. nest, they never returned to it. place for a nest. 2014 A sad discovery. We think OCT OCT they probably upended it OCT 6 13 themselves by accident. 28 Firstly, there was very little headroom for the sitting bird. They could have knocked it over squeezing under the bar above as they came and went.

Secondly, the ‘branch’ is a smooth gloss finish and their best efforts of sticking their Another nest started being nest to it probably weren’t built, this time on a safer part good enough. This year’s nest is on another of the clothesline. Two days part of the clothesline. All eggs were broken. later it was finished.

DEC 1 DEC 2 The last chick has gone. The nest just lasted the distance. I don’t think they’ll be getting their bond back though!

It’s been a delight to see the parents teaching the chicks how to find food, how to bathe in the pool, and for us to watch Adult Willie Wagtails photos their wobbly flying as they by Todd Burrows. The first two chicks left the strengthen their wing muscles. nest just after this photo was Article by Louella Harley taken. The third chick left the Land for Wildlife member next day. Belmont, Brisbane

Land for Wildlife South East Queensland October 2015 3 fauna discoveries Lucky Luke Uncovers a New Potoroo Population

few years ago I heard on the native Listed under Commonwealth legislation as was a very exciting find indeed. For me, Agrapevine that a Long-nosed Potoroo vulnerable to extinction, the Long-nosed the questions raised by Luke’s discovery (Potorous tridactylus) had been taken Potoroo is known to live in a wide variety were many. How large was this potoroo into care by wildlife carers near Maleny. of habitats from coastal heath to rainforest population and how wide spread? Was The story goes that a Reesville resident and in both wet and dry sclerophyll forests. Lukey the last link in a lineage of truffle- was investigating a noise outside their The commonality in their distribution is the seeking local long-noses? What would house when they came across a sizeable presence of a thick understorey. Potoroos their absence mean for these forests? Little Carpet Python with a visibly large bulge create runways through the dense research has been done on Queensland somewhere between its throat and belly. undergrowth allowing them to move potoroos and many questions remain Another noise was heard nearby and a very quickly and escape potential predators. unanswered. small (120 grams) marsupial was found. Unfortunately its mother was probably Like bandicoots, potoroos leave feeding the ’bulge’, but it had managed to escape. evidence in the form of diggings where they excavate roots and underground “In effect, potoroos help This lucky potoroo joey was named ‘Luke’ keep forests healthy” and was lovingly cared for and raised (until fruiting bodies of fungi. Studies in Victoria release) by Land for Wildlife members and have shown that fungi can form up to 70% wildlife carers, Carmel Givens and Ridley of a potoroo’s diet. We can only assume Kennedy. that this is the same in Queensland, but I had long wondered about the presence we really don’t know. The subsequent of potoroos on the Blackall Range. Despite The Long-nosed Potoroo is one of the dispersal of fungal spores in potoroo recent records from nearby Bellthorpe smaller members of the kangaroo family. droppings is an important ecological and Conondale Ranges, they hadn’t been They are just over a foot long and weigh process, as some of these mycorrhizal fungi recorded in the Blackall Range area, just over one kilogram. This is a rare and assist plants in the uptake of otherwise despite the apparent presence of suitable cryptic species that seldom ventures from inaccessible nutrients from the soil. In habitat. Reesville lies at the southern end the shelter of dense understory vegetation. effect, potoroos help keep forests healthy of the Maleny plateau and incorporates a They have a patchy distribution along the and probably ensure more ecological relatively large tract of forested country east coast of Australia. Chance sightings benefits than we currently know. on the steeper slopes of the Blackall are very rare and are usually restricted to Ranges western escarpment. There are a hopping blur dashing across the road in There are precious few records of potoroos no National Parks or reserves in this area. front of a car at night. from Queensland, so the discovery of Luke All the bushland is privately owned and

Top: This Long-nosed Potoroo is part of a captive breeding program. Note its strong digging claws and its kangaroo-like hind legs. Photo by Leo Berzins (Oystercatcher), Flickr CC BY-NC-SA 2.0. Left: These two images show a family of Long- nosed Potoroos captured by motion-sensor cameras on a Land for Wildlife property at Reesville. Note the thick, dark tail in the left hand image. Right: The same family of Long-nosed Potoroos as shown on facing page, captured again using Reconyx motion sensor cameras. Potoroos move in a similar way to kangaroos – they either hop on their hind legs (far right image) or they use their front legs for support and slowly bring their hind legs through.

4 Land for Wildlife South East Queensland October 2015 If potoroos around Maleny avoided detection for the past 150 years, what else is out there?

