IAWA Journal, Vol. 15 (3), 1994: 199-227

THE TIIIRD PACIFIC REGIONAL WOOD ANATOMY CONFERENCE 1994

Joint meeting of the IAWA Pacific Regional Committee and IUFRO S 5.01 (Wood Quality) organised by the Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, New Zealand, November 20-24,1994

Conveners: Dr. Brian G. Butterfieid, Mr. Lloyd Donaldson, and Dr. Adya Singh

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS AND POSTERS

H. ABE, R. FUNADA, J. OHTANI, K. FUKAZA­ number of naturally and plantation grown wA, Department of Forest Science, Hokkaido trees of Light Red Meranti (Shorea leprosula University, Sapporo, 060, Japan. - The re­ and S. parvifolia) in radii of stern disks taken lationship between the expansion of celIs at various heights in the bole. and the orientation of depositing micro­ In both naturally and plantation grown fibriIs in the tracheids of Abies sachali­ trees variation in specific gravity is most sig­ nensis. - (Poster) nificant within trees, i. e., it increases from To clarify the relationship between the pith to bark. This variation can largely be ex­ change of orientation of the depositing cellu­ plained by an increase in fibre cell wall per­ lose microfibrils (MFs) and the expansion of centage, despite a decrease of total fibre area cells, we observed the arrangements of the percentage. MFs of radial cell walls in tracheids of Abies Longitudinal variation shows a more or sachalinensis Masters during the expansion less consistent pattern in the few trees stud­ of cells, by mainly field-emission scanning ied, with a minimal specific gravity at about electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and polaris­ 5 m in the bole and higher densities towards ing microscopy. the crown and the stern base. The radial diameter of tracheids increased The substantial tree-to-tree variation in all to three to four times that of cambial initial parameters studied of the plantation grown cells. The MFs on the innermost surface of material is within the range found in naturally primary walls of tracheids at early stages grown trees. Along stern radii at breast height were not weIl ordered and most of the MFs the wood of plantation grown trees seems to were oriented longitudinally. As each cell ex­ be slightly less variable than that ofthe 'wild' panded, the MFs in the process of deposition trees. The tree-to-tree variation found invites were still not weH ordered, but their orienta­ studies on the heritability of wood quality tion changed from longitudinal to transverse. parameters (specific gravity, fibre wall per­ When cell expansion ceased, the MFs were centage) so that these can be incorporated in weIl ordered and oriented transversely. breeding programmes of an important tropical Furthermore, we analysed the temporal hardwood, so far only exploited from now relationship between the completion of the strongly endangered virgin rain forests. expansion of cells and the beginning of the deposition of the secondary wall, using a M. BARISKA, University Stellenbosch, Repub­ computer image analysing method. lic of South Mrica. - Fracture mechanies and wood anatomy. PrETER BAAS, MONIQUE T.M. BOSMAN, Rijks­ Fracture mechanics is the study of crack herbarium/Hortus Botanicus, PO Box 9514, development and crack propagation in mate­ 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. - Ra­ rials. For the past 100 years this science un­ dial and longitudinal variation in wood folded independently along many lines such properties of naturally and plantation as engineering and anatomy. In engineering, grown light red meranti (Slwrea, Dip­ three types of crack formation were derived terocarpaceae). for wood: Fracture mode I in which the Cell wall percentage, tissue proportions, structure is opened as in cross grain tension; and basic specific gravity were studied in a Fracture mode II in which wood is sheared,

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for instance parallel to the grain; and fracture or glass fibre in fibreglass. The microfibril mode III in which wood is sheared perpen­ angle orientation in each of these layers is dicularly to the grain along a line. Theories, quite different. In the S3 layer the micro­ mostly of a mathematical nature, deal with fibrils lie at a large angle to the cell axis. This the stress/ strain situation at the crack tip that stiffens the cell wall against collapse, and is about to be formed. Anatomists found that hence assists the tree to pull water from the fracture showed characteristic morphology at roots to the foliage by water tension without each organisationallevel such as the macro­ cell collapse. In addition the S3 wall helps to molecular, the ultrastructural and the anatom­ protect the cell walls against crack propaga­ icallevels. Morphology of fractured surfaces tion in the tangential and radial directions. were studied to determine the influence of the The S2 layer is about 40 times thicker than cell structure, the tissue patterns, the moisture all other layers combined and carries the content, the temperature and other factors on weight of the tree. The most efficient way to the failure process. do this would be by the microfibrils lying In the present study small scale wood sam­ along the axis of the cells. This would en­ pIes were subjected to loading modes gener­ courage transwall cracking in the axial direc­ ating the three fracture types. The fracture tion. A relationship has been derived between process was observed in a scanning electron microfibril angle and transwall and interwall microscope. The specimens were selected so cracking. When a vertical force is applied to a that the influence of broad rays, pore rings double cell wall the two components twist in and other marked tissue features on the fail­ opposite directions, placing the middle lamel­ ure process could be investigated. Video la in shear. The amount of twisting increases recordings were made which revealed that with microfibril angle. The shear causes con­ failure is initiated at the ultrastructurallevel version of mechanical vibration into heat, - or below - and that the anatomical structurc i.e., it is responsible for preventing wind often overrides the effect of notches, brought damage. The twisting of the S2 wall under onto the specimen to initiate cracks. Regular load causes the cell diameter to increase. The structures such as pore rings and tracheid SI layer, with its microfibrils in the same rows often form the front lines of failure. direction as a reinforced plastic garden hose, Splits tend to frequently propagate in jumps acts as a sleeve to protect the cell against at both ultrastructural and anatomicallevels. bursting. Under cross grain compression cell walls The middle lamella consists of a three di­ often crack at the corners, buckle across the mensionally connected network of chain force direction and collapse into the neigh­ molecules that holds the cells together. It has bouring celliumina. This movement gener­ to be pliable and is also an extremely efficient ates a fold front whose angle is solely deter­ vibration absorber. Microfibrils are absent in mined by the size and the configuration of the the ML as they would obstruct these functions. cells. Anatomical structures and their paper Finally the orientation of microfibrils in models fail in comparable manners. tension wood and compression wood is dis­ An attempt is made to classify anatomical cussed. structures in relation to their failure patterns.

BRIAN BUTTERFIELD*, ROBERT HANNA**, ROLF BOOKER, NZFRI Ltd, PB 3020, Roto­ *Department of Plant & Microbial Science, rua, New Zealand. - The functions of the University of Canterbury, PB Christchurch, microfibril orientations in the cell walls New Zealand; **Wood Products Engineer­ of trees. ing, College of Environmental Science and The secondary cell walls of trees consist Forestry, State University of New York, of three different layers that are reinforced Syracuse, NY 13210, USA. - The rela­ with cellulose microfibrils. These are very tionship between microfibril angle and strong in their axial direction and have the wood properties in low density radiata same function as reinforcing iron in concrete pine grown in Canterbury, New Zealand.

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Sam pies of low density radiata pine from GEOFFREY DANIEL *, ADYA SINGH** , THOMAS sites on the Canterbury plains and foothills NILSSON*, *Department of Forest Products, were compressional and bending strength Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, load tested in a micro stage, after which the Box 7008, S-750-07 Uppsala, Sweden; same sampies were examined in an X-ray **New Zealand Forest Research Institute diffractometer to determine the mean micro­ Ltd, Private Bag 3030, Rotorua, New Zea­ fibril angle by the Cave T-method. Sampie land. - Ultrastructural and immuno­ dimensions and percent cell wall area were cytochemical studies on the window and determined using computer enhanced image bordered pit membranes of Pinus sylves­ analysis. tris L. Microfibril angle and modulus of elasticity The physical and chemical structure of showed a elose correlation, with the micro­ window (half-bordcred) and bordered pit fibril angle decreasing sharply over the first membranes is of considerable importance 10 growth rings as the MOE increased. Den­ during both microbial colonisation and im­ sity and cell wall area showed the expected pregnation of wood preservatives into soft­ correlation though image analysis tends to woods. These structures not only represent show a higher percentage of wall material important natural barriers to microbial pene­ than should be present. The dimensions of tration and preservative diffusion but also the original sam pie were compared with provide a readily available source of non­ embedded and microtome cut blocks using lignified carbohydrate (i.e., pectin and cellu­ image analysis. lose). In the present work the fine structure of both window and bordered pit membranes N.J. CHAFFEY*, P.W. BARLOW** J.R. BAR· were studied in never dried Pinus sylvestris NETI*, *Department of Botany, School of sapwood using correlated electron micro­ Plant Sciences, The University of Reading, scopy (SEM/TEM) and immunogold-cyto­ Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 2AS, UK; chemistry. Distribution and removal of pectin **Long Ashton Research Station, Department and cellulose within the membranes was ob­ of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bris­ served indirect1y after pre-incubation of thin tol, Long Ashton, Bristol, BS18 9AF, UK. sapwood wafers with the respective enzymes - The microtubular cytoskeleton ofthe and visualisation of sites of enzyme activity by vascular cambium. and its derivatives in antibodies followed by immunogold/silver the root of Aesculus hippocastanum L. labelling in either pre- or post-labelling pro­ (HippocastaTIaceae). cedures. Results show window and bordered The microtubular cytoskeleton of the cam­ pits to differ both structurall y and also in their bium and its derivatives within roots of Aes­ susceptibility to enzymic hydrolysis. In par­ culus hippocastanum L. has been studied ticular window pit membranes are laminated using fluorescence and electron microscopy. and show distinct delamination after pectinase Indirect immunofluorescence of wax-embed­ treatment. ded material has shown that both ray and fusiform cambial zone cells have a 'reticulate' LLOYD DONALDSON, NZFRI Ltd, PB 3020 arrangement of cortical microtubules. This Rotorua, New Zealand. - Clonal variation reticulate arrangement is retained by develop­ in the fracture properties of radiata pine ing ray cells alongside maturing axial xylem wood. elements, but appears to be lost in differenti­ The fracture properties of Pinus radiata ating fibres. In developing vessel elements, D. Don wood were investigated within and the orientation of the microtubule cytoskele­ between trees and among clones. Tangential ton mirrors that of developing wall structure longitudinal fracture faces were examined in up to the final stage of formation of tertiary cross section by polarised light microscopy, helical thickenings. In axial cells of the phlo­ to determine the position of fracture with re­ em the individual microtubule strands are spect to the various cell walllayers present. angled so that their orientation appears to be Each fracture face was classified as transwall related to cell age. (across the lumen), between middle lamella

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and Sllayers, or between SI and Sz layers. 10-40 nm diameter) the total area % of pores Fractures were examined for rings 5 and 10 was greater in the enzyme treated fibre (31 %) from the pith for 2 trees within each of 11 compared to the hydrolysed wood (3%). clones. Results indicated an increase in the Some problems in the determination of pore frequency of transwall fracture with cambial size from ultrathin sections are discussed in age which was partly explained by a decrease relation to the above examples. in microfibril angle (R 2 = 39%) and an in­ crease in coarseness (R 2 = 48%) but was un­ related to basic density (R 2 = 2%). Micro­ TOMOYUKI FUJII, TOYONOBU SUGAWA, Wood fibril angle and coarseness together explained Laboratory, Forestry and Forest Products 61 % of the variation in transwall fracture fre­ Research Institute, Tsukuba Norin, PO Box quency within trees. Transwall and mI/SI 16, Ibaraki 305, Japan. - Anatomy of fracture frequencies were significantly co­ aerial roots of Cryptomeria japonica dependent (R2 = 39%) as were mI/SI and D.Don. Sl/Sz fracture frequencies (RZ = 50%). Anatomy of aerial roots on a trunk of There was significant clonal variation in the Cryptomeria japonica D. Don was described frequency of transwall (H2 = 0.63) and mid­ in detail. Adventitious root primordia initiated dIe lamella/SI (H2 = 0.67) fractures but no from aggregate rays which were composed of significant clon al variation in the frequency several uni- and/or biseriate rays. Within one of SI/SZ fractures, for the clones examined. growth ring each ray differentiated gradually Variation in coarseness explained almost all into bi- or multiseriate rays and then of the clonal variation in frequency of trans­ rapidly propagated themselves becoming very wall fractures (Rz = 94%) except for two wide. They were circular in tangential section outlying clones which were set aside from as a whole and consisted of parenchymatous this regression. Comparison with clone 55 cells. The periphery disintegrated into uni- to offspring (trees identified as having a known a few seriate rays in irregular arrangement. low energy consumption du ring thermo me­ The core fused into a mixture of differentiated chanical pulping), from a different site, in­ tracheids and parenchyma cells oriented in the dicated significantly higher frequencies of radial direction. Lengths of the radially Sl/Sz fracture in these trees with some indi­ oriented xylem elements varied. Short ones cation of variation among individual crosses, were restricted to one or two growth rings one of which showed 70% Sl/Sz fracture. and were fully continuous with the surround­ The potential of fracture analysis in identify­ ings. Some others were long and extended ing 'low energy' clones other than clone 55 over three rings. Although they were contin­ progeny is discussed. uous with the surroundings in the inner part, they were covered with collapsed phloem LLOYD DONALDSON, NZFRI Ltd, PB 3020 tissues in the outer part suggesting that they Rotorua, New Zealand. - Measurement had been aerial roots originally protruding of pore size in hydrolysed wood and en­ into and probably out of the bark. zyme treated pulp fibres by image anal­ Tracheids in adventitious roots had three­ ysis. - (Poster) layered secondary walls and borde red pits on Two wood based materials were examined lateral walls. Parenchyma cells had flat-helix­ by transmission e1ectron microscopy combin­ ed non-Iayered secondary walls, which were ed with image analysis to determine and com­ probably cross-polylamellated. pare the pore sizes present within the modi­ fied cell walls. Pore area and major and minor YOSIITfAKE FunsAwA, SADDAAKI OHfA*, MA­ diameters were measured. Pores sm aller than SAHIRO T AnMA **, National Forest Tree Breed­ 10 nm-2 were considered to represent noisc ing Center, Kasahara 978 Mito, Ibaraki 310, in the images and were excluded from the *Forestry and Forest Products Research In­ analysis. stitute, PO Box 16, Tsukuba, Norin, Ibaraki While pores were of a similar size range 305, **Kyushu Branch, National Forest Tree in both subjects (80% of pores were between Breeding Center, Suya 2320, Nishigoshi,

