Llywelyn Fawr

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Llywelyn Fawr Llywelyn Fawr Gweler hefyd Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf) a Llywelyn (gwahaniaethu). Llywelyn Fawr Llywelyn ap Iorwerth (c.1173 – 11 Ebrill 1240), neu Llywelyn Fawr, oedd Tywysog Gwynedd a Thywysog de facto Cymru. Erbyn diwedd ei deyrnasiad yn 1240 roedd yn cael ei gydnabod (ac yn galw ei hun) yn Dywysog Aberffraw ac Arglwydd Eryri. Roedd yn Dywysog Cymru gyfan i bob pwrpas. Roedd yn ŵyr i Owain Gwynedd, ac yn unig fab i Iorwerth Drwyndwn, sef mab cyfreithlon hynaf Owain Gwynedd,[1][2] tra'r oedd ei fam, Marged, yn ferch i Madog ap Maredudd o Bowys.[3] Roedd Llywelyn ap Gruffudd yn ŵyr iddo drwy ei fab Gruffudd gyda Thangwystl.[2] Drwy gyfuniad o ryfela a diplomyddiaeth amlygodd ei hun fel un o lywodraethwyr mwyaf blaengar ac abl Cymru’r Oesoedd Canol. Yn ystod ei deyrnasiad brwydrodd yn ddygn ac ymgyrchu’n daer i wireddu ei weledigaeth yng Nghymru o greu tywysogaeth Gymreig.[2] Ganwyd 1173 Yn ystod plentyndod Llywelyn, rheolwyd Gwynedd gan ei Dolwyddelan ddau ewythr, ac roeddent wedi rhannu’r deyrnas rhyngddynt, yn dilyn marwolaeth tad-cu Llywelyn, sef Owain Gwynedd, Bu farw 11 Ebrill 1240 yn 1170. Bu’r blynyddoedd ar ôl 1170 yn gyfnod ansefydlog, Abaty Aberconwy gyda disgynyddion Owain yn brwydro i reoli. Roedd hawl Dinasyddiaeth Cymru Llywelyn i fod yn rheolwr cyfreithlon yn gadarn a dechreuodd ymgyrch i ennill pŵer pan oedd yn ifanc. Bu 1197 yn Galwedigaeth teyrn drobwynt pwysig. Daliodd Llywelyn ap Iorwerth ei ewythr Tad Iorwerth Drwyndwn Dafydd ab Owain a'i alltudio o Wynedd, meddiannodd y Mam Marared ferch Madog Berfeddwlad a chipiodd weddill Gwynedd yn 1200.[1] Priod Y Dywysoges Siwan Ef oedd prif reolwr Gwynedd erbyn 1201, a lluniodd gytundeb Partner Tangwystyl Goch gyda Brenin Lloegr yn y flwyddyn honno. Yn y Deheubarth, Plant Gruffudd ap Llywelyn Fawr, manteisiodd Llywelyn ar y rhwygiadau a fu yn nheyrnas yr Arglwydd Rhys ap Gruffudd rhwng ei feibion yn dilyn ei Elen ferch Llywelyn, Gwladus farwolaeth yn 1197. Rhannodd Llywelyn y tiroedd rhyngddynt Ddu, Angharad ferch a daeth Llywelyn yn uwch-arglwydd ar y Deheubarth.[4][5] Llywelyn, Dafydd ap Llywelyn, Tegwared y Bais Wen, Parhaodd perthynas dda rhyngddo ef a’r Brenin John, Brenin Susanna ferch Llywelyn, Lloegr, am weddill y degawd hwnnw. Priododd Llywelyn Margaret ferch Llywelyn, ferch John, sef Siwan, yn 1205. Pan arestiwyd Gwenwynwyn Helen ferch Daffyd ap Owain o Bowys gan John yn 1208, cymerodd Llywelyn y cyfle i feddiannu Powys. Ond yn 1210 gwaethygodd y Llinach Teulu brenhinol Gwynedd berthynas rhwng Llywelyn a John ac oherwydd hynny penderfynodd John ymosod ar Wynedd yn 1211. Gorfodwyd Llywelyn i ofyn am delerau i geisio cymodi, a bu’n rhaid iddo ollwng ei afael ar ei holl diroedd i’r dwyrain o’r Afon Conwy, er iddo lwyddo i’w hadfeddiannu y flwyddyn ddilynol mewn cynghrair gyda thywysogion Cymreig eraill. Lluniodd gynghrair gyda’r barwniaid a oedd wedi gorfodi John i lofnodi'r Magna Carta yn 1215. Erbyn 1216, Llywelyn oedd y prif bŵer yng Nghymru, a chynhaliodd gyngor o reolwyr Cymreig yn Aberdyfi yn yr un flwyddyn, lle tyngwyd llw o ffyddlondeb iddo ef er mwyn dosbarthu tiroedd i’r