Land for Wildlife signs are a common sight of the potoroo properties have dense Participants also took home a kit with along the handful of no-through roads that understory vegetation such as true and gloves and bags and were encouraged to dissect the heavily vegetated area. soft bracken ferns. collect any fox or dog scats they find on their properties. In an attempt to better In 2008, Sunshine Coast Council funded Once we had a selection of sufficient understand the threats to the local potoroo survey work to search for potoroos, and potoroos photographs we decided to population, scats will be analysed to at the time I suggested surveying Liz and hold a slide show for local landholders. determine if these predators are preying Kel Harding’s Land for Wildlife property In February 2015 a get-together was on potoroos. There are wild dogs in the next door to where Luke happened to be organised for Land for Wildlife members vicinity and Sunshine Coast Council found several years later. Disappointingly, in the area as well as any other interested undertakes baiting in the broader area. the survey found no evidence of potoroos local landholders. Besides potoroos we There are also foxes in the area, although reporting that “Despite approximately 1500 had captured hundreds of images of other based on the camera surveys to date, their hair-trap nights and a combined total of 11 critters. The slide show included images numbers do not appear to be high. It will areas surveyed during this and a previous of Brush Turkeys, other birds, reptiles, be good to gain a better understanding of survey (Burnett et al. 2007), potoroos mammals, more Brush Turkeys and of the interplay between predators and prey remain missing on the Sunshine Coast”. course potoroos. It was an opportunity to help inform future management. for landholders to get to know this cryptic Inspired by Lukey, supported by local species, which also calls this area home. Two things really excite me about this landholders, and armed with the latest The local Land for Wildlife membership discovery so far. Firstly is the untapped fauna detection camera technology, also grew by another three properties due opportunity available through the use my colleague Alan Wynn and I started to this event. of unobtrusive motion sensor cameras deploying cameras on Land for Wildlife on Land for Wildlife properties and the properties in the Reesville area. The results Participants at the slide show were also potential for other discoveries. If potoroos weren’t immediate but we persisted, encouraged to include their properties around Maleny avoided detection for the and in doing so we experimented with in a Sunshine Coast University Masters past 150 years, what else is out there? And different motion sensor camera brands. Research project that has been developed finally, this demonstrates how Land for When we changed to the more sensitive in response to this potoroo discovery. The Wildlife can play a central role in creating Reconyx cameras, we were delighted to Masters student will be working closely networks of landholders, governments capture images of potoroos on Liz and Kel’s with local mammal expert, Dr Scott and researchers to raise awareness and act property. Burnett, who has been involved in previous locally to protect threatened species. potoroo survey efforts on the Sunshine Liz and Kel joined Land for Wildlife in Coast. The research project will focus on 1999 and finding potoroos on their land the habitat requirements for this cryptic has made their many years of hard work species and will hopefully fill some of the and custodianship even more rewarding. knowledge gaps. Buoyed by this success, we expanded our search efforts onto another five A follow up event will be held for neighbouring Land for Wildlife properties, landholders once the research project has Article by Nick Clancy collecting more potoroo records on three some findings to share. Land for Wildlife Officer of them. It is interesting to note that all Sunshine Coast Council

Land for Wildlife South East Queensland October 2015 5 fauna research An Unsavoury Task Helps Potoroo Researchers

nfortunately many of us who regularly I wondered if it could be a potoroo, but Udrive through bushland and rural areas I had never seen one before, so I wasn’t become desensitised to the occasional, quite sure. I took two photographs on non-descript lump of fur or feathers on my smart phone and emailed them to a the side of the road marking another colleague to see if they knew what it was. wildlife vehicle strike victim. But perhaps I got back into my car and drove off to my A captive Long-nosed Potoroo. Photo we should take more notice, despite the all-day meeting in the city. above and far right by Peripitus, unsavoury nature of this task. Sure enough, by the time I got to my Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 2.5. Road kill provides a static record of species meeting, my colleague had been in touch presence, and in some cases, presents with a few experts who had all confirmed an ability to physically measure certain that indeed the road killed animal was a • A smart phone or camera for taking traits, and accumulate data trends over Long-nosed Potoroo, a threatened species pictures of the animal and recording time at certain sites. Persistent data at a with only limited populations in South East location (either take photos of site/s can be used to drive other initiatives Queensland. After numerous emails and surrounding area so you could to reduce future impacts, such as speed phone calls, someone living at Mt Glorious determine the location on a map or take reductions, warning signage, or wildlife agreed to head down the mountain to look a GPS reading). crossing solutions such as rope bridges for this animal. They successfully located • Gloves and hand sanitiser. or underpasses. And just occasionally, a it, double-bagged it and popped it in their second look can yield an exciting record. freezer. Always remember safety first when handling wild animals, especially if they are I was recently travelling through the Potoroo researcher at the Sunshine injured. Wild animals will bite, scratch, kick outskirts of Samford to a work function, Coast University, Dr Scott Burnett, asked and whip their tails if they can. If you do and noted a dead, grey furry critter in the the potoroo’s caretakers to measure the not feel comfortable handling live animals, opposite lane. As I passed it occurred to me potoroo’s neck size, so that correct sized don’t! Just call a wildlife carer. If the animal that it didn’t look quite right. Obviously the radio-tracking collars could be purchased is dead and you determine that it could impact has caused significant damage, but for the Reesville research project (see be a useful specimen for the Queensland certain characteristics just didn’t gel. After article pages 4-5). This potoroo was then Museum, pick it up and place it carefully in turning around and finding a safe place to given to the Queensland Museum whereby a garbage bag. Ensure that you either wear stop, I retrieved the creature from the road they can take genetic material, record gloves or wash your hands thoroughly to take a closer look. measurements or keep it is a study skin afterwards. Double wrap the specimen in or taxidermied product for education and two garbage bags and place in a freezer The animal had recently been hit, probably research. as soon as possible. Firmly attach a label within the last 8 hours so was still in on the bag with the following information: reasonably good condition (for road kill). It It is hard to be prepared for every date of collection, exact location of where was about the size of bandicoot, although contingency in terms of wildlife and road it was collected, your name and contact maybe a bit longer. Although unlike a strikes, but some basics to consider having details and the species name (if known). bandicoot, this animal had an obvious in your car may include: thick, black solid tail and large back legs • A blanket for throwing over and It may not be a pleasant job, but recording with long feet – more like a hopping subduing injured wildlife. or collecting road kill animals can offer mammal such as a wallaby or bettong, • A large heavy duty garbage bag and ties important information for researchers which are able to stand on their hind legs. (for specimen collection and transport). and can help us all learn more about, and Bandicoots in contrast always use their ultimately protect, our wildlife. four legs to walk or run. The front legs were • A contact list of local wildlife carers so short, but were armed with long curved you know who to contact, especially at claws, seemingly for digging. odd hours.

