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Cuisine Hansik (Korean Cuisine) Cốm - Autumn's Special Gift Technology The History of Samsung (1938 - Present) Hidden Like Secret Bases - Automated Multistory Parking Facilities Business Asia Dreams in Skyscrapers Understanding Vietnamese Business Culture Traditional Costume Vietnamese traditional costumes Hanbok (Traditional Korean ) Education Educational System of Vietnam The Japanese Way Of Disciplining Children

E D I T O R CHINO MINOSA

M E M B E R S PTHAO THA.LIN CHINO MINOSA TAILOC.GREY Cuisine

A S I A | P A G E 1 HANSIK (KOREAN CUISINE)

AN ABUNDANCE OF TASTES, INGREDIENTS, DISHES - AND SURPRISES

A S I A | P A G E 2 HANSIK IS RENOWNED The history of Korean cuisine (Hansik) from home style cooking to Western THE WORLD OVER FOR favorites like and Bibimbap. ITS EXCEPTIONAL USE OF FRESH LOCAL, Hanjeongsik, a Korean full-course meal with five surprises SEASONAL Foreigners who have experienced INGREDIENTS TO hanjeongsik, the Korean equivalent of CREATE A WIDE the Western course meal, are usually surprised a total of five times. The first VARIETY OF DELICIOUS surprise is the immense size of the DISHES SHARED WITH table. When seated, it is impossible to FAMILY AND FRIENDS. reach the opposite end of the table with one's arm. The second is the fact that the table is so completely covered with dishes that there is no space left on it; each dish holds a different food.

Hanjeongsik table served for two people

A S I A | P A G E 3 The third surprise is that of all the foods present, the only ones that are for one's exclusive consumption are rice and soup. The other foods are to be enjoyed with the other people present at the table in a communal interaction of spoons and chopsticks. There is no such thing as spooning out food for oneself on a separate dish. Recently, it has become common to take portions of food onto individual dishes for the sake of hygiene, but the original way of eating Korean food was the shared dipping of utensils into stews, soups and side dishes. Because of this practice, Westerners who are accustomed to eating only the food on one's plate experience a profound culture shock.

The fourth surprise is the chopsticks. The act of using two thin sticks to bring food to the Our dishes are mouth is no easy task. It takes several years even for Korean children to become made from fresh accustomed to this utensil. To many foreigners seeing Korean chopsticks for the and organic first time, the fact that people actually eat with them alone is quite unbelievable. The ingredients! last surprise is the taste of the food. It is within this fifth surprise that the characteristics of Korean food shine.

Korean food is not served in a time-based format of soup or salad, appetizer, and main dish in sequential order. Instead, all foods of the meal are placed on a single table at once in a "space-based" format. As a result, the Korean meal is not a single table spread in which a person eats only what is placed in front of them, but a shared table that everyone enjoys together. The Korean meal does not involve passive enjoyment of food that is served one after the other, but is an "active" table in which each person may choose what he or she likes from the diverse dishes on the table. These characteristics of the Korean meal resulted in a unique culinary culture that is rarely seen anywhere else in the world.

A S I A | P A G E 4 K O R E A N F O O D : T H E The most prominent feature of Korean food is its T A S T E O F N A T U R E F R O M fermented dishes. There is virtually no country T H E M O U N T A I N S , T H E with as wide a variety of fermented dishes as S E A , A N D T H E F O U R Korea, with not only kimchi and jeotgal (fermented seafood) but also gochujang (pepper S E A S O N S paste), doenjang (soybean paste) and soy sauce. This diversity was borne out of the long and cold Seventy percent of Korea's land is covered Korean winter. For the winter, when it was with mountains, while three of the country's difficult to obtain the fresh vegetables and namul sides touch the ocean. Korea is also (seasoned vegetable dishes) available in the characterized by four distinct seasons. The spring, summer and fall, ancient came diversity and abundance of ingredients up with the ingenious solution of fermentation. provided by the mountains, fields, rivers Most countries have at least a few fermented and sea of its richly diverse geographical foods, like yogurt or cheese, but Korea is the only features are the starting points and the one in which cabbages, radishes and vegetables blessings of Korean food. are fermented to be consumed year round.