tywysogion eraill. Yn dilyn marwolaeth y Brenin John, llofnododd Llywelyn gytundeb gyda’i olynydd, Harri III, yn 1218. Roedd Cytundeb Caerwrangon yn gydnabyddiaeth gan Frenin Lloegr o hawliau Llywelyn yng Nghymru ac yn gadarnhad o’r hyn a gytunodd gyda thywysogion eraill Cymru yn Aberdyfi yn 1216. Bu’r pymtheg mlynedd nesaf yn gythryblus a chyfnewidiol i Llywelyn oherwydd bu mewn gwrthdaro cyson ag Arglwyddi’r Mers - yn eu plith, William Marshall, Iarll Penfro, a'i heriodd yn ne-orllewin Cymru yn 1223, a Hubert de Burgh a'i heriodd yn ne Powys yn 1228.[6][4] Bu ei berthynas â’i dad-yng-nghyfraith, John, Brenin Lloegr yn anghyson, ac roedd y ffaith ei fod wedi llunio cynghreiriau gyda rhai o brif Arglwyddi’r Mers yn dangos mor anwadal oedd gwleidyddiaeth yr oes. Roedd Cytundeb Heddwch Middle yn 1234 yn datgan diwedd gyrfa filwrol Llywelyn, oherwydd estynnwyd cadoediad heddwch y cytundeb tan ddiwedd teyrnasiad Llywelyn. Sefydlogodd ei safle a’i awdurdod yng Nghymru tan ei farwolaeth yn 1240 ac olynwyd ef gan ei fab Dafydd ap Llywelyn. Pan alwodd ynghyd ei ddeiliaid yn Ystrad Fflur yn 1238 roedd hynny'n ddatganiad o ddymuniad Llywelyn bod ei benarglwyddiaeth ef fel Tywysog Cymru a’i syniad o greu tywysogaeth Cymru yn cael ei throsglwyddo i’w aer, Dafydd. Roedd yr arweinyddion oedd yn bresennol yn tyngu llw o ffyddlondeb i Dafydd i sicrhau bod hynny'n cael ei wireddu yn y dyfodol.[2][7] Cynnwys Llinach deuluol a bywyd cynnar Llinach frenhinol Gwynedd Sefydlu ei awdurdod 1188-1199 Rhaniadau yng Ngwynedd Rhaniadau yn rhannau eraill o Gymru Tywysog Gwynedd 1200-1210 - Sefydlogi 1210-1217 - Colledion ac adferiad 1218-1229 - Cytundeb Caerwrangon ac ymgyrchoedd y gororau Gweinyddiaeth Ei berthynas â Siwan 1231-1240 - Ymgyrchoedd olaf a Chytundeb Heddwch Middle Trosglwyddo’r etifeddiaeth a marwolaeth Yr olyniaeth Marwolaeth Plant Ei ddisgynyddion Gweddol Llywelyn Fawr Cyfeiriadau Llyfryddiaeth Ffynonellau Ffuglen Llinach deuluol a bywyd cynnar Ni wyddom lawer am flynyddoedd cynnar Llywelyn. Yn ôl y traddodiad cafodd ei eni yng Nghastell Dolwyddelan, Dyffryn Lledr tua 1173, yn fab i Iorwerth ab Owain, oedd hefyd yn cael ei adnabod fel Iorwerth Drwyndwn, ac yn ŵyr i Owain Gwynedd, a fu’n rheolwr Gwynedd tan ei farwolaeth yn 1170. Roedd Llywelyn yn ddisgynnydd ym mhrif linach Rhodri Mawr ac felly'n aelod o linach frenhinol Gwynedd.[8] Bu farw ei dad, Llywelyn Drwyndwn, pan oedd Llywelyn yn blentyn bach. Does dim cofnodion bod Llywelyn Drwyndwn wedi cymryd rhan yn yr ymrafael a fu rhwng meibion eraill Owain Gwynedd yn dilyn ei farwolaeth, er mai ef oedd y mab hynaf. Yn ôl traddodiad, roedd yn anabl neu wedi ei anffurfio mewn rhyw ffordd fel na allai fod yn rhan o’r frwydr am bŵer.[9] Yn ôl yr hanesydd, J.E Lloyd, lladdwyd Iorwerth mewn brwydr ym Mhennant Melangell, Powys, yn 1174, yn ystod y Arfbais Llywelyn rhyfeloedd a ymladdwyd i benderfynu'r olyniaeth yn dilyn marwolaeth ei dad.