This unfortunate Long-nosed Potoroo was found roadside near Samford. It Article by Darren McPherson was carefully collected, frozen and taken to the Queensland Museum. Note Land for Wildlife Officer the thick, dark tail and strong hind legs. Photos by Darren McPherson. Somerset Regional Council

6 Land for Wildlife South East Queensland October 2015 Underground fruiting bodies of fungi are the favourite food of Long-nosed Potoroos. Captive Long-nosed Potoroos photo above by sunphlo, Flickr CC BY-NC 2.0. fauna profile Links between Fungi, Long-nosed Potoroo and Ecosystem Health

uring December 2014 to April 2015 not knee deep in leaves and logs whilst The strong interrelationship between the Dthe Lockyer Valley Regional Council walking through the forest. Long-nosed Potoroo, fungi and ecosystem supported a local community group health highlights once again the close to undertake professional surveys of Mycorrhizal fungi have a symbiotic, or relationships between plants, animals and small mammals in the Western Lockyer. mutually beneficial arrangement, with the health of the natural system. As we all During one survey, a Long-nosed Potoroo plants. This fungi form a structure with know this healthy natural system supports was accidentally flushed from the the plants roots facilitating the sharing of our very own existence on Earth. undergrowth. This incidental sighting is resources. The Long-nosed Potoroo requires a dense the first record of this species in the survey A small number of fungi are parasitic, area. The Long-nosed Potoroo (Potorous understorey often in natural systems parasitising other plants, other fungi, or that haven’t been burnt for 20 or more tridactylus) is a threatened species, listed sometimes insect or beetle larvae. These as Vulnerable under both Queensland and years. They are predated upon by cats fungi take nutrients from their host and and foxes and are seriously impacted by Commonwealth legislation, so this sighting do not generally cause much harm to their was cause for some delight. habitat loss and degradation, fires that hosts. are frequent and widespread as well as a The Long-nosed Potoroo, with its long lack of connectivity across the landscape. pointed nose and grey-brown fur, can “Studies undertaken in By keeping our pets indoors at night, initially be mistaken for a bandicoot, managing fire responsibly and fostering until of course it tucks up its short Victoria have found that 70% landscape connections through the Land muscular fore-legs and hops away like of the Long-nosed Potoroo’s for Wildlife program there is much that a kangaroo. These strong forelegs are food was fungi.” can be done in our daily lives. The link used for digging for its favourite food, between us, the Long-nose Potoroo, fungi fungi. As also mentioned in Nick Clancy’s and ecosystem health is a cycle that never article on pages 4-5, studies undertaken Lichens on the other hand are ends – even if those links and potoroos are in Victoria have found that 70% of the specialised fungi, which again form a not readily seen. Long-nosed Potoroo’s food was fungi, symbiotic association with an alga or with over 60 different species of fungi cyanobacterium. The fungus shares water References & Further Reading eaten. This amazing, shy animal has an and the alga or cyanbacterium shares enlarged forestomach, which allows the carbohydrates and sugars. McMullan-Fisher S, Leonard P & Guard F fermentation of microbes and increases (2014) Australian Subtropical Fungi. the nutrient uptake from fungi. When A diligent worker in the forest system, the Suncoast Fungi. fungi availability is limited due to seasons, Long-nosed Potoroo turns leaf litter over, www.wildlife.org.au/news/2013/ the Long-nosed Potoroo will forage for mixes top soil and delivers fungi spores longnosedpotoroo.html to disturbed ecosystems. Potoroos deliver invertebrates and other plant materials www.arkive.org/long-nosed-potoroo/ a range of services such as aerating top such as roots, flowers and seeds. potorous-tridactylus/ soil, breaking down leaf litter, providing Different fungi deliver a number of varying substrates for microorganisms, improving www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/ roles to the broader ecosystem. Many water and mineral cycles and supporting pii/S0140196303000612 fungi specialise in decomposing organic the re-establishment of mycorrhizal materials. They are compost makers associations to the benefit of plants. All of breaking down logs, leaves and other these services result in healthy ecosystems Article by Kaori van Baalen organic matter, utilising the carbohydrates and faster recovery from disturbance. All Land for Wildlife Officer for food and recycling nutrients for the use of this (and more) from one little animal Lockyer Valley Regional Council of other plants. These fungi ensure we are looking for food. A sublime system indeed.