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Kumamoto 861-11, Japan. - The effect of sponding to wood species. The patterns were sites on growth ring components of sugi analysed from the viewpoints of spatial fre­ (Cryptomeriajaponica D. Don) clones.­ quency and directions, and could be categor­ (Poster) ised to several types. Many interesting char­ Growth ring components (ring width: RW, acteristics of vessel distribution were deter­ ring density: RD, earlywood width: EW, ear­ mined by this procedure, being quite different lywood density: ED, latewood width: LW, from traditional wood anatomy. For example, latewood density: LD) of sugi (Cryptomeria evenness of vessel distribution, oblique ar­ japonica D. Don) clones were examined by rangement of vessels, and their grouping soft-X-ray densitometry to evaluate the donal style were detected dearly and quantitatively. and environmental effects. The three stands More unexpectedly, structures other than ves­ sampled were situated in Kyushu, which is sels, such as ray or axial parenchyma, which the southern main island of Japan, and were result in exdusion of vessels, were also established from 1965-70 with 12 common shown on the patterns. dones, set out in a complete randomised block When the power distributions were measur­ design. Specimens were coHected from each ed by the polar coordinate analytical method, stand in 1991 and the farthest distance be­ wood species could be characterised quanti­ tween locations was 195 km. The following tatively. These procedures will be expected to results were obtained from measurements. develop an auto-identification system of hard­ Each clone showed a characteristic transi­ wood species. tion pattern for variation of density from ear­ lywood to latewood within a growth ring at MINORU FUJITA, HIROSHI SAIKI, Faculty of the mature stage. The transition pattern of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606- density in a ring increased steeply from early­ 01, Japan. - Three-dimensional analysis wood to latewood and the range between of vessels in Aesculus turbinata. - (Pos­ minimum and maximum density was wide. ter) The other type showed a gradual increase in For the precise examination of the vessel density from earlywood to latewood, with a network, some stereological techniques were narrow range between minimum and maxi­ applied to the serial trans verse seetions of mum density. These transition patterns of Aesculus turbinata, which sometimes has a density were characteristic of dones, and storied cambium. In the sam pie collection the each clone showed similar patterns in every polarity was recorded, and 100-150 vessels stand. in young (2 year) and mature Cover 100 year) annual rings were marked in the se rial sec­ MINORU FUJITA, MOTONARI OHYAMA, HIROSHI tions and then traced through 12 mm in the SAIIG, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto Univer­ longitudinal axis. sity, Kyoto 606-01, Japan. - Characteri· The storied structure, which was weH de­ sation of vessel distribution by fourier veloped only in the mature region, was very transform image analysis. useful for the three-dimensional tracing of Fourier transform image analysis, which serial sections. Length of vessel elements was improved by the authors, was applied to increased from 270 Jlm in the young region to transverse sections of 32 species of Japanese 450 Jlm in the mature one. Vessel length, hardwoods in order to characterise their ves­ which was calculated by the occurrence ratio seI distributions. Before FFT (Fast Fourier of closed vessel ends to the open vessels in transform), information on vessel distribu­ the distance surveyed in this study, was tion for each species was extracted and simpli­ about 10-15 mm in the former and 60 mm in fied to a dot map where vessels were repre­ the later. sented by uniform-sized dots at their central It is interesting that polarity was found in positions. the vessel network. That is, almost all upper Two-dimensional power spectral patterns ends of vessels attached to the cambial-side produced by FFT of these dot maps were of other vessels, whereas their lower ends very interesting and showed variation corre attached mainly to the pith-side, although the

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ends sornetimes branched or attached to rays the pith to bark. The growth rings were wid­ in the latter case. est near the lower part of the crown and de­ Image processing techniques were tried creased in width towards both the tip and the for the edition of data on aseries of sections, base of the trunk. At each level along the the quantitative evaluation, and the automatie stern, the widest rings occur near the pith, the reconstruction of cells and tissues. For in­ narrowest at the periphery of the trunk. stance, a sum of vectors between correspond­ 2) Very thick-walled and some abnormal ing cell or tissue positions in neighbouring types of tracheids are frequently found in the seetions was very useful to estimate the sim­ earlywood layer. The average tracheid length ilarity between sections and was minimised of early and latewood layers is 2.79 and 2.95 for the matching and reconstruction of serial mm respectively. The majority of the pits on ones, while each vector was used for the the radial walls of the Yaku-sugi tracheids evaluation of three-dimensional distortion of were different from general Sugi. General vessels and other cells. Some computer Sugi has one pit in a row, but the Yaku-sugi graphical techniques were also applied for has two pits in a row along the radial walls of their three-dimensional reconstruction. the earlywood tracheids. The high rays and the large size of ray parenchyma cells pro­ SlllNSUKE FumA!, SHINIClll MORITA2, JurClll duce the large volume of rays in the wood. TSUTSUMI3, SADAAKI OHTA4, !Department of From these results, we recognised that the Environmental Sciences and Technology, anatomie al characteristics of the Yaku-sugi Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima Univer­ are slightly different from the general Sugi. sity, Kagoshima, Japan; 2Kagoshima Pref. 3) The relative increase in density between Institute of Industrial Technology, Wood the earlywood and latewood was the same as Technology Branch, Hayato, Kagoshima, other kinds of Sugi grown in Japan. More­ Japan; 3Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushyu over, no significant differences in specific University, Fukuoka, Japan; 4Forestry and density were observed between the Yaku-sugi Forest Products Research Institute, Ministry and other Sugi. The Yaku-sugi showed the of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsu­ specific density range from 0.35 to O. 55, kuba, Ibaraki, Japan. - The anatomical which was the same as other Sugi. The characteristics ofYaku-sugi (Crypfome­ shrinkage of Yaku-sugi showed approxi­ riajaponica) at Yakushima Island in mately 5.44% and 2.83% in the tangential Japan. and radial direction, respectively. The Yaku-sugi cedar is a primitive tree which can live for about a thousand years. R. FUNADA, A. K. M. A. PRODHAM, H. ADE, This tree grows in the natural forest more l OHTANI, K. FUKAZAWA, Department ofFor­ than 600 metres above sea level in Yakushi­ est Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, ma Island. This forest still remains as a nat­ 060, Japan. - Orientation ofmicrofibrils ural forest, having withstood wind and snow and microtubules in tension wood fibres for many hundreds of years. Despite these of Fraxinus mandshurica var. japoni­ rugged conditions, the Yaku-sugi has grown ca. - (poster) to an amazing size and therefore the Yaku­ The orientation of cellulose microfibrils sugi is one of the most important indigenous (MFs) and cortical microtubules (MTs) in the species in Yakushima Island of Japan. In this developing tension wood fibres of artificially report a 230-year-old tree ofYaku-sugi grow­ inclined Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var. ja­ ing in the natural forest was selected as the ponica Maxim. trees was investigated by elec­ material for investigation of its wood anat­ tron microscopy and immunofluorescence omy. We compared the anatomical character­ microscopy. The secondary wall of tension istics of the Yaku-sugi with the general Sugi wood fibres was identified as the S! + G type. which grows in other distriets of Japan. The The MFs were deposited at an angle of about results obtained were summarised as follows: 45-500 to the longitudinal fibre axis in a flat 1) The width of growth rings varies slight­ S-helical orientation at the initiation of sec­ ly at different heights and with distance from ondary wall thickening. The orientation of

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MFs was changed progressive1y in a c1ock­ Intervessel pitting is alternate in most genera, wise rotation, as seen from the lumen side, but there is a tendency towards opposite, towards the longitudinal axis of the fibre. transitional and scalariform pitting in four. The arresting of rotation, resulting in the re­ Vessel-ray pitting has reduced borders and peated deposition of MFs with a stable tex­ varies in shape from circular to e10ngated ture, deve10ped a thick G-1ayer. The counter­ (vertically, oblique or scalariform). Fibres c10ckwise rotation of MFs was observed in have slit-like pits. Except Peripentadenia and some of the tension wood fibres at the later Serieolea all genera have at least some septate stage of G-Iayer deposition. On the basis of fibres. Axial parenchyma is present, but not these results, a model of the orientation and obvious in most species, and tends to be mar­ deposition of MFs in the secondary wall of ginal or reticulate. Rays rarely exceed 6 or 7 tension wood fibres is proposed. cells wide, but vary in height. Theyare strong­ The orientation of MTs was changed pro­ ly heterocellular, with margins composed of gressively in a c10ckwise direction, as seen several rows of upright cells, and uniseriate from the lumen side, from an angle of about rays entirely of uprights. Sheath cells are also 40° in a steep Z-helix becoming parallel to the usually present. Prismatic crystals were found fibre axis during G-Iayer formation. The par­ in all genera exceptAristotelia and Vallea, oc­ allelism in the orientation between MTs and curring in chambered or non-chambered ray newly deposited MFs was evident. These re­ cells or chambered axial parenchyma cells sults indicate that the MTs playa role in con­ depending on genus. Typical traumatic axial trolling the orientation of MFs in the develop­ canals are found in some New and Old World ing tension wood fibres. Sloanea, and less typical canals in one Elaeo­ carpus species. Storied tissues are not found. PETER GASSON, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanie Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey PETER GASSON, DAVID CUlLER, Jodrell Labo­ TW93DS, UK. - Wood anatomy of the ratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Rich­ EIaeocarpareae. mond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK. - Work on The Elaeocarpaceae comprises nine genera windblown trees at Kew. - (Poster) (c. 500 species) of trees and shrubs. The fam­ Since the early 1970s, Kew has undertaken ily is tropical and subtropical, occasionally research on tree roots, their anatomy, mor­ temperate, and its distribution suggests a phology and effects on adjacent buildings, Gondwanan origin, although no species exist particularly on shrinkable c1ay soils. This in continental Mrica. Seven genera consist of work resulted in the publication of 'Tree 20 species or fewer, whereas Elaeocarpus and Roots and Buildings' (CutIer & Richardson Sloanea have about 350 and 120 species, re­ 1981, 2nd ed. 1989) and 'A root identifica­ spectively. tion manual of trees and shrubs' (Cutier et al. The wood anatomy of the nine genera is 1987). The storms in south-east England in compared with two genera in the Tiliaceae; October 1987 and January 1990 provided us Petenaea is anatomically similar to Elaeocar­ with further opportunities to examine the paceae, and Muntingia, which was once in­ roots of a wider range of trees, to collect root c1uded in Elaeocarpaceae on the basis of and wood sampies and to amass data on the incorrectly interpreted fruits bears no anatom­ tree species most susceptible to wind blow, ical resemblance to the family, having solitary and the soils on which they were growing. vessels and storied parenchyma. Comparison One susceptible genus, Nothofagus, will be is also made with other taxa inside and out­ of particular interest to this audience. Our ex­ side Malvales, which have been suggested as perience in gatherin!; material and data was relatives. put to further use when the first author visited Few anatomical characters serve to distin­ the Fairchild Tropical Garden in Miami guish the nine genera. Most species have following Hurricane Andrew on 24 August growth rings and all have vessels in radial 1992. multiples. Perforation plates are mainly sim­ The collections of data and material made ple, but occasional scalariforms can be found. after these natural disasters inc1uded wood,