With the changing of spring to summer and fall, there are different types of namul (seasoned vegetable dishes) created from ingredients found on the mountains, in the fields, and in the rivers and seas. It is literally impossible to exclude any one taste from this array of delicious tastes, which has resulted in large tables completely filled with food.

Everyone uses chopsticks to eat the food they enjoy best, whatever that may be. If it is too much work to pick and choose one- by-one, all can be combined in a large bowl and mixed together, which produces a new taste that is entirely different from the taste of each individual ingredient. This mixture of ingredients is called bibimbap. Koreans love to mix foods together. Even fermented bean stew can be mixed together with several side dishes on a whim. If one has lost all desire to eat, hot pepper paste is added to the mixture to reactivate one's taste buds. Bibimbap, which recently became popular after being added to the in-flight menu of a Korean airline company, originates from the plentiful quantities of Korea's diverse local and seasonal ingredients.

A S I A | P A G E 5 DOENJANG (SOYBEAN PASTE) GOCHUJANG (PEPPER PASTE)

The most famous of these is kimchi, and no the jang inside from harmful spirits. A sock Korean meal is complete without it. Even pattern was sometimes pasted upside- today, before the start of winter, Koreans down onto the pot, another attempt to partake in kimjang: pickling cabbages and protect the jang from harm or evil. radishes in salt and jeotgal, and placing these inside large earthenware pots to ferment. The process of making of jang was an Kimchi-making methods vary per household, important yearly event that involved the with countless methods of pickling and types hanging up of meju (blocks of fermented of kimchi. No matter how filled a table may be bean paste), making jang and waiting for it with the delicacies of land, sea and air, if to ripen from early winter to early summer kimchi is not present, the meal is not of the following year. Soy sauce is a solution complete and feels empty. This is the nature of extracted from doenjang, which is based on the traditional Korean meal. meju, with water and salt as the main ingredients. It is made through the activity Another representative Korean fermented of microorganisms that break down food is jang. Jang is a collective term for carbohydrates and protein. In the sauces including doenjang (soybean paste), fermentation process, microorganism gochujang (pepper paste), ganjang (soy sauce) cultures are formed that produce a variety and cheonggukjang (fast-fermented bean of flavors. Due to the use of such paste). Jang is an important seasoning for all microorganisms in homemade jang, its Korean dishes as well as a major source of taste and quality vary depending on the protein. climate, environment and production method of the region in which it is made. It Folk customs provide evidence of the is also the flavor of this jang that determines importance of jang to ordinary Koreans the taste of the family's meals for an entire throughout history. The saying "a household year. falls if the taste of jang is changed" points to just how critical it was to maintain the taste of In a sense, it is no exaggeration to say that the family jang through the generations. The Korean food begins with jang and ends with day for making jang was chosen ahead of time kimchi. It is between these two bookends from among auspicious dates. After jang was that the taste of Korea resides, with its made, a rope of twisted rice straws was diverse and abundant ingredients and long draped around the earthenware pot to protect history of 5,000 years.

A S I A | P A G E 6 SUMMARY Hansik, known as Korean cuisine, is popular all over the world because of the original it brings. Every meals brings five surprise to the enjoyment. First surprise is the incredible size of the table. Next, this table is always full of dishes. The third is all members eat the same dishes, except rice and soup. One more surprise is the way they use chopsticks. And the last is stand for the tasty food. It is believed that the reason made Korean cuisine is the taste of nature, it all from mountains, seas and four seasons.

