DOCSLIB.ORG

Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia SIBERIAN BRANCH OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY ARCHAEOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY & ANTHROPOLOGY OF EURASIA Number 1 (25) 2006 Published in Russian and English CONTENTS PALEOENVIRONMENT. THE STONE AGE 2 A.P. Derevianko. The Lower Paleolithic Small Tool Industry in Eurasia: Migration or Convergent Evolution? 33 S.V. Leshchinskiy. Lugovskoye: Environment, Taphonomy, and Origin of a Paleofaunal Site 41 V.N. Zenin, S.V. Leshchinskiy, K.V. Zolotarev, P.M. Grootes, and M.-J. Nadeau. Lugovskoe: Geoarchaeology and Culture of a Paleolithic Site 54 S.V. Leshchinskiy, E.N. Maschenko, E.A. Ponomareva, L.A. Orlova, E.M. Burkanova, V.A. Konovalova. I.I. Teterina, and K.M. Gevlya. Multidisciplinary Paleontological and Stratigraphic Studies at Lugovskoe (2002 – 2004) THE NEOLITHIC 70 V.A. Zakh. Periodization of the Neolithic in the Tobol-Ishim Forest Zone THE METAL AGES AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD 84 Yu.F. Kiryushin, P.V. Volkov, and K.Yu. Kiryushin. A Plate with an Anthropomorphous Representation from Tytkesken-2: Chronological and Technological Aspects of the Torgazhak Tradition in the Altai-Sayan Highland 89 Yu.Yu. Shevchenko. Lower Levels of the Ilinsk Underground Monastery in Chernigov, Hegumens of the Monastery, and the “Jerusalem Trace” in Cave Architecture DISCUSSION ISSUES IN THE STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ART 110 O.V. Kovaleva. Petroglyphs of the Barsuchy Log Mound ETHNOLOGY 117 G.P. Vizgalov, S.G. Parkhimovich, T.N. Glushkova, E.V. Kireyeva, and A.V. Sutula. Early 17th-Century Textiles from Mangazea PHOTOETHNOGRAPHY THE NORTHWESTERN ALTAI: FOUR SEASONS 132 Winter. History of the Turata Kazakhs ANTHROPOLOGY 145 V.G. Moiseyev. Nonmetric Traits in Early Iron Age Cranial Series from Western and Southern Siberia REMEMBERED NAMES 153 Raisa Pavlovna Mitusova: Unknown Pages of her Biography. I.A. Karapetova and L.Yu. Kitova 160 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 2 PALEOENVIRONMENT. THE STONE AGE DOI: 10.1134/S1563011006010014 A.P. Derevianko Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademika Lavrentieva, 17, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia E-mail: [email protected] THE LOWER PALEOLITHIC SMALL TOOL INDUSTRY IN EURASIA: MIGRATION OR CONVERGENT EVOLUTION? Introduction types and primary reduction than those of Olduvai I was identifi ed. Analyses of the industries from Omo locality During the last three decades, a whole range of Lower (Northeastern Africa) have shown a prevalence of very Paleolithic sites with small stone tools has been small fragments and tool types that have no analogues discovered throughout the territories of Africa and in the Oldowan culture and might represent a special Eurasia. These complexes with micro-tools have been Shungura facies (Chavaillon, 1970). It was presumed dated to between 2.3 Ma and 300 ka BP. The origin of that all the lithic technologies older than 2 Ma BP were these industries is enigmatic. Industries with micro-tools produced by hominids who had not mastered the basics might have emerged over such a vast territory in the of stone reduction. Therefore, researchers concluded course of migrations and/or as a result of changes in early that it is impossible to identify stable and successive human adaptive strategies in the face of environmental techniques in pre-Oldowan industries (Roche, 1989, fl uctuations. Humans had to adopt new raw materials 1996). M. Kibunjia (1994) argued that industries older and create new varieties of shapes and types of stone than 2 Ma BP (Western Turkana, Omo) showed poor tools. Based on current data, we are going to discuss the knowledge of the characteristics and quality of raw dissemination of the small tool industry during the early material and a poor mastery of reduction techniques by hominid migration out of Africa during pre-Acheulian early hominids. He believed that, along with the Shungur period. From this viewpoint, the initial peopling of facies, another tradition called the Nachukui industry Eurasia took place in two migration waves: the bearers existed in Western Turkana. Some scholars argued that of the Oldowan lithic tradition and those of the micro- at these sites, the choices of raw material as well as the tool industry. lithic reduction techniques were considerably different from the Oldowan ones at the earliest stages of tool production. Beginnings