[10] Erbyn 1175, roedd Gwynedd wedi cael ei rhannu rhwng dau o ewyrth Llywelyn, sef Dafydd ab Owain, a oedd yn rheoli’r tiroedd i’r dwyrain o Afon Conwy, a Rhodri ab Owain, a oedd yn meddiannu’r tiroedd i'r gorllewin o'r afon. Dafydd a Rhodri oedd meibion Owain drwy ei ail briodas â Cristin ferch Gronw. Nid oedd y briodas hon yn cael ei hystyried yn ddilys gan yr Eglwys gan fod Cristin ac Owain yn gefndryd cyntaf, ac roedd cyfraith eglwys yn datgan fod perthynas deuluol o'r fath yn golygu bod y briodas yn anghyfreithlon. Mae Gerallt Gymro yn cyfeirio at Iorwerth Drwyndwn fel unig fab cyfreithlon Owain Gwynedd[11] ac yn dilyn marwolaeth Iorwerth, Llywelyn a ystyriwyd gan yr Eglwys fel yr unig ymgeisydd cyfreithlon ar gyfer gorsedd Gwynedd.[5] Mam Llywelyn oedd Marged, merch Madog ap Maredudd, tywysog Powys. Mae tystiolaeth yn bodoli bod Marged, ar ôl marwolaeth ei gŵr cyntaf, wedi priodi yn ystod haf 1197 â Gwion, nai Roger Powys o Gastell Whittington, a bod mab wedi ei eni iddynt, sef Dafydd ap Gwion. Felly, mae rhai yn dadlau na wnaeth Marged briodi aelod o deulu’r Corbet o Gastell Caus (ger Westbury, Swydd Amwythig) ac yn ddiweddarach Castell Moreton Corbet. Er hynny, mae dogfen yn dangos bod Llywelyn ab Iorwerth wedi rhoi rhodd o dir i’r fynachlog yn Wigmore, gyda Llywelyn yn cyfeirio at y ffaith bod ei fam yn aelod o lys Corbet.[12] Llinach frenhinol Gwynedd Sêl Llywelyn ap Iorwerth Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig c. 1023-1039 Cynan ab Iago m. 1060 Gruffydd ap Cynan 1055-1081- 1137 Owain Gwynedd 1100-1137- 1170 Dafydd ab Maelgwn ab Rhodri ab Hywel ab Iorwerth Owain Owain Owain Owain Drwyndwn Gwynedd Gwynedd Gwynedd Gwynedd 1145-1174 Tywysog 1170- Tywysog 1170- Tywysog c. 1170 1195 1173 1170-1195 Llywelyn Fawr 1173-1195- 1240 Sefydlu ei awdurdod 1188-1199 Rhaniadau yng Ngwynedd Gyda marwolaeth Owain Gwynedd yn 1170 bu gwrthdaro a rhaniadau dwfn ymhlith disgynyddion Owain yng Ngwynedd. Tasg gyntaf Llywelyn oedd sefydlu ei awdurdod. Gwnaeth hyn yn rhannol drwy nerth arfau ac yn rhannol drwy nawdd a chynghreirio. Yn 1194, gyda chymorth ei gefndryd, Gruffudd ap Cynan a Maredudd ap Cynan, gorchfygodd Llywelyn ei ewythr Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd, mab Owain Gwynedd, ym Mrwydr Aberconwy.[13] Meddiannwyd tiroedd ei frawd, Rhodri ab Owain, i’r gorllewin o afon Conwy gan Gruffudd a Maredudd tra bod Llywelyn wedi cipio tiroedd Dafydd a leolwyd i’r dwyrain o afon Conwy.[1][14] Bu farw Rhodri ab Owain yn 1195.[15] Yn ystod y blynyddoedd dilynol canolbwyntiodd Llywelyn ar gadarnhau ei awdurdod. Bu 1197 yn drobwynt pwysig arall yn ei esgyniad i bŵer yng Ngwynedd. Herwgipiodd Llywelyn ei ewythr Dafydd ab Owain a’i garcharu[16] ond flwyddyn yn ddiweddarach perswadiwyd ef gan Hubert Walter, Archesgob Caergaint, i ryddhau Dafydd, ac fe wnaeth hwnnw ffoi i Loegr, lle bu farw ym mis Mai 1203. Erbyn 1200 roedd Llywelyn wedi meddiannu gweddill Gwynedd. Yn sgil y datblygiadau hyn, penderfynodd y Brenin John y byddai’n cydnabod awdurdod Llywelyn wrth i Llywelyn dyngu llw o ffyddlondeb iddo yn 1201.[1] Rhaniadau yn rhannau eraill o Gymru Rhannwyd Cymru yn ddwy ran - y Pura Wallia, sef yr ardaloedd a reolwyd gan y tywysogion Cymreig, a’r Marchia Wallia, a reolwyd gan y barwniaid Eingl-Normanaidd. Ers marwolaeth Owain Gwynedd yn 1170, roedd Rhys ap Gruffydd wedi datblygu teyrnas y Deheubarth i fod y deyrnas fwyaf pwerus yng Nghymru ac wedi sefydlu ei hun fel arweinydd y Pura Wallia.
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