A S I A | P A G E 7 “CỐM” - AUTUMN’S SPECIAL GIFT V I E T N A M - B E A U T Y . C O M

"Cốm" (green sticky rice) is a delicacy that is made only in autumn and cherished by all Vietnamese. For Hanoians, nothing evokes autumn like the taste of young rice from Vong village, the grain so sweetly scented that they left a lasting impression...

Served with red persimmons or ripe bananas, "Cốm" is truly delicious. Vong village, on the outskirts of Hanoi, is said to produce the best "Cốm" in northern Vietnam. When autumn comes, Hanoians everywhere always remember the special taste of "Cốm" which is a special gift from the soil made by hard-working peasants, holding a simple and fresh fragrance.

Every autumn, when the cool north-westerly wind brings a cold dew, the sticky rice ears bend themselves into arches waiting for ripe grains because these rice grains are at their fullest and the rice-milk is already concentrated in the grains, and the local farmers will know it is time to make “Cốm” – a specialty made from young green sticky rice.

"Cốm" is often eaten by hand, directly from the lotus leaves, a pinch at a time. When eating “Cốm”, you must enjoy slowly and chew very deliberately in order to appreciate all the scents, tastes, and plasticity of the young rice which is sweet, nutty and buttery.

From the complicated process...

Visitors to Hanoi during the "Cốm" making season are invited to go to Vong Village where they will have a chance to listen to the special rhythmic pounding of wooden pestles against mortars filled with young rice and see women shifting and winnowing the pounded young rice.

A S I A | P A G E 8 In Vong village, making “Cốm” used to be a common trade. People from Vong village are said to have the most complicated process for making "Cốm". Firstly, glutinous paddy is planted. To produce their famous "Cốm", residents of Vong village grow a special variety of sticky rice. The sticky rice must be harvested at just the right moment. When the paddy begins to ripen and still contains milk it is reaped but only at early dawn. The rice is plucked off manually so that the grains are not broken. Next, the choice grains are carefully selected, sifted and washed. At night, the grains are dried in a large pan over a soft fire and then pounded in stone mortars. Following this, the young rice is removed from the mortar and winnowed before being poured again into the mortar and the process repeated. This is then repeated exactly seven times so that all the husk is removed from the young sticky grains. There is an art to this part of the process. If the pounding is done irregularly and in haste, or it is not repeated seven times, the green colour of the grains will disappear and be replaced by an unexpected brown colour. Then the whole process will have been to no avail because customers will refuse to buy such produce. This should go some way to explaining exactly how difficult the whole process of "Cốm" making is.

“Not every one can dry and pound "Cốm". It is a closely guarded secret in some families that is never revealed to the mothers or daughters!” says 72-year-old Pham Thi Nguyet, whose family still produces “Cốm”. After the “Cốm” has been pounded, the crystal spring rice is wrapped tightly in emerald lotus leaves to keep it from drying and allowing it to absorb lotus flavour.

...to other specialities Better than any other person, peasants are the only ones who truly understand when the rice ears are ripe enough to be reaped to begin making “Cốm”. From then on, “Cốm” is still available, however, as it is used in different local specialties.

A S I A | P A G E 9 "Cốm” is an ingredient used in many specialities of Vietnam, including “Cốm xào” (browned green sticky rice), “Bánh cốm” (green sticky rice cake) and “Chè cốm” (sweetened green sticky rice paste) and so on.

“Bánh cốm” is the well-known as it is found at every engagement ceremony. The cakes are wrapped with bananas leaves into squares, tied with a red string and stamped on the outside with a Chinese character meaning "double happiness". With these characteristics, “Bánh cốm” is believed to be a symbol of steadfast and eternal love.

Green sticky rice cakes are sold on Hang Than Street. Sticky cakes stuffed with green rice are sold on Hang Dieu Street and Quoc Huong green rice paste is sold on Hang Bong Street. Restaurants also offer dishes involving “Cốm”, such as chicken stewed with herbs and green rice, or green rice served with fried shrimp.

