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Dr. Myron Shekelle

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Dr. Myron Shekelle Two apocalyptic challenges for human society: Mitigating the effects of anthropogenic biodiversity loss & climate change . •Habitat Conservation •In Sulawesi, and more broadly, Indonesia and Southeast Asia (the tropics?) mitigating biodiversity loss and global climate change is largely about preserving forests, or rather, stemming habitat destruction. with one of the world’s most unusual primates •Tarsiers: like “Gremlins”, tarsiers have (at least) two very dispositons •Cute little primate with ‘neotenized’ facial features •Horrifying alpha predator of the forest understory What are tarsiers and why study them? What Are Tarsiers? What Are Tarsiers? primates Kingdom—Animalia Phylum—Chordata Class—Mammalia Order—Primates Suborder—Tarsiiformes Superfamily—Tarsioidea Family—Tarsiidae Genus—Tarsius What Are Tarsiers? primates Kingdom—Animalia Phylum—Chordata Class—Mammalia Order—Primates Suborder—Tarsiiformes Superfamily—Tarsioidea Family—Tarsiidae Genus—Tarsius What Are Tarsiers? primates Kingdom—Animalia Phylum—Chordata Class—Mammalia Order—Primates Suborder—Tarsiiformes Superfamily—Tarsioidea Family—Tarsiidae Genus—Tarsius What Are Tarsiers? primates Kingdom—Animalia Phylum—Chordata Class—Mammalia Order—Primates Suborder—Tarsiiformes Superfamily—Tarsioidea Family—Tarsiidae Genus—Tarsius What Are Tarsiers? primates Kingdom—Animalia Phylum—Chordata Class—Mammalia Order—Primates Suborder—Tarsiiformes Superfamily—Tarsioidea Family—Tarsiidae Genus—Tarsius What Are Tarsiers? primates Kingdom—Animalia Phylum—Chordata Class—Mammalia Order—Primates Suborder—Haplorhini Superfamily—Tarsioidea Family—Tarsiidae Genus—Tarsius What Are Tarsiers? primates Kingdom—Animalia Phylum—Chordata Class—Mammalia Order—Primates Suborder—Haplorhini? Superfamily—Tarsioidea Family—Tarsiidae Genus—Tarsius What Are Tarsiers? primates Kingdom—Animalia Phylum—Chordata Class—Mammalia Order—Primates Suborder—Haplorhini? Superfamily—Tarsioidea Family—Tarsiidae Genus—Tarsius What Are Tarsiers? primates Kingdom—Animalia Phylum—Chordata Class—Mammalia Order—Primates Suborder—Haplorhini Superfamily—Tarsioidea Family—Tarsiidae Genus—Tarsius What Are Tarsiers? primates Kingdom—Animalia Phylum—Chordata Class—Mammalia Order—Primates Suborder—Prosimii? Superfamily—Tarsioidea Family—Tarsiidae Genus—Tarsius What Are Tarsiers? primates Kingdom—Animalia Phylum—Chordata Class—Mammalia Order—Primates Suborder—Prosimii Superfamily—Tarsioidea Family—Tarsiidae Genus—Tarsius What Are Tarsiers? primates Kingdom—Animalia Phylum—Chordata Class—Mammalia Order—Primates Suborder—Tarsiiformes? Superfamily—Tarsioidea Family—Tarsiidae Genus—Tarsius What Are Tarsiers? primates Kingdom—Animalia Phylum—Chordata Class—Mammalia Order—Primates Suborder—Tarsiiformes Superfamily—Tarsioidea Family—Tarsiidae Genus—Tarsius What Are Tarsiers? primates What Are Tarsiers? primates “using likelihood ratio tests [one topology] cannot be shown to be significantly preferred to alternative topologies” (Yoder, 2003) based on results from the largest study of primate DNA sequence at that time (Murphy et al., 2001) What Are Tarsiers? primates What Are Tarsiers? A textbook case of “long branch attraction” primates adapted from Yoder (2003) What Are Tarsiers? primates Kingdom—Animalia Phylum—Chordata Class—Mammalia Order—Primates Suborder—Haplorhini* Superfamily—Tarsioidea Family—Tarsiidae Genus—Tarsius *probably, but less confidently resolved with molecular systematics than are other major clades. What Are Tarsiers? primates Kingdom—Animalia Phylum—Chordata Class—Mammalia Order—Primates Suborder—Haplorhini Superfamily—Tarsioidea Family—Tarsiidae Genus—Tarsius What Are Tarsiers? primates Kingdom—Animalia Phylum—Chordata Class—Mammalia Order—Primates Suborder—Haplorhini Superfamily—Tarsioidea Family—Tarsiidae Genus—Tarsius What Are Tarsiers? primates Kingdom—Animalia Phylum—Chordata Class—Mammalia Order—Primates Suborder—Haplorhini Superfamily—Tarsioidea Family—Tarsiidae Genus—Tarsius What Are Tarsiers? primates Kingdom—Animalia Phylum—Chordata Class—Mammalia Order—Primates Suborder—Haplorhini Superfamily—Tarsioidea Family—Tarsiidae Genus—Tarsius What Are Tarsiers? primates Kingdom—Animalia Phylum—Chordata Class—Mammalia Order—Primates Suborder—Haplorhini Superfamily—Tarsioidea Family—Tarsiidae Genus—Tarsius ? What Are Tarsiers? One genus or three genera? Shekelle 2008 Groves & Shekelle 2010 Variation among Genera Western Tarsier Philippine Tarsier Eastern Tarsier Cephalapachus Carlito Tarsius Least social Tolerates sociality in captivity Social in wild Least vocal More vocal Highly vocal, “duets” 80 chromosoms 80 chromosome 46 chromosomes What Are Tarsiers? primates What Are Tarsiers? primates What Are Tarsiers? primates primates small-bodied What Are Tarsiers? primates primates small-bodied Smallest primate outside of Madagascar Adult Tarsier Body Weight Range: 59-150g Species Means: 59-125g 33g infant What Are Tarsiers? primates primates small-bodied What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied obligate faunivores