of the small tool industry I. de la Torre (2004) also analyzed collections from the Omo basin. These Late Pliocene – early Middle The emergence of small tool technology is linked Pleistocene sites with one of the earliest lithic with the initial period of stone tool production by the industries are located on the west bank of the Omo earliest Homo. The most detailed classifi cation of this River in Ethiopia. It is an area where thick layers of soft early industry was proposed by M. Leakey (1971). She sediments accumulated as a result of tectonic processes analyzed the industry from Olduvai Beds 1 and 2 and and signifi cant erosion. Four formations have been devised the classic lithic typology for this period. In the recognized within these deposits: Mursi, Nkalabong, course of studies of sites older than 2 Ma BP in the Awash Usno and Shungura. The Shungura formation River basin (Northeastern Africa), an industry older and accumulated during the period of 3.6 – 1.3 Ma BP. It showing dramatically different features of lithic tool partially overlies the Usno formation and stretches over Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 1 (25) 2006 E-mail: [email protected] © 2006, A.P. Derevianko 2 3 60 km from north to south and over 7 km from east to quartz ones and 30 – 40 mm long, that were reduced west. This formation has a maximum thickness of more using direct percussion with a hammerstone. From than 1000 m and is subdivided into 13 units (Howell, three to four fl akes were usually detached from any Haesaerts, Heinzelin, 1987) designated with the letters natural surface of a blank. The striking platform of the Latin alphabet from A to L from bottom upwards. was not rejuvenated in the course of reduction. Two The Shungura formation yielded about 220 hominid cores demonstrate bipolar reduction technique: a fossils: unit C contained Australopitecus aethiopicus, comparatively small core was fi xed on an anvil and unit G – Australopitecus boisei and Homo sapiens fl aking was executed with the help of hammerstone. (Suwa, White, Howell, 1996). Excavations in the Omo The proximal and distal ends of such cores show traces basin were conducted by a French team headed by of fracturing. Two other cores show bifacial fl aking. D. Chavaillon (Chavaillon, Boisaubert, 1977). Analyses These two cores are comparatively large and probably showed that lithic materials from loci 71 and 84 within represent initial stages of preparation of a striking unit E represented geofacts rather than artifacts. platform. Reduction was executed through conchoidal I. de la Torre wrote that the sheer absence of cores, structure of the blank. Quartz was transported to the fl akes and other clear evidence of intentional stone site from some distant place. fl aking makes Omo-84 unlikely to be an archaeological We have made such a detailed review of de la Torre’s site. Consequently, any further speculations about traces conclusions because we regard them as conclusive. This of human activity within unit E do not make any sense paper has also been discussed in Current Anthropology, (Torre, 2004: 442). making us believe that the majority of scholars agree Unit F, with a total thickness of about 35 m, with his major inferences. comprises four to fi ve sedimentary layers which overlie The major inference from this review is that one of tuff F and date to 2.34 ± 0.04 Ma. Four loci with lithic the most ancient African industries is clearly microlithic. tools were identifi ed within the lower portion of F1 All the sites discovered at present and attributed to 2.5 – and one locus in the upper portion of F3. De la Torre 2.2 Ma BP are located in the northern part of the East Af provided a detailed description of Omo-57, horizon F1 rican Rift, mostly in three regions: in the middle basin of and Omo-123, horizon F3. Within Omo-57 collection, the Awash (Bouri, Kada Gona and Hadar) and within the he identifi ed seven cores with a mean length of 37.4 mm, basins of lakes Turkana (Omo and Lokalalei) and Victoria 45 complete fl akes, including retouched forms, with (Kanjera). All of these sites have yielded industries with a mean length of 24.7 mm, 81 fl ake fragments with varying numbers of small tools differing from those of a mean length of 20.9 mm, and 25 angular fragments the Oldowan culture. slightly larger than 10 mm. Angular pieces of quartz Semaw, in his research of the most ancient industries were used as cores; natural surfaces of quartz pieces of the Kada Gona