NOAA Water Level and Meteorological Data Report

HURRICANE IRENE

Photo Credit: NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data & Information Service GOES Imagery

Silver Spring, Maryland October 14, 2011

noaa National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Ocean Service Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services

NOAA Water Level and Meteorological Data Report

HURRICANE IRENE

Colleen Fanelli, Paul Fanelli October 14, 2011

noaa National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

U.S. DEPARTMENT National Oceanic and National Ocean Service OF COMMERCE Atmospheric Administration David Kennedy Gary Locke Dr. Jane Lubchenco Assistant Administrator Secretary Administrator

Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services Director, Richard Edwing Overview

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS) maintains a network of oceanographic and meteorological stations along the United States coastlines and Great Lakes to monitor water levels, winds (speed, direction and gusts), barometric pressure, and air/water temperature. CO-OPS also operates stations in partnership with the National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) and the Puerto Rico Seismic Network (PRSN). This report documents the elevated water levels, high winds and reduced barometric pressures recorded at stations along the coast of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands as well as the east coast of the U.S. from Florida to Maine during Hurricane Irene. Station information and locations are contained in Figures 1 & 2a-2d and Appendices 1 & 2. Tidal stations are referenced to the standard chart datum of Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW), based on the National Tidal Datum Epoch 1983-2001 (Appendix 3). In addition, at many locations along the East Coast of the U.S., water levels are provided relative to a geodetic reference datum, the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88), to assist in relating water levels to coastal inundation estimates. Table 1 provides storm tide elevations and predicted tide elevations for stations affected by Hurricane Irene by geographic region. Where available, water level elevations relative to NAVD88 are also presented, along with the residuals at the time of the maximum storm tides. Maximum storm surge levels are summarized in Table 3, ranked by amplitude. Storm tides are the maximum water level elevations during a storm passage. Residuals are the elevation differences between observed and predicted tides. Storm surge is the residual caused directly by the storm during its passage. Table 2 provides maximum wind speeds, wind gusts, and minimum barometric pressures observed at the stations during Hurricane Irene. In addition, the report highlights stations which have exceeded historical recorded maximum water levels as a result of Irene (Figure 3). The historical recorded maximum water levels are the maximum water elevation measured by a water level station with a continuous time series throughout a high tide cycle for the entire historical period. A complete cycle is required to calculate the maximum tide elevation, applying a best fit curve to the observations. These historical records may not have included the highest water levels measured at a station during an event if a complete high tide cycle was not measured due to station/sensor damage (Appendix 3). Individual time series graphs are provided for each station (Figures 4 – 88). For comparison and context, the historical recorded maximum water levels are displayed on the graphs, where available. The Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) datum is also displayed to illustrate the elevation of the highest predicted astronomical tide expected to occur at a specific tide station over the 1983-2001 National Tidal Datum Epoch.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 1

Summary Irene initially struck eastern Puerto Rico as a strong Tropical Storm on August 22, 2011. A few hours following this landfall, Irene strengthened into the first hurricane of the 2011 Atlantic season. While passing to the north of Hispanola and over the Bahamas, Irene slowly strengthened, reaching Category 3 strength with winds of 104 knots (120 mph) on August 24, 2011. After this, Irene began to slowly weaken as it passed off the southeastern U.S. coast. The initial east coast landfall of Irene was near Cape Lookout, NC on August 27 at 1130 GMT as a category 1 hurricane with winds of 74 knots (85 mph). Irene re-emerged over the Atlantic Ocean on August 27 2300 GMT just to the southeast of Norfolk, VA and moved parallel to the mid-Atlantic coast before making a secondary landfall along the coast of New Jersey near Little Egg Inlet on August 28 0935 GMT as a weak Category 1 hurricane with winds of 65 knots (75 mph). After the second landfall, Irene continued on a rapid northeasterly track through New England, weakening to a tropical storm before moving into Canada near the intersection of New Hampshire and Maine. As Irene passed over Puerto Rico, the maximum storm tide measured was 0.787 m (2.58 ft) at Fajardo, PR on August 22 0530 GMT. The maximum storm surge recorded was 0.495 m (1.62 ft) at Esperanza, Vieques Island, PR on August 22, 0506 GMT. Maximum storm surge/residuals along the coast of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands ranged from 0.12 to 0.50 m (0.4 to 1.6 ft). Along the east coast of the U.S., a noticeable storm surge was observed from northern Florida to Maine. Storm surge residuals from Florida to South Carolina generally ranged from 0.30 to 1.02 m (1.0 to 3.3 ft). Along the North Carolina coast, storm surge/residuals ranged between 0.76 and 2.16 m (2.5 and 7.1 ft). The highest storm surge/residual measured along the Atlantic coast of the U.S. was 2.161 m (7.09 ft) at Oregon Inlet Marina, NC on August 28, 0354 GMT, several hours after Irene re-emerged over the Atlantic Ocean after traversing the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Along the southern Chesapeake Bay, storm surge residuals ranged between 0.75 and 1.48 m (2.5 and 4.9 ft) with higher values near the mouth of the bay. The northern half of Chesapeake Bay did not exhibit a significant storm surge from Hurricane Irene. Within the Delaware River and Bay, water level residuals included both storm surge and abnormally high river flow due to storm-induced runoff in the Delaware River Basin and ranged from 0.89 and 2.69 m (2.9 and 8.8 ft), with the highest residual of 2.694 m (8.84 ft) recorded at Newbold, PA on August 28, 1324 GMT. Along the mid-Atlantic coast from Virginia to New York City, storm surge residuals ranged between 1.00 and 1.44 m (3.2 and 4.7 ft). Along the coast of New England, storm surge residuals ranged between 0.42 and 1.45 m (1.4 and 4.8 ft) with the highest storm surge values along the southern New England coast bordering Long Island Sound. The highest wind speed recorded at CO-OPS and partnership stations, corresponding to the initial landfall of Irene along the east coast of Puerto Rico was 50.5 knots (mph) at Esperanza, Vieques Island, PR on August 22, 0536 GMT. The highest wind gust of 65.9 kts (mph) occurred at the same location on August 22, 0506 GMT. The minimum barometric pressure corresponding to Puerto Rico landfall was 992.7 mb at San Juan, PR on August 22, 0742 GMT. At CO-OPS and partnership stations along the east coast of the U.S., the highest wind speed recorded as Irene moved up the coast was 60.8 knots (mph) at Duck, NC on August 27, 2106 GMT. The highest wind gust of 72.7 kts (mph) occurred at the same location on August 27, 2112 GMT. The minimum barometric pressure recorded along the east coast of the U.S. was 950.6 mb, also at Duck, NC on August 27, 2112 GMT. More information, data and storm reports can be found at the CO-OPS website, http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov. Storm reports are located under the Publications section of the webpage.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 2

Figure 1: NOAA and Partnership stations relative to the Hurricane Irene storm track (track information courtesy of the NOAA National Hurricane Center).

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 3

Figures 2a and 2b: NOAA and Partnership stations located along the coast of a) Florida to North Carolina and (b) Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands and Barbuda, relative to the Hurricane Irene storm track (track information courtesy of the NOAA National Hurricane Center).

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 4

Figures 2c and 2d: NOAA and Partnership stations located along the coast of c) northern New Jersey to Maine and (d) Virginia to southern New Jersey, relative to the Hurricane Irene storm track (track information courtesy of the NOAA National Hurricane Center).

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 5

Table 1a: Maximum recorded water levels in geographic order for Hurricane Irene, August 2011. Referenced to Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) and North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88). Storm Tide includes both tidal and meteorological forces and storm surge represents the observed water level (storm tide) minus predicted astronomical tide levels. Storm Tide Predicted Storm Tide Storm Tide Predicted Date & Time Storm Surge/ (m, Storm Surge/ Storm Tide Station Name Station ID GMT (m, MLLW) Residual (m) NAVD88) (ft, MLLW) Residual (ft) (ft, NAVD88) Barbuda 9761115 08/21/2011 18:00 0.365 0.179 0.186 n/a 1.20 0.59 0.61 n/a Christiansted Harbor, St Croix, VI 9751364 08/21/2011 21:48 0.496 0.181 0.315 n/a 1.63 0.59 1.03 n/a Lameshur Bay, St. John, VI 9751381 08/21/2011 19:24 0.401 0.222 0.179 n/a 1.32 0.73 0.59 n/a Lime Tree Bay, VI 9751401 08/22/2011 00:12 0.471 0.226 0.245 n/a 1.55 0.74 0.80 n/a Charlotte Amalie, VI 9751639 08/22/2011 04:36 0.432 0.142 0.290 n/a 1.42 0.47 0.95 n/a Culebra, PR 9752235 08/21/2011 19:18 0.488 0.294 0.194 n/a 1.60 0.96 0.64 n/a Isabel Segunda, Vieques Island, PR 9752619 08/21/2011 19:42 0.511 0.331 0.180 n/a 1.68 1.09 0.59 n/a 3 Esperanza, Vieques Island, PR 9752695 08/22/2011 05:06 0.596 0.101 0.495 n/a 1.96 0.33 1.62 n/a Fajardo, PR 9753216 08/22/2011 05:30 0.787 0.299 0.488 n/a 2.58 0.98 1.60 n/a Yabucoa Harbor, PR 9754228 08/22/2011 04:18 0.399 0.109 0.290 n/a 1.31 0.36 0.95 n/a San Juan, PR 9755371 08/22/2011 06:48 0.550 0.289 0.261 n/a 1.80 0.95 0.86 n/a Arecibo, PR 9757809 08/23/2011 20:48 0.658 0.488 0.170 n/a 2.16 1.60 0.56 n/a Magueyes Island, PR 9759110 08/22/2011 23:06 0.323 0.250 0.073 n/a 1.06 0.82 0.24 n/a Mayaguez, PR 9759394 08/23/2011 21:06 0.482 0.259 0.223 n/a 1.58 0.85 0.73 n/a Aguadilla, PR 9759412 08/23/2011 20:30 0.501 0.380 0.121 n/a 1.64 1.25 0.40 n/a Mona Island, PR 9759938 08/23/2011 00:18 0.391 0.257 0.134 n/a 1.28 0.84 0.44 n/a 2 Virginia Key, FL 8723214 08/29/2011 13:54 1.043 0.812 0.231 0.441 3.42 2.66 0.76 1.45 2 Lake Worth Pier, FL 8722670 08/28/2011 00:00 1.343 1.023 0.320 0.595 4.41 3.36 1.05 1.95 Trident Pier, FL 8721604 08/26/2011 22:42 1.803 1.296 0.507 0.930 5.92 4.25 1.66 3.05 I-295 Bridge, St Johns River, FL 8720357 08/27/2011 13:54 0.702 0.286 0.416 0.556 2.30 0.94 1.36 1.82 Mayport (Bar Pilots Dock), FL 8720218 08/26/2011 23:30 2.059 1.638 0.421 1.143 6.76 5.37 1.38 3.75 Fernandina Beach, FL 8720030 08/27/2011 00:00 2.651 2.088 0.563 1.486 8.70 6.85 1.85 4.88 Fort Pulaski, GA 8670870 08/26/2011 23:00 2.778 2.427 0.351 1.543 9.11 7.96 1.15 5.06 Clarendon Plantation, SC 8667633 08/27/2011 00:48 3.030 2.536 0.494 n/a 9.94 8.32 1.62 n/a Charleston, SC 8665530 08/26/2011 22:54 2.329 1.890 0.439 1.372 7.64 6.20 1.44 4.50 Oyster Landing (N. Inlet Estuary), SC 8662245 08/26/2011 23:06 2.296 1.640 0.656 1.471 7.53 5.38 2.15 4.83 Springmaid Pier, SC 8661070 08/26/2011 22:00 2.334 1.831 0.503 1.372 7.66 6.01 1.65 4.50 Wrightsville Beach, NC 8658163 08/26/2011 21:48 2.088 1.444 0.644 1.316 6.85 4.74 2.11 4.32

