3 Establishment and Consolidation of Mussolini's Rule
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Load more
Recommended publications
-
Chapter One: Introduction
CHANGING PERCEPTIONS OF IL DUCE TRACING POLITICAL TRENDS IN THE ITALIAN-AMERICAN MEDIA DURING THE EARLY YEARS OF FASCISM by Ryan J. Antonucci Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the History Program YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY August, 2013 Changing Perceptions of il Duce Tracing Political Trends in the Italian-American Media during the Early Years of Fascism Ryan J. Antonucci I hereby release this thesis to the public. I understand that this thesis will be made available from the OhioLINK ETD Center and the Maag Library Circulation Desk for public access. I also authorize the University or other individuals to make copies of this thesis as needed for scholarly research. Signature: Ryan J. Antonucci, Student Date Approvals: Dr. David Simonelli, Thesis Advisor Date Dr. Brian Bonhomme, Committee Member Date Dr. Martha Pallante, Committee Member Date Dr. Carla Simonini, Committee Member Date Dr. Salvatore A. Sanders, Associate Dean of Graduate Studies Date Ryan J. Antonucci © 2013 iii ABSTRACT Scholars of Italian-American history have traditionally asserted that the ethnic community’s media during the 1920s and 1930s was pro-Fascist leaning. This thesis challenges that narrative by proving that moderate, and often ambivalent, opinions existed at one time, and the shift to a philo-Fascist position was an active process. Using a survey of six Italian-language sources from diverse cities during the inauguration of Benito Mussolini’s regime, research shows that interpretations varied significantly. One of the newspapers, Il Cittadino Italo-Americano (Youngstown, Ohio) is then used as a case study to better understand why events in Italy were interpreted in certain ways. -
Italian Fascism Between Ideology and Spectacle
Fast Capitalism ISSN 1930-014X Volume 1 • Issue 2 • 2005 doi:10.32855/fcapital.200502.014 Italian Fascism between Ideology and Spectacle Federico Caprotti In April 1945, a disturbing scene was played out at a petrol station in Piazzale Loreto, in central Milan. Mussolini’s body was displayed for all to see, hanging upside down, together with those of other fascists and of Claretta Petacci, his mistress. Directly, the scene showed the triumph of the partisans, whose efforts against the Nazis had greatly accelerated the liberation of the North of Italy. The Piazzale Loreto scene was both a victory sign and a reprisal. Nazis and fascists had executed various partisans and displayed their bodies in the same place earlier in the war. Indirectly, the scene was a symbolic reversal of what had until then been branded as historical certainty. Piazzale Loreto was a public urban spectacle aimed at showing the Italian people that fascism had ended. The Duce was now displayed as a gruesome symbol of defeat in the city where fascism had first developed. More than two decades of fascism were symbolically overcome through a barbaric catharsis. The concept of spectacle has been applied to Italian fascism (Falasca-Zamponi 2000) in an attempt to conceptualize and understand the relationship between fascist ideology and its external manifestations in the public, symbolic, aesthetic, and urban spheres. This paper aims to further develop the concept of fascism as a society of spectacle by elaborating a geographical understanding of Italian fascism as a material phenomenon within modernity. Fascism is understood as an ideological construct (on which the political movement was based) which was expressed in the symbolic and aesthetic realm; its symbolism and art however are seen as having been rooted in material, historical specificity. -
U-M·I University Microfilms International a Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road
Castro's Cuba and Stroessner's Paraguay: A comparison of the totalitarian/authoritarian taxonomy. Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Sondrol, Paul Charles. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 11:08:31 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185284 INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photogr2,pb and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted.. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this -reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is inciuded in reduced form at the back of the book. -
Dai Rifiuti Al Re Nasce Il Regime Fascista Fatale Per L’Italia La Miopia Della Classe Dirigente 1 Dicembre 1919