Nowadays, thanks to convenient means of transport, many Hanoians send Vong Village’s "Cốm" to their relatives in other parts of the country, and even abroad, as a special gift. By this way, the delicious taste of "Cốm" always stays in the hearts of Hanoians wherever they live. To those who have ever been involved in farming, eating "Cốm" often reminds them of a fresh and fragrant paddy.

A S I A | P A G E 1 0 "CỐM" Autumn’s special gift

S U M M A R Y You cannot talk about autumn in Hanoi without mentioning "com", the special treat of fall. Making "com" is a complex process so farmers are the only ones who know how to make "com". There are lots of dishes making from it, the most famous course is "banh com". Nowadays, transportation is becoming more and more convenient, so many people can enjoy the wonderful taste of "com" wherever they are. A S I A | P A G E 1 1 Technology

A S I A | P A G E 1 2 W H O F O U N D E D S A M S U N G , W H E N S A M S U N G W A S C R E A T E D , A N D O T H E R F A C T S

The History of Samsung (1938-Present)

The Samsung Group is a South Korean based conglomerate company that includes a number of subsidiaries. It's one of the largest businesses in Korea, producing nearly one-fifth of the country’s total exports with a primary focus in the electronics, heavy industry, construction, and defense industries.

Other major subsidiaries of Samsung include insurance, advertising, and entertainment industry businesses.

Samsung History

With only 30,000 won (about $27 USD), Lee Byung- The company grew and soon expanded to Seoul in chull started Samsung on March 1 in 1938, as a 1947 but left once the Korean War broke out. After trading company based in Taegu, Korea. The small the war, Lee started a sugar refinery in Busan that company of only 40 employees started as a grocery was called Cheil Jedang, before expanding into store, trading and exporting goods produced in and textiles and building the (then) largest woolen mill in around the city, like dried Korean fish and vegetables, Korea. as well as its own noodles.

A S I A | P A G E 1 3 The successful diversification became a growth strategy for Samsung, which rapidly expanded into the insurance, securities, and retail business. Samsung was focused on the redevelopment of Korea after the war with a central focus on industrialization.

Samsung entered the electronics industry in the 1960's with the formation of several electronics focused divisions.

The initial electronics divisions included Samsung Electronics Devices, Samsung Electro-Mechanics, Samsung Corning, and Samsung Semiconductor & Telecommunications. Samsung built their initial facilities in Suwon, South Korea, in 1970, where they started producing black and white television sets.

Between 1972 and 1979, Samsung began selling washing machines, changed to Samsung Petrochemical and then Samsung Heavy Industries, and by 1976, had sold its 1 millionth B&W television.

In 1977, they started exporting color TVs and established Samsung Construction, Samsung Fine Chemicals, and Samsung Precision Co. (now called Samsung Techwin). By 1978, Samsung had sold 4 million black and white television sets and started mass producing microwave ovens before 1980.

1980 to Present

In 1980, Samsung entered the telecommunications hardware industry with the purchase of Hanguk Jenja Tongsin. Initially building telephone switchboards, Samsung expanded into telephone and fax systems which eventually shifted to mobile phone manufacturing.

The mobile phone business was grouped together with Samsung Electronics which began to invest heavily in research and development throughout the 1980's. During this time Samsung Electronics expanded to Portugal, New York, Tokyo, England, and Austin, Texas.

In 1987 with the death of Lee Byung-chull, the Samsung group was separated into four business groups leaving the Samsung Group with electronics, engineering, construction, and most high- tech products. Retail, food, chemicals, logistics, entertainment, paper, and telecom were spun out among the Shinsegae Group, CJ Group, and Hansol Group.

Samsung grew as an international corporation throughout the 1990's.

The construction division of Samsung secured several high-profile construction projects, including one of the Petronas Towers in Malaysia, Taipei 101 in Taiwan and the half-mile tall Burj Khalifa Tower in the UAE.