1 Sensor reached physical limit on measurements and did not record a maximum/minimum value. 2 Station did not record a maximum storm tide and/or storm surge coinciding with the timing of Irene. 3 Maximum recorded water level value exceeded historical maximum value. 4 Maximum storm tide/storm surge includes likely effects from runoff.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 6

Table 1b: Maximum recorded water levels in geographic order for Hurricane Irene, August 2011. Referenced to Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) and North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88). Storm Tide includes both tidal and meteorological forces and storm surge represents the observed water level (storm tide) minus predicted astronomical tide levels. Storm Tide Predicted Storm Tide Predicted Date & Time Storm Surge/ Storm Tide Storm Surge/ Storm Tide Station Name Station ID GMT (m, MLLW) Residual (m) (m, NAVD88) (ft, MLLW) Residual (ft) (ft, NAVD88) Wilmington, NC 8658120 08/30/2011 02:48 1.598 1.555 0.043 0.865 5.24 5.10 0.14 2.84 Beaufort, NC 8656483 08/27/2011 10:24 1.913 0.989 0.924 n/a 6.28 3.24 3.03 n/a USCG Station Hatteras, NC 8654467 08/28/2011 02:54 1.250 0.134 1.116 n/a 4.10 0.44 3.66 n/a 3 Oregon Inlet Marina, NC 8652587 08/28/2011 03:54 2.322 0.161 2.161 2.132 7.62 0.53 7.09 6.99 Duck, NC 8651370 08/27/2011 21:00 1.592 1.037 0.555 0.925 5.22 3.40 1.82 3.03 Money Point, VA 8639348 08/28/2011 00:48 2.585 1.117 1.468 2.024 8.48 3.66 4.82 6.64 Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel, VA 8638863 08/27/2011 23:24 2.250 0.987 1.263 n/a 7.38 3.24 4.14 n/a Sewells Point, VA 8638610 08/27/2011 23:54 2.302 0.917 1.385 1.801 7.55 3.01 4.54 5.91 Yorktown USCG Training Center, VA 8637689 08/28/2011 00:12 2.011 0.887 1.124 n/a 6.60 2.91 3.69 n/a Windmill Point, VA 8636580 08/28/2011 01:42 1.441 0.520 0.921 1.152 4.73 1.71 3.02 3.78 Lewisetta, VA 8635750 08/28/2011 03:30 1.384 0.482 0.902 1.131 4.54 1.58 2.96 3.71 Kiptopeke, VA 8632200 08/27/2011 23:36 1.977 0.993 0.984 1.397 6.49 3.26 3.23 4.58 1 Wachapreague, VA 8631044 08/27/2011 21:48 2.053 1.131 0.922 n/a 6.74 3.71 3.02 n/a 2 Washington, DC 8594900 08/25/2011 09:06 1.181 0.936 0.245 0.756 3.87 3.07 0.80 2.48 Solomons Island, MD 8577330 08/28/2011 03:48 1.124 0.440 0.684 0.865 3.69 1.44 2.24 2.84 2 Annapolis, MD 8575512 08/25/2011 07:24 0.778 0.506 0.272 0.543 2.55 1.66 0.89 1.78 2 Baltimore, MD 8574680 08/25/2011 09:06 0.908 0.543 0.365 0.654 2.98 1.78 1.20 2.15 2 Chesapeake City, MD 8573927 08/25/2011 11:54 1.315 0.986 0.329 n/a 4.31 3.23 1.08 n/a 2 Tolchester Beach, MD 8573364 08/25/2011 08:24 0.945 0.627 0.318 n/a 3.10 2.06 1.04 n/a Cambridge, MD 8571892 08/28/2011 07:06 0.945 0.700 0.245 0.608 3.10 2.30 0.80 1.99 Bishops Head, MD 8571421 08/28/2011 04:24 1.262 0.645 0.617 n/a 4.14 2.12 2.02 n/a Ocean City Inlet, MD 8570283 08/27/2011 23:48 1.430 0.818 0.612 0.929 4.69 2.68 2.01 3.05 Lewes, DE 8557380 08/28/2011 00:06 2.499 1.592 0.907 1.698 8.20 5.22 2.98 5.57 3 Brandywine Shoal Light, DE 8555889 08/28/2011 00:06 2.693 1.869 0.824 n/a 8.84 6.13 2.70 n/a 4 Reedy Point, DE 8551910 08/28/2011 03:30 2.448 1.875 0.573 1.543 8.03 6.15 1.88 5.06 4 Delaware City, DE 8551762 08/28/2011 03:48 2.689 1.746 0.943 n/a 8.82 5.73 3.09 n/a 4 Newbold, PA 8548989 08/28/2011 06:54 3.651 2.625 1.026 n/a 11.98 8.61 3.37 n/a 4 Philadelphia, PA 8545240 08/28/2011 05:48 3.026 2.182 0.844 2.074 9.93 7.16 2.77 6.80 1 Sensor reached physical limit on measurements and did not record a maximum/minimum value. 2 Station did not record a maximum storm tide and/or storm surge coinciding with the timing of Irene. 3 Maximum recorded water level value exceeded historical maximum value. 4 Maximum storm tide/storm surge includes likely effects from runoff. NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 7

Table 1c: Maximum recorded water levels in geographic order for Hurricane Irene, August 2011. Referenced to Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) and North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88). Storm Tide includes both tidal and meteorological forces and storm surge represents the observed water level (storm tide) minus predicted astronomical tide levels. Storm Tide Predicted Storm Tide Predicted Date & Time Storm Surge/ Storm Tide (m, Storm Surge/ Storm Tide Station Name Station ID GMT (m, MLLW) Residual (m) NAVD88) (ft, MLLW) Residual (ft) (ft, NAVD88) 4 Marcus Hook, PA 8540433 08/28/2011 04:36 2.755 1.963 0.792 n/a 9.04 6.44 2.60 n/a 4 Burlington, Delaware River, NJ 8539094 08/28/2011 06:36 3.456 2.415 1.041 n/a 11.34 7.92 3.42 n/a 1,4 Tacony-Palmyra Bridge, NJ 8538886 08/28/2011 07:06 3.030 1.983 1.047 n/a 9.94 6.51 3.44 n/a 3 Ship John Shoal, NJ 8537121 08/28/2011 00:48 2.847 2.094 0.753 n/a 9.34 6.87 2.47 n/a Cape May, NJ 8536110 08/28/2011 00:06 2.605 1.849 0.756 1.685 8.55 6.07 2.48 5.53 Atlantic City, NJ 8534720 08/28/2011 00:00 2.121 1.467 0.654 1.324 6.96 4.81 2.15 4.34 Sandy Hook, NJ 8531680 08/28/2011 12:36 2.971 1.559 1.412 2.113 9.75 5.11 4.63 6.93 3 Bergen Point West Reach, NY 8519483 08/28/2011 12:42 3.114 1.724 1.390 2.214 10.22 5.66 4.56 7.26 The Battery, NY 8518750 08/28/2011 12:42 2.896 1.568 1.328 2.049 9.50 5.14 4.36 6.72 3 Kings Point, NY 8516945 08/28/2011 14:00 3.758 2.399 1.359 n/a 12.33 7.87 4.46 n/a Montauk, NY 8510560 08/28/2011 13:12 1.641 0.802 0.839 1.244 5.38 2.63 2.75 4.08 Bridgeport, CT 8467150 08/28/2011 15:06 3.683 2.329 1.354 2.512 12.08 7.64 4.44 8.24 3 New Haven, CT 8465705 08/28/2011 14:36 3.528 2.111 1.417 n/a 11.57 6.93 4.65 n/a New London, CT 8461490 08/28/2011 13:24 1.997 0.934 1.063 1.437 6.55 3.06 3.49 4.71 Quonset Point, RI 8454049 08/28/2011 12:06 2.097 1.372 0.725 n/a 6.88 4.50 2.38 n/a Providence, RI 8454000 08/28/2011 13:54 2.516 1.100 1.416 1.762 8.25 3.61 4.65 5.78 Conimicut Light, RI 8452944 08/28/2011 11:54 2.313 1.560 0.753 n/a 7.59 5.12 2.47 n/a Newport, RI 8452660 08/28/2011 11:54 1.994 1.291 0.703 1.372 6.54 4.24 2.31 4.50 Nantucket Island, MA 8449130 08/28/2011 16:00 1.381 0.991 0.390 n/a 4.53 3.25 1.28 n/a Menemsha Harbor, MA 8448725 08/28/2011 13:12 1.611 0.869 0.742 n/a 5.29 2.85 2.43 n/a Woods Hole, MA 8447930 08/28/2011 13:36 1.405 0.530 0.875 0.990 4.61 1.74 2.87 3.25 Chatham, MA 8447435 08/28/2011 16:12 2.271 1.787 0.484 1.241 7.45 5.86 1.59 4.07 Fall River, MA 8447386 08/28/2011 11:42 2.226 1.632 0.594 n/a 7.30 5.35 1.95 n/a Boston, MA 8443970 08/28/2011 15:06 3.641 3.116 0.525 1.963 11.95 10.22 1.72 6.44 Fort Point, NH 8423898 08/29/2011 03:36 3.335 3.168 0.167 1.822 10.94 10.39 0.55 5.98 Wells, ME 8419317 08/29/2011 03:30 3.420 3.176 0.244 1.898 11.22 10.42 0.80 6.23 Portland, ME 8418150 08/29/2011 03:06 3.645 3.315 0.330 2.044 11.96 10.88 1.08 6.71 Bar Harbor, ME 8413320 08/29/2011 03:12 4.160 3.778 0.382 2.339 13.65 12.39 1.25 7.67 Eastport, ME 8410140 08/29/2011 03:06 6.711 6.380 0.331 3.682 22.02 20.93 1.09 12.08 1 Sensor reached physical limit on measurements and did not record a maximum/minimum value. 2 Station did not record a maximum storm tide and/or storm surge coinciding with the timing of Irene. 3 Maximum recorded water level value exceeded historical maximum value. 4 Maximum storm tide/storm surge includes likely effects from runoff. NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 8

