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Atlas of Pollen and Plants Used by Bees
AtlasAtlas ofof pollenpollen andand plantsplants usedused byby beesbees Cláudia Inês da Silva Jefferson Nunes Radaeski Mariana Victorino Nicolosi Arena Soraia Girardi Bauermann (organizadores) Atlas of pollen and plants used by bees Cláudia Inês da Silva Jefferson Nunes Radaeski Mariana Victorino Nicolosi Arena Soraia Girardi Bauermann (orgs.) Atlas of pollen and plants used by bees 1st Edition Rio Claro-SP 2020 'DGRV,QWHUQDFLRQDLVGH&DWDORJD©¥RQD3XEOLFD©¥R &,3 /XPRV$VVHVVRULD(GLWRULDO %LEOLRWHF£ULD3ULVFLOD3HQD0DFKDGR&5% $$WODVRISROOHQDQGSODQWVXVHGE\EHHV>UHFXUVR HOHWU¶QLFR@RUJV&O£XGLD,Q¬VGD6LOYD>HW DO@——HG——5LR&ODUR&,6(22 'DGRVHOHWU¶QLFRV SGI ,QFOXLELEOLRJUDILD ,6%12 3DOLQRORJLD&DW£ORJRV$EHOKDV3µOHQ– 0RUIRORJLD(FRORJLD,6LOYD&O£XGLD,Q¬VGD,, 5DGDHVNL-HIIHUVRQ1XQHV,,,$UHQD0DULDQD9LFWRULQR 1LFRORVL,9%DXHUPDQQ6RUDLD*LUDUGL9&RQVXOWRULD ,QWHOLJHQWHHP6HUYL©RV(FRVVLVWHPLFRV &,6( 9,7¯WXOR &'' Las comunidades vegetales son componentes principales de los ecosistemas terrestres de las cuales dependen numerosos grupos de organismos para su supervi- vencia. Entre ellos, las abejas constituyen un eslabón esencial en la polinización de angiospermas que durante millones de años desarrollaron estrategias cada vez más específicas para atraerlas. De esta forma se establece una relación muy fuerte entre am- bos, planta-polinizador, y cuanto mayor es la especialización, tal como sucede en un gran número de especies de orquídeas y cactáceas entre otros grupos, ésta se torna más vulnerable ante cambios ambientales naturales o producidos por el hombre. De esta forma, el estudio de este tipo de interacciones resulta cada vez más importante en vista del incremento de áreas perturbadas o modificadas de manera antrópica en las cuales la fauna y flora queda expuesta a adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones o desaparecer. -
Diversidad De Plantas Y Vegetación Del Páramo Andino
Plant diversity and vegetation of the Andean Páramo Diversidad de plantas y vegetación del Páramo Andino By Gwendolyn Peyre A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor from the University of Barcelona and Aarhus University University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology, PhD Program Biodiversity Aarhus University, Institute of Bioscience, PhD Program Bioscience Supervisors: Dr. Xavier Font, Dr. Henrik Balslev Tutor: Dr. Xavier Font March, 2015 Aux peuples andins Summary The páramo is a high mountain ecosystem that includes all natural habitats located between the montane treeline and the permanent snowline in the humid northern Andes. Given its recent origin and continental insularity among tropical lowlands, the páramo evolved as a biodiversity hotspot, with a vascular flora of more than 3400 species and high endemism. Moreover, the páramo provides many ecosystem services for human populations, essentially water supply and carbon storage. Anthropogenic activities, mostly agriculture and burning- grazing practices, as well as climate change are major threats for the páramo’s integrity. Consequently, further scientific research and conservation strategies must be oriented towards this unique region. Botanical and ecological knowledge on the páramo is extensive but geographically heterogeneous. Moreover, most research studies and management strategies are carried out at local to national scale and given the vast extension of the páramo, regional studies are also needed. The principal limitation for regional páramo studies is the lack of a substantial source of good quality botanical data covering the entire region and freely accessible. To meet the needs for a regional data source, we created VegPáramo, a floristic and vegetation database containing 3000 vegetation plots sampled with the phytosociological method throughout the páramo region and proceeding from the existing literature and our fieldwork (Chapter 1). -
000Plagiat Format Thesis