What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied obligate faunivores Kay's threshold ≈ 500 g approximate body weight that separates primarily insectivorous from non- insectivorous primates Tarsiers are obligate faunivores specializing in large-bodied arthropods What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied obligate faunivores Tarsiers diet is unique among primates 100% live-caught animal prey 0% plant matter What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied obligate faunivores What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied obligate faunivores What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied obligate faunivores nocturnal What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied obligate faunivores nocturnal Tarsier Anatomy eyeball: 2030-2140 mm3 brain: 2400-4500 mm3 What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied obligate faunivores nocturnal Largest relative eyesize among mammals Each eyeball is approximately equal in size its brain What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied obligate faunivores nocturnal What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied obligate faunivores nocturnal What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied obligate faunivores nocturnal What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied obligate faunivores nocturnal vertical clingers and leapers What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied obligate faunivores nocturnal vertical clingers and leapers = VCL What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied obligate faunivores nocturnal VCL What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied vertical clinging obligate faunivores nocturnal VCL What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied leaping obligate faunivores nocturnal VCL What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied leaping obligate faunivores nocturnal VCL Low intermembral index (forelimb/hindlimb) correlates with VCL Tarsiers have the lowest IM index among primates What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied leaping obligate faunivores nocturnal VCL Low intermembral index (forelimb/hindlimb) correlates with VCL Tarsiers have the lowest IM index among primates What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied leaping obligate faunivores nocturnal VCL Low intermembral index (forelimb/hindlimb) correlates with VCL Tarsiers have the lowest IM index among primates What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied leaping obligate faunivores nocturnal VCL Low intermembral index (forelimb/hindlimb) correlates with VCL Tarsiers have the lowest IM index among primates What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied leaping obligate faunivores nocturnal VCL Low intermembral index (forelimb/hindlimb) correlates with VCL Tarsiers have the lowest IM index among primates What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied leaping obligate faunivores nocturnal VCL Low intermembral index (forelimb/hindlimb) correlates with VCL Tarsiers have the lowest IM index among primates What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied leaping obligate faunivores nocturnal VCL Low intermembral index (forelimb/hindlimb) correlates with VCL Tarsiers have the lowest IM index among primates What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied leaping obligate faunivores nocturnal VCL Low intermembral index (forelimb/hindlimb) correlates with VCL Tarsiers have the lowest IM index among primates What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied leaping obligate faunivores nocturnal VCL Low intermembral index (forelimb/hindlimb) correlates with VCL Tarsiers have the lowest IM index among primates What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied leaping obligate faunivores nocturnal VCL Low intermembral index (forelimb/hindlimb) correlates with VCL Tarsiers have the lowest IM index among primates What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied obligate faunivores nocturnal VCL What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied obligate faunivores nocturnal VCL What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied obligate faunivores nocturnal VCL unusual What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied obligate faunivores nocturnal VCL unusual newborn weight ≈ 20-33% mother’s weight linear measurements ≈ 50% mother’s largest neonatal weight among primates What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied obligate faunivores nocturnal VCL unusual newborn weight ≈ 20-33% mother’s weight linear measurements ≈ 50% mother’s largest neonatal weight among primates and yet infants are transported by mouth! What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied obligate faunivores nocturnal VCL unusual births are singletons but mother has 2-3 pairs of mammae What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied obligate faunivores nocturnal VCL unusual gestation length ≈ 6 months longer than in Macaca What Are Tarsiers? primates small-bodied obligate faunivores nocturnal VCL unusual head can
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