Table 2a: Maximum recorded wind speed, wind gusts and minimum barometric pressure in geographic order for Hurricane Irene, August 2011. Maximum Wind Speed Maximum Wind Gusts Minimum Atmospheric Pressure Date & Time Date & Time Date & Time Station Name Station ID GMT m/sec knots GMT m/sec knots GMT mbar Barbuda 9761115 08/21/2011 15:12 15.5 30.1 08/21/2011 15:12 16.7 32.5 08/21/2011 10:36 1007.1 Christiansted Harbor, St Croix, VI 9751364 08/21/2011 23:42 14.6 27.6 08/22/2011 01:36 32.6 44.7 08/21/2011 22:18 996.5 Lameshur Bay, St. John, VI 9751381 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 08/21/2011 21:42 1004.5 Lime Tree Bay, VI 9751401 08/22/2011 00:06 19.1 37.1 08/22/2011 00:12 25.3 49.2 08/21/2011 22:36 996.9 Charlotte Amalie, VI 9751639 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 08/21/2011 21:30 1003.7 Culebra, PR 9752235 08/22/2011 02:54 10.1 19.6 08/22/2011 03:06 22.7 44.1 08/22/2011 05:12 1004.5 Isabel Segunda, Vieques Island, PR 9752619 08/22/2011 05:36 14.6 28.4 08/22/2011 05:36 26.0 50.5 n/a n/a Esperanza, Vieques Island, PR 9752695 08/22/2011 04:48 26.0 50.5 08/22/2011 05:06 33.9 65.9 08/22/2011 04:12 996.0 Fajardo, PR 9753216 08/22/2011 04:06 17.8 34.6 08/22/2011 05:18 27.3 53.1 08/22/2011 05:30 998.4 Yabucoa Harbor, PR 9754228 08/22/2011 06:48 13.1 25.5 08/22/2011 06:54 22.4 43.5 n/a n/a San Juan, PR 9755371 08/22/2011 06:54 17.8 34.6 08/22/2011 07:06 24.6 47.8 08/22/2011 07:42 992.7 Arecibo, PR 9757809 08/22/2011 10:06 14.6 28.4 08/22/2011 09:18 19.1 37.1 08/22/2011 10:12 999.7 Magueyes Island, PR 9759110 08/22/2011 19:12 13.3 25.9 08/22/2011 19:12 17.2 33.4 08/22/2011 08:42 1003.8 Mayaguez, PR 9759394 08/22/2011 14:48 9.1 17.7 08/22/2011 15:12 13.7 26.6 08/22/2011 11:06 1007.4 Aguadilla, PR 9759412 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 08/22/2011 11:54 1002.9 Virginia Key, FL 8723214 08/27/2011 18:06 10.0 19.4 08/25/2011 10:48 15.0 29.2 08/25/2011 21:00 1001.7 Lake Worth Pier, FL 8722670 08/25/2011 20:24 19.5 37.9 08/25/2011 20:24 23.0 44.7 08/25/2011 22:54 1001.3 Trident Pier, FL 8721604 08/27/2011 19:00 14.3 27.8 08/27/2011 19:00 17.1 33.2 n/a n/a Mayport (Bar Pilots Dock), FL 8720218 08/26/2011 12:12 14.4 28.0 n/a n/a n/a 08/27/2011 22:48 1004.5 Fernandina Beach, FL 8720030 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 08/27/2011 22:48 1001.4 Fort Pulaski, GA 8670870 08/26/2011 18:36 13.4 26.0 08/26/2011 12:36 16.9 32.9 08/27/2011 20:42 1000.9 Charleston, SC 8665530 08/26/2011 16:48 15.3 29.7 08/26/2011 14:54 20.4 39.7 08/27/2011 07:24 998.6 Springmaid Pier, SC 8661070 08/26/2011 21:30 20.4 39.7 08/26/2011 21:12 27.7 53.8 08/27/2011 07:48 991.0 Wrightsville Beach, NC 8658163 08/27/2011 02:36 25.0 48.6 08/27/2011 09:48 32.8 63.8 08/27/2011 09:24 976.3 Wilmington, NC 8658120 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 08/27/2011 09:30 979.5 Beaufort, NC 8656483 08/27/2011 08:06 17.8 34.6 08/27/2011 10:12 29.9 58.1 08/27/2011 13:00 952.9

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 9

Table 2b: Maximum recorded wind speed, wind gusts and minimum barometric pressure in geographic order for Hurricane Irene, August 2011. Maximum Wind Speed Maximum Wind Gusts Minimum Atmospheric Pressure Date & Time Date & Time Date & Time Station Name Station ID GMT m/sec knots GMT m/sec knots GMT mbar USCG Station Hatteras, NC 8654467 08/27/2011 09:42 25.5 49.6 08/27/2011 09:36 35.6 69.2 08/27/2011 17:36 968.6 Oregon Inlet Marina, NC 8652587 08/27/2011 20:42 26.3 51.1 08/27/2011 20:00 36.1 70.2 08/27/2011 19:54 965.5 Duck, NC 8651370 08/27/2011 21:06 31.3 60.8 08/27/2011 21:12 37.4 72.7 08/27/2011 21:12 950.6 Money Point, VA 8639348 08/28/2011 01:48 17.9 34.8 08/28/2011 01:48 27.5 53.5 08/27/2011 23:12 968.5 Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel, VA 8638863 08/27/2011 16:00 26.2 50.9 08/27/2011 16:00 32.0 62.2 08/27/2011 23:48 967.3 Sewells Point, VA 8638610 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 08/27/2011 23:06 972.0 Yorktown USCG Training Center, VA 8637689 08/28/2011 03:42 23.5 45.7 08/28/2011 03:48 29.4 57.1 08/28/2011 00:12 974.7 Lewisetta, VA 8635750 08/28/2011 08:24 17.1 33.2 08/27/2011 22:48 25.5 49.6 08/28/2011 04:06 979.1 Kiptopeke, VA 8632200 08/28/2011 04:48 22.1 43.0 08/28/2011 06:54 28.2 54.8 n/a n/a Wachapreague, VA 8631044 08/27/2011 16:42 20.1 39.1 08/27/2011 16:48 29.3 57.0 08/28/2011 03:42 968.1 Washington, DC 8594900 08/28/2011 08:54 12.6 24.5 08/28/2011 04:42 22.1 43.0 08/28/2011 07:18 984.5 Solomons Island, MD 8577330 08/28/2011 03:36 20.7 40.2 08/28/2011 03:12 30.5 59.3 08/28/2011 06:18 979.5 Annapolis, MD 8575512 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 08/28/2011 07:24 980.3 Baltimore, MD 8574680 08/28/2011 07:12 16.9 32.9 08/28/2011 07:12 23.2 45.1 08/28/2011 07:12 981.9 Chesapeake City, MD 8573927 08/28/2011 15:30 11.8 22.9 08/28/2011 02:00 19.1 37.1 08/28/2011 09:00 976.8 Tolchester Beach, MD 8573364 08/28/2011 07:06 20.5 39.8 08/28/2011 12:06 26.8 52.1 08/28/2011 07:36 979.4 Cambridge, MD 8571892 08/27/2011 22:30 19.2 37.3 08/27/2011 22:30 26.9 52.3 08/28/2011 06:48 976.2 Bishops Head, MD 8571421 08/28/2011 10:24 20.7 40.2 08/28/2011 11:30 26.0 50.5 08/28/2011 05:42 975.8 Ocean City Inlet, MD 8570283 08/28/2011 12:36 15.0 29.2 08/27/2011 20:18 21.8 42.4 08/28/2011 06:24 964.4 Lewes, DE 8557380 08/27/2011 22:06 21.1 41.1 08/27/2011 22:06 29.4 57.2 08/28/2011 07:30 968.4 Brandywine Shoal Light, DE 8555889 08/28/2011 16:42 27.2 52.9 08/28/2011 16:42 34.3 66.7 08/28/2011 07:54 968.9 Reedy Point, DE 8551910 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 08/28/2011 09:24 975.2 Delaware City, DE 8551762 08/28/2011 01:54 17.3 33.6 08/28/2011 01:36 22.6 43.9 08/28/2011 09:42 975.2 Newbold, PA 8548989 08/28/2011 20:54 13.3 25.9 08/28/2011 21:24 19.3 37.5 08/28/2011 11:18 971.1 Philadelphia, PA 8545240 08/28/2011 02:12 10.1 19.7 08/28/2011 01:42 18.1 35.2 08/28/2011 10:12 973.3

