Intelligent Design

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Intelligent Design INTELLIGENT DESIGN PD Dr. Dirk Evers AG auf der Tagung der GET, Tübingen Hofgeismar 17.02.2009 „Kreationismus“ 2 ¤ „Kreationismus“ (creationism, creation science) Überzeugung, dass die wörtlich genommene Hl. Schrift, vor allem die „Urgeschichte“ im 1. Mosebuch, einen wahren Bericht über den Vorgang der Welt- und Lebensentstehung darstellt, der zur Grundlage aller Wissenschaft zu machen ist. n Elemente: n Schöpfung aus dem Nichts n Mirakulöses Hervorbringen der Lebewesen n Fortgesetztes Eingreifen Gottes in die Schöpfung (z.B. Sintflut) Entstanden als Teil des amerikanischen „Fundamentalismus“ zu Beginn des 20. Jh. n “The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth”, 1910-15 n Konservative amerikanische Theologen gegen liberale Theologie und hist.-krit. Exegese. Formen des Kreationismus 3 ¤ Kurzzeitkreationismus (young earth creationism) Weltalter: ca. 6000 Jahre (Bischof Ussher, 1581- 1656) ¤ Langzeitkreationismus (old earth creationism) 7 Schöpfungstage als „Zeitalter“ gap-creationism (Und die Erde war wüst und leer …) ¤ Neo-„Kreationismus“ Intelligent Design Zur Geschichte des Kreationismus 4 ¤ Zwischen 1921-29 Gesetze in 31 Staaten, die es verbieten, die Abstammung des Menschen vom Tier zu unterrichten. ¤ 1925: „Affenprozess“ gegen John Scopes in Dayton, Tennessee. ¤ Seit ca. 1960: Wiederbelebung und Radikalisierung John C. Whitcomb/Henry M. Morris, Genesis-Flood, 1961 Beginn des Creation Science (!) Movement: Strategiewechsel n „Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion“ (1st Amendment) 1970 Gründung des Institute for Creation Research (ICR) in San Diego (Seit 2007 in Dallas), eigene graduate school (master of science education) Zur Geschichte des Kreationismus 5 ¤ 1968 erstes Urteil des Supreme Court ¤ 1981 Prozess in Arkansas Creation Science und Evolution sollten gleichberechtigt im Biologie(!)-Unterricht gelehrt werden. Berufung auf Karl Popper (Falsifikationsprinzip) Vollständige Niederlage der Kreationisten. ¤ Erstarken der Bewegung durch populär- „wissenschaftliche“ Literatur und neue Institute Answers in Genesis (Kentucky) The Creation Science Association for Mid-America (CSA, Kansas) Kreationismus in Europa 6 Deutschland: n 1979 Gründung der „Studiengemeinschaft Wort und Wissen“. n Theodor Ellinger 1980-1997 n (Horst W. Beck) n Siegfried Scherer 1997-2006 n Henrik Ullrich seit 2006 n 1986 erstes kreationistisches Biologiebuch in Deutschland. n Bis heute 5 Auflagen n Gondwana Prähistorium in Saarbrücken Niederlande n Willem Ouweneel Großbritannien n Arthur Wilder-Smith Schweiz n ProGenesis, Schöpfungspark Türkei n Adnan Oktar alias Harun Yahya Kreationistische Überzeugungen 7 ¤ Statistiken USA n 42% sind der Meinung, dass die Lebewesen immer in ihrer heutigen Form existierten. Muslimische Länder Deutschland: ca. 20% halten die Evolutionstheorie für falsch (Spiegel-Umfrage 2005) Intelligent Design Movement 8 ¤ Neue Bewegung seit ca. 1990 „Der Grundgedanke der IDTh ist, daß Ereignisse, Gegenstände und Strukturen in der Welt Kennzeichen aufweisen können, die verlässlich auf das Einwirken von Intelligenz schließen lassen.