MASTERARBEIT Floral Structure and Pollination Biology of Axinaea (Melastomataceae) verfasst von Agnes Dellinger, BSc angestrebter akademischer Grad Master of Science (MSc) Wien, 2013 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 066 833 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Masterstudium Ökologie Betreut von: Prof. Dr. Jürg Schönenberger Abstract Pollen as the only reward for pollinating bees is characteristic for most Neotropical Melastomataceae. For eight genera belonging to four different tribes, however, nectar secretion by stomatal openings, pseudo-tubular flowers and both vertebrate and invertebrate pollinators other than bees have been reported. The pseudo-tubular flowers of the mainly Andean genus Axinaea (tribe Merianieae) are characterized by distinctive bulbous connec- tive appendages. It has been hypothesized that these appendages may bear nectar secreting structures, may play a key role in the process of pollination, or may serve as food-bodies to attract pollinators other than bees. To test these hypotheses, I have investigated floral the structure of five Axinaea species in detail using MicroCT, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Light Microscopy. Field studies on the breeding system and pollinator monitoring of Axinaea confusa have been conducted in a montane rainforest in southern Ecuador. Like nectar producing Merianieae, Axinaea bears stomatal openings on the inner wall of the hypanthium, but the flowers are not nectariferous. The main finding of my investigations is that instead of a nectar reward, the pollination mechanism of Axinaea involves floral food- bodies in combination with bird pollination. Different species of tanagers and flower piercers (Thraupidae) are attracted by the brightly coloured bulbous connective appendages in the flowers. However, these appendages do not only function as attractant and food reward for the pollinating birds, but are also an integral part of a complex pollination mechanism which is best described as a “bellows-mechanism”. -
Systematic Anatomy of the Woods of the Tiliaceae
Technical Bulletin 158 June 1943 Systematic Anatomy of the Woods of the Tiliaceae B. Francis Kukachka and L. W. Rees Division of Forestry University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Systematic Anatomy of the Woods of the Tiliaceae B. Francis Kukachka and L. W. Rees Division of Forestry University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Accepted for publication January 29, 1943 CONTENTS Page Introduction 3 Anatomical indicators of phylogeny 4 Taxonomic history 7 Materials and methods 12 Measurements 14 Vessel members 14 Pore diameter 15 Numerical distributionS of pores 15 Pore grouping 15 Pore wall thickness 15 Fiber length 16 Fiber diameter 16 Parenchyma width and length 16 Description of the woods of the Tiliaceae 16 Description of the woods of the Elaeocarpaceae 49 Discussion 54 Elaeocarpaceae 54 Tiliaceae 56 General conclusions 63 Summary 64 Acknowledgments 65 Literature cited 65 2M-6-43 Systematic Anatomy of the Woods of the Tiliaceae B. Francis Kukachka and L. W. Rees INTRODUCTION ITHIN the last 20 years there has been developed a method Wof studying evolutionary trends in the secondary xylem of the dicotyledons, the fundamentals of which were laid principally by the researches of Bailey and Tupper( 13), Frost (50, 51, 52), and Kribs (64, 65). The technique depends on the previous establishment of an undoubtedly primitive anatomical feature and this is then asso- ciated with the feature to be investigated in order to determine the extent and direction of the correlation between the occur- rence of both features in the various species. A high positive correlation would indicate that the feature studied is relatively primitive. -
The Community Ecology, Dynamics and Productivity of Tropical Grasslands in the Andes
The Pdramo Vegetation of Ecuador: the Community Ecology, Dynamics and Productivity of Tropical Grasslands in the Andes. by Paul Michael Ramsay A thesis submitted for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor of the University of Wales. December 1992 School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW. i Dedicated to the memory of Jack Higgins, my grandfather. "... a naturalist's life would be a happy one if he had only to observe and never to write." Charles Darwin ii Table of Contents Preface AcknoWledgements vii Summary ix Resumen Chapter 1. Introduction to the Ecuadorian P6ramos 1 Ecuador 2 The Pâramos of the Andes 2 Geology and Edaphology of the Paramos 6 Climate 8 Flora 11 Fauna 14 The Influence of Man 14 Chapter 2. The Community Ecology of the Ecuadorian P6ramos 17 Introduction 18 Methods 20 Results 36 The Zonal