Anno XXXVII – N. 2 Dicembre 2020 AVVISO ALLE POSTE Sped. in a.p. 70% In caso di mancata consegna inviare Poste Italiane Spa – Filiale di Milano TRIMESTRALE DI CULTURA E POLITICA al CMP di Roserio per la restituzione al mittente, che si impegna a pagare la relativa tassa. DAI RIFIUTI AL RE NASCE IL REGIME FASCISTA Fatale per l’Italia la miopia della classe dirigente 1 dicembre 1919. Dal discorso della Corona: “... Il Parlamento, presidio di ogni libertà, difesa e garanzia di tutte le istituzioni democratiche, deve essere oggi più che mai circondato dalla fiducia del Paese… Il nostro Paese raggiunge con la guerra quei confini che la natura gli diede…”. 11 giugno 1921. Dal discorso della Corona “… Perché quest’opera di riassestamento proceda nella concordia delle classi sociali, occorrerà che il Parlamento rivolga l’attività propria all’ordinato ascendere delle classi lavoratrici così delle officine come dei campi… Sarà vanto di questa assemblea… rafforzare gli istituti cooperativi… per consentire alle classi operaie di abilitarsi gradualmente al difficile governo dell’attività economica”. “La rivoluzione fascista si fermò davanti a un trono”* B. Mussolini Vittorio Emanuele III si oppone al fascismo 1918 L’Italia è compiuta 20 novembre 1918. Ore 14. Camera dei Deputati. Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, presidente della Camera: “Onorevoli colleghi! L’Italia è compiuta… Le nostre istituzioni, essenzialmente democratiche, consentono ogni sviluppo e ogni trasformazione. L’Italia, che si fece pari a sé stessa nella guerra, saprà sorpassare sé stessa nella pace”(1) Riprende la vita parlamentare, ma il Direttore del Cor- riere della Sera, Luigi Albertini, senatore e membro del Fascio parlamentare di difesa nazionale, raggruppamento patriottico di partiti durante la guerra, il 21 novembre scri- ve: “I fasci devono ora rappresentare la fine dei vecchi partiti”. -
The Economic Foundations of Authoritarian Rule
University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 2017 The conomicE Foundations of Authoritarian Rule Clay Robert Fuller University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Fuller, C. R.(2017). The Economic Foundations of Authoritarian Rule. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/4202 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS OF AUTHORITARIAN RULE by Clay Robert Fuller Bachelor of Arts West Virginia State University, 2008 Master of Arts Texas State University, 2010 Master of Arts University of South Carolina, 2014 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2017 Accepted by: John Hsieh, Major Professor Harvey Starr, Committee Member Timothy Peterson, Committee Member Gerald McDermott, Committee Member Cheryl L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School © Copyright Clay Robert Fuller, 2017 All Rights Reserved. ii DEDICATION for Henry, Shannon, Mom & Dad iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks goes to God, the unconditional love and support of my wife, parents and extended family, my dissertation committee, Alex, the institutions of the United States of America, the State of South Carolina, the University of South Carolina, the Department of Political Science faculty and staff, the Walker Institute of International and Area Studies faculty and staff, the Center for Teaching Excellence, undergraduate political science majors at South Carolina who helped along the way, and the International Center on Nonviolent Conflict. -
Refractory Migrants. Fascist Surveillance on Italians in Australia 1922-1943
Refractory Migrants. Fascist Surveillance on Italians in Australia 1922-1943 by Gianfranco Cresciani Gianfranco Cresciani emigrated University of New South Wales in from Trieste to Sydney in 1962. He 2005, in recognition of worked for EPT, the Ethnic Affairs “distinguished eminence in the field Commission and the Ministry for of history”. In 2004 the Italian the Arts of the NSW Government Government awarded him the on cultural and migration issues. In honour of Cavaliere Ufficiale 1989 and 1994 he was member of dell‟Ordine al Merito for facilitating the Australian Delegation re- cultural exchanges between Italy negotiating with the Italian and Australia. He has produced Government the Italo-Australian books, articles, exhibitions and Cultural Agreement. Master of Arts radio and television programs in (First Class Honours) from Sydney Australia and Italy on the history of University in 1978. Doctor of Italian migration to Australia. Letters, honoris causa, from the There are exiles that gnaw and others that are like consuming fire. There is a heartache for the murdered country… - Pablo Neruda We can never forget what happened to our country and we must always remind those responsible that we know who they are. - Elizabeth Rivera One of the more salient and frightening aspects of European dictatorships during the Twentieth Century, in their effort to achieve totalitarian control of 8 their societies, was the grassroots surveillance carried out by their state security organisations, of the plots and machinations of their opponents. Nobody described better this process of capillary penetration in the minds and conditioning of the lives of people living under Communist or Fascist regimes than George Orwell in his book Nineteen Eighty-Four (1), published in 1949 and warning us on the danger of Newspeak, Doublethink, Big Brother and the Thought Police. -