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root, leaf and palm apiees for preservation, Generally the woods are knotty; with an euttings for propagation, data on tree species, oily feel; eolour varies from light yellow to their loeation, size and the soil substrate and dark brown, with darker golden-brown lon­ measurements of growth ring width for den­ gitudinal streaks; moderate weight (AD - den­ droehronologieal analysis (see e.g., Gasson sity 630 kg m-3 ); with a eharaeteristie odour; & Cutler, ArboriC!ultural Journal 1990, 14 (3) sapwood is 10-25 mm usually elearly de­ and previous papers, Cutler et al. 1993, For­ marcated from the somewhat darker streaked estry 66: 225-232). heartwood. Grain is straight to slightly inter­ locked. Growth rings are indistinet. Rays W. E. HILUS, CSIRO Division of Forest 4-8 mm- I , fine and barely visible to the Produets, Clayton, Vietoria, Australia.­ naked eye, and eonspieuous on radial sur­ Coloured streaks in wood. faees. Mateh-sized splinters burn to a full When present, streaks ean be a souree of white to bale buff ash. degnlde in some woods and a desired feature Microseopie eharaeters: Traeheids arranged in others. Normal heartwood ean have axial in fairly regular radial rows, generally round­ bands of varying eolour and intensity. Col­ ed, polygonal or irregular in cross seetion, oured streaks ean be eharacteristie of a spe­ three to several rows of thieker-walled some­ eies when present and oeeurs axially in the what flattened traeheids grade to thinner wall­ radial, cireulqr or tangential direetions. They ed earlywood eells. Axial resin eanals are ean be in sapwood, intermediate wood or absent. Inter-tracheid pitting is uniseriate on heartwood. Streaks ean be localised in a tan­ radial walls, sometimes biseriate in larger tra­ gential direction in short axiallengths or form cheids, rarelyon tangential walls, pit borders different patterns radially and axially. rounded, apertures eireular, 'eallitroid thiek­ Colour variations in the stern are due to ening' prominent, indieated in radial seetion deposits in the ray and axial parenehyma or as a pair of bars erossing the pit horizontally in the vessels or both. They ean be associated above and be10w the aperture and in tangen­ with stern and root injuries, fungi or wetwood. tial seetion as fine projeetions into the tra­ The blaek and pale streaks in a few Diospyros eheid lumen resembling an additional fine and species ean alternate in a spatially eharaeter­ often extended border (awns). Inner traeheid istie fashion. In the ebonies the paler streaks walls are lined with a warty layer extending ean be thin and dark eoloured inside heart­ to and slightly over the thiekenings, with free woods with irregular boundaries. Possible inner regions. Cross-field pits 2-4, apertures eauses of the initiation and formation of the slit-like to lentieular, sometimes with a deposits will be discussed. large border subtending two smaller apertures due to eallitroid thiekening on the traeheid J. ILIc, CSIRO, Division of Porest Produets, side. Vertieal parenehyma abundant to Private Bag 10, Clayton, Vietoria, Australia. sparse, resin filled, loosely zonate to diffuse, - Separation of the woods of Callitris sometimes eontiguous to rays, end walls glaucophylla Thomps. & Johnson (White smooth and entire; rays mainly uniseriate or cypress pine) and C. endlicheri (ParL) oceasionally biseriate, 4 or more cells high, Bailey CBIack cypress pine). maximum ray height up to 35 eells, mainly Cypress pine in Australia comes from trees 2-14 eells, average height 14-15 11m (TLS), of the widely distributed genus Callitris. While and walls smooth, ray traeheids absent and C. glaucophylla (White eypress) is the most indentures absent. important species eommereially, C. endlicheri Although there is no simple c1ear-cut ana­ (Blaek eypress) and C. mnclayana (F. Muell.) tomieal distinction between the two species, F. MuelI. (Brush eypress) are less utilised. the following differenees have been observed: Resulting from continuing inquiries receiv­ The warty layer appears more distinct in C. ed at this laboratory, woods of Callitris glau­ glaucophylla. The wood of C. endlicheri has cophylla and C. endlicheri were examined a distinetly sweeter odour reminiscent of with the aim of finding a means of differen­ Cryptomeria japonica (L. f.) D. Don. Maxi­ tiating the speeies. mum ray height is greater in C. glaucophylla.

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However, the most characteristic difference increasing wall thickness, alternate pitting, 1 is the consistent appearance of a crystalline or 2 (or 3) mainly on radial walls, more nu­ exudate on freshly sawn surfaces of C. end­ merous near tracheid ends, rounded to hexa­ licheri which is absent from C. glaucophylla. gonally compressed when in multiple rows, Work is currently in progress to identify the apertures round to oval frequently extending crystalline compound. past the border in compression wood tra­ cheids, pits on tangential walls sm aller and J. Iuc, CSIRO Division of Forest Products, few, resin plugs present, not numerous; bi­ Private Bag 10, Rosebank MDC, Claytol1, seriate portion 3 to 4 cells high, mean ray Victoria, Australia. - Structure and the height 12-18 cells, up to a maximum of 30 separation of Australian woods of Arau­ cells. Cross field pits 2-13 per cell, half caria cunninghamii Ait. (Hoop pine) and bordered, circular or slightly distorted when A bidwilIi Hook. (Bunya pine). - (poster) crowded, apertures lenticular frequently ex­ The distribution of Araucaria is limited to tending past border in compression wood the Southern Hemisphere, with three species zones; usually free of resin. in Australia. Although the heartwood of Bunya can be Araucaria cunninghamii Ait. (Hoop pine) distinguished from Hoop using a chemical and A. bidwilli Hook. (Bunya pine) are two test, it is always desirable if a ready means of major species cut in the past; then the two distinguishing between timbers can be carried combined species were marked as Colonial out using anatomical indicators. Resulting pine. Commercially Hoop was more exten­ from microscopic differences, it is possible to sively cut than Bunya. The natural distribu­ distinguish anatomically between Hoop and tion of Hoop extends from Northern NSW to Bunya on the basis of the following diagnos­ Rockhampton in Northern Queensland. Now, tic features: type, size and number of cross only Hoop is cut commercially mainly from field pits is (2-)3-9(-13) in Hoop and 2-6 plantations established in the last few decades. (-9) in Bunya; average ray height is 18 cells, For the most part, the two timbers are in­ with a maximum of 30 cells in Hoop, where­ distinguishable and have very similar proper­ as in Bunya the average is 12 cells with a ties. In general, the wood is yellowish-white maximum of 25 cells. to light brown in colour, sometimes Bunya Other characteristics and the utilisation po­ has a pinkish tinge, occasionally it possesses tential of the two species are discussed. pinkish streaks not unlike Klinki pi ne from Papua New Guinea. Characteristically the woods are straight grained, even textured, J. Iuc, R. B. MILLER, CSIRO Division of usually possessing plain figure having small Forest Products, Private Bag 10, Rosebank pin knots which produce a fine dirn pIe grain. MDC, Clayton, Victoria, Australia and Forest Compression wood is common and more Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot prevalent in Hoop. Often Hoop exhibits a Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2398, cheesy odour when green due to irregular USA - Anatomical characteristics from areas of wetwood. Match-sized splinters burn numerical values of cell dimensions: to a partial or full ash varying in colour from ean they be diagnostic? white to bluish-grey to buff. Growth rings A number of characters have been found are barely visible to moderately distinct, tran­ by experience to be of considerable taxo­ sition from early- to latewood very gradual; nomic value. These characters are often said rays fine, barely visible to the naked eye, to be diagnostic. The most useful characters numbering 6-8 mm, not prominent on radial that have been found are the distribution, sur-face. pattern, size and frequency of cells and their Microscopic structure: Tracheids rounded components. Although thousands of species to polygonal or irregular in shape, 25-55 ~m have been described using weIl known ana­ in diameter, regular radial alignment wanting, tomical characteristics such as features from earlywood to latewood transition gradual, in­ the IAWA standard list as weil as other sim­ dicatcd hy reduced radial cell diameter and an ilar characters, there are many species which

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are anatomically very similar with few specif­ tion would then need to be asked, "what ic features that differ. Consequently resort should be the best value to record?" has to be made to quantitative data derived The basis of the discussion presented here from cell dimensions with the hope that some is that it may be more informative that the size differences may become evident. distribution of a particular cell type under Although in most feature lists, considerable investigation is assessed, and a method found thought has been given to the way anatomical for easily distinguishing between the distribu­ features should be measured and reported, the tions. One approach described is to compare basis upon which various categories or size the upper and lower percentile of the distribu­ dasses have been chosen is not always dear. tions as a quantifier. Other ways of specify­ Often it is suggested that cell measurements ing distributions are also discussed. should be recorded as the me an resulting from a significant number of measurements. Mean values are usually recorded for vessel T. lTOH, K.D. KANG, Wood Research Insti­ frequency and vessel diameter (diffuse por­ tute, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611, Japan ous woods), ray width and height, pit diam­ and Department of Biology, College of Natu­ eter, number of bars in perforation plates etc. ral Sciences, Chonbuk National University, These may weil be appropriate for recording Chonbuk, Chonju 560-756, Korea. - The or describing specimens based on large num­ occurrence of calcium oxalate crystals in bers of sam pies, but often the question arises the cell walls of the secondary phloem of about, how these characteristics should be Taxodiaceae. measured from a small, or sometimes a single Crystals were found in the intercellular sampie. On the other hand what should be layer of the radial walls of the secondary phlo­ measured, when a sam pie is being identified? em in all species examined in Taxodiaceae. and how should the measurement from the The amount of such crystals varied from spe­ unknown be compared with recorded data? cies to species. The largest amounts of crys­ The aim of this communication is to pro­ tals were observed in Taxodium distichum. vide some ideas which may be useful for de­ Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and acid scribing and recording measured data from treatment demonstrated that the crystals were cell dimensions which may be of diagnostic composed of calcium oxalate. Deposition of potential. As it is often observed, many use­ the crystals was initiated in the cell walls of ful features such as vessel diameter, ray width immature phloem cells adjacent to the cam­ and height may have skewed or sometimes bium and they were distributed throughout non-normal distributions, when the mean of the living secondary phloem. The crystals a large number of observations is determined, were absent from the rhytidome except in it may not always be the best figure to use. Glyptostrobus, Metasequoia and Taxodium Typically by basing the calculation on small in which crystals were often found in the as weil as large vessels, the mean is of little innermost tissue layer of the rhytidome. diagnostic value, and to be useful diagnosti­ Seasonal changes in the distribution of the cally, differences between means, would not crystals in the cell walls of the secondary only need to be highly significant statistically, phloem of Cryptomeria japonica are as fol­ but they have to be based on large sam pies lows: to be of any value. Experience shows that in 1) The oldest annual ring of the living sec­ comparing two woods, it is not important ondary phloem that lacks crystals was changed that they both have small vessels of a partic­ to non-living secondary phloem (rhytidome) ular size, but that in one, the vessels may be by the activity of the phellogen between May larger than the other, or if the smaller vessels and June. are particularly numerous in one and not the 2) The crystalS disappeared from the oidest other; accordingly it is suggested that these annual ring which is newly established of the are the characteristics that would need to be living secondary phloem from July to August. recorded. Consequently the best value to be 3) Those regions will be changed into rhyti­ recorded may not be an average. The ques- dome next May or June.

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These phenomena suggests the invo1ve­ This study deals with the mechanical behav­ ment of phellogen activity in the disappear­ iour in bending and the anatomical changes ance of the crysta1s from the cell walls of the under several deflection rates. Sugi (Crypto­ secondary phloem of Taxodiaceae, probab1y meria japonica D. Don) wood was used in the for the tumover of calcium. test, and the four-point bending method was adopted. The sizes and dimensions were 2 cm (R) x 2 cm (T) x 32 cm (L). Microscopic LAJMINA JOSHII, SHmcHI NOSHIR0 2, MrTSUO observations were carried out with the thin SUZUKI 3, 1 National Herbarium and Plant Lab­ film replica method and the SEM (Scanning oratories, Department of Plant Resources, electron microscopy). OPO Box 3708, Kathmandu, Nepal; 2Fores­ MOE, modulus of elasticity, in bending in­ try and Forest Products Research Institute, creased linearly with logarithm of deflection Tsukuba Norin, PO Box 16, Ibariki, 305, rate. MOR, modulus of rupture, in bending Japan; 3Faculty of Science, Tohoku Univer­ and the value of op/MOR, proportional limit sity, Aoba, Sendai, 980-77, Japan. - Eco­ by modulus of rupture, increased linearly with logical wood anatomy of AInus nepalen­ logarithm of deflection rate. sis (Betulaceae) in East Nepal. With increasing deflection rate in dried wood, The wood anatomical characters of AInus the microseopie failures in tracheids after ulti­ nepalensis growing in East Nepal are evaluat­ mate deflection, decreased. On the other hand, ed against three ecological factors: tree height in water-saturated wood, the microseopie fail­ (H), diameter at breast height (DBH), and ures in tracheids were rarely observed. altitude (ALT). Samples are outermost part of the trunk of five canopy trees obtained at 11 Y. KIJIOANI, K. OOA, 1. TSUTSUMI, Faculty localities between 790 and 2740 m. The tree of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, height ranged from 10-28 m, and DBH from 812, Japan. - Effects of crown amounts 15-80 cm. ALT and H are correlated with on xylem formation in hroad-Ieaved trees total pore characters and several others. H. Effects of sprout sizes on xylem for­ Among wood anatomical characters, total mation in the stem ofbroad-leaved trees. pore characters mostly have larger correlations (Poster) between each other, and are also correlated The current rings were formed by sprout­ with vessel element and fibre tracheid length. ing after removal of the crowns in the sterns Maximum size of 50 pores and ray characters of 2 species. Mean vessel areas, fibre lengths seem to be independent from the other charac­ and vessel element lengths in the current rings ters. Multiple regression analysis using eco- were measured and compared to those in the 10gica1 factors as independent variables finds rings formed before removal of the crowns. significant corre1ation at 1% level in total In the current rings formed by sprouting, pore characters, vesse1 element 1ength, bar the mean vessel areas and the fibre lengths number, and fibre tracheid length. Regression were smal1er than those in the previous rings coefficients of significant regressions are usu­ in both species. Larger sprouts formed ves­ ally largest for ALT, and secondly for DBH. sels with larger pore area and longer fibres Thus wood structure of AInus nepalensis in and vessel elements in the sterns of both spe­ East Nepal is affected between 23 to 42% of cies. In the sterns with smaller sprouts, the its variation by ecological factors, and the reasons of decrease in fibre length in the cur­ largest contribution of ALT is considered as rent rings were the decrease of the length of an indirect measure of temperature gradient. fusiform initials and the elongation ratios. In the sterns with larger sprouts, however, the CHUNWON KANG, JmcHI TSUTSUMI, KAzUYUKI reasons were mainly the decrease of the elon­ OOA, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu Univer­ gation ratio. sity, Fukuoka 812, Japan. - A study of The effects of IAA transport inhibitor on the mechanical behaviour and the ana­ xylem development in the stern of the broad­ tomical changes WIder several detlection leaved trees were examined and compared to rates. - (Poster) the results of this study.