Samsung 's engineering division also includes Samsung Techwin, an aerospace manufacturer that manufactures aircraft engines and gas turbines as well as supplying parts used in jet engines on Boeing and Airbus aircraft.

A S I A | P A G E 1 4 In 1993, Samsung began to focus on three industries - Samsung has also continued to expand in the electronics, engineering, and chemicals. The mobile phone market, becoming the largest reorganization included selling off ten subsidiaries and manufacturer of mobile phones in 2012. To remain a downsizing. With a renewed focus in electronics, Samsung dominant manufacturer, Samsung has earmarked invested in LCD technology, becoming the largest $3-4 billion to upgrade their Austin Texas manufacturer of LCD panels in the world by 2005. semiconductor manufacturing facility.

Sony partnered with Samsung in 2006 to develop a stable Samsung announced the Gear VR in September supply of LCD panels for both companies, which had been 2014, which is a virtual reality device developed for an increasing problem for Sony, which had not invested in use with the Galaxy Note 4. Also in 2014, Samsung large LCD panels. While the partnership was nearly a 50-50 announced that they will begin selling Fiber Optics split, Samsung owned one share more than Sony, giving to glass manufacturer Corning Inc. them control over the manufacturing. At the end of 2011, Samsung bought Sony's stake in the partnership and took By 2015, Samsung had more US patents approved full control. than any other company, being granted over 7,500 utility patents before the end of the year. Samsung's focus in the future is centered on five core businesses including mobile, electronics and Samsung released a fitness smartwatch in 2016 biopharmaceuticals. As part of its bio-pharma investment, called Gear Fit 2, as well as wireless earbuds called Samsung formed a joint venture with Biogen, investing Gear Icon X. By the end of the year, the Gear G3 $255 million to provide technical development and smartwatch was announced. biopharmaceutical manufacturing capacity in South Korea. Samsung has budgeted nearly $2 billion in additional investment to pursue their bio-pharma growth strategy and leverage the advantages of their joint venture.

A S I A | P A G E 1 5 The History of Samsung (1938- Present)

Samsung was founded by Lee Byung-chull with only $27 USD as a trading company, starting with the agriculture products 1938. Samsung developed rapidly in the 1947s, but the war soon prevented the company from devSeloUpinMg. AMfterAwarRd, LYee established Samsung Electronics in 1960 that is a big step of Samsung . In the 1970s, they began producing televisions, washing machines and microwaves. In the early 80's, samsung focused on producing phones and expanding into the international market. In 1987, the death of the founder of samsung caused the company to broke down into four corporations Over the next year or so, Samsung continued to innovate, developed technology products and . Until now, Samsung Group is South Korea’s largest business group with many electronic products, and thousands of patents each year.

A S I A | P A G E 1 6 HIDDEN LIKE SECRET BASES – AUTOMATED MULTISTORY PARKING FACILITIES

Automated multistory In Japan, these automated parking facilities, which have Effectively Using Limited parking facilities entered machines automatically Space with an practical use in 1960. It was carrying cars to parking Automated Parking four years before the Olympic Games were held in Tokyo in spaces, are quite a common System sight in Japan. In other 1964, people enjoyed wealthy countries, this type of Many Japanese people own lives and leisure was booming. parking system seems to be automobiles. An automated More people were using cars rare, so some tourists to multilevel parking garage and, consequently, roads Japan take videos of the accommodates parking for experienced major traffic jams. parking structures to show many cars even in limited The incidents of illegal on- to friends back home. space, and many of these street parking also increased People around the world are facilities have been sharply at the time. So, the opening their eyes to the established to secure number of automated facilities automated parking parking. grew as a parking solution for technology in Japan. cars in a country where land is scarce.

A S I A | P A G E 1 7 Lots of Cutting-Edge Technology Built into Automated Parking Facilities!

