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Chapter One: Introduction, Historical Method, and Statement of the Argument University of Groningen Duplex Regnum Christi Beeke, Jonathon David IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2019 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Beeke, J. D. (2019). Duplex Regnum Christi: Christ's Twofold Kingdom in Reformed Theology. University of Groningen. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 02-10-2021 Duplex Regnum Christi Christ’s Twofold Kingdom in Reformed Theology PhD thesis to obtain the degree of PhD at the University of Groningen on the authority of the Rector Magnificus prof. E. Sterken and in accordance with the decision by the College of Deans. This thesis will be defended in public on Thursday 28 March 2019 at 11.00 hours by Jonathon David Beeke born on 18 December 1979 in St. Catharines, Ontario, CANADA ISBN 978-94-034-1484-3 (printed version) ISBN 978-94-034-1483-6 (electronic version) Supervisors Prof. H. van den Belt Prof. G. van den Brink Assessment Committee Prof. R. H. Reeling Brouwer Prof. D. VanDrunen Prof. E. van 't Slot To my wife, Allyson Tu supergressa es universas Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................... XI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................... XIII CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION, HISTORICAL METHOD, AND STATEMENT OF THE ARGUMENT .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 1.2. OVERVIEW OF SECONDARY SCHOLARSHIP ................................................................ 2 1.2.1. Scholarship on the Two Kingdoms within Lutheranism .......................... 2 1.2.2. Scholarship on the Two Kingdoms within the Reformed Tradition ........ 7 1.3. RELEVANCE OF THIS STUDY.................................................................................. 12 1.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS ....................................................................................... 14 1.5. METHOD OF INVESTIGATION AND OUTLINE OF STUDY .............................................. 16 1.6. STATEMENT OF THE ARGUMENT ........................................................................... 21 PART I: EARLY MAGISTERIAL REFORMERS AND THE DUPLEX REGNUM CHRISTI .. 25 CHAPTER TWO: LAYING THE PATRISTIC AND MEDIEVAL FOUNDATION .............. 27 I.2.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 27 I.2.2. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM: “THE SCRIPTURE ACKNOWLEDGES TWO KINGDOMS OF GOD” ...... 29 I.2.3. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO: AN ESCHATOLOGICAL TENSION BETWEEN TWO CITIES ............ 32 I.2.4. POPE BONIFACE VIII AND THE MEDIEVAL TWO-SWORDS CONSTRUCT: SPIRITUAL AND TEMPORAL AUTHORITY ............................................................................................. 36 I.2.5. THOMAS AQUINAS: “THAT THE OFFICE OF GOVERNING THE KINGDOM SHOULD BE LEARNED FROM THE DIVINE GOVERNMENT” ................................................................. 37 I.2.6. WILLIAM OF OCKHAM ...................................................................................... 40 I.2.7. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 41 CHAPTER THREE: MARTIN LUTHER AND THE TWO-KINGDOMS DOCTRINE ......... 43 I.3.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 43 I.3.2. LUTHER AND THE TWO KINGDOMS: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ............................ 45 I.3.2.1 Terminological Considerations and Three Dualities ............................ 45 I.3.2.2 Further Conceptual Considerations ..................................................... 49 I.3.3. LUTHER AND THE TWO KINGDOMS: TEMPORAL AUTHORITY (1523) ......................... 53 I.3.4. LUTHER ON THE TWO KINGDOMS AND THE CREATED ORDER ................................... 60 I.3.5. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 70 CHAPTER FOUR: MARTIN BUCER AND JOHN CALVIN ON CHRIST’S KINGDOM .... 73 I.4.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 73 I.4.2. MARTIN BUCER: DE REGNO CHRISTI ................................................................... 75 vii I.4.2.1. Bucer’s Terminology and Its Significance ........................................... 77 I.4.2.2. Points of Commonality and Distinction and the Role of the Magistrate in Restoring Christ’s Kingdom ........................................................................ 79 I.4.3. THE TWOFOLD KINGDOM OF CHRIST IN CALVIN’S THOUGHT: THE INSTITUTES ............. 84 I.4.3.1. Calvin on the Twofold Kingdom: The Institutes (1536)....................... 86 I.4.3.2. Calvin on the Twofold Kingdom: The Institutes (1559)....................... 93 I.4.4. CALVIN ON THE STATE OF SINLESS ADAM ............................................................. 97 I.4.5. CALVIN’S TWOFOLD KINGDOM: CONSISTENT OR CONFUSED APPLICATION? ............. 104 I.4.6. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 110 PART II: DEVELOPMENT OF THE DUPLEX REGNUM CHRISTI IN REFORMED ORTHODOXY ..................................................................................................... 115 CHAPTER FIVE: INTRODUCING TERMS AND CONCEPTS ..................................... 117 II.5.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 117 II.5.2. TERMINOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND KEY CONCEPTS ..................................... 118 II.5.2.1. Regnum essentiale and regnum mediatorium ................................ 119 II.5.2.2. Other terms relating to the regnum essentiale and regnum mediatorium ................................................................................................. 120 II.5.2.3. A threefold kingdom of power, grace, and glory............................. 122 II.5.2.4. Further Variations ........................................................................... 127 II.5.3. PLACEMENT OF THE DUPLEX REGNUM CHRISTI IN THEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS ............... 128 II.5.4. AN “IN-HOUSE” DEBATE ............................................................................... 130 II.5.5. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................... 132 CHAPTER SIX: THE DUPLEX REGNUM CHRISTI IN REFORMED ORTHODOXY: LEIDEN AS REPRESENTATIVE CENTER ............................................................................ 135 II.6.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 135 II.6.2. CONTEXTUAL CONSIDERATIONS ...................................................................... 137 II.6.2.1. Leiden: Brief Sixteenth-Century Civic History .................................. 137 II.6.2.2. Leiden University as an Intellectual Center of Reformed Orthodoxy ..................................................................................................................... 140 II.6.3. FRANCISCUS JUNIUS ON THE TWOFOLD KINGDOM OF CHRIST ............................... 142 II.6.3.1. Exegetical Grounding: Junius’s Sacred Parallels .............................. 143 II.6.3.2. Junius’s Polemical Use of the Duplex Regnum ................................ 146 II.6.3.3. The Duplex Regnum in Junius’s Theological Theses ........................ 149 II.6.4. SCHOLASTIC DISPUTATIONS AT LEIDEN UNIVERSITY AND THE DUPLEX REGNUM CHRISTI .......................................................................................................................... 153 II.6.4.1. The Nature and Use of Scholastic Disputations at Leiden University ..................................................................................................................... 153 II.6.4.2. The Duplex Regnum as Expressed Elsewhere in the Synopsis ......... 156 II.6.4.3. Walaeus’s Disputation on the Session of Christ and the Duplex Regnum ........................................................................................................ 158 viii II.6.4.4. The Duplex Regnum as Expressed Elsewhere in Walaeus’s Theology ....................................................................................................................
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