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 10

Table 2c: Maximum recorded wind speed, wind gusts and minimum barometric pressure in geographic order for Hurricane Irene, August 2011. Maximum Wind Speed Maximum Wind Gusts Minimum Atmospheric Pressure Date & Time Date & Time Date & Time Station Name Station ID GMT m/sec knots GMT m/sec knots GMT mbar Marcus Hook, PA 8540433 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 08/28/2011 10:00 974.6 Burlington, Delaware River, NJ 8539094 08/28/2011 06:36 16.7 32.5 08/28/2011 06:36 22.3 43.3 08/28/2011 11:00 972.1 Tacony-Palmyra Bridge, NJ 8538886 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 08/28/2011 10:42 973.5 Ship John Shoal, NJ 8537121 08/28/2011 00:00 21.1 41.0 08/28/2011 14:12 25.6 49.8 08/28/2011 09:06 971.9 Cape May, NJ 8536110 08/28/2011 16:48 26.1 50.7 08/28/2011 16:48 33.6 65.3 08/28/2011 08:06 967.1 Atlantic City, NJ 8534720 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 08/28/2011 09:30 960.1 Sandy Hook, NJ 8531680 08/28/2011 20:42 20.5 39.8 n/a n/a n/a 08/28/2011 12:36 962.9 Bergen Point West Reach, NY 8519483 08/28/2011 20:54 14.4 28.0 08/28/2011 20:54 20.8 40.4 08/28/2011 13:06 966.1 The Battery, NY 8518750 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 08/28/2011 13:12 964.6 Kings Point, NY 8516945 08/28/2011 23:06 17.1 33.2 08/28/2011 22:30 21.9 42.6 08/28/2011 13:42 968.2 Montauk, NY 8510560 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 08/28/2011 16:36 983.4 Bridgeport, CT 8467150 08/28/2011 14:36 19.1 37.1 08/28/2011 14:36 23.2 45.1 08/28/2011 15:00 975.4 New Haven, CT 8465705 08/28/2011 15:54 18.0 35.0 08/28/2011 16:30 23.1 44.9 08/28/2011 16:30 977.0 New London, CT 8461490 08/28/2011 14:42 18.9 36.7 08/28/2011 14:54 24.1 46.8 08/28/2011 17:48 983.5 Quonset Point, RI 8454049 08/28/2011 16:42 22.8 44.3 08/28/2011 17:30 28.8 56.0 08/28/2011 18:18 983.4 Providence, RI 8454000 08/28/2011 15:48 21.6 42.0 08/28/2011 12:42 30.0 58.3 08/28/2011 19:36 983.2 Conimicut Light, RI 8452944 08/28/2011 13:30 28.2 54.8 08/28/2011 13:36 36.8 71.5 08/28/2011 19:48 983.1 Newport, RI 8452660 08/28/2011 16:42 20.1 39.1 08/28/2011 15:24 26.4 51.3 08/28/2011 18:12 984.7 Nantucket Island, MA 8449130 08/28/2011 17:48 13.3 25.9 08/28/2011 22:06 21.4 41.6 08/28/2011 20:24 991.1 Woods Hole, MA 8447930 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 08/28/2011 20:48 988.9 Fall River, MA 8447386 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 08/28/2011 19:48 985.4 Boston, MA 8443970 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 08/28/2011 21:12 983.3 Wells, ME 8419317 08/28/2011 17:36 15.0 29.2 08/28/2011 20:18 19.4 37.7 08/29/2011 00:42 983.5 Portland, ME 8418150 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 08/29/2011 02:24 983.4 Bar Harbor, ME 8413320 08/29/2011 12:18 10.3 20.0 08/29/2011 01:36 19.1 37.1 08/29/2011 04:42 989.8 Eastport, ME 8410140 08/29/2011 00:36 18.3 35.6 08/29/2011 00:36 24.1 46.8 08/29/2011 07:24 991.9

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 11

Table 3a: Maximum recorded storm surge/residual levels ranked by amplitude for Hurricane Irene, August 2011. Storm Surge/Residual represents the observed water level (storm tide) minus predicted astronomical tide levels. Date & Time Storm Surge/ Residual Station Name Station ID GMT (m) (ft) 4 Newbold, PA 8548989 08/28/2011 13:24 2.694 8.84 4 Burlington, Delaware River, NJ 8539094 08/28/2011 13:18 2.370 7.78 3 Oregon Inlet Marina, NC 8652587 08/28/2011 03:54 2.161 7.09 1,4 Tacony-Palmyra Bridge, NJ 8538886 08/28/2011 12:30 1.867 6.13 4 Philadelphia, PA 8545240 08/28/2011 11:54 1.596 5.24 Money Point, VA 8639348 08/28/2011 02:36 1.484 4.87 Providence, RI 8454000 08/28/2011 14:00 1.454 4.77 3 Kings Point, NY 8516945 08/28/2011 13:24 1.441 4.73 Sandy Hook, NJ 8531680 08/28/2011 12:48 1.426 4.68 3 New Haven, CT 8465705 08/28/2011 14:36 1.417 4.65 3 Bergen Point West Reach, NY 8519483 08/28/2011 13:00 1.404 4.61 Sewells Point, VA 8638610 08/27/2011 23:48 1.390 4.56 The Battery, NY 8518750 08/28/2011 13:12 1.384 4.54 Bridgeport, CT 8467150 08/28/2011 14:12 1.373 4.50 Yorktown USCG Training Center, VA 8637689 08/27/2011 20:06 1.339 4.39 Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel, VA 8638863 08/27/2011 23:24 1.263 4.14 Conimicut Light, RI 8452944 08/28/2011 14:24 1.239 4.06 Lewes, DE 8557380 08/28/2011 06:24 1.236 4.06 1 Wachapreague, VA 8631044 08/28/2011 04:30 1.186 3.89 Fall River, MA 8447386 08/28/2011 14:48 1.171 3.84 Wrightsville Beach, NC 8658163 08/27/2011 02:36 1.166 3.83 4 Delaware City, DE 8551762 08/28/2011 06:06 1.165 3.82 New London, CT 8461490 08/28/2011 16:00 1.139 3.74 USCG Station Hatteras, NC 8654467 08/28/2011 02:54 1.116 3.66 3 Brandywine Shoal Light, DE 8555889 08/28/2011 06:36 1.106 3.63 4 Marcus Hook, PA 8540433 08/28/2011 10:42 1.091 3.58 Cape May, NJ 8536110 08/28/2011 06:18 1.073 3.52 Quonset Point, RI 8454049 08/28/2011 14:30 1.071 3.51 3 Ship John Shoal, NJ 8537121 08/28/2011 07:36 1.043 3.42 1 Sensor reached physical limit on measurements and did not record a maximum/minimum value. 2 Station did not record a maximum storm tide and/or storm surge coinciding with the timing of Irene. 3 Maximum recorded water level value exceeded historical maximum value. 4 Maximum storm tide/storm surge includes likely effects from runoff.

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Table 3b: Maximum recorded storm surge/residual levels ranked by amplitude for Hurricane Irene, August 2011. Storm Surge/Residual represents the observed water level (storm tide) minus predicted astronomical tide levels. Date & Time Storm Surge/ Residual Station Name Station ID GMT (m) (ft) Ocean City Inlet, MD 8570283 08/28/2011 04:06 1.029 3.38 Clarendon Plantation, SC 8667633 08/27/2011 05:00 1.020 3.35 Lewisetta, VA 8635750 08/28/2011 00:54 1.005 3.30 Kiptopeke, VA 8632200 08/27/2011 19:12 1.004 3.29 Atlantic City, NJ 8534720 08/28/2011 06:36 1.000 3.28 Windmill Point, VA 8636580 08/27/2011 21:36 0.974 3.20 Beaufort, NC 8656483 08/27/2011 11:54 0.968 3.18 Newport, RI 8452660 08/28/2011 14:24 0.960 3.15 Woods Hole, MA 8447930 08/28/2011 14:18 0.916 3.01 4 Reedy Point, DE 8551910 08/28/2011 06:00 0.888 2.91 Fernandina Beach, FL 8720030 08/27/2011 03:42 0.877 2.88 Montauk, NY 8510560 08/28/2011 15:48 0.870 2.85 Oyster Landing (N. Inlet Estuary), SC 8662245 08/27/2011 04:24 0.862 2.83 Mayport (Bar Pilots Dock), FL 8720218 08/27/2011 03:30 0.785 2.58 Fort Pulaski, GA 8670870 08/27/2011 03:06 0.783 2.57 Menemsha Harbor, MA 8448725 08/28/2011 14:42 0.771 2.53 Duck, NC 8651370 08/27/2011 14:36 0.757 2.48 Solomons Island, MD 8577330 08/28/2011 01:48 0.747 2.45 Bishops Head, MD 8571421 08/28/2011 02:06 0.739 2.42 Wells, ME 8419317 08/28/2011 19:30 0.732 2.40 Springmaid Pier, SC 8661070 08/27/2011 01:48 0.699 2.29 Charleston, SC 8665530 08/27/2011 02:42 0.638 2.09 Portland, ME 8418150 08/28/2011 20:06 0.586 1.92 Fort Point, NH 8423898 08/28/2011 19:18 0.572 1.88 Cambridge, MD 8571892 08/28/2011 12:00 0.550 1.80 Trident Pier, FL 8721604 08/26/2011 03:18 0.539 1.77 Boston, MA 8443970 08/28/2011 17:48 0.534 1.75 Chatham, MA 8447435 08/28/2011 18:00 0.514 1.69 1 Sensor reached physical limit on measurements and did not record a maximum/minimum value. 2 Station did not record a maximum storm tide and/or storm surge coinciding with the timing of Irene. 3 Maximum recorded water level value exceeded historical maximum value. 4 Maximum storm tide/storm surge includes likely effects from runoff.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 13