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YOON Süo KIM, Department of Forest Prod­ Chunchon 200-701, Republic of Korea. - ucts & Technology, Chonnam National Uni­ Fine structures and crystal transforma­ versity, Kwangju 500-757, Korea. - Mi­ tion ofthe cellulose ofwood used for oak cromorphological characteristics ofwa­ mushroom cultivation. - (Poster) terlogged archaeological woods attacked Using the waste wood used for oak mush­ by marine microorganisms. room cultivation in Korea, the fine structures The degradation of cell wall components and the transformation mechanism from cel­ of archaeological woods which had been sub­ lulose I to cellulose II during alkali swelling merged for a long period in a waterlogged were investigated and compared to those of environment was studied. The wood sampIes normal woods by aseries of X-ray diffrac­ excavated in the last decade in Korea were tion analysis. examined with light and electron microscopy. An X-ray diffraction diagram of cultivated The wood species examined were Pinus mas­ wood for 5 years was the same as that of soniana, Pinus densiflora, Torreya nucifera, typical cellulose with some orientation of cel­ Quercus acutissima, Quercus serrata, Zelkova lulose crystallites, but that of cultivated wood serrata, Pterophyloides strobilacea, Camellia for 8 years was random. Crystallinity indices japonica, Cinnamomum camphora, and Dio­ in normal and cultivated wood for 5 years spyros sp. ranged from 57% to 60%. In the cultivated Deterioration in the wood cell walls varied wood for 8 years, however, the value showed depending upon wood species and burial site about 40%. Crystallite widths of cultivated (e. g., mud or seawater). The resistance of woods for 5 years were about 3 nm, which is Torreya nucifera and Diospyros sp. (ebony) basically the same as those of normal woods, to marine microorganisms was marked as and 2.5 nm for cultivated woods for 8 years, compared to other wood species examined. respectively. Wood submerged in the mud showed bacteria When the sapwood of cultivated wood to be the main factor for deterioration where­ was treated with 20% NaOH solution for two as the decay patterns in wood sampIes sub­ hours, the cellulose I was easily transformed merged in seawater comprised of soft-rot into Na-cellulose I in comparison with the (cavity forming types) attack of the S2 layer other wood sampIes. Certainly, the formation and bacterial erosion of the S3 layer. of Na-cellulose I in wood is proportional to The following micromorphological changes alkali swelling duration, and the formation in were observed in the waterlogged archaeo­ cultivated wood was faster than that in the logical wood sampIes: 1) more severe degra­ other woods. dation of latewood than of earlywood cell Cellulose I in the sapwood of cultivated walls, 2) preferential degradation of the S2 wood was easily transformed into cellulose 11 layer, 3) delamination of the secondary cell during mercerisation, but the sapwood of wall from the relatively intact middle lamella, normal wood and the heartwood of cultivated 4) extensive degradation of fibres and tra­ wood was hardly converted to cellulose II at cheids but relative resistance of vessels, 5) un­ all. Most of Na-cellulose I in normal wood even degradation of wood cell walls, 6) dis­ can be reconverted to cellulose I in the process tinct porosity in the degraded wood cell walls, of washing and drying. Furthermore, delig­ which showed a granular appearance and nification of the woods after mercerisation loss of birefringence under the LM, 7) IR was not influenced by its crystal structure. spectra suggested that cellulolytic microorgan­ Therefore, it can be concluded from this isms, whether fungi or bacteria, were the study that lignin can prevent the alkali swell­ primary agent for destruction of submerged ing of wood cellulose and also the transfor­ waterlogged archaeological wood sampIes mation from cellulose I to cellulose 11. examined. RENE K.W.M. KLAAsSEN, Rijksherbarium / NAM-HuN KrM, WON-YONG LEE, Department Hortus Botanicus, PO Box 9514, 2300 RA of Wood Science and Technology, College Leiden, The Netherlands. - Survey of the of Forestry, Kangweon National University, wood anatomy of the Sapindaceae.

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The wood anatomy of 103 out of 136 A phylogenetic analysis of the general genera (355 species, 519 sampies) of the wood anatomy of the Sapindaceae and 24 of tropical to subtropical Sapindaceae was anal­ its putatively related families was carried out, ysed for diversity patterns of systematic sig­ but did not result in well-resolved, robust nificance. c1adograms. The wood of the Sapindaceae is character­ ised by simply perforated vessel members, SHINYA KOGA*, KAzUYUKI OOA**, JurCHI alternate vessel wall pitting, vesse1 wall sculp­ TSUTSUMI**, *Hokkaido Forest of Kyushu turings, vessel-ray and vesse1-parenchyma University Forests, Hokkaido, 089-37, Ja­ pits similar to the intervesse1 pits, libriform pan, **Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu Uni­ fibres and the lack of intercellular canals and versity, Fukuoka, 812, Japan. - Effect of storied structure. Other wood anatomical thinning on intrinsie wood properties of features typical for the Sapindaceae, but not Japanese larch. - (Poster) present in all genera, are: small to minute Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis) is one of intervessel pits, a limited amount of scanty the principal planting species in Japan, espe­ paratracheal parenchyma, weakly heterogene­ cially in Hokkaido, the northernmost island ous uniseriate rays, septate fibres and crys­ of Japan. As wood properties of J apanese tals in chambered axial fibrous elements. larch vary considerably, 12 trees from heavi­ Since the first monograph of the Sapinda­ ly thinned stands and lightly thinned or un­ ceae, thefamily has been subdivided into two thinned stands (23-, 34-, and 38-year-old subfamilies, the Dodonaeoideae and the Sa­ stands) were tested to clarify the effect of pindoideae. The Dodonaeoideae are tradition­ thinning on growth rate, basic density and ally considered as an assembly of relic taxa tracheid length. representing early offspring. The wood ana­ Ring widths in lightly thinned or unthinned tomical heterogeneity of this subfamily sup­ trees showed a steady decrease or constant ports this view. The Sapindoideae, on the trend after thinning, whereas most trees from other hand, constitute a more coherent group. the heavy thinning showed an increase in the Its taxonomy, based on macromorphological first year after thinning which was maintained features, largely is confirmed by wood anat­ for several years thereafter. omy. Within the Lepisantheae alliance (Meli­ It was shown that basic density was not cocceae, Lepisantheae, Sapindeae) three fair­ remarkably affected by heavy and light thin­ ly homogeneous wood anatomical groups can ning. It was also shown that there were no be recognised, which more or less coincide significant relationships between the basic with the three tribes inc1uded. The Cupanieae density and the growth rate in mature wood. alliance (Cupanieae, Nephelieae, Schleicher­ The tracheid length decreased slightly for eae) containing more than half of all Sapin­ several years after heavy thinning. The effect daceae genera, is a single wood anatomical was related to the cambial age and the distance group. The Paullinieae are alllianas, and con­ between the crown height and the location of stitute through their habit-related wood anat­ wood formation. On the other hand, the tra­ omy a homogeneous group, which is not cheid length in trees from the lightly thinned comparable with any other wood anatomical stands was not effected by thinning. pattern within the Sapindaceae. The Thoui­ nieae have a diverse wood anatomy which YUKI KONDO, TOMOYUKI Fum, YOSHIOKI HA· shows resemblances with each of the other YASHI, Forestry and Forest Products Research tribes within the Sapindoideae. Institute, Tsukuba Norin, PO Box 16, Ibaraki The wood anatomical grouping and the 305, Japan. - Organie crystals in the transitions between and within the alliances tracheids of Torreya yunnanensis. - in the Sapindoideae support this subfamily as (Poster) a monophyletic group. The lack of any coher­ Crystals were found in tracheid lumina of ence within the wood anatomy of Dodonaeoi­ some commercial timbers of Torreya yunnan­ deae makes the monophyletic status of this ensis Chen & L.K. Fu imported from Yunnan, subfamily questionable. China. Cross and tangential sections were

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mounted with pure water without any stain­ C. sericea showed clear evidence of extracel­ ing, because crystals were very quickly dis­ lular freezing. Water in xylem cells was grad­ solved with ethylalcohol and xylene, and were ually dehydrated through cell walls during observed under an ordinary, a polariscd light, slow freezing forming collapse of the cell and a phase-contrast microscope. Tracheids walls. However, plasmolysis was produced in restricted areas, in short or long bands by a comparatively rapid cooling rate. Under along growth ring boundaries, were filled the process of freezing, water was observed with crystals which were colourless and short between cell wall and shrunken protoplasm, columns in oudine. meaning lower water permeability in the cell Core parts of the crystals become sublim­ walls rather than the plasma membranes. The ated in vacuum during sampIe preparation for results showed a clear difference of water SEM, and only the peripheral parts were re­ permeability in cell walls of ray parenchyma tained just like membranes. The crystals were cells between two woody species. The differ­ separated from tangential sections of 5-10 ences of water permeability by freezing-in­ 11m thickness by me ans of ultrasonic treat­ duced dehydration are under examination. ment in pure \\tater. A result from UV micro­ spectrometry suggests that they are organic. CHUN-SU KYOUNG, M. J. KIM, W. C. LEE, The crystals recrystallised from methanol Department of Wood Science and Technol­ were analysed by gas chromatography and ogy, College ofForestry, Kangweon Nation­ 1Hand l3C nuclear magnetic resonance spec­ al University, Chunchon 200-701, Korea.­ troscopy, and it was revealed that the major The TISS system: A computer search component is o-methyl cinnamic acid and the routine for wood identification and phys­ minor component is o-methyl cinnamic alde­ ical or mechanical property information. hyde. (Poster) The computer program called TISS (Taxo­ K. KURODA, *S. FUJIKAWA, K. FUKAZAWA, nomic Information and Search System) was Department of Forest Science and *Institute written for wood identification, but TISS can of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido Uni­ also be used to search a database of physical versity, Sapporo 060, Japan. - Low tem­ and mechanical properties. The programming perature behaviour of xylem ray paren­ language is Turbo Pascal (Version 5.0) and chyma cells for study ofwater transport Macro Assembly (Version 5.0). The execut­ through cell walls. - (Poster) able file is less than 50 Kb and most datafiles Xylem ray parenchyma cells of woody of several hundred taxa and nearly 100 fields plants respond to freezing temperature during are generally lcss than 30 Kb in size. Thc winter either by extracellular freezing or by system searches data either by the scientific deep supercooling. The differential response or common name to direcdy obtain informa­ of cells to freezing stresses is believed to be tion about a particular species or by the char­ due to a difference in the structure of the cell acteristic or wood anatomical feature. TISS walls. As a first stcp to clarify the property of works like most multi-entry computer-assisted water transport through the cell walls as a wood identification programs (e.g. GUESS, function of freezing in ray parenchyma cells, CSIROID and MEKA), but the matching cri­ sampies of wood from Styrax obassia and teria and searching process are a litde differ­ Comus sericea were investigated. ent. The wood identification data is based Studies by cryo-scanning electron micro­ on multi-entry keys (edge-punched cards) scopy and freeze-fracture replica techniques from Korea. W ood anatomical features can in association with differential thermal anal­ conform to the 'IAWA list of microscopic ysis, showed that xylem cells in S. obassia features for hardwood identification' and produced deep supercooling. Supercooled the matching criteria includes + (presence), water in the cells remained to near -30°C, - (absence), ! (rcquired presence), # (required indicating that the cell wall did not allow absence), ? (unknown), V (variable), and water movement in the presence of extra­ * (inapplicable). Since the executable file and cellular ice. On the other hand, xylem cells in data files are smalI, the system is suitable for

Downloaded from Brill.com10/09/2021 02:15:05PM via free access Third Pacific Regional Wood Anatomy Conference, Rotorua 1994 - Abstracts 213 a PC laptop or older model PC' s with limited J. MATSUMARA, 1. TSUTSUMI, K. ODA, Uni­ RAM and only floppy disks which are some­ versity of Kyushu, Fukuoka, Japan. - Bor­ times the only computers available for teach­ dered pits and longitudinal air permea­ ing. Since TISS will accept any data as long bility ofSugi (Cryptomeriajaponica) and as it is formatted correctly, we created a data­ Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis) woods. base of information on properties and uses of (Poster) tropical timbers using Table IV from Martin Wood anatomy and structure are deeply Chudnoff' s 'Tropical timbers of the world'. concerned with wood physics. For example This database contains 382 taxa and 91 data the state of bordered pits, such as aspiration, fields. Information on various species can be occlusion and encrustation, greatly affects easily gathered and compared. For example, wood permeability. all woods with a minimum specific gravity of Longitudinal air permeabilities of naturally 0.50, that are naturally durable and used for dried woods changed with the given position sleepers (cross-ties), is easily searched to pro­ in the stern, such as heartwood, intermediate duce a result of 75 species. The use of TISS wood and sapwood. This might be caused for data manipulation of various kinds is use­ by bordered pit aspiration occurring through ful and allows students to make identifications heartwood formation. with one data set and examine and compare In both intermediate wood and sapwood, the properties and uses with another data set. pit aspiration occurring during drying from thc green condition after felling, affected the CLARE E. LAWTON*, G. JERONIMIDIS**, A.J. air permeability. Therefore air permeabilities PRETLOV**, 1.R. BARNETI*, * Department of freeze-dried and solvent exchange-dried of Botany, The University of Reading, White­ woods increased. knights, Reading RG6 2AS, UK; **Depart­ On the other hand, it was found that it ment of Engineering, The University of might not be possible to explain wood perme­ Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK. - ability only in terms of pit aspiration. Though Anatomical factors affecting the quality most bordered pits in heartwood were aspir­ of Oboe reeds made from Arundo donax ated, the values of air permeability indicated a L. - (Poster) remarkable change. This might be caused by Oboe reeds (and the reeds of other wood­ occlusion with extractives and encrustation wind instruments) are traditionally made from with lignin-like substances, which might oc­ internodes of Arundo donax L. Commerci­ cur in both aspirated and non-aspirated pits. ally available internodes are of very variable Therefore the percentage of latewood whose quality, however, and musicians find it diffi­ bordered pits lacked occlusion and encrusta­ cult to obtain material from which to make tion in comparison with earlywood, might reeds of consistently high musical quality. affect the air permeability of heartwood. Internodes for use as reeds are selected by growers on the basis of their diameter, and a T. M. MIDDLETON, Department of Plant & number of other criteria, many of them with­ Microbial Sciences, University ofCanterbury, out apparent scientific basis. The result is that Christchurch, New Zealand. - Wood and internodes sold for reed-making vary widely coatings, an electron microscope study in terms of their state of anatomical develop­ of anatomical features ofDacrydium cu­ ment. The anatomy of internodes has been pressinum, Podocarpus dacrydioides, Pi­ examined and related to the quality of sound nus radiata, and New 7aUandNothofagus produced by reeds made from those inter­ taxa. - (Poster) nodes. Particular attention has been given to A scanning electron microscope and trans­ the size and distribution of vascular bundles, mission electron microscope study was made thickness of sclerenchyma bands beneath the on the behaviour of Dacrydium cupressinum epidermis, and the degree of fibre wall thick­ Lamb. (Rimu), Podocarpus dacrydioides A. ening. Observations so far suggest that all of Rieh. (Kahikatea), Pinus radiata D. Don (ra­ these may playapart in determining the qual­ diata pine), Nothofagus solandri var. cliffort­ ity of the finished reed. ioides (Hook. f.) Poole (mountain beech), N.