Hungarian Studies Review, Vol
Hungarian Studies Review, Vol. XXIII, No. 1 (Spring, 1996) Edmund Veesenmayer on Horthy and Hungary: An American Intelligence Report N.F. Dreisziger "As Minister to Hungary, Veesenmayer had something more than the normal duties of a Minister." (The Veesenmayer Interrogation Report, p. 21) "... it was a good thing if [Veesenmayer] did not always know everything that was going on (i.e. the Gestapo was doing) [in Hungary]." (SS leader Heinrich Himmler, cited ibid., p. 22) The role Edmund Veesenmayer played in twentieth century Hungarian history is almost without parallel. He was, to all intents and purposes, a Gauleiter, a kind of a modern satrap, in the country for the last year of the war. Hungary would have her share of quislings during the post-war communist era, but they would not be complete foreigners: the Matyas Rakosis, the Erno Geros, the Ferenc Mtinnichs, the Janos Kadars, and the Farkases (Mihaly and Vladimir) had connections to Hungary, however tenuous in some cases.1 Veesenmayer had no familial, ethnic or cultural ties to Hungary, he was simply an agent of a foreign power appointed to make sure that power's interests and wishes prevailed in the country. The closest parallel one finds to him in the post-war period is Marshal Klementy E. Voroshilov, the member of the Soviet leadership who was ap- pointed as head of the Allied Control Commission in Hungary at the end of the war. Though Voroshilov's position most resembled Veesenmayer's, it is doubtful whether the Soviet General was as often involved in meddling in Hungarian affairs as was the energetic German commissioner and his SS cohorts. -
Between the Local and the National: the Free Territory of Trieste, "Italianita," and the Politics of Identity from the Second World War to the Osimo Treaty
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2014 Between the Local and the National: The Free Territory of Trieste, "Italianita," and the Politics of Identity from the Second World War to the Osimo Treaty Fabio Capano Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Capano, Fabio, "Between the Local and the National: The Free Territory of Trieste, "Italianita," and the Politics of Identity from the Second World War to the Osimo Treaty" (2014). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 5312. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/5312 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Between the Local and the National: the Free Territory of Trieste, "Italianità," and the Politics of Identity from the Second World War to the Osimo Treaty Fabio Capano Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Modern Europe Joshua Arthurs, Ph.D., Co-Chair Robert Blobaum, Ph.D., Co-Chair Katherine Aaslestad, Ph.D. -
Racial Exclusion and Italian Identity Construction Through Citizenship Law
L’Altro in Italia: Racial Exclusion and Italian Identity Construction through Citizenship Law Ariel Gizzi An Honors Thesis for the Department of International Relations Tufts University, 2018 ii Acknowledgements Over the course of this thesis, I received academic and personal support from various professors and scholars, including but not limited to: Cristina Pausini, Kristina Aikens, Anne Moore, Consuelo Cruz, Medhin Paolos, Lorgia García Peña, David Art, Richard Eichenberg, and Lisa Lowe. I also want to mention the friends and fellow thesis writers with whom I passed many hours in the library: Joseph Tsuboi, Henry Jani, Jack Ronan, Ian James, Francesca Kamio, and Tashi Wangchuk. Most importantly, this thesis could not have happened without the wisdom and encouragement of Deirdre Judge. Deirdre and I met in October of my senior year, when I was struggling to make sense of what I was even trying to write about. With her guidance, I set deadlines for myself, studied critical theory, and made substantial revisions to each draft I produced. She is truly a remarkable scholar and mentor who I know will accomplish great things in her life. And lastly, thank you to my parents, who have always supported me in every academic and personal endeavor, most of which are related in some way or another to Italy. Grazie. iii Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction………………………………………………………….1 Chapter 2: Theoretical Frameworks …………………………………………….6 Chapter 3: Liberal Italy………………………………………………………….21 Chapter 4: Colonial and Fascist Italy……………………………………………44 Chapter 5: Postwar Italy…………………………………………………………60 Chapter 6: Contemporary Italy…………………………………………………..77 Chapter 7: Conclusion…………………………………………………………...104 Chapter 8: Bibliography…………………………………………………………112 1 Chapter 1: Introduction My maternal grandfather, Giuseppe Gizzi, was born and raised in Ariano Irpino, Italy. -
Inventing the Lesser Evil in Italy and Brazil