Land for Wildlife South East Queensland October 2015 7 property profile

Into the Forest

n the mid-1990s in retirement, we started to assume control five or more Idecided to have a ‘tree change’ from years later. small acreage in Brisbane to larger acreage near a nice country town up or down the Swamp Wallabies took a liking to a number coast and adjacent hinterland. After much of the species we were planting and we investigation, we settled on the Maleny had to make cages to protect them until area on the Blackall Range inland from they were tall enough to be out of reach, the Sunshine Coast, but it took a further then we re-used the cages. Because of the 18 months for the right block of land steep topography and creek gullies, access to come on the market. Five kilometres across the property was only by foot and outside Maleny at Reesville, it was 13 ha everything had to be carried manually, of north-facing, steep, ex-dairy farm land including tools, trays of tree tubes and with two creeks, some areas of regrowth some bales of hay for mulching. forest, plenty of lantana and large cattle We always planted our trees during the grazing areas. We built our new house in summer wet season and in some years, the middle of the property and began our by the end of the dry season six to nine new lifestyle in January 1999. months after planting, supplementary After joining Barung Landcare based watering of the new trees was needed; in Maleny, we undertook their land which we did where feasible. After the management course and learnt that many first major planting in the far west of the local Barung members were working on property in January 2000, watering of 1000 their properties to restore the sub-tropical trees was done twice by bucket that winter rainforest that had covered the whole from a small waterhole in a tributary creek. Blackall Range before it was cleared more In later years, if the required watering was than a century ago. We decided that close enough to the house, multiple hoses restoring the rainforest wildlife habitat were joined together for watering from the on our property was a very worthwhile house tanks by hosing and bucketing. retirement project for us. We enjoyed doing as much as possible of There was a lot to learn as we began the the work ourselves, but ageing and health long staged program of progressively problems in recent years have forced us to removing the abundant woody weeds use more outside help. In total, we have so (lantana, privet, camphor laurel, wild far planted about 7000 trees of 149 local Above: Male Koalas in pursuit of females. tobacco, blackberry) and planting and species with many more self-sown. To our mulching local sub-tropical rainforest great satisfaction, our earlier planted areas trees, as well as encouraging regeneration now have substantial canopy cover that, of self-sown ones. The hole-digging and together with the pre-existing remnant tubestock planting proved to be only the and regrowth trees, will slowly mature start of our tree growing endeavour, with into our future rainforest. At the same the ongoing maintenance of each of the time, local native understory species are planted areas requiring a lot of time and spreading, including ginger, cunjevoi, ferns effort until the developing tree canopy and epiphytes such as elkhorns, staghorns and birdnest ferns.

Echidnas and Red-necked Wallabies are some of the regularly-seen wildlife on David and Alison’s property.

8 Land for Wildlife South East Queensland October 2015 Before

After

Before and After: This creek gully was a sea of thick lantana before it was cleared (as shown above) and then planted with sub-tropical rainforest trees. Four years later, in January 2015, the ‘After’ photo shows a mass of young greenery. Often where thick lantana has been removed, many woody weeds and native trees germinate. We have so far planted about 7000 trees With the trees advancing across the Amongst the exploits of the small property, the shrinking grass areas are nocturnal animals, we’ve seen a glider of 149 local species. grazed by our last two ‘lawn mower’ steers being pursued between trees by an owl which are growing old with us. We would at dusk and had an antechinus mother have preferred not to have cattle, but with babies trying to build a nest in distances on the ground between trees; they are essential for this steep property’s the glovebox of our car. The many bird yet they can also stay in exactly the same management. species we hear and see include Green tree spot for several days at a time. Koalas Catbirds and Wompoo Fruit-doves. On the sometimes sit in species of trees other than All of our large-acreage immediate downside, when the leeches and ticks are eucalypts and Brush Box and even browse neighbours have lots of the woody in season, they are waiting for us as we on them. weed species and it is disappointing that walk around the property. none of them has shown any interest in To provide homes for other arboreal removing the weeds or planting native Observing Koala behaviour during wildlife, nesting boxes have been installed trees. Furthermore, the seeds from woody our years here has been a very special to supplement the very few natural tree weeds on neighbouring properties and experience. In our early days, while we hollows on our property. Further down roadsides are spread by birds and give us knew what the male Koala call sounded on the steep slopes, there are patches of the unwanted extra burden of continually like, we didn’t know what creature was naturally occurring Richmond Birdwing finding and removing their seedlings that making the loud screeching noises at Vine amongst the few rainforest remnants are germinating all over our property. night. Then one day we heard both of that survived in the deep creek gullies. these sounds coming from a tree near Most of all, we love living here surrounded the house in daylight and saw that it was Our rainforest restoration is not only a by the natural environment of our a male Koala pursuing a female who was satisfying retirement project but also an developing forest habitat and its array of resisting his advances. That was the first of educational process. We have learnt much native wildlife. This is busy Koala territory many sightings of this kind of behaviour, about local native and non-native plants, because the scattered regrowth eucalypts though sometimes it is a male trying to wildlife behaviour, weather patterns and a and Brush Box have thrived in the rich separate a mother and baby so that he wide range of activities from tree planting volcanic soil. Having no domestic pets, can get to the mother. Strangely, male and and weed control to constructing bush we see Koalas around our house on most female Koalas don’t seem able to agree steps and fencing. Most importantly, our days, as well as many other native animals on the female’s readiness and willingness restoration of wildlife habitat is a tiny but periodically, including Red-necked Wallabies, to mate. We have also discovered that worthwhile reversal of human destruction echidnas, Mountain Brushtail Possums and Koala activity is not wholly nocturnal as we of the natural environment. a range of reptile species. Twice Carpet regularly see them on the move during the Pythons have mated and incubated eggs in day, sometimes travelling considerable We have been Land for Wildlife members the rock wall next to the house. for many years and also have a Voluntary Conservation Agreement with covenant on our whole property arranged through our Land for Wildlife Officer, Nick Clancy, who has always been very helpful to us.