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solandri var. solandri (Hook. f.) Oerst. (black It is proposed to examine, evaluate and beech), N. truncata (Col.) Ckn. (hard beech), prioritise these sources which may disrupt the N. fusca (Hook. f.) Oerst. (red beech) and conduction of xylem sap using physiological N. menziesii (Hook. f.) Oerst. (silver beech) and microscopical evidence from model and wood and selected coating (paint) systems. applied examples. Both qualitative and quantitative informa­ tion on the nature of coating penetration was A. MISHIRO, B.R. KIM, T. OKANO, Faculty obtained. Paint penetration and infusion ex­ of AgricuIture, Niigata University, and Col­ periments were performed. Key elements lege of Agriculture, Chungbuk National Uni­ present in the coatings were detected by versity, Korea, and FacuIty of Agriculture, EDXA techniques. Accelerated weathering University of Tokyo, Japan. - Growth and techniques involving the Xenon-arc weather­ wood properties of Sugi (Cryptonreria O-meter were used to test the performance of japonica D. Don) cultivars. - (poster) both coatings and timber. Fourier transform Japanese cedar, Sugi (Cryptomeria japon­ infrared and attenuated total reflectance meth­ ica), a prominent reforestation species in ods, spectrocolourimetric and spectroscopic Japan, has been planted in all areas except the techniques including the L a* b* and chro­ northem part of the country for a long time. maticity colour systems were used to obtain At present, Japan has about 10 million hec­ supplementary information on performance. tares of artificial forests, of which about fifty W ood anatomical features were examined and percent of the planting area and about sixty measured to obtain both qualitative and quanti­ percent of their volume are Sugi. There are tative information on wood/coating behaviour. numerous cultivars of Sugi in Japan, and it is reported that their wood properties vary with JOHN A. MILBURN, VIRGINIA G. WILLIAMSON, cultivars, environmental factors, silvicultural Department of Botany, University of New treatments and so on. In this study, the growth England, NSW 2351, Australia. - The loss and wood properties of 5 Sugi cultivars grown of hydrauIic conduction through vascu· in the same stand, and managed in the same lar xylem conduits. way, were examined. The sampie cultivars It has become increasingly apparent recent­ were Hidarimaki-sugi, Tosaaka-sugi, Haara­ ly that hydraulic transport is far from the situ­ sugi, Boka-sugi and Ji-sugi, which were 31 ation one might expect of a simple plumbing years old and had been planted in the Tokyo system. The fact that the sap is under tension University Forest in Chiba. The specimens and the walls are porous introduces the first for compression test parallel to the grain and set of complications. These factors can induce bending test were taken from both juvenile cavitation followed by embolisation of the wood and mature wood. The results are sum­ conduits. They will be considered in the light marised as follows: of allied problems which arise when trees 1) Total volume growth was greatest in To­ are injected with dissolved chemicals on one saaka-sugi, followed by Ji-sugi, Haara-sugi, hand, and the importance of maintaining un­ Boka-sugi and the least in Hidarimaki-sugi. obstructed xylem conduits for water uptake 2) The radial distribution of green mois­ by cut flowers to prolong their vase life. ture content was classified into four types. A second set of complications arises from 3) The basic density was somewhat higher the development of chemicals by the plant to near the pith than in sapwood. prevent water transport, including suberin 4) A good linear correlation was found and pectin. The role of the plant in producing between the compression strength and specif­ these chemicals will be discussed in the light ic gravity in air dry juvenile wood and mature of the fact that some chemicals prolong vase wood of all cultivars, but smaller correlations life considerably. A still further complication were found between Young's modulus in to be considered is the direct or indirect par­ compression parallel to the grain, Young's ticipation of micro-organisms, which have modulus in ben ding, bending strength and long been implicated as possible causes of specific gravity in air dry, either of juvenile vascular dysfunction. wood or mature wood of cultivars.

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5) A highly significant correlation was versity, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-77, Japan. - confirmed between Young's modulus and Ecological wood anatorny of Nepalese strength. Rhododendron. - (Poster) 6) The strength properties in Boka-sugi Wood anatomical characters of Nepalese showed lower values than those of the other Rhododendron are evaluated, based on eco­ four cultivars and it also differed in Young' s logical factors, i. e. stern diameter (D), tree modulus. This was due to qualitative differ­ height (H), and altitude (ALT), and also con­ ences in the cell wall of tracheids. sidering tree form. We studied one to three 7) Both the growth and strength proper­ specimens each of 26 species: five species ties were good for Tosaaka-sugi, Ji-sugi and each of trees and subtrees I, three species of Haara-sugi. subtrees 11, and 13 species of shrubs. Multi­ ple regression analysis and actual distribution YUSHIRO MIWA, Forest & Forest Products of character values show that pore characters Research Institute, PO Box 16, Tsukuba No­ and multiseriate ray ratio have stronger corre­ rin Kenkyu, Danchi-Nai, Ibaraki 305, Japan. lation with stern diameter than altitude, and - Collapse in Castanopsis cuspidata. pore density, vessel element length, fibre tra­ (Poster) cheid length, and multiseriate ray density have even relationships with altitude and stern diam­ RyoGO NAKADA, National Forest Tree Breed­ eter or tree height. The rest have stronger cor­ ing Center, Mito 310, Japan. - Two-dirnen­ relation with altitude. Among the characters, sional observation of rnoisture distribu­ average pore area is most strongly correlated tion in the stern of Cryptomeriajaponica with stern diameter, and shows an exponen­ D. Don with soft X-ray photography.­ tial increase against D. Wood structure of (Poster) Nepalese Rhododendron has an intricate re­ Moisture distribution in the stern of Cryp­ lation with stern diameter, and also with alti­ tomeriajaponica D.Don was observed two­ tudinal gradient which is indirectly reflected dimensionally with soft X-ray photography. in stern diameter through reduction of stature Three trees of a clone were investigated. from trees to shrubs. Infraspecific variation Over fifty disks were taken serially from the within four species shows smaller fluctuation bottom to the top of each sampie tree. The than interspecific variations, but each species disks were prepared at a thickness of 2 mm has characteristic trends different from inter­ to obtain clear images on films. The green specific ones. disk was put on a film and irradiated by soft X-rays. The films were observed with a mi­ ALEXEI A. OSKOLSKY, Botanical Museum, croscopc to recognise the presence of free Komarov Botanical Institute, St. Petersburg, water in the tracheid lumen. Russia. - Wood anatorny of the Pacific Wet-heartwood was observed from the bot­ Sche/1lera (Araliaceae). tom to the top of all the sampie trees. The wet­ The wood anatomy of twenty-six species heartwood was partitioned from sapwood by of Schejjlera and the related genera Tupidan­ intermediate wood which contained little mois­ thus and Schejjleropsis from China, Vietnam, ture. In the intermediate wood, the presence Fiji, Australia, New Caledonia and New Zea­ of free water was restricted to within late­ land, is examined. wood and there was litde free water in early­ Four groups of species were distinguished wood. Therefore, it was suggested that there on the basis ofthe following features: 1) Heli­ was a hidden path of moisture to connect sap­ cal thickenings on the vessel walls, numerous wood and wet-heartwood across intermediate vascular tracheids (4 mountain species from wood. North Vietnam); 2) Vessel-ray and vessel­ axial parenchyma pits of distinctly two SHUICHI NOSHIRO*, MITSUO SUZUKI**, * For­ sizes, radial canals present (11 Schefflera estry and Forest Products Research Institute, species from Vietnam and Australia, Tupi­ Tsukuba Norin, PO Box 16, Ibaraki 305, danthus calyptratus and Scheffleropsis hemi­ Japan; **Faculty of Science, Tohoku Uni- epiphytica from Vietnam); 3) Large multiseri-

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ate rays with complete or incomplete sheaths cracks as helical fissures in the longitudinal (7 species from Vietnam, China, Fiji and New sections. Helical fissures originated mostly Zealand); 4) Low and narrow multiseriate rays from the expansion of pits and were parallel mostly without sheath cells (S. gabriellae and to the microfibrils and present mainly in the S. nono from New Caledonia). radial sections. Cracks and helical fissures The relationships of the Pacific Schefjlera were found only in the Tripitaka wooden species were examined. The separate position plates but not in recent wood sam pies which of section Agalma (Miq.) Tseng & Hoo (group were dried rapidly in high temperature for the 1) as well as elose affinity of Schefjleropsis evidence of deterioration in the dry archaeo­ and Tupidanthus with Schefflera were con­ logical woods during their long-term aging firmed. The only temperate Schefjlera species process. (S. digitata from New Zealand mountains, A large amount of hyphae in vessels and group 3) has very specialised wood structure the degradation of vessel-ray pit walls by the (semi-ring-porosity, very short vessel ele­ fungal hyphae were observed in the wood ments, numerous vascular tracheids, very sam pies examined. However, vessel walls broad rays) probably due to the rigorous were intact and axial parenchyma cells were habitat conditions. also weil preserved even though adjacent fibre walls were severely deteriorated. Interesting­ SANG JIN PARK, All KYUNG KANG, Depart­ ly, helical fissures in the fibre cells just be­ ment of Wood Science & Technology, Col­ neath the lacquer layer were sei dom obscrved. lege of Agriculture, Kyungpook University, Some hyphae were also present in the vessels Korea. - Changes of cell structures in impregnated with Rhus lacquer. The extent of dry archaeologica1 wooden plates, Tripi­ degradation varied depending upon wood taka Koreana. - (Poster) species: Prunus spp. was the most deteri­ Tripitaka Koreana, engraved Buddhist orated and the degrees of deterioration were scriptures in 81,340 wo oden plates, were in a decreasing order of Pyrus spp., Betula made during the Koryo Dynasty from 1236 schmidtii and Daphniphyllum macropodum. to 1251 AD. Some plates were vamished with Rhus lacquer; however, they were mostly BEYUNG Su PARK, T AKESm FURUNO, TOHRU uncoated. Microscopical structures of plates UEHARA, Faculty of Agriculture, Shimane appeared intact due to the storage in a well­ University, Matsua, Shimane 690, Japan. - ventilated wooden house. However, wooden Histochemica1 changes of wood surfaces plates were irregularly used for copying the irradiated with ultraviolet light. works with ink. Hence it can be expected that Deterioration of wood surfaces of hinoki they were exposed repeatedly to ink-water (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) irradiated with and the drying process. The following work ultraviolet light was microscopically and his­ was undertaken to examine the changes of tochemically investigated using scanning elec­ cell structures that had occurred during long­ tron microscopy (SEM), light microscopy, term aging processes in these dry archaeo­ colorimetry, and infrared (IR) spectrophoto­ logical wo oden plates using light, scanning metry. and transmission electron microscopy. The We observed thc deterioration of wood wood sam pies were taken from the edges of surfaces which were irradiated with only wooden plates and wood species examined ultraviolet (UV), and which were irradiated were Prunus spp., Pyrus spp., Daphniphyl­ with UV after the wood had been soaked in Zum macropodum and BetuZa schmidtii. water or sulfuric acid (pH2) for 20 minutes One of the characteristic features of these every day. wood sampies was the occurrence of cracks SEM observations of cross sections of dc­ in fibres and delamination of the secondary teriorated wood showed that the deterioration wall from the middle lamella not only on the process of cell walls was initiated in cell cor­ surface (apparently degraded) but also in the ners adjacent to the middle lamella, and sub­ internal part of wood sam pies which appear­ sequently both sides of the outer (Sr) and ed sound. Microscope views show these inner (S3) layers of secondary wall were