One feature of these facilities facilities up to the present the specified position and is the automatic parking day have been tremendous. gets out, the facility process. After everyone gets Especially in cities, they have automatically stores the car out the vehicle at the outstanding technical in a parking space. When the specified spot in the parking characteristics, and many driver wants to use the car, facility, the vehicle is loaded automated parking lots he or she only has to enter a onto a conveyor like an scattered throughout are previously registered elevator, which transports it taking full advantage of number into a machine to to a parking space stacked leading-edge technology. retrieve the car. A quick in a rack structure. parking system takes only a Automated parking garages For example, at many minute or so to bring back a come in many varieties. One installations in the past, an vehicle. So it is very type has a larger vehicle attendant had to manage convenient. Unlike an capacity, while another type cars as they entered or ordinary large parking has a shorter wait time for exited. But today, quite a few garage, where people often storage or retrieval. Each parking garages control have difficulty finding their type has own merits. everything with computers. parked cars, automated The facilities run fully garages have eliminated the The technological advances unattended systems. After hassle of the search. made in these automated the driver stops the car at

There are automated multistory Japan is known worldwide as an parking facilities not only above earthquake-prone country. Leading-edge ground but also below ground. technology is used in earthquake Commercial facilities and office preparedness. In urban areas, automated buildings in urban areas do not parking structures are sometimes built in have much space to build new high-rise buildings, and many of them parking lots nearby. So they are designed to withstand the most sometimes build the parking powerful earthquakes ever recorded. In facilities underground. These addition to the earthquake-resistant facilities use computers to structures of the buildings, these parking determine the shortest path to facilities incorporate various seismic store or retrieve a vehicle in order countermeasures. One such measure is a to minimize users' wait time. To safety mechanism installed on the do so, how they efficiently shelves supporting the pallets circulate vehicles one after underneath vehicles. By stopping the another is like solving a puzzle. A pallets from bouncing up and down, it number of these structures can prevents the pallets and vehicles from hold 100 vehicles or more. The falling out when shaken in an shoppers above have likely never earthquake. Another measure even dreamed that so many cars automatically stops operation when a are parked directly beneath them. sensor detects strong shaking.

A S I A | P A G E 1 8 Automated Parking Technology Applied to Bicycle Parking Facilities

The technology of automated multistory Kyoto has built a number of high-tech parking facilities has also been applied to bicycle parking structures beneath the street bicycle parking areas in recent years. They to protect the city's scenery. Kyoto is an have gained popularity, with a lot of talk ancient city in Japan with a rich cultural about "high-tech bicycle parking." A landscape. Scattered bicycles parked here bicycle parking facility provides shelter and there would ruin the from wind and rain and prevents theft. To beautiful streetscapes. park a bicycle, the bicycle has to already

have an IC tag installed next to the front In Japan, a nation where land is limited, the wheel to automatically open and close technologies for automated multistory the doors at the entryway to the parking parking and bicycle parking facilities are structure. There, when the cyclist presses highly developed precisely because land is a button, the doors open and swallow up scarce. The future may see other fields the bicycle, which is then stored employing these technologies that make full underground. The process to this point use of available space. takes less than 10 seconds.

A S I A | P A G E 1 9 SUMMARY

Automated multistory parking facilities is very popular in Japan but it is scarce in other countries. Japan is very lack of space so that solution has been applied since 1964 because of rapid development. Apparently, automated parking system is operated similarly to an elevator. It has been improved for many years, for instance, instead of human intervention, automated multistory parking use machines to perform task formerly done by human beings which save a lot of time and help everyone find their parked cars easily. In addition, Japan’s urban areas have some systems below ground with the ability to accommodate more than 100 cars. Automated parking technology can also protect people from earthquakes Because of the tremendous benefits, automated parking has been applied in Kyoto in order to preserve bicycle and protect landscape. It is forecasted that these technical systems will be put into practice in other aspects of life.