Fascist Fiction: Inventing the Lesser Evil in Italy and Brazil by Giulia Riccò Department of Romance Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Lamonte Aidoo, Supervisor ___________________________ Roberto Dainotto ___________________________ Nicola Gavioli ___________________________ Saskia Ziolkowski Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Romance Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 i v ABSTRACT Fascist Fiction: Inventing the Lesser Evil in Italy and Brazil by Giulia Riccò Department of Romance Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Lamonte Aidoo, Supervisor ___________________________ Roberto Dainotto ___________________________ Nicola Gavioli ___________________________ Saskia Ziolkowski An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Romance Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 Copyright by Giulia Riccò 2019 Abstract My dissertation, Fascist Fiction: Inventing the Lesser Evil in Italy and Brazil, accounts for the resilience of fascism by tracing the rhetoric of the “lesser evil”—a discursive practice constitutive of fascism—through contemporary politics and literature in Italy and Brazil. By invoking the looming presence of a graver, more insidious threat the rhetoric of the lesser evil legitimizes fascist violence against dissidents and vulnerable populations. Through an analysis of texts by fascist philosopher Giovanni Gentile and his Brazilian counterpart Miguel Reale, I reveal that the rhetoric of the lesser evil is a constitutive part of fascist discourse and that in Italy and Brazil this aspect of fascist doctrine met a favorable combination of subjective and objective conditions which has allowed it to thrive within democratic structures. -
Youth, Gender, and Education in Fascist Italy, 1922-1939 Jennifer L
James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current Honors College Spring 2015 The model of masculinity: Youth, gender, and education in Fascist Italy, 1922-1939 Jennifer L. Nehrt James Madison University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/honors201019 Part of the European History Commons, History of Gender Commons, and the Social History Commons Recommended Citation Nehrt, Jennifer L., "The model of masculinity: Youth, gender, and education in Fascist Italy, 1922-1939" (2015). Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current. 66. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/honors201019/66 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Model of Masculinity: Youth, Gender, and Education in Fascist Italy, 1922-1939 _______________________ An Honors Program Project Presented to the Faculty of the Undergraduate College of Arts and Letters James Madison University _______________________ by Jennifer Lynn Nehrt May 2015 Accepted by the faculty of the Department of History, James Madison University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors Program. FACULTY COMMITTEE: HONORS PROGRAM APPROVAL: Project Advisor: Jessica Davis, Ph.D. Philip Frana, Ph.D., Associate Professor, History Interim Director, Honors Program Reader: Emily Westkaemper, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, History Reader: Christian Davis, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, History PUBLIC PRESENTATION This work is accepted for presentation, in part or in full, at Honors Symposium on April 24, 2015. -
Il Partito Nazionale Fascista in Toscana. 1939-1943 Di Renzo Martinelli
Studi e ricerche Il partito nazionale fascista in Toscana. 1939-1943 di Renzo Martinelli Nella vicenda storica del Pnf, la fase con li. A questa contraddizione generale si univa clusiva — quella compresa tra l’allontana no inoltre problemi e ostacoli di vario gene mento di Starace dalla carica di segretario re, tali da complicare ulteriormente l’analisi (ottobre 1939), che segue di poco l’inizio del del quadro complessivo, e da suggerire l’uti secondo conflitto mondiale, e il 25 luglio lità di un esame localmente determinato, più 1943 — si manifesta con i segni più evidenti ravvicinato e preciso, e capace nello stesso di una crisi profonda, indubbiamente aggra tempo di verificare ipotesi di carattere gene vata dalla guerra, ma i cui elementi di fon rale. Gli studi locali disponibili confermano do appaiono di lungo periodo. Gli scom la fecondità di questa direzione di ricerca, pensi e le contraddizioni che si sviluppano, anche se limitati, in genere, a una dimensio in termini macroscopici, in questi ultimi an ne provinciale che, mentre rispecchia la real ni del regime, ripropongono infatti le que tà amministrativa e organizzativa dello Stato stioni relative al rapporto partito/Stato e e del partito fascista, non appare sempre ido partito/società: interrogativi mai risolti nea a cogliere gli aspetti più significativi del compiutamente sul piano teorico, nonostan Pnf1. Un ambito territoriale più vasto — la te i frequenti dibattiti interni e le discussioni regione — deve forse essere preso in conside apparse sulla stampa, e che anche nella razione a questo fine. prassi avevano trovato soluzioni incerte e La stessa genesi del movimento fascista, ambigue.