Downloaded from Brill.com10/09/2021 02:15:05PM via free access Third Pacific Regional Wood Anatomy Conference, Rotorua 1994 - Abstracts 217 degraded. Consequently, all of the cell walls early stage of UV irradiation, because the were eventually eroded. These results corre­ concentration of lignin was greatest in cell sponded to the lignin concentration across the corners and middle lamella, resulting in the cell walls. On radial sections the pit mem­ degradation of lignin by UV irradiation. branes of bordered pits in tracheids were de­ graded first, the pit apertures were enlarged lLONA PESZLEN, University of Forestry & as the irradiation time increased, and then the Wood Sciences, Department of Wood Sci­ deterioration extended to areas of the walls ence, 9400 Sopron, Bajcsy-Zs. u. 4, Hun­ surrounding pit borders. gary. - Gelatinous fihres in Popu[us x After two months of UV irradiation, there eura11U!ricana clones. was a marked difference in the erosion ratios Three Euramerican hybrid poplar [Popu­ of cell walls among the treatments. Wood lus x euramericana (Dode) Guinier] clones, surfaces receiving treatment with the sulfuric the Italian '1-214' and both the Hungarian acid solution and UV irradiation were eroded 'Kopecky' and 'Koltay', were investigated much more strongly. The erosion ratios for on two different sites. Six trees were sampled the sulfuric acid solution and UV irradiation from each clone at breast height to examine were twice as high as that of UV irradiation site and genetic components of wood only and were one and a half times as high as anatomical variation in the clones with regard that of treatment with water and UV irradia­ to the incidence of gelatinous fibres. tion. These results indicated that the sulfuric Gelatinous fibres of tension wood were acid solution and UV irradiation accelerated found in alm ost every sampie as scattered greatly the erosion of wood surfaces. cells or groups without specific pattern. The From the colour reaction after two months proportion of gelatinous fibres varied signifi­ of UV irradiation, the deterioration depths of cantly among trees within clones, and was lignin and cellulose were 7 50 ~m and 500 ~m higher near the pith than near the bark; how­ for UV irradiation, and 850 ~m and 650 ~m ever, it was not related to site, clone, or for the sulphuric acid solution, respectively, growth rate. The presence of gelatinous fibres as seen in radial thin sections. These results possibly affected the anatomie al properties indicated that the chemical change from the and may have caused bias in measurement as wood surface reached a depth of 750-850 the gelatinous layers occluded the fibre lumen. ~m on the cross section by UV. Since gelatinous fibres of tension wood Colour difference and brightness of wood cause variability in wood quality, tension surfaces irradiated with UV showed a rapid wood and its properties must be considered change in the early stage of UV irradiation re­ in evaluating the wood quality of poplar gardless of the treatments and a slow change clones. after 15 days of irradiation. The treatment with the sulphuric acid solution and UV irra­ N. PUMIJUMNONG, D. ECKSTEIN, U. SASS, In­ diation showed a greater change than only stitute for Wood Biology, University of Ham­ UV irradiation or the water and UV irradia­ burg, Leuschnerstrasse 91,21031 Hamburg, tion. Germany. - Tree-ring research of Teak The results of IR spectra showed that the (Tectona grandis L.) in Thailand. - relative ratios of absorbances of 1730 cm-ll (Poster) 2900 cm- l on deterioratcd surfaces increased Thailand is part of the area of natural dis­ rapidly in the early stages of UV irradiation. tribution of teak which is dominant at eleva­ This corresponded to the tendency in the tions from 100 to 900 metres; where a dry change of colour difference. These results in­ season is alternating with abundant rainfall. dicated that on the wood surfaces the chromo­ In the mountains of North Thailand, wood phores of carbonyl groups were generated by cores were collected on 24 sites from 400 UV irradiation, resulting in a colour change trees with maximum ages of 300 years. Cross­ on the wood surfaces. The relative ratios of dating is mostly possible. Rainfall records are absorbances of 1510 cm- 1/2900 ern-Ion available from several meteorologie al stations deteriorated surfaces decreased rapidly in the from 1911 onwards. The study is aimed at

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contributing to the reconstruction of the paJeo­ and wet condition respectively. Only PF ad­ rnonsoon in South-East Asia. hesive met the industrial requirement of 5.51 Teak tirnber has been used since prehistoric MPa in dry condition. The species were gen­ time. This may enable us to extend the chro­ erally small in size but could be joined with nologies back in time. suitable adhesives to form useful dimensions for various end uses. MOHD HAMAMI SAHRI, ROSZAINI BINTI KA· DIR,Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Faculty of MOHD HAMAMI SAHRI, MD DESA AHMAD, Forestry, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malay­ Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Pertanian Ma­ sia. - Anatomical properties and glu­ laysia, 43400, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia. ability of 20-year-old pIanted ShoTea - Characteristics of heartrotted timber ovalis. in pIanted Acacia mangium Willd. - Knowledge of anatomical properties and (Poster) gluability is necessary in assessing the poten­ Knowledge of Acacia mangium wood tial uses of wood. Twenty-year-old Shorea quality infected by heartrot may provide deci­ ovalis trees from enrichment planting plots sive factors for its applicability and economics were chosen for the study. Their physical feasibility of many processes. In this study, properties (i.e., specific gravity, moisture three heartrotted trees and three healthy trees content and shrinkage) in relation to the ana­ were selected from two age stands identified tomical structure and gluing were compared. as 4- and 8-year-old. Discs of 5 cm thick Three trees were selected at random from the were taken at the bottom, middle and top por­ same site; 2.5 cm thick discs were taken at tions for anatomical, physical and chemical the bottom, upper bottom, middle, upper properties assessment, and tested in accord­ middJe and upper portion for anatomical and ance to ASTM and TAPPI standards. Obser­ physical properties assessment, while gluing vations on the cell wall structure were done sam pIes were taken from the 2 metre-bolts. using light microscopy and scanning electron Two commercial adhesives, Urea formalde­ microscopy. Statistical analysis indicated that hyde (UF) and Phenol formaldehyde (PF) there were no significant differences in fibre were used to glue the wood specimens. The characteristics, i.e., fibre length, fibre diam­ anatomical properties were measured using a eter, fibre lumen diameter and fibre wall thick­ light microscope attached to an image analysis ness between sound wood and heartrotted system. UF and PF glue joints were assessed wood for both age groups. However, there by block shear test and a total of 3 combina­ were significant differences in physical prop­ tions were tested in dry and wet conditions in erties (i.e., moisture content and density) of accordance to ASTM D905-49(76) specifica· the wood infected by heartrot disease. Chem­ tions. ical analysis showed a significant difference The results showed that moisture content in the proportion of alpha-cellulose and hemi­ ranged from 59.60% to 78.19%, specific cellulose between sound wood and heart­ gravity from 0.32 to 0.46, radial shrinkage rotted wood for the 8-year-old stand, but for from 2.14% to 2.82%, tangential shrinkage 4-year-old trees only alpha-cellulose content from 3.8% to 7.67% and volumetric shrink­ was significant. The content of lignin, extrac­ age from 6.01 % to 9.6%. The fibre length tives and ash were found not to be affected (939.l4 to 1139.73 jlm) and fibre wall thick­ by heartrot disease. One percent alkali solu­ ness (3.33 to 3.74 jlm) decreases from the bility for both age groups was significantly bottom to the top portion while lumen diam­ greater in heartrotted wood than in sound eter (20.41 to 26.92 jlm) increases with wood. These characteristics suggest that the height. In addition, it was found that tangen­ primary fungus responsible for decay activity tial-tangential combinations had stronger glu­ may be brown-rot fungus. The result indicated ing properties than the tangential-radial and that 4-year- and 8-year-old trees were suscep­ radial-radial combinations. The average wood tible to attack by heartrot and that the 8-year­ failure for UF and PF adhesives were 56.5% old trees were more seriously affected com­ and 60.7%, and 13.1% and 20.5% in dry pared to 4-year-old Acacia mangium wood.

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YUKIE SAlTO, JUNll SUGIYAMA, TAKESHI OKA· the current year. Earlywood vessels in older NO, Department of Forest Products, Faculty xylem increments in the sapwood were cavi­ of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, tated from spring to autumn. Bunkyo-ku, 113 Tokyo, Japan. - What do During the 1994 season, sarnple trees were the characteristic similarities of cellu­ taken at intervals of two weeks from mid­ lose and chitin mean? - (Poster) May to late J une for detailed examinations of Similarities and differences between two the initiation and the progression of the cavi­ typical biopolymers, cellulose and chitin, are tation in the earlywood vessels. In mid-June, compared. They are composed of a linear the cavitation had already initiated in the ear­ chain molecule which differs only at the C2 lywood vessels formed in the current year branch. Irreversible phase conversion: Cellu­ although water was present in the lumina of lose I irreversibly converts into cellulose II most of the earlywood vessels. In late June, a by alkali treatment, on the other hand ß-chitin time when large vessels were further formed irreversibly changes into a-chitin by acid treat­ in the differentiating zone, the number of ment Chain polarity: Cellulose Ia, one chain cavitated earlywood vessels increased. Early­ unit cell, can convert to cellulose Iß, two wood vessels in older xylem increments in chains unit cell without any morphological the sapwood were cavitated during this peri­ features. This means cellulose I is a parallel od. Subsequent progression of the cavitation structure, while cellulose II is believed to be in this season is under examination. an antiparallel structure. ß-chitin, one chain From these results, we state with some unit cell and therefore a parallel structure, con­ confidence that, in F. mandshurica var. ja­ verts into an antiparallel structure P212121. ponica, cavitation in earlywood vessels of We examined an experimental result that the current-year xylem increments initiates in sagitta of a typical a-chitin showed forbidden early-summer and then gradually progresses reflections to P212121, and convinced us that until mid-summer. a-chitin is an antiparallel structure. It is the most distinct differcnce that chitin can be synthesised in an antiparallel fashion while U. SCHMITT, W. LIESE, L.T. HONG, W. KILL­ natural cellulose is a parallel structure. MANN, Federal Research Center for Forestry and Forest Products, Institute for Wood Biol­ Y. SANO, Y. UTSUMI, J. OHTANI, *S. FUJIKA­ ogy and Wood Protection, 21027 Hamburg, W A, K. FUKAZA W A, Faculty of Agriculture Germany, and Forest Research Institute and *Institute of Low Temperature Science, Malaysia, Kepong, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060, Japan. Malaysia. - Wound response in Acacia - Seasonal progression of cavitation in mangium Willd. earlywood vessels in Fraxinus mand­ Tree injuries of sapwood induce responses shurica var.japonica. - (poster) at the wound in order to confine inflow of air In order to elucidate the seasonal progres­ and invasion of microorganisms. In Acacia sion of cavitation in earlywood vessels of mangium, occlusion of vessels and fibres oc­ ring-porous species, young trees of Fraxinus curs by secretion of amorphous/fibrillar ma­ mandshurica var.japonica (dbh 7-8 cm; terial from adjacent parenchyma cells. Struc­ heights 7-9 m) were sampled serially from turally, the processes resemble the cellular spring to autumn in 1993 and in 1994, and mechanisms as described for European hard­ xylem cavitation was demonstrated by soft woods without tylosis formation. Wound X-ray photography and by cryo-scanning response in A. mangium, however, seems to electron microscopy. be less effective as the blockage remains in­ During the 1993 season, sampie trees were compiete in most vessel and fibre lumina near taken at intervals of one to two months for the wound. Therefore darnage emanating from preliminary observations. By mid-summer, a the wound may spread with greater ease re­ time when current-year xylem increments sulting in larger affected and discoloured were still differentiating, cavitation took place areas. W ood destroying fungi invade the dis­ in almost all the earlywood vessels formed in coloured tissue and grow further inside as

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observed a few weeks after wounding. Such species depending on their habitats, are dom­ early and massive decay as in A. mangium inant as exemplified by Kanto and Kinki was not found in wounded trees of the north­ (western central Japan) districts. There seems ern temperate zone; beside the low resistance to have been no difference in the species of the discoloured area, the rapid spread of selection for constructions among different the fungi is favoured by the prevailing high social classes or different kinds of buildings temperature and humidity. up to the Yayoi Period. An increase of Cha­ maecyparis obtusa for building material in Kinki district is a characteristic feature of the KEN SHIMAn, 210-306 Green Town, Moto­ Kofun Period (c. 300-700 AD), indicating yashiki-Makishima, Uji, Kyoto 611, Japan. the initiation of a strong preference for Cha­ - Species selection for wooden artefacts maecyparis for Palaces, Government Offices by ancient people in Japan· An inference and Temples by royal families and aristocrats from a database on the identification in this period, as exemplified by the five­ of archaeological wood remains. storeyed pagoda of the Horyuji temple which Data from more than 1,300 literature ref­ was built at the beginning of the 8th century erences on the identification of archaeological AD and is still in existence. Such a preference wood remains in Japan have been accumu­ for Chamaecyparis continued to enhance and lated up to 1992 in a database compiled by spread to all areas of the country until the myself. Characteristic species selection for 15th century AD, being replaced by Zelkova respective purposes, e.g., buildings, agri­ serrata thereafter, reflecting the shortage of cultural tools and coffins, by ancient people, big Chamaecyparis trees and improvement of and the change of preference by period and carpenter's tools. area will be discussed on the basis of the Sub genus Cyclobalanopsis of Quercus had database mentioned above. been strictly selected for hoes and spades all Castanea crenata predominated in the build­ over the country all through the ancient peri­ ing materials of the Jomon Period (c. 10,000- ods since the beginning of rice cultivation in 2,300 BP), although excavated colony sites the Yayoi Period, often exceeding the limit of preserving building wood of this period are its habitats. Possibilities for transference of concentrated in the eastern half of Honshu Cyclobalanopsis-made tools, as either raw (main island). Castanea seems to be the most wood or finished tools, are under discussion. important tree for the people of this period, Although not confined to agricultural tools, not only for food because of its nuts but also assemblages of semi-processed wooden arte­ for construction because of the strength and facts are often unearthed from lowland col­ durability of its wood. Selection of Castanea ony sites, suggesting a possibility that even receded in the succeeding Yayoi Period (c. the ancient people of 2,000 years aga had 300 BC-300 AD), suggesting a probable already acquired the knowledge of releasing change of vegetation by human impact. The the ilI behaving inner stress of wood by stor­ most ubiquitous building wood all over the ing it in water prior to finishing. country, except Kanto district (eastern centraI Adherence to Sciadopitys verticillata for Japan), is Cryptomeria japonica in this period. coffins is a prominent feature of Kinki dis­ The remarkable abundance of unearthed ma­ trict, while Chamaecyparis obtusa was com­ terials and the predomination of Cryptomeria monly selected all over the country, in Yayoi in central Japan are thought to be a reflection through to the Nara Period (8th century AD). of the fact that lowland colonies of rice culti­ Interestingly, preference to Sciadopitys for vation came to flourish in central to western coffins by ancient Korean dynasties has also Japan in this period, following the introduc­ been demonstrated, in spite of the fact that tion of rice cultivation from the continent at Sciadopitys is endemie to Japan, representing the end of the Jomon Period. In the highland a monotypic family Sciadopityaceae, with colony sites of this period, on the other hand, only sporadic habitats in the western half of species of Quercus, deciduous or evergreen Japan.