Vegetation of the Ecuadorian Paramos 51 Discussion 64 Chapter 3. Plant Form in the Ecuadorian Paramos 77 Section I. A Growth Form Classification for the Ecuadorian Paramos 78 Section II. The Growth Form Composition of the Ecuadorian Pâramos Introduction 94 Methods 95 Results 97 Discussion 107 Section III. Temperature Characteristics of Major Growth Forms in the Ecuadorian PSramos Introductio n 112 Methods 113 Results 118 Discussion 123 III Table of Contents iv Chapter 4. Aspects of Plant Community Dynamics in the Ecuadorian Pgramos 131 Introduction 132 Methods 133 Results 140 Discussion 158 Chapter 5. An Assessment of Net Aboveground Primary Productivity in the Andean Grasslands of Central Ecuador 165 Introduction 166 Methods 169 Results 177 Discussion 189 Chapter 6. -
Escuela Superior Politécnica De Chimborazo
ESCUELA SUPERIOR POLITÉCNICA DE CHIMBORAZO FACULTAD DE RECURSOS NATURALES ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍA FORESTAL DETERMINACIÓN DE LA RELACIÓN POBLACIONAL DE TRES ESPECIES FORESTALES, Aegiphila ferruginea, Oreopanax ecuadorensis, Vallea stipularis; EN EL BOSQUE LEONAN DE LLUCUD, CANTÓN CHAMBO, PROVINCIA DE CHIMBORAZO. TRABAJO DE TITULACIÓN PROYECTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN PARA TITULACIÓN DE GRADO PRESENTADA COMO REQUISITO PARCIAL PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE INGENIERA FORESTAL KEYLLY MARCELA CHÁVEZ INCA RIOBAMBA –ECUADOR 2018 ©2018, Keylly Marcela Chávez Inca Se autoriza la reproducción total o parcial, con fines académicos,por cualquier medio o procedimiento, incluyendo la cita bibliográficadel documento, siempre y cuando se reconozca el Derecho de Autor. DEDICATORIA A mis padres por los valores que supieron inculcarme cuando niña, por su amor, su comprensión y sobre todo por el apoyo incondicional que me brindaron. A mis dos hermanas Camila y Narayany por ser el motor en mi vida, para que sepan que cuando uno trabaja por lo que se quiere tarde o temprano se consigue. Keylly Marcela Chávez Inca AGRADECIMIENTO A los dos faros que siempre me esperan en casa: Marcelo Chávez mi padre el ser humano más noble quien me ha demostrado que se puede educar con amor y paciencia y Maira Inca, mi madre por enseñarme que puedo lograr lo que me proponga sin importar que tan difícil parezca, por demostrarme lo fuertes que podemos llegar a ser las personas. Por su tiempo y esfuerzo. A Camila Chávez y Narayany Lema, mis hermanas, por comprender mi corazón como si lo llevaran en su cuerpo, por llenarme de alegría y ser esas ganas de seguir adelante cuando todo se pone difícil. -
Andean Flora of Ecuador
Andean Flora of Ecuador Naturetrek Tour Report 24 September - 9 October 2013 Report compiled by Gustavo Cañas-Valle Naturetrek Cheriton Mill Cheriton Alresford Hampshire SO24 0NG England T: +44 (0)1962 733051 F: +44 (0)1962 736426 E: [email protected] W: www.naturetrek.co.uk Tour Report Andean Flora of Ecuador Tour Leader: Gustavo Cañas-Valle Participants: Neil Sanders Vivien Aylmer Peter Douch Monica Douch George Everett Joan Vincent Introduction Ecuador harbors one of the richest floras of the world. Walking forested areas, along roads and paths, we try to convey the diversity of the flora of the Eastern Andes of Ecuador. Our exploration progresses through the main vegetation formations of a corridor traced between Quito and Vilcabamba, with side trips to the Cloud Forest on the eastern slopes. During the trip, we had brief evening gatherings to identify some of the readily described flowers up to level of genus. We photographed flowers belonging to 184 genera and 74 families. Among them, I identified 220 flowers to the species level. These 220 species included 34 plants endemic to Ecuador, 55 specialties unique to Ecuador and either Colombia or Peru, and 16 species only available in the territory covered by the three countries. In the end, our 14 day adventure generated a list of 105 range restricted flowering plants identified to species, which can be seen only in the Andes of either Ecuador or its neighbouring countries. Most of them occurr in habitats which also represent a reduced extension of native vegetation, for example: the Andean Paramos and the Dry Inter-Andean Valleys. -
Wonderful Plants Index of Names