A S I A | P A G E 2 0 Business

A S I A | P A G E 2 1 The skyscraper was born in In April, President Xi Jinping of the United States, but in announced plans for a recent years, it has grown new city, Xiongan, not far from and flourished in Asia. . A kind of Chinese field ASIA DREAMS IN Countries there recognize of dreams, Xiongan is to be that to be seen as a player built on what is now hundreds SKYSCRAPERS on the global stage, it helps of square miles of farmland to have tall buildings. and towns, house millions of people and be a center for Over a century ago, New technology jobs. Like the cities Since the 1990s, the world’s York and Chicago it’s being modeled after — tallest buildings have been demonstrated that the Shenzhen, near Hong Kong, built in the East. The current skyscraper is, fundamentally, and Shanghai, particularly its prize holder — the Burj Khalifa a solution to an economic Pudong neighborhood — it may in Dubai, United Arab Emirates problem: how to allow for someday claim the world’s (828 meters, or about 2,717 hundreds, if not thousands, tallest skyscrapers. The Ping An feet, 2010) — will be soon be of people and businesses to Finance tower in Shenzhen, surpassed by the Jeddah be at the same place at the completed this year, at 115 Tower in Saudi Arabia (1,000 same time. Urban clustering, stories, is the fourth-tallest meters, or about 3,281 feet, especially in a high-tech building in the world, while the 2020). Nine of the 10 world’s world, is more important Shanghai Tower, completed in tallest buildings are in Asia. In than ever. By promoting 2015, at 128 stories, is the addition, the continent now density, skyscrapers confer a second-tallest skyscraper on has more 150-meter (about competitive advantage and the planet. 492 feet) or taller buildings allow a city to become a than the rest of the continents beacon of commerce. combined.

A S I A | P A G E 2 2 China Reaching for the Sky An awe-inspiring skyline is a Consider where these nations By comparison, in 1900, city’s announcement that it is stand. Over the last decade, the urbanization in the United open for business and confident average annual gross domestic States was at 40 percent; by in its future growth. Supertall product growth rates in India, 1970, it was up to 74 percent, structures stand as “place China, Indonesia and Malaysia and has since inched up to makers” in the planning process, were, in most years, more than 82 percent. since they create neighborhood three times that of the United landmarks to draw companies, States. As part of this Given this rapid growth, residents, tourists and foreign development, nations expand governments generally have direct investment. China is now a their financial and banking two options: They can nation full of capitalists. Arab sectors; research shows that encourage tall buildings to workers are no longer just oil skyscrapers are needed for this satisfy the urban demand, or drillers, but global traders and to happen. they can restrict building financiers. heights, which then increases Furthermore, China is sprawl, congestion and the But just as important, cities that witnessing what is arguably the distances between people. have record-breaking buildings greatest internal migration in As a result, Asian are not just constructing super- human history. In 1979, only governments establish land- tall monoliths. There is a strong about 19 percent of its use rules that increase correlation between the number residents lived in urban areas; density, as well as sponsor of tall buildings of all sizes and today that figure is about 57 international architecture the likelihood a city will have a percent, and this movement competitions, provide supertall building; heights and shows no sign of slowing. To subsidies or simply lend frequencies are strongly related. put this in perspective, the support. Across China, we see The Burj Khalifa and Shanghai number of Chinese residents a strong correlation between Tower, for example, are the most who have moved to cities since the heights of cities’ visible signs that a city embraces 1979 (600 million) is greater skyscrapers and the size of skyscrapers more broadly to than the total current their populations and local enhance economic growth and population of North America economies. the quality of life of residents and (580 million). companies. A S I A | P A G E 2 3 Interestingly, the Chinese government has also indirectly created political incentives for their construction. Because of one-party rule, career promotion within the Communist Party is based on the ability to “get things done” — and building skyscrapers can serve that purpose. Recent research suggests that younger local officials build more skyscrapers and invest in more infrastructure to enhance their standing within the government.