basin, has come to a contrasting were used as striking platforms. Small blanks (30 – conclusion (Semaw, 2000). He has argued that as early 40 mm) show scars of three to four removals. Hominids as 2.6 – 1.5 Ma ago in Eastern Africa there were no local seem to have chosen blanks with appropriate surfaces variants of the Oldowan culture. and removed a limited number of fl akes until the angle Multidisciplinary research in the Kada Gona basin in between the platform and fl aking surface did not permit 1992 – 1994 resulted in the discovery of 16 sites yielding further reduction (Ibid.: 445). more than 3000 artifacts both in situ and on the surface. Locus of Omo-123 yielded a greater number of Radioisotope (40Ar/39Ar) and magnetostratigraphic artifacts than Omo-57. Within a collection totaling analyses suggest that these fi nds date back to 2.6 – 1314 specimens, de la Torre differentiated between 2.5 Ma BP.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Papers Published And/Or Accepted for Publication in 2018-2019 (List Incomplete)
    Papers published and/or accepted for publication in 2018-2019 (list incomplete) Allington, G. R. H., Fernandez-Gimenez M. E., Chen Belt (ADB). In: (G Gutman, J Chen, GM Henebry, J, and Brown and D G 2018: Combining M Kappas, eds.) Landscape Dynamics across participatory scenario planning and systems Drylands of Greater Central Asia: People, modeling to identify drivers of future sustainability Societies and Ecosystems. Springer. Chapter 10. on the Mongolian Plateau. Ecology and Chen Y, Tao Y, Cheng Y, Ju W, Ye J, Hickler T, Liao Society 23(2):9. C, Feng L and Ruan H 2018: Great uncertainties https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-10034-230209 in modeling grazing impact on carbon An S, Chen X, Zhang XY, Yan D and Henebry GM sequestration: a multi-model inter-comparison in 2018. An exploration of terrain effects on land temperate Eurasian Steppe Environ. Res. surface phenology across the Qinghai-Tibetan Lett. 13 075005 Plateau using Landsat ETM+ and OLI Chen Y, Fei X, Groisman P, Sun Z, Zhang J, and Qin data Remote Sensing 10(7):1069. Z, 2019: Contrasting policy shifts influence the https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10071069 pattern of vegetation production and C Bastos A , Peregon A, Gani ÉA, Khudyaev S, Yue C, sequestration over pasture systems: a regional- Li W, Gouveia CM and Ciais P 2018 Influence of scale comparison in Temperate Eurasian Steppe. high-latitude warming and land-use changes in the Agricultural Systems, Accepted. early 20th century northern Eurasian CO2 sink Deppermann A, Balkovič J, Bundle S-C, di Fulvio F, Environ. Res.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular and Functional Evolution of Hemoglobin in Perissodactyl
    Molecular and functional evolution of hemoglobin in perissodactyl mammals (equids, tapirs, and rhinos) by Margaret Clapin A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of the University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Biological Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada © 2019 Abstract: In this thesis, the oxygen binding characteristics of recombinant hemoglobin (Hb) isoforms (HbA [α2β2] and HbA2 [α2δ2]) from the extinct woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) are compared with Sumatran rhino (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) and black rhino (Diceros bicornis) Hb. The major Hb component (HbA) of horses (Equus caballus) was also examined, as its blood O2 affinity has a low thermal sensitivity. This trait is commonly associated with cold-adaptation as it permits O2 to be offloaded at the cool peripheral tissues of regionally endothermic mammals, though the mechanism(s) by which the oxygenation enthalpy is reduced in horse Hb is unknown. It was hypothesized that the woolly rhino Hb isoforms would have similarly low thermal sensitivities to that of horses, either through enhanced effector binding or by altering the energetic transition from the tense to the relaxed state of hemoglobin. To test this hypothesis the hemoglobin coding sequences for each of the above species were determined and their Hb isoforms expressed using E. coli and purified. Oxygen equilibrium curves were then determined in the presence and absence of allosteric effectors at 25 and 37°C. Horse HbA had a low sensitivity to 2,3- diphosphoglycerate (DPG), though its low temperature sensitivity was primarily driven by increased DPG binding at the lower test temperature.