Article and photographs by David and Alison McDonald Land for Wildlife members Maleny, Sunshine Coast

Land for Wildlife South East Queensland October 2015 9 fauna profile The Queensland Bush Stone-curlew Photo by Todd Burrows.

o much is unknown about Queensland rainforest fringes. They are also found in of curlews appear to vary widely according SBush Stone-curlew ecology and highly modified environments such as golf to ‘habitat quality’ and food abundance. behaviour. Information for this article has courses, rail reserves, roadsides with sparse been gathered from publicly available vegetation, urban parkland and grazing Curlew Diet sources and research undertaken by land. Curlews prefer landscapes that give Bush Stone-curlews are mainly nocturnal Griffith University PhD student, Scott them good visibility at ground level, so and specialize in hunting small grassland O’Keeffe, who is mid-way through a project they usually inhabit areas with bare ground animals, mainly invertebrates. They will on urban Bush Stone-curlew ecology. or low ground cover and widely spaced also take some small vertebrates such as trees and shrubs. Sites where the ground is The Bush Stone-curlew or Bush Thick-knee frogs, lizards, snakes and occasionally small covered with leaves, twigs, sticks, stones or mammals. In coastal areas, they may add (Burhinus grallarius) is a large ground- sparse grass are preferred for nesting since dwelling bird with a wingspan of 55-60 cm. molluscs and crustaceans to their diet. curlews rely on camouflaged eggs and Curlews will also eat small seeds and fruits. They can live for 20 years, sometimes more. cryptic plumage to avoid predators. They are a terrestrial predator adapted to They obtain moisture from their food and stalking and running. Bush Stone-curlews Curlews protect themselves by combining do not need surface water for drinking. are considered common in Queensland natural camouflage with good visibility to but since no monitoring of the species has see predators approaching. If necessary Urban Adaptations been carried out in South East Queensland, they can respond with distraction and The range of unusual behaviours exhibited it is possible that they could suffer the threat displays called ‘mantling’. Animals by many curlews in urban areas suggests serious declines evident in southern states. that take eggs and chicks include the that they are capable of significantly In New South Wales they are listed as usual suspects such as foxes, dogs and cats modifying their behaviour to take Endangered and in Victoria, Threatened. (feral and pet). Native predators include advantage of urban resources. kookaburras, goannas, pythons, quolls and For instance, curlews breed in Brisbane’s The Bush Stone-curlew call is an the Australian White Ibis. evocative and unforgettable sound. It is Southbank Parklands, despite the constant a penetrating, strident, wail, rising with a Since curlews are largely nocturnal, they presence of noisy humans and traffic. slight waver, and dropping at the end and roost inconspicuously during the day in During the day they roost quietly in the often repeated a number of times in quick clumps of trees or among fallen timbers. edges of shrubbery unnoticed by the succession. In urban areas, curlews will often roost in crowds. At night, they can often be seen raised garden beds with clumped shrubs in the shopping precinct harvesting the Curlew Habitat and grasses or grass-like plants. Curlews bounty of insects and geckoes that are Bush Stone-curlews inhabit open country forage at night in open areas such as drawn to bright lights. playing fields, parkland, pasture with low and avoid dense vegetation. Their In some instances, curlews have adapted to grass, and sometimes mangroves, salt ancestral habitats include grasslands, nesting in concrete environments, next to marshes and mudflats. The home ranges open woodland, mallee, mangroves and walls and buildings, and even in seemingly

Bush Stone-curlews are masters of camouflage, which they use to hide themselves, their nests and their young from potential predators.

Left: An adult curlew on a nest. Photo by Scott O’Keeffe. Right: Curlew eggs. Photo by Todd Burrows.