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ADYA SINGH, New Zea1and Forest Research identified as Pinus sylvestris sapwood. The Institute Ltd, PB 3020, Rotorua, New Zea­ micromorphological appearance of degraded land. - Ultrastructural features of corno wood cells suggested that erosion bacteria pression wood cells in relation to bacte­ were primarily responsible for the deteriora­ rial decay in Pinus radiaJa. tion of the archaeological wood. In order to assess in-service performance The resistance of wood components to mi­ of Pinus radiata wood panels from an indus­ crobial decay varied greatly. Whereas axial trial cooling tower, a microscopic study was tracheids were heavily degraded, ray tracheids undertaken of those areas of panels which and thick-walled ray parenchyma were large­ showed signs of decay due to microbia1 at­ ly intact. Within axial tracheids, the S2 wall tack. The panels had been treated with cop­ appeared to be less resistant than the corre­ per-chrome-arsenate (CCA) preservative to a sponding wall in pit borders and middle la­ retention of at least 12 kg m-3 of salt prior to mellae and initial pit borders were almost being placed in service about 12 years ago. completely resistant. This variable resistance The panel sampies examined primarily con­ of the archaeological wood components to tained normal· sapwood, but some compres­ microbial attack will be discussed in the light sion and heartwood was also present. In this of available information on bacterial erosion presentation, ultrastructural features of com­ of wood cell walls and chemical composition pression wood will be examined in relation to of Pinus wood components. the attack of tracheid walls by erosion (EB) and tunnelling bacteria (TB). RASHMI SRIV ASTA VA, Birbal Sahni Institute of A comparison with normal wood showed Palaeobotany 53, University Road, Lucknow- that the walls of compression wood tracheids 226007, India. - Systernatic anatorny of were not as severely degraded as those of fossil woods in the Teniary flora ofIndia. normal wood. In heavily degraded areas of The Tertiary flora of India is mainly based normal wood, the entire secondary wall ap­ on petrified and carbonised fossil woods of peared to be degraded by EB whereas in sev­ dicotyledonous plants. They are known from erely attacked compression wood, degrada­ the Palaeogene and Neogene sequences. From tion had progressed only as far as the S2L Palaeogene, a large number of woods have layer. However, the S2L layer did not appear been reported from Deccan Intertrappean sedi­ to be completely resistant to TB. These obser­ ments of Central India. vations will be discussed in relation to the ul­ From Neogene, they have been reported trastructural features of compression wood from the Siwalik Series of the Himalayan foot examined and the information available from hills (Middle Miocene); W. Bengal (Miocene); previous studies on the mlcromorphology the Tipam Series of north-east (Miocene); the and chemical composition of compression Dupitile Series of north-eastern region (Mio­ wood cell walls. cene-Pliocene); the Kanawati Series ofGuja­ rat (Pliocene) and exposures from Rajasthan, AoYA SINGH*, THOMAS NILSSON**, GEOFFREY both from western regions; the Cuddalore DANIEL **, *New Zealand Forest Research In­ Series (Miocene-Pliocene) and Neyveli lignite stitute Ud, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New (Miocene) of the east coast and the Warkalli Zealand, **Department of Forest Products, beds (Middle Miocene) and Ratnagiri (Mio­ Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, cene) of the west coast of the southern region. Box 7008, S75007 Uppsala, Sweden.­ Anatomical features taken into considera­ Variable resistance of Pinus sylvestris tion for the identification of dicotyledonous wood components 10 attack by wood cJe. fossil woods are: presence or absence of grading bacteria. - (Poster) growth rings; distribution pattern, size and The archaeological wood examined in this frequency of vessels, nature of perforation study came from a bulwark constructed in plates and inter-vessel pits; nature and distri­ early 1100 in the lake Tingstäde Träsk on the bution of parenchyma; type and nature of island of Götland in Sweden. The wood was xylem rays and fibre characters.

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Other anatornical features which are re­ into Japan. In the near future, it is highly pos­ stricted only to a limited number of families sible for the end users to meet rapidly in­ and genera have been considered to be of creasing numbers of species in the form of special significance, e. g., tile cells, oil cells, sawn- and machined-products without their canals (radial or vertica1), secretary cavities, own names with the development of indus­ vasicentric tracheids, vestured pits etc. Such tries in the producing countries. characters are very important for taxonomie For the better and effective utilisation of resolution and to find out the relationships of these lesser-known species, it is stressed that fossil woods with different genera and spe­ some simple and feasible means should be eies of the modem day flora. taken to transfer the know-how of wood The anatomical features ascribed to vari­ identification on sawn-timber as weIl as logs, ous genera and species of different families from wood anatomists to the export relating and their comparison with the extant flora world. signify the adoption of some primitive char­ acters in the beginning of the Tertiary period and gradual advancement of features in the AN! SULAIMAN*. lR. BARNETI**, *Forest subsequent periods. Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, 52109 The change in anatomical features of fossil Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, **School of Plant woods and their distribution in different for­ Sciences, The University of Reading, White­ mations of Palaeogene and Neogene are cor­ knights, PO Box 221, Reading, RG6 2AS, related with the evolutionary and climatic UK. - Wood anatomical evidence for the significance of Indian Tertiary flora. taxonomie reclassification of two genera of Sapotaceae. - (poster) The genera Ganua and Madhuca were unit­ SYOJI SUDO, Timber Consultant, Kamikita­ ed under the genus Bassia by King & Gamble zawa 4-31-3, Setagaya, Tokyo 156, Japan. and Ridley. During subsequent taxonomie re­ - Tropieal timber status in Asia and vision they were separated (by Lam in 1939, Paeifie regions observed under the mi­ Aubreville in 1964; Ng in 1972) and again eroseope and a need to minimise lesser­ reunited under the genus Madhuca (Baehni in known species. 1965; Pennington in 1991). In order to sup­ For the investigation of the recent status plement this work, which was based mainly of species composition in the timber, particu­ on a study of floral and fruit morphology, the larly of sawn-timber, exported from Asia and wood anatomy of species from peninsular the Pacific regions, 40 samples from a batch Malaysia has been examined. Many of the of the sawn-timber from Sarawak, which was features observed differ only slightly between chosen as a typica1 example, based on col­ species. The woods are diffuse-porous with our, grain and texture, were se1ected by a solitary pores, pores in radiallines of 2 to 8, timber dealer and later re-examined by the and occasionally clusters. Most have simple author. They were identified as the timbers perforation plates with the exception of Ganua from 23 different species, viz. from Amoora, hirtiflora, which has both simple and scalari­ Calophyllum, Campnosperma, Cantleya. Dac­ form plates. All species examined have alter­ tylocladus. Dillenia. Durio. Gluta. Intsia. nate intervessel pitting. Axial parenchyma Koompassia. Lithocarpus. Lophopetalum. occurs in narrow bands or lines up to 3 cells Maranthes. Pometia. Sindora. Tetramerista, wide, with more than 8 cells per parenchyma together with 6 Dipterocarp species. Some of strand. Some species have exclusively uni­ them are hardly identified by general timber seriate rays, while others have multiseriate dealers in importing countries and certainly rays up to 3 cells wide. Both ray and axial used as a padding for thc well-known com­ parenchyma contain silica bodies. Pith flecks mercial species without their own names, or were found in two species of Madhuca, but destincd for temporary uses in bulk under the were absent from Ganua. This study sup­ name of miscellaneous timber. They are com­ ports the view that the two genera should re­ pared with thosc in the list of logs imported main united.

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M. SUZUIG, S. NosmRo, H. TOBE, Depart­ KEIn TAKABE*, HIRosm SAIIG*, DAISUKE Sm· ment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tohoku BATA**, TAKAsm HIBINo***, *Department of University, Sendai 980-77, Forestry & Forest Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Research Institute, Tsukuba 305, and Kyoto Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606- University, Japan. - Wood structure of 01, Japan, **Mitsui Biotechnology Institute, Japanese Mesozoie dicotyledons. Tsukuba Center Inc., Sengen 2-1-6, Tsukuba Origin of dicotyledonous wood and dico­ 305, Japan, ***Shin-Oji Institute far Tree tyledonous wood characters is of interest for Improvement, Kameyama, Mie 519-02, Ja­ the evolution and phylogeny of dicotyledons. pan. - Histochemical observations on One aim of this study is to look for the oldest transgenie Tobacoo with anti-sense CAD records of dicotyledonous woods in the Creta­ gene. ceous, and to clarify what kind of characters Lignin is the second most abundant bio­ were provided in such fossil woods. Such polymer on earth. It gives the cell wall strength studies have been conducted by V.M. Page and hydrophobicity. The lignified cell wall is and E.A. Wheeler in the United States, but therefore resistant to funga1 attack and plays no such studies have been made in Japan an important role for water flow. with only fragmental reports on fossil woods Biosynthesis of lignin has been extensive­ from the Mesozoic. ly studied, and the pathway from phenyl­ Spurred by the critical study of Wheeler, alanine to lignin monomers is weil known. we have started a project to look for the older Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) ca­ dicotyledonous fossil woods and to analyse talyses the final step of the formation of lig­ the wood characters observed among the nin monomers. In order to know the role of fossils in the upper Cretaceous of Hokkaido, CAD at the enzymatic level, it is useful to Sagharin and others in Japan and its adjacent investigate the chemical changes of the cell areas. wall after depression ofCAD activity. Collected fossil woods were mostly conif­ We succeeded to get transgenic tobacco ers and only some dicotyledons were includ­ with anti-sense CAD gene, which showed ed. The fossils are from the Cenomanian, San­ 50% depression of the CAD activity. Lignin tonian, Campanian and Maastrichtian (Iate distribution in this plant was investigated by Cretaceous) . microspectrometry. UV -microspectrometry W ood characters observed in these fos­ revealed the difference of lignin content in the sils are variable and summarised as folIows: cell wall between the transgenic tobacco and I) growth rings are absent in most but some­ the normal one (control). Absorption maxima times present, 2) pores are diffuse in most in vessel and fibre secondary walls were 280 cases except for Quercus cretaceoxylum, nm and 274 nm, respectively, in both speci­ which is a radial-ring-porous wood with com­ mens. Interestingly, transgenic tobacco show­ pound rays and shows affinity with recent ed slightly higher absorbance both in vessel red-oaks, 3) pores are solitary or in multiple, and fibre secondary walls than the control, 4) pores are usually minute or small and indicating slightly higher content of lignin sometimes medium, in which case pores are in the former. VIS-microspectrometry after usually solitary (except for Q. cretaceoxylum), phloroglucinol reaction showed a strong ab­ 5) pores are mostly polygonal and sometimes sorption at 570 nm in fibre secondary walls elliptical in cross section (except for Q. creta­ of transgenic tobacco, though very weak ceoxylum), 6) perforations are mostly scala­ absorption was observed in the contro!. The riform and often simple, 7) intervessel pits vessel secondary wall also showed higher are mostly scalariform, sometimes opposite absorption in transgenic tobacco than in the or alternate, 8) spiral thickenings are not ob­ contro!. Because the aldehyde groups in lig­ served in vessels and non-perforated tracheal nin showed a red-purple colour in the pres­ elements, 9) rays are mostly heterogeneous. ence of phloroglucinol and HC1, transgenic Characters of non-perforated tracheal elements tobacco may contain more aldehyde groups in and wood parenchyma are not yet observed lignin than the contro!. The reduction of fully. cinnamyl aldehydes to the corresponding