    [Show full text]
  • Shang Dynasty
    misterfengshui.com 風水先生 History of China ANCIENT 3 Sovereigns and 5 Emperors Xia Dynasty 2100–1600 BC Shang Dynasty 1600–1046 BC Zhou Dynasty 1122–256 BC Western Zhou Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn Period Warring States Period IMPERIAL Qin Dynasty 221 BC–206 BC Han Dynasty 206 BC–220 AD Western Han Xin Dynasty Eastern Han Three Kingdoms 220–280 Wei, Shu & Wu Jin Dynasty 265–420 Western Jin 16 Kingdoms Eastern Jin 304–439 Southern & Northern Dynasties 420–589 Sui Dynasty 581–618 Tang Dynasty 618–907 ( Second Zhou 690–705 ) 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms 907–960 Liao Dynasty 907–1125 Song Dynasty 960–1279 Northern Song Xi Xia Southern Song Jin Yuan Dynasty 1271–1368 Ming Dynasty 1368–1644 Qing Dynasty 1644–1911 MODERN Republic of China 1912–1949 People's Republic of China (Mainland China) 1949–present Republic of China (Taiwan) 1945-present from Wilkipedia [email protected] Fax: 852-2873-6859 misterfengshui.com 風水先生 Timeline of Chinese History The recorded history of China began in the 15th century BC when the Shang Dynasty started to use markings that evolved into the present Chinese characters. Turtle shells with markings reminiscent of ancient Chinese writing from the Shang Dynasty have been carbon dated to as early as 1500 BC.[1] Chinese civilization originated with city-states in the Yellow River (Huang He) valley. 221 BC is commonly accepted to be the year in which China became unified under a large kingdom or empire. In that year, Qin Shi Huang first united China. Successive dynasties in Chinese history developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the Emperor of China to control increasingly larger territory that reached maximum under the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty and Manchurian Qing Dynasty.