Table 3c: Maximum recorded storm surge/residual levels ranked by amplitude for Hurricane Irene, August 2011. Storm Surge/Residual represents the observed water level (storm tide) minus predicted astronomical tide levels. Date & Time Storm Surge/ Residual Station Name Station ID GMT (m) (ft) 3 Esperanza, Vieques Island, PR 9752695 08/22/2011 05:06 0.495 1.62 Fajardo, PR 9753216 08/22/2011 05:30 0.488 1.60 Eastport, ME 8410140 08/29/2011 07:18 0.464 1.52 I-295 Bridge, St Johns River, FL 8720357 08/27/2011 05:30 0.464 1.52 2 Lake Worth Pier, FL 8722670 08/26/2011 05:48 0.446 1.46 Bar Harbor, ME 8413320 08/28/2011 21:30 0.433 1.42 Nantucket Island, MA 8449130 08/28/2011 17:06 0.417 1.37 2 Baltimore, MD 8574680 08/25/2011 09:30 0.373 1.22 2 Washington, DC 8594900 08/27/2011 20:18 0.363 1.19 2 Chesapeake City, MD 8573927 08/25/2011 08:42 0.356 1.17 2 Tolchester Beach, MD 8573364 08/25/2011 13:42 0.347 1.14 2 Annapolis, MD 8575512 08/25/2011 14:24 0.324 1.06 Christiansted Harbor, St Croix, VI 9751364 08/21/2011 21:48 0.315 1.03 Yabucoa Harbor, PR 9754228 08/22/2011 05:42 0.310 1.02 Isabel Segunda, Vieques Island, PR 9752619 08/22/2011 02:36 0.304 1.00 2 Virginia Key, FL 8723214 08/27/2011 18:30 0.302 0.99 Charlotte Amalie, VI 9751639 08/22/2011 04:36 0.290 0.95 Mayaguez, PR 9759394 08/23/2011 15:36 0.279 0.92 San Juan, PR 9755371 08/22/2011 07:24 0.273 0.90 Wilmington, NC 8658120 08/27/2011 06:24 0.271 0.89 Culebra, PR 9752235 08/22/2011 04:30 0.265 0.87 Lameshur Bay, St. John, VI 9751381 08/22/2011 02:42 0.261 0.86 Lime Tree Bay, VI 9751401 08/22/2011 01:12 0.252 0.83 Arecibo, PR 9757809 08/22/2011 10:18 0.221 0.73 Barbuda 9761115 08/21/2011 11:12 0.201 0.66 Mona Island, PR 9759938 08/22/2011 16:00 0.192 0.63 Aguadilla, PR 9759412 08/22/2011 11:42 0.162 0.53 Magueyes Island, PR 9759110 08/23/2011 15:24 0.123 0.40 1 Sensor reached physical limit on measurements and did not record a maximum/minimum value. 2 Station did not record a maximum storm tide and/or storm surge coinciding with the timing of Irene. 3 Maximum recorded water level value exceeded historical maximum value. 4 Maximum storm tide/storm surge includes likely effects from runoff.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 14

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services Station Comparison of Superseded Historical Maximum Water Levels with Hurricane Irene Maximum Storm Tide

4.000 Historical Recorded Maximum Water Level Maximum Storm Tide Resulting From Irene 3.500

3.000

2.500

2.000

1.500

1.000

Elevation (meters) (meters) Elevation above MLLW 0.500

0.000 New Haven, Kings Point, Bergen Point Ship John Brandywine Oregon Inlet Esperanza, CT NY West Reach, Shoal, NJ Shoal Light, Marina, NC Vieques NY DE Island, PR

Figure 3: Stations that exceeded historical recorded maximum tide levels during Hurricane Irene.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 15

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 9761115 Barbuda Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 0.365 m (1.20 ft) 08/21/2011 18:00 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.201 m (0.66 ft) 08/21/2011 11:12 GMT 2.000 Observed Predicted 1.500 Residual HAT Landfall 1.000

0.500

0.000 Height above MLLW (m) MLLW above Height

-0.500 08-20 08-21 08-22 08-23 08-24 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 4: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Barbuda. A line denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) is displayed. Irene made landfall along the east coast of Puerto Rico on 8/22/2011 05:25 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 9751364 Christiansted Harbor, St Croix, VI Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 0.496 m (1.63 ft) 08/21/2011 21:48 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.315 m (1.03 ft) 08/21/2011 21:48 GMT 2.000 Observed Predicted Residual 1.500 HAT Historical Max Landfall 1.000

0.500

0.000 Height above MLLW (m) MLLW above Height

-0.500 08-20 08-21 08-22 08-23 08-24 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 5: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Christiansted Harbor, St. Croix, VI. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall along the east coast of Puerto Rico on 8/22/2011 05:25 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 16

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 9751381 Lameshur Bay, St. John, VI Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 0.401 m (1.32 ft) 08/21/2011 19:24 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.261 m (0.86 ft) 08/22/2011 02:42 GMT 2.000 Observed Predicted Residual 1.500 HAT Historical Max Landfall 1.000

0.500

0.000 Height above MLLW (m) MLLW above Height

-0.500 08-20 08-21 08-22 08-23 08-24 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 6: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Lameshur Bay, St. John, VI. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall along the east coast of Puerto Rico on 8/22/2011 05:25 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 9751401 Lime Tree Bay, VI Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 0.471 m (1.55 ft) 08/22/2011 00:12 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.252 m (0.83 ft) 08/22/2011 01:12 GMT 2.000 Observed Predicted Residual 1.500 HAT Historical Max Landfall 1.000

0.500

0.000 Height above MLLW (m) MLLW above Height

-0.500 08-20 08-21 08-22 08-23 08-24 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 7: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Lime Tree Bay, VI. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall along the east coast of Puerto Rico on 8/22/2011 05:25 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 17

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 9751639 Charlotte Amalie, VI Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 0.432 m (1.42 ft) 08/22/2011 04:36 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.290 m (0.95 ft) 08/22/2011 04:36 GMT 2.000 Observed Predicted Residual 1.500 HAT Historical Max Landfall 1.000

0.500

0.000 Height above MLLW (m) MLLW above Height

-0.500 08-20 08-21 08-22 08-23 08-24 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 8: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Charlotte Amalie, VI. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall along the east coast of Puerto Rico on 8/22/2011 05:25 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 9752235 Culebra, PR Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 0.488 m (1.60 ft) 08/21/2011 19:18 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.265 m (0.87 ft) 08/22/2011 04:30 GMT 2.000 Observed Predicted Residual 1.500 HAT Historical Max Landfall 1.000

0.500

0.000 Height above MLLW (m) MLLW above Height

-0.500 08-20 08-21 08-22 08-23 08-24 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 9: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Culebra, PR. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall along the east coast of Puerto Rico on 8/22/2011 05:25 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 18

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 9752619 Isabel Segunda, Vieques Island, PR Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 0.511 m (1.68 ft) 08/21/2011 19:42 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.304 m (1.00 ft) 08/22/2011 02:36 GMT 2.000 Observed Predicted 1.500 Residual HAT Landfall 1.000

0.500

0.000 Height above MLLW (m) MLLW above Height

-0.500 08-20 08-21 08-22 08-23 08-24 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 10: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Isabel Segunda, Vieques Island, PR. A line denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) is displayed. Irene made landfall along the east coast of Puerto Rico on 8/22/2011 05:25 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 9752695 Esperanza, Vieques Island, PR Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 0.596 m (1.96 ft) 08/22/2011 05:06 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.495 m (1.62 ft) 08/22/2011 05:06 GMT 2.000 Observed Predicted Residual 1.500 HAT Historical Max Landfall 1.000

0.500

0.000 Height above MLLW (m) MLLW above Height

-0.500 08-20 08-21 08-22 08-23 08-24 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 11: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Esperanza, Vieques Island, PR. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Maximum recorded water level value exceeded historical recorded maximum tide level. Irene made landfall along the east coast of Puerto Rico on 8/22/2011 05:25 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 19

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 9753216 Fajardo, PR Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 0.787 m (2.58 ft) 08/22/2011 05:30 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.488 m (1.60 ft) 08/22/2011 05:30 GMT 2.000 Observed Predicted 1.500 Residual HAT Landfall 1.000

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Figure 12: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Fajardo, PR. A line denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) is displayed. Irene made landfall along the east coast of Puerto Rico on 8/22/2011 05:25 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 9754228 Yabucoa Harbor, PR Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 0.399 m (1.31 ft) 08/22/2011 04:18 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.310 m (1.02 ft) 08/22/2011 05:42 GMT 2.000 Observed Predicted 1.500 Residual HAT Landfall 1.000

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-0.500 08-20 08-21 08-22 08-23 08-24 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 13: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Yabucoa Harbor, PR. A line denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) is displayed. Irene made landfall along the east coast of Puerto Rico on 8/22/2011 05:25 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 20

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 9755371 San Juan, PR Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 0.550 m (1.80 ft) 08/22/2011 06:48 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.273 m (0.90 ft) 08/22/2011 07:24 GMT 2.000 Observed Predicted Residual 1.500 HAT Historical Max Landfall 1.000

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-0.500 08-20 08-21 08-22 08-23 08-24 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 14: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at San Juan, PR. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall along the east coast of Puerto Rico on 8/22/2011 05:25 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 9757809 Arecibo, PR Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 0.658 m (2.16 ft) 08/23/2011 20:48 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.221 m (0.73 ft) 08/22/2011 10:18 GMT 2.000 Observed Predicted 1.500 Residual HAT Landfall 1.000

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-0.500 08-20 08-21 08-22 08-23 08-24 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 15: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Arecibo, PR. A line denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) is displayed. Irene made landfall along the east coast of Puerto Rico on 8/22/2011 05:25 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 21

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 9759110 Magueyes Island, PR Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 0.323 m (1.06 ft) 08/22/2011 23:06 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.123 m (0.40 ft) 08/23/2011 15:24 GMT 2.000 Observed Predicted Residual 1.500 HAT Historical Max Landfall 1.000

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Figure 16: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Magueyes Island, PR. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall along the east coast of Puerto Rico on 8/22/2011 05:25 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 9759394 Mayaguez, PR Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 0.482 m (1.58 ft) 08/23/2011 21:06 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.279 m (0.92 ft) 08/23/2011 15:36 GMT 2.000 Observed Predicted 1.500 Residual HAT Landfall 1.000

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-0.500 08-20 08-21 08-22 08-23 08-24 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 17: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Mayaguez, PR. A line denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) is displayed. Irene made landfall along the east coast of Puerto Rico on 8/22/2011 05:25 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 22

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 9759412 Aguadilla, PR Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 0.501 m (1.64 ft) 08/23/2011 20:30 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.162 m (0.53 ft) 08/22/2011 11:42 GMT 2.000 Observed Predicted Residual 1.500 HAT Historical Max Landfall 1.000

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-0.500 08-20 08-21 08-22 08-23 08-24 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 18: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Aguadilla, PR. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall along the east coast of Puerto Rico on 8/22/2011 05:25 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 9759938 Mona Island, PR Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 0.391 m (1.28 ft) 08/23/2011 00:18 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.192 m (0.63 ft) 08/22/2011 16:00 GMT 2.000 Observed Predicted Residual 1.500 HAT Historical Max Landfall 1.000

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-0.500 08-20 08-21 08-22 08-23 08-24 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 19: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Mona Island, PR. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall along the east coast of Puerto Rico on 8/22/2011 05:25 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 23