10 Land for Wildlife South East Queensland October 2015 hostile environments such as industrial and observation, to assist with their estates with little vegetation. They have conservation: been observed nesting under buildings including a demountable site office on • Minimise disturbance of curlew nesting stumps in an industrial estate. Curlews in areas by restricting human and pet the wild have no equivalent nesting sites. access, such as leashing your dog while Curlews have been observed collecting walking in a park. cigarette butts and surrounded their nests • Do not approach nesting curlews, with them. Perhaps the nicotine in the especially with a dog. cigarette butts repels parasites or acts as • Do not place food near curlew nests an insecticide. (well-meaning but ill-advised). Even the residual smell of food can attract Curlews nesting under a building in Oxley. “Curlews...are capable of animals, including predators which can This behaviour shows one way in which kill curlews and their chicks. significantly modifying their curlews have adapted to urban areas. • Assess an area before undertaking behaviour to take advantage gardening or maintenance. Curlews of urban resources.” on their nests and their eggs are well camouflaged and can be easily overlooked by gardeners. Avoid working How Adaptable are Curlews? within ten metres of a curlew nest. Consider the case of Coochiemudlo • Fence woodland remnants that are Island. Between 2001 and 2014, the known or potential curlew habitat areas, human population rose by 47%, from 518 and leave fallen branches and debris on to 759. In that same period, the curlew the ground. population increased by 154%, from 74 to 188 birds. Over this time, the island • Use wildlife-friendly fencing that allows has seen significant growth in housing, curlews to move and spot predators. changes to the natural environment and • Report sightings of pest animals and the introduction of more pet cats and assist local government to manage wild dogs. As more people have settled on dogs, feral cats and foxes. the island, they have thinned the island’s • Manage domestic and feral animals on natural forest cover, creating a park-like your own property. A fox takes a Bush Stone-curlew egg from environment, increasing the potential • Carefully manage introduced weed a nest near Ipswich. foraging areas for curlews. Unlike the species to enhance curlew habitat. mainland, there are fewer fences restricting Areas where dense, tall grasses grow are curlew movement and there are no foxes. avoided by curlews. A significant proportion of residents • Join patches of native vegetation to deliberately provide food for the curlews, increase the size of habitat areas and which may be significant enough to avoid clearing native vegetation. increase fitness and therefore survival of chicks and adults. This is not a firm To share your sightings of Bush Stone- conclusion, and the role of supplementary curlews in the Greater Brisbane area or feeding is still under investigation. to find out more about Scott’s research, contact Scott O’Keeffe c/ Environmental Sedentary or Migratory? Futures Research Institute, Griffith University or 0457 328 442 or Studies in NSW and Queensland have [email protected]. recorded short distance flights by curlews (up to about 15 km) as well as long References & Further Reading distance movement (500 km over two nights). But we have no clear picture of Department of Environment and patterns of, or triggers for, movement Conservation NSW (2006) NSW Recovery through the landscape. Do we need to Plan for the Bush Stone-curlew Burhinus A wide wing display is one way in which provide continuous terrestrial habitat grallarius. DEC, Sydney. Bush Stone-curlews try to distract corridors for movement, or can curlews Pizzey G & Knight F (2012) The Field Guide potential predators away from their nests. successfully negotiate the city to move to the Birds of Australia. Harper Collins. from one physically isolated patch to Sleigh S, Williams L & Stothers K (2010) another? We just don’t know. The Bush Stone-curlew in Northern Victoria – Conversations and Conservation. Curlew Conservation Goulburn Broken Catchment Article co-authored by Amanda Our knowledge of the ecology of Bush Management Authority. Maggs, Brisbane City Council and Scott Stone-curlews remains limited. However, Threatened Species Network. Australian O’Keeffe, Griffith University. we can still propose some practical Threatened Species: Bush stone-curlew All photographs on this page by Scott measures, based on sound science Fact Sheet. O’Keeffe.

Land for Wildlife South East Queensland October 2015 11 my little corner Who is Nesting Where?

obust, quiet and unobtrusive, a Little On 7 November she is sitting on eggs and Above: Feeding hungry chicks is a full RShrike Thrush finds a suitable spot for a by 23 November I observed her inspecting time job for these parents. nest - a fork two metres high in the foliage her chicks. The chicks are protected from Below: Starting with three chicks, this of a River Mangrove dangling over a trench rain by the foliage that hangs overhead nest eventually produces just one healthy that is tidal. just like an umbrella. There are three juvenile Little Shrike Thrush. healthy chicks all with large appetites. Just The saltwater is home to all sorts of a week later however, only two remain. Bottom left: Building a nest take a lot of creatures; crabs, fish and insects, a bird work scavenging the right materials. haven you could say. The Little Shrike I observed the female travelling back Thrush has a bill that is pale pink with and forth in half hour intervals carrying Bottom right: Fresh clean water is an a large hook, suited to probing and a smorgasbord of grasshoppers, moths essential resource for many bird species, retrieving prey. With force it can tear (that have had their wings removed) and especially seed eating birds like finches, bark from branches or spend time on the other insects. It must be very challenging and also for parent birds who expend a muddy floor turning over litter and debris to provide these on-going meals for her lot of energy feeding their chicks. looking for its next meal. young. I once noticed one of the parents Article by Amanda Johnston removing waste from the nest and thought Land for Wildlife member Early morning in August 2012 a chorus is that maybe it was to keep odours low as Ransome, Redland heard that echoes through the forest as the snakes and other predators could hone in shrike thrush attempts to attract a mate. on these smells. It’s not long before its calls have been answered. Now the forest is filled with a The chicks left the nest the first week in range of rollicking notes and harsh wheezy December and then on 18 December I sounds as they call to each other. observed one parent with only one chick. I thought this was a reasonable outcome as Their nest building begins on 27 October. often I see other birds lose all their chicks They travel up and down through the after several nesting attempts. I keep the forest looking for spider webs that they use area supplied with fresh clean water in a to bind small twigs together to support variety of containers that the birds use for the cup-shaped nest. Then comes the drinking and bathing and I believe this is collection of dead leaves and rootlets an important contributing factor to our gathered from the creek bank, put in layers diverse and healthy bird population. to line the nest. The final stage is when she presses down inside the nest with her body to give the nest its final shape.

12 Land for Wildlife South East Queensland October 2015 book reviews Pest Diseases and Beneficials: Friend and Foes of Australian Gardens By F. David Hockings

Discovering the weird, the wonderful , the insects is often hard to identify or easily creepy and the crawly is always surprising. overlooked, however this book provides Being able to identify scaly marks or the reader with a variety of commonly seen perfect holes chewed around the edges of traces found in your backyard or paddock. leaves left by insects and other microscopic The level of detail is easily understood and animals is very satisfying. appreciated, showcasing the entire life This was the first book I turned to when cycles of pests, diseases and the friendly I could not work out what critter was critters found in Australia. The guidance making the soft bubble-like galls infesting given by David Hockings in regards to the eucalypt leaves. The book enabled me management of pests and diseases is also Published by CSIRO Publishing, 2014 to identify the galls as well as the insect important for conserving native flora and Paperback 280 pages, colour photographs belonging to the Psyllidae family. Pests, fauna. Price: $39.95 Diseases and Beneficials is a truly fascinating Available from CSIRO Publishing and It is a fantastic edition to the bookshelf for read. The evidence left by all sorts of other online bookshops. garden dwellers. Review by Stephani Grove