    [Show full text]
  • Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov
    SELECTED WORKS OF CHOKAN VALIKHANOV CHOKAN OF WORKS SELECTED SELECTED WORKS OF CHOKAN VALIKHANOV Pioneering Ethnographer and Historian of the Great Steppe When Chokan Valikhanov died of tuberculosis in 1865, aged only 29, the Russian academician Nikolai Veselovsky described his short life as ‘a meteor flashing across the field of oriental studies’. Set against his remarkable output of official reports, articles and research into the history, culture and ethnology of Central Asia, and more important, his Kazakh people, it remains an entirely appropriate accolade. Born in 1835 into a wealthy and powerful Kazakh clan, he was one of the first ‘people of the steppe’ to receive a Russian education and military training. Soon after graduating from Siberian Cadet Corps at Omsk, he was taking part in reconnaissance missions deep into regions of Central Asia that had seldom been visited by outsiders. His famous mission to Kashgar in Chinese Turkestan, which began in June 1858 and lasted for more than a year, saw him in disguise as a Tashkent mer- chant, risking his life to gather vital information not just on current events, but also on the ethnic make-up, geography, flora and fauna of this unknown region. Journeys to Kuldzha, to Issyk-Kol and to other remote and unmapped places quickly established his reputation, even though he al- ways remained inorodets – an outsider to the Russian establishment. Nonetheless, he was elected to membership of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society and spent time in St Petersburg, where he was given a private audience by the Tsar. Wherever he went he made his mark, striking up strong and lasting friendships with the likes of the great Russian explorer and geographer Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov-Tian-Shansky and the writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Metaproteomics: a Novel Approach for Understanding Disease And
    Ancient metaproteomics: a novel approach for understanding disease and diet in the archaeological record Jessica Hendy PhD University of York Archaeology August, 2015 ii Abstract Proteomics is increasingly being applied to archaeological samples following technological developments in mass spectrometry. This thesis explores how these developments may contribute to the characterisation of disease and diet in the archaeological record. This thesis has a three-fold aim; a) to evaluate the potential of shotgun proteomics as a method for characterising ancient disease, b) to develop the metaproteomic analysis of dental calculus as a tool for understanding both ancient oral health and patterns of individual food consumption and c) to apply these methodological developments to understanding individual lifeways of people enslaved during the 19th century transatlantic slave trade. This thesis demonstrates that ancient metaproteomics can be a powerful tool for identifying microorganisms in the archaeological record, characterising the functional profile of ancient proteomes and accessing individual patterns of food consumption with high taxonomic specificity. In particular, analysis of dental calculus may be an extremely valuable tool for understanding the aetiology of past oral diseases. Results of this study highlight the value of revisiting previous studies with more recent methodological approaches and demonstrate that biomolecular preservation can have a significant impact on the effectiveness of ancient proteins as an archaeological tool for this characterisation. Using the approaches developed in this study we have the opportunity to increase the visibility of past diseases and their aetiology, as well as develop a richer understanding of individual lifeways through the production of molecular life histories. iii iv List of Contents Abstract ...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Measuring the Availability of Recreational Ecosystem Services on Rivers
    Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, August 2021, Vol. 16, No. 2, p. 445 – 456; DOI:10.26471/cjees/2021/016/189 MEASURING THE AVAILABILITY OF RECREATIONAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ON RIVERS Irina ANDREEVA Laboratory of Water Resources and Water Management, Institute for Water and Environmental Problems, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1, Molodezhnaya St., 656038 Barnaul, Russia email: [email protected] Abstract: Management of recreational water development is based on knowledge of local recreational practices, resources and demand. Non-resort inland regions are very specific. In those of them, where the space is large and the sphere of recreation is underdeveloped, it is impossible to measure the real values of these indicators in situ and in monetary terms. In this study is shows how to conduct a non-monetary assessment of ecosystem services (ESs) in atypical conditions of recreational water use (RW). To solve the problem in Siberia, an approach is proposed to assess the degree of satisfaction of the demand for water recreation by ecosystem proposals of the territory from the point of view of donor capabilities of the environment and its sustainability. Demographic and economic statistics, sociological Analytics, standards of permissible anthropogenic load on ecosystems are used as initial quantitative data for the calculation of supply and demand. The availability of recreational ESs is estimated in relative terms (percent) and shows the share of the resource potentially used by consumers from the available ecosystem supply. In three river basins with different socio-economic conditions and ecosystem proposals, a wide diapason of availability was revealed: 0.3-72.0% – on the coast and 1.0-369.1% – on the water area.