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8723214 Virginia Key, FL Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 1.043 m (3.42 ft) 08/29/2011 13:54 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.302 m (0.99 ft) 08/27/2011 18:30 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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-1.000 08-25 08-26 08-27 08-28 08-29 08-30 08-31 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 20: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Virginia Key, FL. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. The maximum storm tide and/or storm surge did not coincide with the timing of Irene. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8722670 Lake Worth Pier, FL Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 1.343 m (4.41 ft) 08/28/2011 00:00 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.446 m (1.46 ft) 08/26/2011 05:48 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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-1.000 08-25 08-26 08-27 08-28 08-29 08-30 08-31 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 21: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Lake Worth Pier, FL. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. The maximum storm tide and/or storm surge did not coincide with the timing of Irene. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 24

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8721604 Trident Pier, FL Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 1.803 m (5.92 ft) 08/26/2011 22:42 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.539 m (1.77 ft) 08/26/2011 03:18 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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-1.000 08-25 08-26 08-27 08-28 08-29 08-30 08-31 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 22: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Trident Pier, FL. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8720357 I-295 Br., St Johns River, FL Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 0.702 m (2.30 ft) 08/27/2011 13:54 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.464 m (1.52 ft) 08/27/2011 05:30 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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-1.000 08-25 08-26 08-27 08-28 08-29 08-30 08-31 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 23: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at I-295 Bridge, St. Johns River, FL. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 25

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8720218 Mayport (Bar Pilots Dock), FL Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.059 m (6.76 ft) 08/26/2011 23:30 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.785 m (2.58 ft) 08/27/2011 03:30 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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-1.000 08-25 08-26 08-27 08-28 08-29 08-30 08-31 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 24: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Maypor (Bar Pilots Dock), FL. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8720030 Fernandina Beach, FL Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.651 m (8.70 ft) 08/27/2011 00:00 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.877 m (2.88 ft) 08/27/2011 03:42 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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-1.000 08-25 08-26 08-27 08-28 08-29 08-30 08-31 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 25: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Fernandina Beach, FL. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 26

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8670870 Fort Pulaski, GA Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.778 m (9.11 ft) 08/26/2011 23:00 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.783 m (2.57 ft) 08/27/2011 03:06 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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-1.000 08-25 08-26 08-27 08-28 08-29 08-30 08-31 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 26: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Fort Pulaski, GA. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8667633 Clarendon Plantation, SC Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 3.030 m (9.94 ft) 08/27/2011 0:48 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.020 m (3.35 ft) 08/27/2011 05:00 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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-1.000 08-25 08-26 08-27 08-28 08-29 08-30 08-31 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 27: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Clarendon Plantation, SC. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 27

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8665530 Charleston, SC Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.329 m (7.64 ft) 08/26/2011 22:54 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.638 m (2.09 ft) 08/27/2011 02:42 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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-1.000 08-25 08-26 08-27 08-28 08-29 08-30 08-31 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 28: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Charleston, SC. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8662245 Oyster Landing (N. Inlet Estuary), SC Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.296 m (7.53 ft) 08/26/2011 23:06 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.862 m (2.83 ft) 08/27/2011 04:24 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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-1.000 08-25 08-26 08-27 08-28 08-29 08-30 08-31 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 29: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Oyster Landing (N. Inlet Estuary), SC. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Maximum recorded water level value exceeded historical recorded maximum tide level. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 28

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8661070 Springmaid Pier, SC Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.334 m (7.66 ft) 08/26/2011 22:00 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.699 m (2.29 ft) 08/27/2011 01:48 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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-1.000 08-25 08-26 08-27 08-28 08-29 08-30 08-31 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 30: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Springmaid Pier, SC. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8658163 Wrightsville Beach, NC Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.088 m (6.85 ft) 08/26/2011 21:48 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.166 m (3.83 ft) 08/27/2011 02:36 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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-1.000 08-25 08-26 08-27 08-28 08-29 08-30 08-31 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 31: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Wrightsville Beach, NC. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 29

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8658120 Wilmington, NC Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 1.598 m (5.24 ft) 08/30/2011 02:48 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.271 m (0.89 ft) 08/27/2011 06:24 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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-1.000 08-25 08-26 08-27 08-28 08-29 08-30 08-31 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 32: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Wilmington NC. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8656483 Beaufort, NC Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 1.913 m (6.28 ft) 08/27/2011 10:24 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.968 m (3.18 ft) 08/27/2011 11:54 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 33: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Beaufort, NC. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 30

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8654467 USCG Station Hatteras, NC Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 1.250 m (4.10 ft) 08/28/2011 02:54 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.116 m (3.66 ft) 08/28/2011 02:54 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT 5.000 Landfall

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-1.000 08-25 08-26 08-27 08-28 08-29 08-30 08-31 Date & Time (GMT)

Figure 34: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at USCG Station Hatteras, NC. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8652587 Oregon Inlet Marina, NC Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.322 m (7.62 ft) 08/28/2011 03:54 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 2.161 m (7.09 ft) 08/28/2011 03:54 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 35: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Oregon Inlet Marina, NC. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Maximum recorded water level value exceeded historical recorded maximum tide level. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 31

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8651370 Duck, NC Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 1.592 m (5.22 ft) 08/27/2011 21:00 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.757 m (2.48 ft) 08/27/2011 14:36 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 36: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Duck, NC. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8639348 Money Point, VA Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.585 m (8.48 ft) 08/28/2011 00:48 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.484 m (4.87 ft) 08/28/2011 02:36 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 37: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Money Point, VA. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 32

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8638863 Chesapeake Bay Br. Tunnel, VA Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.250 m (7.38 ft) 08/27/2011 23:24 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.263 m (4.14 ft) 08/27/2011 23:24 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 38: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel, VA. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Maximum recorded water level value exceeded historical recorded maximum tide level. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8638610 Sewells Point, VA Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.302 m (7.55 ft) 08/27/2011 23:54 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.390 m (4.56 ft) 08/27/2011 23:48 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 39: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Sewells Point, VA. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 33

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8637689 Yorktown USCG Training Ctr, VA Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.011 m (6.60 ft) 08/28/2011 00:12 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.339 m (4.39 ft) 08/27/2011 20:06 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 40: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Yorktown USCG Training Center, VA. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8636580 Windmill Point, VA Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 1.441 m (4.73 ft) 08/28/2011 01:42 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.974 m (3.20 ft) 0827/2011 21:36 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 41: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Windmill Point, VA. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 34

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8635750 Lewisetta, VA Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 1.384 m (4.54 ft) 08/28/2011 03:30 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.005 m (3.30 ft) 08/28/2011 00:54 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 42: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Lewisetta, VA. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Maximum recorded water level value exceeded historical recorded maximum tide level. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8632200 Kiptopeke, VA Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 1.977 m (6.49 ft) 08/27/2011 23:36 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.004 m (3.29 ft) 08/27/2011 19:12 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 43: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Kiptopeke, VA. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 35

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8631044 Wachapreague, VA Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.053 m (6.74 ft) 08/27/2011 21:48 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.186 m (3.89 ft) 08/28/2011 04:30 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 44: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Wachapreague, VA. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Sensor reached the physical limit on measurements and did not record a maximum value. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8594900 Washington, DC Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 1.181 m (3.87 ft) 08/25/2011 09:06 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.363 m (1.19 ft) 08/27/2011 20:18 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 45: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Washington, DC. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. The maximum storm tide and/or storm surge did not coincide with the timing of Irene. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 36

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8577330 Solomons Island, MD Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 1.124 m (3.69 ft) 08/28/2011 03:48 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.747 m (2.45 ft) 08/28/2011 01:48 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 46: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Solomons Island, MD. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8575512 Annapolis, MD Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 0.778 m (2.55 ft) 08/25/2011 07:24 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.324 m (1.06 ft) 08/25/2011 14:24 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 47: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Annapolis, MD. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. The maximum storm tide and/or storm surge did not coincide with the timing of Irene. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 37

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8574680 Baltimore, MD Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 0.908 m (2.98 ft) 08/25/2011 08:48 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.373 m (1.22 ft) 08/25/2011 09:30 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 48: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Baltimore, MD. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. The maximum storm tide and/or storm surge did not coincide with the timing of Irene. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8573927 Chesapeake City, MD Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 1.315 m (4.31 ft) 08/25/2011 11:54 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.356 m (1.17 ft) 08/25/2011 08:42 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 49: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Chesapeake City, MD. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. The maximum storm tide and/or storm surge did not coincide with the timing of Irene. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 38

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8573364 Tolchester Beach, MD Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 0.945 m (3.10 ft) 08/25/2011 08:24 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.347 m (1.14 ft) 08/25/2011 13:42 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 50: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Tolchester Beach, MD. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. The maximum storm tide and/or storm surge did not coincide with the timing of Irene. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8571892 Cambridge, MD Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 0.945 m (3.10 ft) 08/28/2011 07:06 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.550 m (1.80 ft) 08/28/2011 12:00 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 51: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Cambridge, MD. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 39

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8571421 Bishops Head, MD Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 1.262 m (4.14 ft) 08/28/2011 04:24 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.739 m (2.42 ft) 08/28/2011 02:06 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 52: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Bishops Head, MD. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8570283 Ocean City Inlet, MD Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 1.430 m (4.69 ft) 08/27/2011 23:48 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.029 m (3.38 ft) 08/28/2011 04:06 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 53: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Ocean City Inlet, MD. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC on 8/27/2011 11:30 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 40

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8557380 Lewes, DE Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.499 m (8.20 ft) 08/28/2011 00:06 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.236 m (4.06 ft) 08/28/2011 06:24 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 54: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Lewes, DE. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8555889 Brandywine Shoal Light, DE Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.693 m (8.84 ft) 08/28/2011 00:06 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.106 m (3.63 ft) 08/28/2011 06:36 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 55: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Brandywine Shoal Light, DE. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Maximum recorded water level value exceeded historical recorded maximum tide level. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 41

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8551910 Reedy Point, DE Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.448 m (8.03 ft) 08/28/2011 03:30 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.888 m (2.91 ft) 08/28/2011 06:00 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 56: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Reedy Point, DE. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Maximum storm tide/storm surge includes likely effects from runoff. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8551762 Delaware City, DE Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.689 m (8.82 ft) 08/28/2011 03:48 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.165 m (3.82 ft) 08/28/2011 06:06 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 57: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Delaware City, DE. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Maximum storm tide/storm surge includes likely effects from runoff. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 42

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8548989 Newbold, PA Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 3.651 m (11.98 ft) 08/28/2011 06:54 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 2.694 m (8.84 ft) 08/28/2011 13:24 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 58: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Newbold, PA. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Maximum storm tide/storm surge includes likely effects from runoff. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8544240 Philadelphia, PA Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 3.026 m (9.93 ft) 08/28/2011 05:48 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.596 m (5.24 ft) 08/28/2011 11:54 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 59: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Philadelphia, PA. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Maximum storm tide/storm surge includes likely effects from runoff. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 43