Wonderful Plants Jan Scholten Index of names Wonderful Plants, Index of names; Jan Scholten; © 2013, J. C. Scholten, Utrecht page 1 A’bbass 663.25.07 Adansonia baobab 655.34.10 Aki 655.44.12 Ambrosia artemisiifolia 666.44.15 Aalkruid 665.55.01 Adansonia digitata 655.34.10 Akker winde 665.76.06 Ambrosie a feuilles d’artemis 666.44.15 Aambeinwortel 665.54.12 Adder’s tongue 433.71.16 Akkerwortel 631.11.01 America swamp sassafras 622.44.10 Aardappel 665.72.02 Adder’s-tongue 633.64.14 Alarconia helenioides 666.44.07 American aloe 633.55.09 Aardbei 644.61.16 Adenandra uniflora 655.41.02 Albizia julibrissin 644.53.08 American ash 665.46.12 Aardpeer 666.44.11 Adenium obesum 665.26.06 Albuca setosa 633.53.13 American aspen 644.35.10 Aardveil 665.55.05 Adiantum capillus-veneris 444.50.13 Alcea rosea 655.33.09 American century 665.23.13 Aarons rod 665.54.04 Adimbu 665.76.16 Alchemilla arvensis 644.61.07 American false pennyroyal 665.55.20 Abécédaire 633.55.09 Adlumia fungosa 642.15.13 Alchemilla vulgaris 644.61.07 American ginseng 666.55.11 Abelia longifolia 666.62.07 Adonis aestivalis 642.13.16 Alchornea cordifolia 644.34.14 American greek valerian 664.23.13 Abelmoschus 655.33.01 Adonis vernalis 642.13.16 Alecterolophus major 665.57.06 American hedge mustard 663.53.13 Abelmoschus esculentus 655.33.01 Adoxa moschatellina 666.61.06 Alehoof 665.55.05 American hop-hornbeam 644.41.05 Abelmoschus moschatus 655.33.01 Adoxaceae 666.61 Aleppo scammony 665.76.04 American ivy 643.16.05 Abies balsamea 555.14.11 Adulsa 665.62.04 Aletris farinosa 633.26.14 American -
Floral Structure and Systematics in Four Orders of Rosids, Including a Broad Survey of floral Mucilage Cells
Pl. Syst. Evol. 260: 199–221 (2006) DOI 10.1007/s00606-006-0443-8 Floral structure and systematics in four orders of rosids, including a broad survey of floral mucilage cells M. L. Matthews and P. K. Endress Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Switzerland Received November 11, 2005; accepted February 5, 2006 Published online: July 20, 2006 Ó Springer-Verlag 2006 Abstract. Phylogenetic studies have greatly ened mucilaginous inner cell wall and a distinct, impacted upon the circumscription of taxa within remaining cytoplasm is surveyed in 88 families the rosid clade, resulting in novel relationships at and 321 genera (349 species) of basal angiosperms all systematic levels. In many cases the floral and eudicots. These cells were found to be most structure of these taxa has never been compared, common in rosids, particulary fabids (Malpighi- and in some families, even studies of their floral ales, Oxalidales, Fabales, Rosales, Fagales, Cuc- structure are lacking. Over the past five years we urbitales), but were also found in some malvids have compared floral structure in both new and (Malvales). They are notably absent or rare in novel orders of rosids. Four orders have been asterids (present in campanulids: Aquifoliales, investigated including Celastrales, Oxalidales, Stemonuraceae) and do not appear to occur in Cucurbitales and Crossosomatales, and in this other eudicot clades or in basal angiosperms. paper we attempt to summarize the salient results Within the flower they are primarily found in the from these studies. The clades best supported by abaxial epidermis of sepals. floral structure are: in Celastrales, the enlarged Celastraceae and the sister relationship between Celastraceae and Parnassiaceae; in Oxalidales, the Key words: androecium, Celastrales, Crossoso- sister relationship between Oxalidaceae and Con- matales, Cucurbitales, gynoecium, Oxalidales. -
A Phytosociological Study of the Montane Vegetation of Researva
The vegetation of Reserva Biológica San Francisco, Zamora-Chinchipe, Southern Ecuador 145 The vegetation of Reserva Biológica San Francisco, Zamora-Chinchipe, Southern Ecuador – a phytosociological synthesis Rainer W. Bussmann Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany, Fax: [0049] (0)921 552642, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Few floristic inventories and even less syntaxonomical vegetation descriptions of tropical mountain forests exist. The author presents a syntaxonomical treatment of the vegetation of Reserva Biológica San Francisco at the northern limit of Podocarpus National Park, Ecuador. The “Lower Montane Forests” (1800-2150 m), grouped in the new order Alzateetalia verticillatae, have a very diverse, 20-35m tall, 2-3 storied Estrato arboreo, and are a