    [Show full text]
  • In Flora of Altai
    Ukrainian Journal of Ecology Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 2018, 8(4), 362-369 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Genus Campanula L. (Campanulaceae Juss.) in flora of Altai A.I. Shmakov1, A.A. Kechaykin1, T.A. Sinitsyna1, D.N. Shaulo2, S.V. Smirnov1 1South-Siberian Botanical Garden, Altai State University, Lenina pr. 61, Barnaul, 656049, Russia, E-mails: [email protected], [email protected] 2Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Zolotodolinskaya st., 101, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. Received: 29.10.2018. Accepted: 03.12.2018 A taxonomic study of the genus Campanula L. in the flora of Altai is presented. Based on the data obtained, 14 Campanula species, belonging to 3 subgenera and 7 sections, grow in the territory of the Altai Mountain Country. The subgenus Campanula includes 4 sections and 8 species and is the most diverse in the flora of Altai. An original key is presented to determine the Campanula species in Altai. For each species, nomenclature, ecological and geographical data, as well as information about type material, are provided. New locations of Campanula species are indicated for separate botanical and geographical regions of Altai. Keywords: Altai; Campanula; distribution; diversity; ecology; species A taxonomic study of the genus Campanula L. in the flora of Altai is presented. Based on the data obtained, 14 Campanula species, belonging to 3 subgenera and 7 sections, grow in the territory of the Altai Mountain Country. The subgenus Campanula includes 4 sections and 8 species and is the most diverse in the flora of Altai. An original key is presented to determine the Campanula species in Altai. For each species, nomenclature, ecological and geographical data, as well as information about type material, are provided.
    [Show full text]
  • Roll of Successful Examinees in the CRIMINOLOGIST LICENSURE EXAMINATION Held on SEPTEMBER 21, 2009 & FF
    Roll of Successful Examinees in the CRIMINOLOGIST LICENSURE EXAMINATION Held on SEPTEMBER 21, 2009 & FF. DAYS Page: 2 of 102 Released on OCTOBER 6, 2009 Seq. No. N a m e 1 ABACA, DARWIN MANLAVI 2 ABACSA, DONA PANOPIO 3 ABAD, ANACLETO ACASIO 4 ABAD, DIRIELYN PADRIQUE 5 ABAD, FREDERICK EDROSO 6 ABAD, JASMIN PANER 7 ABAD, JOHN JAYSON VILLAS 8 ABAD, RAYMUND MANGULTONG 9 ABADESA, GARRY ARIAS 10 ABALOS, ROLLY JESON TAN 11 ABAN, EMMANUEL OPEMA 12 ABANA, DIVINA CABIT 13 ABANCO, ELMER JR FRANCISCO 14 ABANES, ANTONIO SALAZAR 15 ABANES, MARY JOY SERRADA 16 ABAO, JOHN MICHAEL FAJARDO 17 ABAO, JUNE NIL SALVADOR 18 ABARQUEZ, EDITH DE GUZMAN 19 ABAS, JOHN REY SACLAO 20 ABASTILLAS, ARLEN TOLENTINO 21 ABAT, MARK LESTER SANGALANG 22 ABAYA, HELBERT BUQUING 23 ABAÑO, JAY ESCOLANO 24 ABDULCARIL, NORIE JANE QUIROZ 25 ABDULLA, IDRIS DEXTER LOY MATURAN 26 ABDURAHIM, NASRI WAHAB 27 ABEL, HELEN LAGUA 28 ABEL, NATANIEL REGONDOLA 29 ABELARDE, JAQUELINE DELARMINO 30 ABELARDE, MANILYN REPEDRO 31 ABELITA, JENNIFER SOLIS 32 ABELLA, CRISTOPHER BICERA 33 ABELLA, ERIC TAN 34 ABELLA, EUGENIO CAIRO 35 ABELLA, FREDIERIC BERNAL 36 ABELLANA, FEL TIROL 37 ABELLANA, HERNANI JR ESTIPONA 38 ABELLANA, JESS NIÑO BORRA 39 ABELLANOSA, JEFFREY ABRAGAN 40 ABENA, JONNEL ARELLANO 41 ABENDANIO, VON DAREN ALUZAN 42 ABENDAÑO, RYAN BERGONIO 43 ABENES, ANDRE GREGORIO SABADO 44 ABES, ELIZABETH MAZO 45 ABIAD, FRANCIS JOYMER RODRIGUEZ 46 ABIDAL, ADRIAN ADUSAN 47 ABIQUE, ANGELITO ABRINA 48 ABIQUE, MORELIO JR CABALLERO 49 ABIVA, VICTOR SULQUIANO 50 ABLASA, ELFRED MAYAMNES Roll of Successful Examinees in the CRIMINOLOGIST LICENSURE EXAMINATION Held on SEPTEMBER 21, 2009 & FF.