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8540433 Marcus Hook, PA Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.755 m (9.04 ft) 08/28/2011 04:36 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.091 m (3.58 ft) 08/28/2011 10:42 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 60: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Marcus Hook, PA. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Maximum storm tide/storm surge includes likely effects from runoff. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8539094 Burlington, NJ Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 3.456 m (11.34 ft) 08/28/2011 06:36 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 2.370 m (7.78 ft) 08/28/2011 13:18 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 61: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Burlington, NJ. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Maximum storm tide/storm surge includes likely effects from runoff. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 44

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8538886 Tacony-Palmyra Bridge, NJ Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 3.030 m (9.94 ft) 08/28/2011 07:06 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.867 m (6.13 ft) 08/28/2011 12:30 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 62: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Tacony-Palmyra Bridge, NJ. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Sensor reached the physical limit on measurements and did not record a maximum value. Maximum storm tide/storm surge includes likely effects from runoff. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8537121 Ship John Shoal, NJ Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.847 m (9.34 ft) 08/28/2011 00:48 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.043 m (3.42 ft) 08/28/2011 07:36 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 63: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Ship John Shoal, NJ. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Maximum recorded water level value exceeded historical recorded maximum tide level. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 45

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8536110 Cape May, NJ Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.605 m (8.55 ft) 08/28/2011 00:06 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.073 m (3.52 ft) 08/28/2011 06:18 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 64: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Cape May, NJ. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8534720 Atlantic City, NJ Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.121 m (6.96 ft) 08/28/2011 00:00 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.000 m (3.28 ft) 08/28/2011 06:36 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 65: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Atlantic City, NJ. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 46

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8531680 Sandy Hook, NJ Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.971 m (9.75 ft) 08/28/2011 12:36 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.426 m (4.68 ft) 08/28/2011 12:48 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 66: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Sandy Hook, NJ. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8519483 Bergen Point West Reach, NY Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 3.114 m (10.22 ft) 08/28/2011 12:42 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.404 m (4.61 ft) 08/28/2011 13:00 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 67: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Bergen Point West Reach, NY. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Maximum recorded water level value exceeded historical recorded maximum tide level. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 47

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8518750 The Battery, NY Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.896 m (9.50 ft) 08/28/2011 12:42 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.384 m (4.54 ft) 08/28/2011 13:12 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 68: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at The Battery, NY. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8516945 Kings Point, NY Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 3.758 m (12.33 ft) 08/28/2011 14:00 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.441 m (4.73 ft) 08/28/2011 13:24 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 69: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Kings Point, NY. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Maximum recorded water level value exceeded historical recorded maximum tide level. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

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NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8510560 Montauk, NY Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 1.641 m (5.38 ft) 08/28/2011 13:12 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.870 m (2.85 ft) 08/28/2011 15:48 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 70: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Montauk, NY. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8467150 Bridgeport, CT Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 3.683 m (12.08 ft) 08/28/2011 15:06 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.373 m (4.50 ft) 08/28/2011 14:12 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 71: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Bridgeport, CT. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Hurricane Irene Water Level & Meteorological Data Report 49

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8465705 New Haven, CT Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 3.528 m (11.57 ft) 08/28/2011 14:36 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.417 m (4.65 ft) 08/28/2011 14:36 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 72: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at New Haven, CT. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Maximum recorded water level value exceeded historical recorded maximum tide level. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8461490 New London, CT Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 1.997 m (6.55 ft) 08/28/2011 13:24 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.139 m (3.74 ft) 08/28/2011 16:00 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 73: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at New London, CT. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

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NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8454049 Quonset Point, RI Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.097 m (6.88 ft) 08/28/2011 12:06 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.071 m (3.51 ft) 08/28/2011 14:30 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 74: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Quonset Point, RI. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8454000 Providence, RI Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.516 m (8.25 ft) 08/28/2011 13:54 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.454 m (4.77 ft) 08/28/2011 14:00 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 75: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Providence, RI. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

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NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8452944 Conimicut Light, RI Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.313 m (7.59 ft) 08/28/2011 11:54 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.239 m (4.06 ft) 08/28/2011 14:24 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 76: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Conimicut Light, RI. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8452660 Newport, RI Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 1.994 m (6.54 ft) 08/28/2011 11:54 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.960 m (3.15 ft) 08/28/2011 14:24 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 77: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Newport, RI. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

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NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8449130 Nantucket Island, MA Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 1.381 m (4.53 ft) 08/28/2011 16:00 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.417 m (1.37 ft) 08/28/2011 17:06 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 78: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Nantucket Island, MA. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8448725 Menemsha Harbor, MA Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 1.611 m (5.29 ft) 08/28/2011 13:12 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.771 m (2.53 ft) 08/28/2011 14:42 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 79: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Menemsha Harbor, MA. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

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NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8447930 Woods Hole, MA Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 1.405 m (4.61 ft) 08/28/2011 13:36 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.916 m (3.01 ft) 08/28/2011 14:18 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 80: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Woods Hole, MA. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8447435 Chatham, MA Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.271 m (7.45 ft) 08/28/2011 16:12 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.514 m (1.69 ft) 08/28/2011 18:00 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 81: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Chatham, MA. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

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NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8447386 Fall River, MA Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 2.226 m (7.30 ft) 08/28/2011 11:42 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 1.171 m (3.84 ft) 08/28/2011 14:48 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 82: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Fall River, MA. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8443970 Boston, MA Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 3.641 m (11.95 ft) 08/28/2011 15:06 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.534 m (1.75 ft) 08/28/2011 17:48 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 83: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Boston, MA. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

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NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8423898 Fort Point, NH Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 3.335 m (10.94 ft) 08/29/2011 03:36 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.572 m (1.88 ft) 08/28/2011 19:18 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 84: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Fort Point, NH. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8419317 Wells, ME Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 3.420 m (11.22 ft) 08/29/2011 03:30 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.732 m (2.40 ft) 08/28/2011 19:30 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 85: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Wells, ME. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

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NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8418150 Portland, ME Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 3.645 m (11.96 ft) 08/29/2011 03:06 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.586 m (1.92 ft) 08/28/2011 20:06 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 86: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Portland, ME. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8413320 Bar Harbor, ME Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 4.160 m (13.65 ft) 08/29/2011 03:12 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.433 m (1.42 ft) 08/28/2011 21:30 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 87: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Bar Harbor, ME. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

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NOAA NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services 8410140 Eastport, ME Water Levels - Hurricane IRENE Max Storm Tide: 6.711 m (22.02 ft) 08/29/2011 03:06 GMT Max Storm Surge/Residual: 0.464 m (1.52 ft) 08/29/2011 07:18 GMT 8.000 Observed 7.000 Predicted Residual 6.000 HAT Historical Max 5.000 Landfall

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Figure 88: Water levels above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at Eastport, ME. Lines denoting Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Historical Maximum Water Level are displayed. Irene made final landfall near Little Egg Inlet, NJ on 8/28/2011 09:35 GMT.

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Appendix 1: References and Contact Information

NOAA, 2008. Center For Operational Oceanographic Products & Services Specifications and Deliverables for Installation, Operation, and Removal of Water Level Stations, NOAA/NOS, March 2008.

NOAA, 1991. Next Generation Water Level Measurement System (NGWLMS) Site Design, Preparation, and Installation Manual, NOAA/NOS, January 1991.

Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services Environmental Measurement Systems Sensor Specifications and Measurement Algorithm, NOAA/NOS.

For further information or updates on the Storm Technical Reports and Storm QuickLook product, contact:

Storm QuickLook Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS) 1305 East-West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910-3281 Phone: (301) 713-2877 ext. 211 Fax: (301) 713-4437 E-mail: Storm QuickLook ([email protected])

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Appendix 2: Station Locations

Latitude Longitude Station Name Station ID °N °W Barbuda 9761115 17.59069 -61.82056 Christiansted Harbor, St Croix, VI 9751364 17.75000 -64.70500 Lameshur Bay, St. John, VI 9751381 18.31825 -64.72422 Lime Tree Bay, VI 9751401 17.69472 -64.75381 Charlotte Amalie, VI 9751639 18.33583 -64.92000 Culebra, PR 9752235 18.30086 -65.30247 Isabel Segunda, Vieques Island, PR 9752619 18.15253 -65.44381 Esperanza, Vieques Island, PR 9752695 18.09386 -65.47136 Fajardo, PR 9753216 18.33522 -65.63111 Yabucoa Harbor, PR 9754228 18.05508 -65.83300 San Juan, PR 9755371 18.45894 -66.11642 Arecibo, PR 9757809 18.48053 -66.70236 Magueyes Island, PR 9759110 17.97008 -67.04642 Mayaguez, PR 9759394 18.22000 -67.16000 Aguadilla, PR 9759412 18.45664 -67.16458 Mona Island, PR 9759938 18.09000 -67.93833 Virginia Key, FL 8723214 25.73140 -80.16180 Lake Worth Pier, FL 8722670 26.61170 -80.03330 Trident Pier, FL 8721604 28.41580 -80.59310 I-295 Bridge, St Johns River, FL 8720357 30.19170 -81.69170 Mayport (Bar Pilots Dock), FL 8720218 30.39670 -81.43000 Fernandina Beach, FL 8720030 30.67170 -81.46500 Fort Pulaski, GA 8670870 32.03330 -80.90170 Clarendon Plantation, SC 8667633 32.33570 -80.78410 Charleston, SC 8665530 32.78170 -79.92500 Oyster Landing (N. Inlet Estuary), SC 8662245 33.35170 -79.18670 Springmaid Pier, SC 8661070 33.65500 -78.91830 Wrightsville Beach, NC 8658163 34.21330 -77.78670 Wilmington, NC 8658120 34.22670 -77.95330 Beaufort, NC 8656483 34.72000 -76.67000 USCG Station Hatteras, NC 8654467 35.20864 -75.70417 Oregon Inlet Marina, NC 8652587 35.79500 -75.54830 Duck, NC 8651370 36.18333 -75.74667 Money Point, VA 8639348 36.77830 -76.30170 Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel, VA 8638863 36.96667 -76.11333 Sewells Point, VA 8638610 36.94667 -76.33000 Yorktown USCG Training Center, VA 8637689 37.22667 -76.47833 Windmill Point, VA 8636580 37.61620 -76.29000