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cinnamyl alcohols may be suppressed by by X-ray densitometry for 12 trees per prove­ anti-sense CAD genes. nance, two disks at different heights (1.9 m, 4.0 m) per tree and four directions for each disko In the following analyses the series of AKIRA T AKAHASHI, Museum of Nature and 15 growth rings from the bark were applied. Human Activities, Hyogo 6, Yayoiga-oka, The variability of 5 ring parameters among Sanda 669-13, Japan. - Wood anatomy of 4 directions within a disk was measured by Siberian Bireh. - (poster) the coefficient of variation. Large intra-disk In the Siberian region, there are about 8 variations were observed in ring width and species of birch, of which 6 species were ex­ latewood percentage. It is obvious that a amined anatomically. Betula alba, B. micro­ single directional observation is inadequate to phylla, B. pendula and B. tortuosa are trees estimate growth trends correct1y. The axial 10-20 m tall and B. fruticosa is a shrub of variability of the parameters was measured by 2-4 m tall; B. rotundifolia is a very small the correlation coefficient between Disk I and shrub lower than 1 m high and is grown in Disk 11. There are significant (l % level) the alpine zone. W ood anatomical features of correlations between two different height these species of Betula are considerably uni­ disks for all parameters. The mutual relations form, that is distinct growth rings, diffuse­ among the parameters are alm ost the same in porous wood with solitary and radial multiple two different height disks. The trunk stiffness pores, vessel elements with scalariform per­ is well-explained by 3 parameters; latewood forations and small alternate intervessel pits, percentage, mean dcnsity and earlywood apotracheal diffuse and terminal parenchyma, density. These relationships will receive wide and nearly homogeneous uni- and multiseri­ application to tree improvement for Japanese ate rays without aggregate rays. Slight differ­ larch. ences are present in wood features between the shrubby species and the arborescent ones. The shrubby species have sm aller pores, nar­ MASAHISA W ADA, JUNJI SUGlY AMA, T AKESHI rower rays, more pores per sq. mm, and more OKANO, Department of Forest Products, Fac­ rays per 1 mm length in tangential section. ulty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Moreover, I will report a comparison between Yayoi Bunkyo-ku, 113 Tokyo, Japan. - Is the anatomical features of Siberian birch and cellulose, the major eomponent of pIants, those of Japanese and Himalayan birch. unique? Epoch making studies on the crystal struc­ ture of cellulose will be looked back upon KATSUKIKO TAKATA, YASUHIKO HIRAKAWA, and today's problems will be discussed. It Departrnent of Forest Products, Kyushu Uni­ can be said that the his tory of structural re­ versity, Fukuoka 812 and Wood Quality Lab­ search on the cellulose crystal is examining oratory FFPRI, Tsukuba Norin, PO Box 16, the uniqueness of its structure. The model of Ibaraki 305, Japan. - Variation in growth Meyer & Misch is composed of two anti­ ring components among Japanese lareh parallel chains based on the data from Ramie from different provenances. cellulose. Honjo & Watanabe found Valonia Japanese larch is endemic to the central cellulose different from the M&M model. part of Honshu Island, Japan, where it is CP/MAS solid state C13 NMR spectroscopy found as geographically isolated populations. indicated that algal and bacterial celluloses In this study, within-tree variation of growth exist in two different conformations, Ia./Iß, ring components is examined in three prove­ one chainltwo chains per crystal, respective­ nances at age 34 years from planting. Iy, while 1ß is dominant in higher plants. The three provenances were selected on Though wood cellulose shows insignificant the basis of the value of modulus of elasticity variations related to its origins, it can be said of the tree trunk from the provenance trial that the variations were free from the 1a. com­ forest. The parameters (i.e., ring width, ring ponent. 1a.IIß conformations must have a density and latewood ratio) were measured strong connection with cellulose TC types.

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YI-CHUNG WANG, Department of Forestry, Sampies showed that all ceIIs are rich in Chinese Culture University, Taipei 111, Tai­ syringyl lignin (S) from the Mäule reaction. wan. - The observation on the ultrastnIC­ Ouaiacyl lignin (0), however, has been de­ ture under compressive stress in Taiwan tected in particular ceIIs from the absorbance yellow rattan. of UV spectra at 280 nm. The extraction with Taiwan yellow rattan (Calamus orientalis) alkali would be affected by these results. It was selected as experimental materials to needs more investigation as to whether the investigate the changes in ultrastructure under differences of pulp yield by species are caused 3 different compressive stresses. The key re­ by lignin heterogeneity or other properties. sults are summarised as folIows: I) Parenchyma, very abundant and distrib­ Y. WATANABE, Y. KOJIMA, R. FUNADA, K. uted across the whole stern in rattan, shows FUKAZAWA, T. ONA, T. ASADA, Department of great deflection and good flexibility in re­ Forest Science, Hokkaido University, Sap­ covery after bearing great stress. The initial poro, 060 and Kameyama Breeding Station, change in structure is from intercellular spaces New Oji Institute for Forest Tree Improve­ engendering cracks and then producing con­ ment, Mie, 519-02, Japan. - The effect of tinuous longitudinal cracks. Looseness and a1kaIi extraction on lignin analysis of small tears exist between laminated cell walls Eucalyptus species with microspectro­ while the parenchyma is damaged. The split­ scopy. - (poster) ting of the middle lamella produces transverse Histochemical methods [e. g., ultraviolet rifts that cause loose structures. (UV) microspectroscopy] are useful for de­ 2) The fracture of fibre cells occurs from tection of lignin heterogeneity of hardwood pits first and then laminated ceII walls appear lignin. Wehave investigated lignin hetero­ to twist slightly at 1/2 breaking compressive geneity of some Eucalyptus by using these stress. Tortuous breaches between cell walls methods. However, Eucalyptus species gen­ enlarge to cause breakage of fibre cells. erally contain a lot of polyphenols which af­ 3) Pits in the cell walls of conducting tissue fect lignin analysis. In the case of chemical are the most common breaking points so con­ methods the extraction of these contents with ducting tissue is the weakest part in rattan that alkali is necessary. There is little information usually results in the splitting of other cells. on the effect of alkali extraction on micro­ spectroscopy. Y. WATANABE, K. FUKAZAWA, T. ONA, T. It appeared that polyphenols have a con­ ASADA, Department of Forest Science, Hok­ siderable effect on lignin analysis by histo­ kaido University, Sapporo, 060 and Kameya­ chemical methods, especially in vessel walls ma Breeding Station, New Oji Institute for and r~y cells. After alkali extraction, visual Forest Tree Improvement, Mie, 519-02, Ja­ light absorbance spectra in the Mäule reaction pan. - Lignin heterogeneity in some Eu­ showed lower absorbance than that of control calyptus species by microspectroscopy. spectra, but the wavelength of maximum ab­ It has been shown by us that the SO lig­ sorbance did not change. The results of UV nin heterogeneity was affected by species, microspectroscopy showed the same result. growing conditions and type or dimensions The difference of these spectra shows c1early of elements. We have examined the lignin the removal of the lignin-Iike polyphenols. diversity among the species of some Euca­ We also analysed chemically alkali extrac­ lyptus growing in Australia and Japan.This is tion liquor, by the UV spectrophotometer. significant because the Eucalyptus woods are This contained guaiacyl type polyphenols as used for pulp and paper worldwide. its main ingredient in Eucalyptus species. Microspectral analysis of Mäule reaction and UV absorption were made on the cross O. WEINER, W. LIESE, U. SCHMITf, Univer­ sections of E. globulus, E. camaldulensis, E. sity of Hamburg and Institute for Wood Biol­ nitens and E. viminalis in young trees grow­ ogy and W ood Protection, Federal Research ing in central Japan and wood sampIes from Center for Forestry and Forest Products, Australia. 21027 Hamburg, Germany. - Cell wall

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thickening in fibres of the paIms Rhapis Astern disk of Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) excelsa (Thunb.) Henry and Calamus Makino was administered 14C-Iabelled phe­ axillaris Becc. - (poster) nylalanine and mevalonolactone as a precursor To reveal structural alterations of fibres of heartwood extractives in the parenchyma due to aging, five-year-old palms 01' Rhapis cells. It was found by light microscopic radio­ excelsa (33 internodes) and Calamus axillaris autography that labelled phenylalanine was (51 internodes) were investigated. Segments readily taken up by the parenchyma cells es­ 1'rom every second internode between the api­ pecially in the transition wood, while all the cal meristem and ground level were processed labelled mevalonolactone was washed out for light and electron microscopy. Rhapis ex­ during the embedding procedure of speci­ celsa exhibits living fibres in the vascular bun­ mens for microscopy. The distribution of dIes from top to base segments as indicated silver grains in the ray parenchyma cells on by thc presence of protoplasm; generally, a the radioautograph was more conspicuous large central vacuole has developed reducing than that in the axial parenchyma cells in the the cytoplasm to a narrow layer closely ap­ transition wood. The incorporation of radio­ pressed to the wall. The wall thickness of the activity into parenchyma cells did not occur in individual fibres in the internodes increases the outer sapwood. Silver grains were not over the five years; the fibres adjacent to sieve recognised in wood fibres and vessel elements elements developing thicker walls than ran­ through sapwood to heartwood. domly located fibres. The increase in the Radioauto-TLC showed that radioactivity number of lamellae appears to have ceased of the phenyl alanine existed mainly in keya­ in the upper third of the stern. Similar results kinol, 6-C-glucosyl kempferol, 6-C-glucosyl were obtained for fibres in C. axillaris. aromadendrin, and 6-C-glucosyl taxifolin in the transition wood and in keyakinol and 6-C­ D.W. WOODCOCK, Department ofQeography, glucosyl kempferol in the heartwood. These University of Hawaii, 445 Porteus, Hono­ observations suggested that C-glucosylation lulu, HI 96822, USA. - Tropical woods could occur at the stage of flavanonol in the with a range of vessel diameters. transition wood and the transformation of Tropical woods with a range of vessel flavanonol C-glucosides to flavonol C-gluco­ diameter greater than x 5 inc1ude: 1) Those sides could occur from the sapwood-heart­ in which vessels show a gradation in vessel wood boundary to the outer heartwood. Ra­ size in the radial direction (across a ring) and dioactivity of mevalonolactone into terpenoid 2) Those in which vessels are arranged more was observed only in 7-hydroxycalamenene randomly with respect to size. both in sapwood and the transition wood. Both types appear to occur with highest frequency in dry-climate areas. Type 2 may be restricted to the dry tropics and thus be K. YODA*, H. SUZUKI*, M. SUZUKI**, *Fac­ useful in paleoclimatic rcconstructions as an ulty of Science and Engineering, Ishinomaki indicator of climates that are seasonal with Senshu University, Ishinomaki, 986, Japan, respect to temperature but not precipitation. **Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Comparisons can be made between the two Sendai, 980-77, Japan. - Seasonal chang­ types, and the ring-porous woods of the mid­ es of wood formation in some deciduous latitudes, by more detailed analysis of the broad leaved trees in Japan. - (Poster) size-distribution of vessels within the wood. We analysed the formation of current growth rings and the expansion of new KOICHl YAMAMOTO, YOSIIIOKI HAYASm, For­ leaves using ten deciduous broad leaved tree estry and Forest Products Research Institute, species. Six species studied are ring-porous PO Box 16, Tsukuba Norin-Kenkyuu, Iba­ and the others are diffuse-porous. A block raki, 305 Japan. - Radioautographie in­ containing bark, cambial zone and a few vestigations on the heartwood formation outermost annual growth rings was taken of Zelkova serrata. from the trunk of each individual by chisei

Downloaded from Brill.com10/09/2021 02:15:05PM via free access Third Pacific Regional Wood Anatomy Conference, Rotorua 1994 - Abstracts 227 and hammer. At the same time, the number Wood of Tetracentron sinense is vessel­ of new leaves expanded was counted by less, containing tracheids, ray parenchyma, binoculars. We started collection and obser­ and also 'unusual tracheids', which are thin­ vation in mid-March 1994 and continued un­ walled, rectangular in cross section, much til the end of June 1994 at weekly intervals. shorter and a little wider than normal tracheids, The blocks sampled were embedded in 10% arranged in conspicuous radial files, and have celloidine, sectioned, stained and observed crowded pits in the tangential walls. by microscope. Pore diameter, pore density A cross section of a branch collected on and other characters were measured and com­ August 3, 1990 in Nepal was eccentric in pared among the ten species. In most of the outline, with the major radius on the upper species, the active formation of current growth side and with suppressed growth rings on the rings seems to be synchronised with the vig­ lower side. Woods of the upper and lower orous expansion of new leaves. luglans spe­ sides were examined using SEM and UV­ cies, however, formed current growth rings visible-light spectrometry coupled with Mäule clearly later than the expansion of new leaves. and Wiesner colour reactions. Moreover, the internal pressure of the trunk Although gelatinous fibres were not ob­ was measured with original pressure instru­ served in wood formed on the upper side, ments. Some of the ring-porous species reaction tracheids were observed there. They showed highly negative pressures within a lacked an S3 layer and the microfibrillar angle trunk, which may indicate vertical partition­ of the S2 was increased as in conifer tracheids ing of water transport within an individual. in compression wood, but did not have any helical cavities and were less lignified. Ana­ tomical differences, except for less lignified N. YOSHIZAWA*, T. Fum**, M. SUZUKI***, secondary walls, were not observed in the *Utsunomiya University, Forest Science, unusual tracheids. Lignins in the secondary Utsunomiya 321, **Forestry and Forest walls, both of normal and unusual tracheids, Products Research Institute, Tsukuba Norin were composed of both syringyl and guaiacyl 305, ***Tohoku University, Faculty of Sci­ units. Lignin of normal tracheids decreased ence, Sendai 980-77, Japan. - Anatomy of only in guaiacyl units in reaction wood, but reaction wood of a vessel-Iess hardwood, on the contrary, lignin of unusual tracheids Tetracentron sinense. - (Poster) decreased in both types of units.

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