Spud and Charli Wildlife of the Upper Lockyer Calendar 2016 By Samantha Wheeler The Citizens of the Lockyer Inc. have For something a bit produced a beautiful calendar for different, Spud and 2016 showcasing the wildlife of the Charli is a fictional Upper Lockyer Valley. book with factual information on bats, The large format calendar printed Hendra virus and on high quality gloss card contains horses. superb images of wildlife taken by renowned photographers such as Even though this Rob Ashdown and Mike Paisley. book is for young Each month focuses on a particular The Citizens of the Lockyer Inc. is readers, directed to time or ecosystem, such as ‘After a group of committed locals from girls, I really enjoyed the lights go out’ or ‘Along the the upper Lockyer Valley who are reading it. I found creek’. The calendar also features working to increase awareness myself wanting to informative text about each of the of the rich biodiversity found know what happens animals featured. throughout the Lockyer and to in the end. The author describes the book as an promote sustainable rural lifestyles. action-packed adventure about horses, bats and Significant dates are included, while The group conducts ecological getting carried away by your imagination. the back page features emergency surveys and organises community telephone numbers and contact workshops on ways to protect and I learnt a few facts about bats and owning horses details for local organisations. restore the environment. along the way. I would recommend it and I will definitely be passing the book on. An enjoyable The Citizens of the Lockyer read and a good price. gratefully acknowledges Lockyer Valley Regional Council for their assistance with this calendar. Published by University of Queensland Press, 2014 Paperback 160 pages Price: $14.95 Available from UQ Press and other online bookshops.

Review by Catherine Madden

Land for Wildlife South East Queensland October 2015 13 flora focus Ancient Eucalypt Discovered in South America

hile many of us recognise eucalypts to Eucalyptus, although in some cases Was an emblematic Australian icon, also similar to the closely related genus a recent fossil discovery may provide a Corymbia. linkage for the Eucalyptus genus with Patagonia, South America. This fossil material is significant on many levels. Not only does it add precious The eucalypt fossil record is relatively poor reproductive material evidence to the due to a number of factors, including scarce fossil record, but it includes the A fossil of Eucalyptus caldericola showing the size of Australia, the small number of oldest eucalypt macrofossils currently leaf venation and capsules that are people looking for these fossils and the known. They also represent credible typical of living eucalypt species today. age of suitable sedimentary deposits. Due evidence of Eucalyptus fossils occurring Photo by Elizabeth Hermsen. to this paucity of records, paleobotanists outside of Australasia and suggest a have had difficulty determining the exact broader geographic distribution. They Whatever the case, eucalypts form a key age and movement of the genus from do this by showing that eucalypts once part of Australia’s native forests and these fossils, with few published records of inhabited the far western locations new fossils highlight the journey that this fossils of reproductive organs thought within the continents associated with the remarkable group of trees has made. These to exist within Australia. From these supercontinent, Gondwanaland. fossils also fill an important knowledge gap records and other sources, there has been in the natural history of the environment While Gondwana began breaking up speculation that the genus dates to the we rely on everyday. Late Cretaceous, some 100.5-66 million in the mid-Mesozoic Era (160-80 MYA), years ago (MYA). A recent paper published South America, Antarctica, and Australia Acknowledgements remained connected until more recently. by researchers from Cornell University Special thanks goes to John Moss for Although these continents have since and the University of Buenos Aires further drawing my attention to the article and drifted apart, the palaeontological speculates that Eucalyptus distribution may Elizabeth Hermsen (Assistant Professor evidence suggests that organisms were have established more recently. at Ohio University) who undertook the able to cross amongst these continents original study. For those keen to visualise The paper, published in 2012, introduced into the Late Cretaceous and probably the global paleogeography reconstructions, an important chapter to the eucalypt story, earlier part of the Paleogene Period (66- there are two websites that may help: by providing evidence for the existence 23 MYA). This connection was apparently of a eucalypt within the Chubut Province maintained through the Antarctic • Blakey Paleogeography Mapping - of Patagonia (Argentina). The Eucalyptus Peninsula on the South America-Antarctica www2.nau.edu/rcb7 fossils upon which this discovery is based side of Gondwana. The biotic connection • The PALEOMAP Project - are around 52 million years old, putting among these three landmasses was www.scotese.com them in the early Eocene Epoch (56- eventually broken by them moving away 33.9 MYA). The fossils include leaves and from one another as well as by Antarctic References reproductive material that are similar cooling. Hermsen EJ, Gandolfo MA, Zamaloa Mdel C (2012) The fossil record of Eucalyptus in Speculated Last chance for major Patagonian Patagonia. American Journal of Botany Gondwana starts Eucalyptus biotic movement Eucalyptus fossils 99(8): 1356–1374. breaking apart development from Antarctica to Sth deposited (160-80 MYA) (100.5-66 MYA) America (~60 MYA) (52 MYA) Article by Doug Mohr Land for Wildlife member Eden’s Landing, Logan

Estimated extent of Gondwana during the Eocene Epoch (56 - Estimated extent of Gondwana (the large southern land mass) 33.9 MYA) - a time when the Patagonian fossils were deposited. during the Late Cretaceous Period (100.5-66 MYA) - a time when The discovery of these fossils assumes that Eucalyptus had Eucalyptus may have dispersed to South America from Australia successfully reached South America via Gondwana, but for some via Gondwana. Imagery from Blakey Paleogeography Mapping. unknown reason, they went regionally extinct at a later date.