    [Show full text]
  • The Early Paleolithic of China1) HUANG Weiwen2)
    第 四 紀 研 究 (The Quaternary Research) 28 (4) p. 237-242 Nov. 1989 The Early Paleolithic of China1) HUANG Weiwen2) spread widely and existed for a long time. The Introduction deposits contained very rich fossils of mammal. 1. Geographic Distribution and the Types of The fauna exisiting in the stage from the early Deposits to the middle Pleistocene can be at least divided Before the 1940's, only one locality of the into three groups, which have their own Early Paleolithic period was discovered in characteristics and sequence: Nihewan fauna of China. That is Zhoukoudian near Beijing early Pleistocene, Gongwangling (Lantian Man) City (the site of Peking Man). Since the 1950's fauna of the latest stage of early Pleistocene many new localities have been found, of which or the earliest stage of middle Pleistocene and no less than fifteen are relatively important. Zhoukoudian (Peking Man) fauna of the middle These localities spread in North, South and Pleistocene. In the recent years, some scholars Northeast China covering a range from 23°35' to have suggested that locations of Dali and 40°15'N and from 101°58' to 124°8'E which Dingcun which originally recognized as be- includes two climate zones, namely, the sub- longing to the early stage of late Pleistocene tropical zone and warm temperate zone in the should place in the middle Pleistocene, as the eastern part of today's Asia (Fig. 1). latest stage of this epoch (LIU and DING,1984). The localities include three types of deposit: There also existed fluviatile and fluviol- 1) Fluviatile deposit: acustrine deposits of Pleistocene in South Xihoudu (Shanxi), Kehe (Shanxi), Lantian China.
    [Show full text]
  • Russia and Siberia: the Beginning of the Penetration of Russian People Into Siberia, the Campaign of Ataman Yermak and It’S Consequences
    The Aoyama Journal of International Politics, Economics and Communication, No. 106, May 2021 CCCCCCCCC Article CCCCCCCCC Russia and Siberia: The Beginning of the Penetration of Russian People into Siberia, the Campaign of Ataman Yermak and it’s Consequences Aleksandr A. Brodnikov* Petr E. Podalko** The penetration of the Russian people into Siberia probably began more than a thousand years ago. Old Russian chronicles mention that already in the 11th century, the northwestern part of Siberia, then known as Yugra1), was a “volost”2) of the Novgorod Land3). The Novgorod ush- * Associate Professor, Novosibirsk State University ** Professor, Aoyama Gakuin University 1) Initially, Yugra was the name of the territory between the mouth of the river Pechora and the Ural Mountains, where the Finno-Ugric tribes historically lived. Gradually, with the advancement of the Russian people to the East, this territorial name spread across the north of Western Siberia to the river Taz. Since 2003, Yugra has been part of the offi cial name of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug: Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug—Yugra. 2) Volost—from the Old Russian “power, country, district”—means here the territo- rial-administrative unit of the aboriginal population with the most authoritative leader, the chief, from whom a certain amount of furs was collected. 3) Novgorod Land (literally “New City”) refers to a land, also known as “Gospodin (Lord) Veliky (Great) Novgorod”, or “Novgorod Republic”, with its administrative center in Veliky Novgorod, which had from the 10th century a tendency towards autonomy from Kiev, the capital of Ancient Kievan Rus. From the end of the 11th century, Novgorod de-facto became an independent city-state that subdued the entire north of Eastern Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Ankaramites of Gorny Altai: Mineralogical, Petrographic, and Petrochemical Features of Diopside Porphyry Basalts of the Ust’-Sema Formation