typical mosaic-climax. They grow on Terric Haplosaprists and Aquic Dystrupepts, developed from old landslide material and extend up to 2300 m at the bottom of wind-protected riverine valleys. At altitudes from 2100 to 2650/2750 m, the forest structure and floristic composition change completely. The vegetation types belonging to this “Upper Montane Forest” form the new Purdiaeaetalia nutantis, growing on Histic Petraquepts. They represent a monotypic vegetation type, with only one Estrato arboreo, and stems between 5-10 m, sometimes up to 15 m tall. The canopy is completely dominated by the twisted stems of Purdiaea nutans (Cyrillaceae). The „Subalpine-elfin forest“ which closely resembles the Bolivian „Jalca“ forms the uppermost forest belt of the study area. Described as Clusio ellipticae – Weinmannion cochensis, this forest – more like an impenetrable bushland - grows on Humaqueptic Epiaquents and is closely dovetailed with the adjacent Páramo region. -
Jan Scholten Wonderful Plants Reading Excerpt Wonderful Plants of Jan Scholten Publisher: Alonnissos Verlag
Jan Scholten Wonderful Plants Reading excerpt Wonderful Plants of Jan Scholten Publisher: Alonnissos Verlag http://www.narayana-verlag.com/b14446 In the Narayana webshop you can find all english books on homeopathy, alternative medicine and a healthy life. Copying excerpts is not permitted. Narayana Verlag GmbH, Blumenplatz 2, D-79400 Kandern, Germany Tel. +49 7626 9749 700 Email [email protected] http://www.narayana-verlag.com Table of Contents 0.9.06 Stage-6 40 0.1.1 Publication data 3 0.9.07 Stage-7 40 0.1.2 Table of Contents 13 0.9.08 Stage-8 40 0.1.3 Word of thanks 14 0.9.09 Stage-9 41 0.1.4 Foreword Klein 14 0.9.10 Stage-10 41 0.1.5 Foreword Kuiper 15 0.9.11 Stage-11 41 0.1.6 Introduction 16 0.9.12 Stage-12 42 0.1.7 Introduction use 16 0.9.13 Stage-13 42 0.1.8 Use 17 0.9.14 Stage-14 42 0.2 Goal 18 0.9.15 Stage-15 43 0.3.1 Method 19 0.9.16 Stage-16 43 0.3.2 Element Theory 19 0.9.17 Stage-17 43 0.3.3 Classification of Plants 20 0.9.18 Stage-18 44 0.3.4 Classes 20 000.00 Evolution 44 0.4 Result 21 000.00.00 Kingdom 45 0.4.0 Result 21 000.00.00 Plant Kingdom 47 0.4.1 Phyla and Series 21 000.00.20 Kingdom 49 0.4.2 Classes and Series 22 111.00.00 Archaeoplastidae 51 0.4.3 Subclasses and Series 22 111.02.20 Fucus vesiculosus 51 0.4.4 Orders and Phases 23 111.10.00 Rhodophyta 51 0.4.5 Families and Subphases 23 111.10.13 Helminthochortos 51 0.4.7 Number 23 111.10.20 Chondrus crispus 51 0.5 Discussion 24 111.10.20 Porphyra yezoensis 51 0.5.0 Discussion 24 112.20.00 Glaucophyta 51 0.5.1 Discussion Apg 3 24 210.00.00 Chlorophyta 51 0.5.1 -
Phylogeny of the Eudicots : a Nearly Complete Familial Analysis Based On
KEW BULLETIN 55: 257 - 309 (2000) Phylogeny of the eudicots: a nearly complete familial analysis based on rbcL gene sequences 1 V. SAVOLAINENI.2, M. F. FAyl, D. c. ALBACHI.\ A. BACKLUND4, M. VAN DER BANK ,\ K. M. CAMERON1i, S. A. ]e)H;-.;so:--.;7, M. D. LLWOI, j.c. PINTAUDI.R, M. POWELL', M. C. SHEAHAN 1, D. E. SOLTlS~I, P. S. SOLTIS'I, P. WESTONI(), W. M. WHITTEN 11, K.J. WCRDACKI2 & M. W. CHASEl Summary, A phylogenetic analysis of 589 plastid rbcl. gene sequences representing nearly all eudicot families (a total of 308 families; seven photosynthetic and four parasitic families are missing) was performed, and bootstrap re-sampling was used to assess support for clades. Based on these data, the ordinal classification of eudicots is revised following the previous classification of angiosperms by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) , Putative additional orders are discussed (e.g. Dilleniales, Escalloniales, VitaiRs) , and several additional families are assigned to orders for future updates of the APG classification. The use of rbcl. alone in such a large matrix was found to be practical in discovering and providing bootstrap support for most orders, Combination of these data with other matrices for the rest of the angiosperms should provide the framework for a complete phylogeny to be used in macro evolutionary studies, !:--':TRODL'CTlON The angiosperms are the first division of organisms to have been re-classified largely on the basis of molecular data analysed phylogenetically (APG 1998). Several large scale molecular phylogenies have been produced for the angiosperms, based on both plastid rbcL (Chase et al.