“ (W. Dembski, Art. Intelligent Design -Theorie, RGG 4 4, 183) Welcher Art diese „Intelligenz“ ist, soll offen gelassen werden. n 1991: Philip Johnston, Darwin on Trial n 1996: Michael Behe, Darwin‘s Black Box n 1998: William Dembski, The Design Inference n 1999: ders., Intelligent Design: The Bridge between Science and Theology n 2001: ders., No Free Lunch ID: Grundbegriffe 9 ¤ Grundfrage: Was unterscheidet Design von natürlicher Entstehung (d.h. von gesetzmäßiger Notwendigkeit und blindem Zufall)? ¤ Grundbegriffe: Irreduzible Komplexität (Behe) n By irreducibly complex I mean a single system composed of several well-matched, interacting parts that contribute to the basic function, wherein the removal of any one of the parts causes the system to effectively cease functioning. n An irreducibly complex system cannot be produced directly … by slight, successive modifications of a precursor system … would have to arise as an integrated unit, in one fell swoop, for natural selection to have anything to act on (Behe, Darwin‘s Black Box, 39). Spezifizierte Komplexität als ‚explanatory filter‘(Dembski) n Etwas, was gleichzeitig komplex (wenig wahrscheinlich) und spezifisch ist, muss durch Design entstanden sein. ID: Grundbegriffe 10 ¤ Die Gottesfrage soll offenbleiben: Dembski sieht Intelligent Design „als ein wissenschaftliches Forschungsprogramm an, welches die Auswirkungen von intelligenten Ursachen untersucht. Man muss beachten, dass dabei die Auswirkungen einer intelligenten Ursache untersucht werden, nicht die intelligenten Ursachen als solche .“ (RGG 4-Art. Intelligent Design) ¤ Statt dessen soll gezeigt werden: Es gibt Lücken in der physikalischen Wirklichkeit, die grundsätzlich nicht mit Hilfe der Wissenschaft geschlossen werden können. ID und Kreationismus 11 Die meisten führenden Vertreter des ID sind keine Kreationisten. Aber: n Einige sind es. n Sie werden von Kreationisten unterstützt. n In internen Papieren wird der „intelligente Designer“ als der jüdisch - christliche Schöpfergott verstanden. n Kreationisten benutzen die ID-Bewegung n Wedge Document (Strategiepapier des Discovery Institutes): n 1. Phase: Scientific Research, Writing & Pblicity n 2. Phase: Publicity & Opinion-Making n 3. Phase: Cultural Confrontation & Renewal Analoge Versuch, ID als wissenschaftliche Alternative in die Schulen einzuführen n Tammy Kitzmiller, et al. v. Dover Area School District, et al., 2005 n Kardinal Schöborn, Finding Design in Nature (NY-Times, 7.7.2005): „overwhelming evidence for design in biology “ n G.W. Bush: „Both sides ought to be properly taught“ Wissenschaftliche Kritik I 12 ¤ ID ist die grundfalsche Antwort auf die berechtigte Frage nach den Grenzen wissenschaftlicher Erklärungen und schadet beiden, Wissenschaft und Theologie. ¤ Die ID -Theorie ist als argumentum ad ignorantiam ein Fehlschluss. ¤ Die ID-Theorie ist deshalb auch keine wissenschaftliche Theorie oder Erklärung. ID ist „keine biologische Erklärung im eigentlichen […] ID ist vielmehr die Behauptung, dass es keine biologische Erklärung für ein Phänomen gibt“. ¤ Kein Lebewesen ist irreduzibel komplex im Beheschen Sinne. Das zeigt sich schon an der Ontogenese: Lebewesen werden nicht aus Organen zusammen gesetzt, sondern entwickeln sich einschließlich ihrer Organe. Wissenschaftliche Kritik II 13 ¤ Der postulierte Design-Vorgang ist nicht einmal denkbar. „Hier wird nun die Vernunft wie gelähmt, indem sie dadurch in ihrem Geschäfte nach bekannten Gesetzen aufgehalten, durch kein neues aber belehrt wird, auch nie in der Welt davon belehrt zu werden hoffen kann.“ (I. Kant, Religion) ¤ Wenn Design nur durch einen Designer möglich ist, müssten ständig wunderbare Design-Vorgänge festgestellt werden. ¤ ID verwischt den erkenntnistheoretisch fundamentalen Unterschied zwischen Beschreibungen und Wirklichkeit. Das hat ID allerdings mit manchen Versionen des neuen Atheismus gemeinsam (les extrêmes se touchent)..
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