    Russian Geology and Geophysics © 2020, V.S. Sobolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS Vol. 61, No. 3, pp. 250–267, 2020 DOI:10.15372/RGG2019143 Geologiya i Geofizika Ankaramites of Gorny Altai: Mineralogical, Petrographic, and Petrochemical Features of Diopside Porphyry Basalts of the Ust’-Sema Formation N. Khlif a,c, A.V. Vishnevskiya,b, , A.E. Izokha,b a Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia b V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Academika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia c Al-Furat University, Deir ez-Zur, Syria Received 28 December 2018; received in revised form 5 June 2019; accepted 28 August 2019 Abstract––The mineral composition, petrography, and petrochemistry of middle Cambrian diopside porphyry basalts of the Ust’-Sema Formation in Gorny Altai are considered in comparison with ankaramites of different geodynamic settings. The basalts of the Ust’-Sema Formation are enriched in phenocrysts of high-Mg clinopyroxene (Mg# ≤ 94) (20 to 40–50 vol.%) with a high content of Cr2O3 (up to 1.11 wt.%), enclosed in the clinopyroxene–plagioclase microlitic groundmass. In addition, there are minor phenocrysts of saussuritized plagioclase (An49–71), olivine replaced by secondary minerals, amphibole with Mg# = 55.7–68.2, and Cr-spinel with Cr# = 36.2–41.7. Inclusions of Cr-spinel in high-Mg clinopyroxene are richer in Cr (Cr# ≤ 72.8). The basalts of the Ust’-Sema Formation are chemically heterogeneous and are subdivided into two main groups: high-Ca (MgO = 7.98–14.77 wt.% and CaO/Al2O3 = 1.0–1.8) and low-Ca (MgO = = 2.84–9.89 wt.% and CaO/Al2O3 = 0.2–0.9).
    [Show full text]
  • Demographic Transition
    Population and Economics 4(2): 182–198 DOI 10.3897/popecon.4.e54577 RESEARCH ARTICLE Self-isolation at the dacha: Can’t? Can? Have to? Uliana G. Nikolaeva1, Alexander V. Rusanov1 1 Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia Received 21 May 2020 ♦ Accepted 31 May 2020 ♦ Published 3 July 2020 Citation: Nikolaeva UG, Rusanov AV (2020) Self-isolation at the dacha: Can’t? Can? Have to? Population and Econo mics 4(2): 182-198. https://doi.org/10.3897/popecon.4.e54577 Abstract Measures taken by most countries to limit the coronavirus infection spread include self-isolation. An option of voluntary restriction of personal contacts for citizens is to move to the country (second or third) houses, which have a particular name in Russia – “dacha”. The demand for country estates as places of self-isolation can be assessed as the emergence of a new sanitary-epidemic function in second homes. Institutional management of such movements in connection with the coronavirus pandemic varies by country, ranging from prohibition (Norway) to encouragement (Belarus), and quantitative indicators (mass character or singleness) fluctuate according to lifestyle, national traditions, characteristics of settlement, urban housing policy, public health opportunities and many other factors. For Russians, the migration of residents of megalopolises from the city to country houses was a re- action to the pandemic, a characteristic social-group strategy of health-preserving behaviour. Several million Muscovites, Petersburgers, as well as residents of other megacities of Russia moved outside the cities immediately after the outbreak of the pandemic. “Half-townspeople” – internal migrant workers and “seasonal workers” (workers living in villages or small towns but working in metropolises in watch mode) also moved to rural areas.
    [Show full text]