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INTERSPECIES SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: Intersectional Empathetic Approaches to Food and Climate Justice

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INTERSPECIES SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: Intersectional Empathetic Approaches to Food and Climate Justice 1 INTERSPECIES SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: intersectional empathetic approaches to food and climate justice A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Policy and Governance at the University of Canterbury Éilis Rose Espiner i “He aroha whakatō, he aroha puta mai” (where kindness is sown, kindness will be received) ii Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................. v Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 0 What is Sustainable Development? .................................................................................................... 1 Literature Review ................................................................................................................................ 2 Theory ................................................................................................................................................. 7 Chapter one: environmental impacts of current food system ............................................................. 11 Inefficient consumption patterns ..................................................................................................... 11 Resource-intensive ............................................................................................................................ 12 Destruction ....................................................................................................................................... 15 Climate change.................................................................................................................................. 17 The Urgent Need for Change ............................................................................................................ 18 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter two: the nonhuman victims .................................................................................................... 20 Industrialisation of animal agriculture .............................................................................................. 20 Capitalism and exploitation .............................................................................................................. 21 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 28 Chapter three: The human victims ....................................................................................................... 29 A capitalist food system .................................................................................................................... 29 Expansion and concentration ........................................................................................................... 29 Public health ..................................................................................................................................... 31 Intersections of suffering .................................................................................................................. 32 “Feeding the world” under capitalism .............................................................................................. 35 Consumerism and environmentalism ............................................................................................... 36 “Sustainable solutions” ..................................................................................................................... 36 Nonhuman animals and sustainable development goal number two .............................................. 37 Chapter four: historical understanding ................................................................................................. 39 The emergence of hunting ................................................................................................................ 39 Beginnings of agriculture .................................................................................................................. 40 Hierarchies and arbitrary lines .......................................................................................................... 43 Animalisation .................................................................................................................................... 43 Racism, sexism, and the consumption of bodies .............................................................................. 45 Expansion and appropriation ............................................................................................................ 47 The capitalist food system emerges ................................................................................................. 49 iii Linked oppressions............................................................................................................................ 52 Chapter five: Structural conceptions of hunger.................................................................................... 55 Ecofeminism and sustainable development ..................................................................................... 55 Hunger is a structural problem ......................................................................................................... 60 Chapter six: where is the animal in sustainable development? ........................................................... 62 What does this have to do with ending world hunger? ................................................................... 64 Solutions/alternatives ........................................................................................................................... 67 Empathy ............................................................................................................................................ 68 How are care ethics meaningful for ending world hunger? ............................................................. 69 iv Abstract As the global appetite for meat increases, animal agriculture intensifies and brings with it a whole array of problems for both human and nonhuman beings. Along with the question of animal ethics, intensive animal agriculture creates other social and environmental justice implications which infringe on human rights, namely its relationships with both food justice and sustainability; and climate change. Both humans and nonhuman animals are oppressed and exploited under the current food system. Animals are treated as commodities and exposed to systematic violence and domination by humankind. Yet the same power structures also oppress billions of humans across the globe. Billions of people today starve unnecessarily because land which could be used to grow plant food for humans is instead either used to graze animals or grow crops to feed to animals – most of which are consumed by the wealthy, Western world. My aim is to study and critique the so-called solutions to improving the current global food system, whilst exploring the intersections of human and nonhuman animal suffering which exist under it. By focusing on the second UN Sustainable Development Goal – ending world hunger - I theorise that “sustainable development” will fail to solve the problems it seeks to mend, and that we need a more holistic and empathetic approach that considers the lives of both humans and nonhuman animals in conjunction with each other and the environment. v Acknowledgements This master’s thesis is a product of the love, support, kindness, and advice shared with me by many wonderful people. My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to my brilliant supervisors Professor Annie Potts and Associate Professor Nik Taylor. Thank you for all the time and effort you have put in throughout my thesis writing; for the attention to detail, constructive feedback, kindness, humour, and for continuing to inspire me with your mahi and passion to make the world a better place through critical animal studies. To Dr. Lindsey Te Ata o Tu MacDonald, for all your tautoko; for mentoring me through my master’s, for stepping in to fill gaps when others were unable, and for constantly reminding me to take it easy; your level of care for the hauora of your students is second-to-none. Ngā mihi nui also to Associate Professor Bronwyn Hayward for your advice, enthusiasm, and support of my project, as well as aide with some of the logistics. My thanks also go out to those in the “Beast Folk” reading group and everyone who attended my presentation at the Decolonising Animals 2019 conference, for your helpful feedback and encouragement. To Rowena, Lizzie, Liz, Georgia and Chevy, thank you for your moral support, deep chats, walks, pep talks, lunch dates, and gym sessions. To all my office mates in the MPAG/MIRAD cohorts in 2018 and 2019, for sharing the stress, the banter, the beverages, and the feedback; particular thanks to Rob Wilson, Laura Barnett, Jacob Uden, Will Struthers, Adam Partridge, Claudia Prasad, Russell Henson, and Abby Mather. To Jenny and Mike, thank you for your ongoing support and encouragement; for all the coffee, soup, and the sharing
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