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Propaganda Kapitalizma in Komunizma V Ameriški in Sovjetski Kinematografiji

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Propaganda Kapitalizma in Komunizma V Ameriški in Sovjetski Kinematografiji UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Klavdija Tratnik Propaganda kapitalizma in komunizma v ameriški in sovjetski kinematografiji Magistrsko delo Ljubljana, 2016 UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Klavdija Tratnik Mentor: izr. prof. dr. Gregor Tomc Propaganda kapitalizma in komunizma v ameriški in sovjetski kinematografiji Magistrsko delo Ljubljana, 2016 Zahvala Zahvaljujem se mentorju izr. prof. dr. Gregorju Tomcu za pomoč in nasvete pri pisanju dela in red. prof. dr. Bogomilu Ferfili za potrpežljivost in podporo. Zlasti pa hvala družini, predvsem sinu Sebastianu, za vso pomoč in spodbudo v preteklih letih. Propaganda kapitalizma in komunizma v ameriški in sovjetski kinematografiji Magistrska naloga se loteva problema prikazovanja ideoloških programov dveh največjih političnih velesil 20. stoletja. Tako Združene države Amerike (ZDA) kot Zveza sovjetskih socialističnih republik (ZSSR) so oblikovale državno podprte propagandne aparate, ki so proizvajali integracijsko in agitacijsko filmsko gradivo za legitimacijo svojih političnih interesov. Filmska industrija obeh federacij je bila od samega začetka razvoja filmskega medija zaradi pogojev produkcijske infrastrukture neposredno ali posredno odvisna od vladnih organizacij. V delu podajamo primerjalno analizo razvoja obeh političnih sistemov z vidika njunih kinematografskih dejavnosti, da bi osvetlili delovanje mehanizmov za reprodukcijo političnih ideologij v dobi množičnih medijev. Filmski medij je bil eno izmed osrednjih prizorišč glavnega političnega konflikta prejšnjega stoletja, na katerem so se prikazovali interesi ene in druge velesile. V liberalnem političnem okviru ameriškega prostega trga so tendenciozne filmske vsebine določale organizacije, kot so CIA, FBI, OWI, MPAA, HUAC in USIS, medtem ko je centralizirano sovjetsko gospodarstvo dajalo direktive prek državnih aparatov, kot so GOSPLAN, VSNKh, NARKOMPROS, SOIUSZKINO, in društev, kot sta VOKS ali SSOD. Prav tako smo ugotovili, da so v različno strukturiranih filmskih industrijah avtorji ideološko zaznamovana dela proizvajali tudi brez vladnih posredovanj. V delu bomo prikazali medsebojno odvisnost političnih filmskih vsebin ter vladnih in nevladnih, zasebnih in državnih organizacij v dveh ideoloških blokih prejšnjega stoletja. Ključne besede: film, propaganda, kapitalizem, komunizem, ZDA, ZSSR. Propaganda of capitalism and communism in Soviet and American cinematography The master’s thesis addresses the problem of broadcasting ideological programs of the two most powerful political superpowers of the 20 th century. Both the United States of America (USA) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) had formed state-founded propaganda apparatus with the purpose of producing integration and agitation film material to legitimate their political interests. Since the beginning of the development of the media, the film industries of both federations were directly or indirectly dependent on governmental organizations because of the conditions of their production infrastructure. In this paper we are presenting a comparative analysis of the development of both political systems from the perspective of their cinematic activities in order to illuminate the workings of the mechanisms for reproducing political ideologies in the age of mass media. The film medium was one of the central venues of the main political conflict of the previous century, depicting the interests of both superpowers. In the liberal political framework of the American free market the tendentious film contents were determined by such organisations as the CIA, CPI, FBI, OWI, MPAA, HUAC and USIS, while in the centralized Soviet command economy the directives were given through the state apparatus such as GOSPLAN, VSNKh, NARKOMPROS, SOIUSZKINO and societies such as VOKS or SSOD. We have also established that ideologically marked works had been created by filmmakers even without governmental interventions. In this paper we present the interdependence of political film contents with governmental, non-governmental, private, or state organizations of the two ideological blocs of the previous century. Key words: film, propaganda, capitalism, communism, the USA, the USSR. Kazalo Seznam kratic ............................................................................................................................. 8 1 Uvod ........................................................................................................................................ 9 2 Opredelitev raziskave............................................................................................................ 10 2.1 Raziskovalno vprašanje .............................................................................................................. 10 2.2 Teoretična izhodišča ................................................................................................................... 11 2.3 Uporabljene metode in pristopi .................................................................................................. 12 2.4 Hipoteze in cilji .......................................................................................................................... 13 3 Propaganda ............................................................................................................................ 16 3.1 Definicija in cilji propagande ..................................................................................................... 16 3.2 Analiza in klasifikacija propagande............................................................................................ 17 3.3 Vrednost in vir propagande ........................................................................................................ 19 3.4 Filmska propaganda .................................................................................................................... 21 4 Ideologija .............................................................................................................................. 23 4.1 Definicija ideologije ................................................................................................................... 23 4.2 Ideologija in film ........................................................................................................................ 25 4.3 Ideologije (ameriškega) kapitalizma........................................................................................... 26 4.4 Ideologije (sovjetskega) komunizma .......................................................................................... 28 4.5 Demokracija in totalitarizem ...................................................................................................... 29 4.6 Ugotovitve .................................................................................................................................. 31 5 Ameriška kinematografija in propaganda ............................................................................. 33 5.1 Vzpostavitev tržnega studijskega sistema in prva svetovna vojna ............................................. 33 5.2 Obdobje prve rdeče grožnje po prvi svetovni vojni .................................................................... 34 5.3 Spontana produkcija v vertikalno integriranem Hollywoodu ..................................................... 35 5.4 Krepitev delavskih združenj in obdobje druge svetovne vojne .................................................. 37 5.5 Povojna sprememba in obdobje druge rdeče grožnje ................................................................. 40 5.6 Hladna vojna in reorganizacija studijskega sistema ................................................................... 43 5.7 Vloga javne diplomacije in kulturna vojna ................................................................................. 44 5.8 Obnovitev hladne vojne in padec Sovjetske zveze ..................................................................... 46 6 Sovjetska kinematografija in propaganda ............................................................................. 49 6.1 Oktobrska revolucija in reorganizacija kinematografije ............................................................. 49 6.2 Državljanska vojna in nova ekonomska politika ........................................................................ 51 6.3 Večslojna filmska kultura in konsolidacija produkcijskih hiš .................................................... 53 6.4 Vzpostavitev planskega gospodarstva in kulturna revolucija ..................................................... 56 6.5 Spremembe v filmski produkciji med drugo svetovno vojno in po njej ..................................... 61 6.6 Obdobje odjuge in sprostitev cenzure ......................................................................................... 63 6.7 Okrepitev hladne vojne in obnovitev starih kulturnih smernic ................................................... 65 6.8 Obdobje perestrojke in liberalizacija kinematografije ............................................................... 67 7 Analiza filmov ...................................................................................................................... 69 7.1 O merilih izbora .......................................................................................................................... 69 7.2 Ameriška kinematografija .......................................................................................................... 70 7.2.1 Hude ure (1919) .................................................................................................................
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