14 Land for Wildlife South East Queensland October 2015 NOTE: Quinlans is a property owned by the Australian Koala Foundation. The property was named in honour of Peter and Julanne Quinlan, committed conservationists, who generously bequeathed this property to the Australian Koala Foundation who now manage the land for property profile conservation and education. Quinnie’s story of habitat restoration on Oakey Creek

I am ‘Quinnie’, the spirit Koala of ‘Quinlans’, This project shows how wise and far This is a great example of the synergies where I am the midwife who cares for all sighted these people are, as they planted that can be achieved when good, wise the bush creatures that live here. a wide array of species that will provide people collaborate to work in networks food and habitat for generations to come, toward a common goal. Recently we heard a group of humans not only for Koalas but also for all my down by our creek, which is a very special animal and bird friends here at Quinlans. Koala Woman has inspired the support place for us. The humans call it Oakey Furthermore, it will stop the banks eroding of other key people who offer their Creek, and it forms part of the Mary River so animals can go down to the water’s professional services for free. A key Catchment, which is one of the more edge in safety. Moreover, it will prevent platform of Quinlans’ plan is to be a significant river systems in the country. the loss of the precious topsoil into the publicly accessible educational site that They seemed to have lots of equipment creek system where it just clogs things up exemplifies the principles of the Australian with them, and we wondered what they and makes the water cloudy and hard to Koala Foundation and promotes landscape were going to do. We hoped their cheerful survive in for our waterborne friends, the restoration and sustainability. chatter meant they were friendly and not fish, water rats and platypus. going to harm us or our habitat. I bestow a warm-hearted bush blessing on all who come to help us at Quinlans. We We have noticed in the last few years look forward to welcoming other Land for since ‘Koala Woman’ became custodian “This is a great example of Wildlife members when we host field days of the land at Quinlans that we feel the synergies that can be or other open property events. safer and that she is looking out for us. achieved when good, wise Apparently the people on the creek bank people collaborate...toward Article by ‘Quinnie’ of Quinlans got her permission and were there to Land for Wildlife resident help, which is a wonderful change! They a common goal.” Kenilworth, Sunshine Coast were from the Mary River Catchment Authority undertaking a riparian recovery A really important aspect of the Quinlans project, which made me very happy to story is the great number of people and see such wisdom emerging based on the different groups working together to solve understanding of how important such the current habitat problems. At present, Top: Koala photos by Deborah Metters. things are. Some of their friends did a lot Sunshine Coast Council is supporting a Below: Revegetation and weed control of hard work removing masses of weeds related project to work with Quinlans done at ‘Quinlans’ to increase wildlife that cause big problems in the landscape, supporters to remove weeds and restore habitat and reduce creek bank erosion. before replacing them with hundreds of habitat in areas connected to the creek. native shrubs and trees. Photos by Australian Koala Foundation.

Land for Wildlife South East Queensland October 2015 15 Philosophy with Phil Wattle Homes We are Land for Wildlifers - so, that means Many wattle seeds have an oil rich we are interested in helping our wildlife elaisome or aril which is greatly valued by survive in a fragmented world. I kill weeds ants. The ants steal the wattle seed and and plant trees, but I do it for the wildlife. therefore spread the seed around. Wattles are frost tolerant and can also handle dry The humble, much maligned wattle or periods. Acacia species is the Land for Wildlifers’ one true friend. I would like a dollar for The list of wildlife that make wattles home every time I have heard “There is nothing is far too large to list, but includes many in there but wattles”. After one such bird species, beetles, ants, gliders and encounter, I went into the wattle ‘desert’ possums, moths, butterflies, wasps, bees, and counted 28 different species of native micro bats, lizards, spiders etc etc. They are plant regenerating in amongst the wattles. high-rise homes for our wildlife! Sometimes it is hard to see the forest for the trees (or wattles) in this case! And then they die. People generally say wattles are short-lived. Some are, some Wattles are tough. Often the only thing aren’t. I have Hickory Wattles (Acacia that will survive in a Setaria covered disparrima subsp. disparrima) on my place paddock is a wattle. They are quick that are 30 years old and still going strong. growing, establishing a good cover to I have some dead ones too, as shown in reduce grass competition. I believe a the photograph. But even these dead good analogy, if somewhat coarse, is wattles are gifts that keep on giving… to Wattles... the gift that keeps on giving, that of a scab forming on damaged skin. our wildlife. This dead one shown right even when dead. Photo by Phil Moran. Wattles appear as Nature’s way of quickly has several vines and figs all growing over securing the land, and then the process it. Dead wattles create another treat for of natural regeneration comes next. wildlife, called ‘structure’, or depth, cover When land is cleared, it is open to erosion, and habitat. As a fellow Land for Wildlifer, Phil Moran loss of moisture, heating of top soil and we know that Australian bushlands are not Land for Wildlife member weed invasion. Thank goodness for quick neat, they are habitat. Cooran, Sunshine Coast growing wattles. They even improve the Manager, Noosa and soil by fixing nitrogen. Districts Landcare Phi•los•o•phy (say fuh’losuhfee) n. a system of principles for guidance in practical affairs. Macquarie Dictionary.

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16 Land for Wildlife South East Queensland October 2015