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Appendix 2: Station Locations (continued)

Latitude Longitude Station Name Station ID °N °W Lewisetta, VA 8635750 37.99611 -76.46444 Kiptopeke, VA 8632200 37.16519 -75.98844 Wachapreague, VA 8631044 37.60778 -75.68583 Washington, DC 8594900 38.87333 -77.02167 Solomons Island, MD 8577330 38.31667 -76.45167 Annapolis, MD 8575512 38.98328 -76.48156 Baltimore, MD 8574680 39.26667 -76.57833 Chesapeake City, MD 8573927 39.52670 -75.81000 Tolchester Beach, MD 8573364 39.21333 -76.24500 Cambridge, MD 8571892 38.57330 -76.06830 Bishops Head, MD 8571421 38.22000 -76.03830 Ocean City Inlet, MD 8570283 38.32833 -75.09167 Lewes, DE 8557380 38.78169 -75.12000 Brandywine Shoal Light, DE 8555889 38.98667 -75.11333 Reedy Point, DE 8551910 39.55831 -75.57331 Delaware City, DE 8551762 39.58170 -75.58830 Newbold, PA 8548989 40.13670 -74.75170 Philadelphia, PA 8545240 39.93333 -75.14167 Marcus Hook, PA 8540433 39.81170 -75.41000 Burlington, Delaware River, NJ 8539094 40.08170 -74.86970 Tacony-Palmyra Bridge, NJ 8538886 40.01194 -75.04300 Ship John Shoal, NJ 8537121 39.30500 -75.37500 Cape May, NJ 8536110 38.96833 -74.96000 Atlantic City, NJ 8534720 39.35500 -74.41830 Sandy Hook, NJ 8531680 40.46690 -74.00940 Bergen Point West Reach, NY 8519483 40.63670 -74.14170 The Battery, NY 8518750 40.70060 -74.01420 Kings Point, NY 8516945 40.81030 -73.76490 Montauk, NY 8510560 41.04830 -71.96000 Bridgeport, CT 8467150 41.17330 -73.18170 New Haven, CT 8465705 41.28330 -72.90830 New London, CT 8461490 41.36139 -72.08997 Quonset Point, RI 8454049 41.58680 -71.41100 Providence, RI 8454000 41.80710 -71.40120 Conimicut Light, RI 8452944 41.71670 -71.34330 Newport, RI 8452660 41.50500 -71.32670 Nantucket Island, MA 8449130 41.28500 -70.09670 Menemsha Harbor, MA 8448725 41.35444 -70.76783

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Appendix 2: Station Locations (continued)

Latitude Longitude Station Name Station ID °N °W Woods Hole, MA 8447930 41.52330 -70.67170 Chatham, MA 8447435 41.68847 -69.95108 Fall River, MA 8447386 41.70430 -71.16410 Boston, MA 8443970 42.35480 -71.05340 Fort Point, NH 8423898 43.07170 -70.71170 Wells, ME 8419317 43.32000 -70.56331

Portland, ME 8418150 43.65670 -70.24670

Bar Harbor, ME 8413320 44.39170 -68.20500

Eastport, ME 8410140 44.90460 -66.98290

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Appendix 3: Definitions

Excerpts From: Tide and Current Glossary, NOAA National Ocean Service, Silver Spring, MD, 2000 (http://www.tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/publications/glossary2.pdf), Tidal Datums homepage (http://www.tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/datum_options.html) and the Storm QuickLook Frequently Asked Questions homepage (http://www.tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/quicklook_faqs.shtml)

Bench mark (BM): A fixed physical object or mark used as reference for a horizontal or vertical datum. A tidal bench mark is one near a tide station to which the tide staff and tidal datums are referred. A primary bench mark is the principal mark of a group of tidal bench marks to which the tide staff and tidal datums are referred.

Chart datum: The datum to which soundings on a chart are referred. It is usually taken to correspond to a low-water elevation, and its depression below mean sea level is represented by the symbol Z. Since 1980, chart datum has been implemented to mean lower low water for all marine waters of the United States, its territories, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.

Datum (vertical): For marine applications, a base elevation used as a reference from which to reckon heights or depths. It is called a tidal datum when defined in terms of a certain phase of the tide. Tidal datums are local datums and should not be extended into areas which have differing hydrographic char- acteristics without substantiating measurements. In order that they may be recovered when needed, such datums are referenced to fixed points known as bench marks. See chart datum and bench marks.

Geodetic datum: The NOAA National Geodetic Survey defines a geodetic datum as: "A set of constants used for calculating the coordinates of points on the Earth." In surveying and geodesy, a datum is a reference point on the earth's surface against which position measurements are made, and an associated model of the shape of the earth for computing positions. Horizontal datums are used for describing a point on the earth's surface, in latitude and longitude. Vertical datums are used to measure elevations or underwater depths.

Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT): The elevation of the highest predicted astronomical tide expected to occur at a specific tide station over the National Tidal Datum Epoch.

Historical Recorded Maximum Tide Level: The maximum tide elevation measured by a water level station with a continuous time series throughout a high tide cycle. A complete cycle is required to calculate the maximum tide elevation, using a best fit curve of the observations. These historical records may not have included the highest water levels measured at a station during an event if a complete high tide cycle was not measured due to station/sensor damage. See storm tides.

Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW): A tidal datum. The average of the lower low water height of each tidal day observed over the National Tidal Datum Epoch. See National Tidal Datum Epoch. For stations with shorter series, comparison of simultaneous observations with a control tide station is made in order to derive the equivalent datum of the National Tidal Datum Epoch.

Mean Higher High Water (MHHW): A tidal datum. The average of the higher high water height of each tidal day observed over the National Tidal Datum Epoch. For stations with shorter series, comparison of

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simultaneous observations with a control tide station is made in order to derive the equivalent datum of the National Tidal Datum Epoch.

Mean Sea Level (MSL): A tidal datum. The arithmetic mean of hourly heights observed over the National Tidal Datum Epoch. Shorter series are specified in the name; e.g. monthly mean sea level and yearly mean sea level.

National Tidal Datum Epoch: The specific 19-year period adopted by the National Ocean Service as the official time segment over which tide observations are taken and reduced to obtain mean values (e.g., mean lower low water, etc.) for tidal datums. It is necessary for standardization because of periodic and apparent secular trends in sea level. The present National Tidal Datum Epoch is 1983 through 2001. It is reviewed annually for possible revision and must be actively considered for revision every 25 years.

North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 1988): A fixed reference for elevations determined by geodetic leveling. The datum was derived from a general adjustment of the first-order terrestrial leveling nets of the United States, Canada, and Mexico. In the adjustment, only the height of the primary tidal bench mark, referenced to the International Great Lakes Datum of 1985 (IGLD 1985) local mean sea level height value, at Father Point, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada was held fixed, thus providing minimum constraint. NAVD 1988 and IGLD 1985 are identical. However, NAVD 1988 bench mark values are given in Helmert orthometric height units while IGLD 1985 values are in dynamic heights.

National Tidal Datum Epoch: The specific 19-year period adopted by the National Ocean Service as the official time segment over which tide observations are taken and reduced to obtain mean values (e.g., mean lower low water, etc.) for tidal datums. It is necessary for standardization because of periodic and apparent secular trends in sea level. The present NTDE is 1983 through 2001 and is actively considered for revision every 20-25 years. Tidal datums in certain regions with anomalous sea level changes (Alaska, Gulf of Mexico) are calculated on a Modified 5-Year Epoch.

National Water Level Observation Network (NWLON): The network of tide and water level stations operated by the National Ocean Service along the marine and Great Lakes coasts and islands of the United States.

Neap tides: Tides of decreased range occurring semimonthly as the result of the Moon being in quadrature (first or last quarters).

Non-tidal: Water levels may be classified as tidal or non-tidal. Water bodies with little or no range in tide and where the rise and fall of the water surface can no longer be practically measured in a predictable rhythm due to masking of the tide by hydrologic, wind, or other effects are non-tidal.

Range of tide: The difference in height between consecutive high and low waters. The mean range is the difference in height between mean high water and mean low water. The great diurnal range or diurnal range is the difference in height between mean higher high water and mean lower low water. For other ranges see spring, neap, perigean, apogean, and tropic tides; and tropic ranges.

Tide: The periodic rise and fall of a body of water resulting from gravitational interactions between Sun, Moon, and Earth. The vertical component of the particulate motion of a tidal wave. Same as astronomic tide.

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Tide (water level) gauge: An instrument for measuring the rise and fall of the tide (water level). Water levels may be classified as tidal and non-tidal.

Spring tides: Tides of increased range occurring semimonthly as the result of the Moon being new or full.

Storm Surge/Residual: The onshore rush of sea or lake water caused by the high wind and the low pressure centers associated with a landfalling hurricane or other intense storm. The amplitude of the storm surge at any given location is dependent upon the orientation of the coast line with the storm track, the intensity, size and speed of the storm, and the local bathymetry. In practice, storm surge is usually estimated by subtracting the normal or astronomical tide from the observed storm tide at tide stations. This difference between observed storm tides and astronomical tide can have other components such as regional elevated mean sea levels in the Gulf of Mexico due to the Loop Current, elevated sea levels on the West Coast due to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), or local elevated sea levels due to river runoff in tidal rivers.

Storm Tide: The maximum water level elevation measured by a water level station during storm events. Depending on location, the storm tide is the potential combination of storm surge, local astronomical tide, regional sea level variations and river runoff during storm events. Since wind generated waves ride on top of the storm surge (and are not included in the definition), the total instantaneous elevation may greatly exceed the predicted storm surge plus astronomical tide. It is potentially catastrophic, especially on low lying coasts with gently sloping offshore topography.

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Appendix 4: Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale Classification

Category Wind speed (kn) Wind speed (mph) Pressure (mb) Tropical Depression 20-34 23-38 n/a Tropical Storm 35-63 39-73 n/a Category 1 64-82 74-95 > 980 Category 2 83-95 96-110 965-979 Category 3 96-113 111-130 945-964 Category 4 114-135 131-155 920-944 Category 5 > 135 > 155 < 920

National Hurricane Center: The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale is a 1-5 rating based on the hurricane's present intensity (http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshs.shtml). The scale does not address the potential for other hurricane-related impacts, such as storm surge, rainfall-induced floods, and tornadoes. Note that all winds are using 1-minute averaged wind speeds at a 10-meter elevation with an unobstructed exposure.

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