In the United States, high-rise construction remains controversial. Though things are starting to change, at its core, the country remains dedicated to promoting single- family homes in the suburbs and sprawling car-dependent office parks. Many municipalities put up hurdles for tall building construction, allowing them only in densest parts of the central city. As a result, we see a flowering of new supertall buildings there, but they are frequently derided as “safe deposit boxes with views.” Because of the negative perceptions, it has become difficult to have conversations about how they can make cities more resilient and less dependent on fossil fuels.

What is the future of the skyscraper? As long as Asian countries pursue lifestyles similar to that of the West, skyscrapers will continue to be built, as they not only help foster economic growth, but also establish a city’s skyline, which then becomes part of a city’s identity and character.

As technological improvements make building skyscrapers easier and faster, the race for the world’s tallest building will continue as well. Since 1890, their heights have grown, on average, about 17 feet per year. Statistically speaking, this suggests that a mile-high building will be built in the middle of the 22nd century. But don’t tell that to Tokyo, which wants to get there first by 2045.

A S I A | P A G E 2 4 SUMMARY

ASIA DREAMS IN SKYSCRAPERS

Skyscraper, has been shown as the solution to an economic problem, and become more popular in Asia. But the more important thing that they figure out is the strong connected between the heights of tall buildings with the size of the population. China is not exception, facing with the increasing population, the Chinese government has come up with two options. They also has created a political motive for building skyscrapers, as a way to develop economy and asserting its position in the world.

A S I A | P A G E 2 5 UNDERSTANDING VIETNAMESE BUSINESS CULTURE

Vietnam now is opening a lot of opportunities to foreign companies who want to do business with Vietnam. With the Vietnamese economy opening up, more and more foreign companies want to invest in Vietnam.

To avoid cultural disasters which could make the wrong move in doing business with Vietnam, here are some tips on how you can conduct a more successful business in Vietnam.

The initial approach

Vietnamese business contacts are mostly referrals; essentially a business relationship is struck based on another business associate recommendation. The best prices and deals often come from a strong recommendation.

However, it is common today for cold calls and direct contacts, given the availability of the internet and the competitive nature of Vietnamese businesses. You may source from the internet, trade fairs, catalogues and brochures, advertisements and approach the Vietnamese companies directly through a call or email.

Alternatively, if you are seeking to invest in a factory in Vietnam, you can approach Vietnam Chamber of commerce and industry (VCCI) or a business advisory directly. They will be able to advise you on your best location based on your industry, raw material and manpower needs.

A S I A | P A G E 2 6 Business Relationship in Vietnam

Vietnamese business relationship inevitably becomes a social relationship after a while. Unlike Western business relationship which remains professional and perhaps, aloof, even after a long time, Vietnamese business relationship becomes a social one.

The more you share your personal life, including family, hobbies, political views, aspirations, the closer you are in your business relationship. Sometimes, a lot of time is spent discussing matters outside of business, but then a lot of time, the other party is also making up his mind about your deal based on how much he sees your personal relationship with him.

Seniority is important in Vietnam

Seniority is very important to the Vietnam especially if you are dealing with a State owned or government body. Instead of addressing the other party as Mr or Mrs so and so, it is always appropriate to address the other party by his designation for example Chairman Triet, Director Dung or Manager So and So.

When giving out a business card or a brochure, make sure you start with the most senior person before moving down the line. When giving out a business card or receiving one, ensure that you are stretching out with both hands with the card. Remember to face the card you are giving out in a manner such that the receiving party gets it facing him correctly.

A S I A | P A G E 2 7 Most business luncheons and dinners are held in hotels, restaurants, or government facilities. Usually, your host will arrange for a dinner during the early part of your visit. You are expected to reciprocate by arranging for a return dinner, possibly in your hotel or at a well-known restaurant. If no formal dinner is indicated on your itinerary, you should still try to invite your hosts to dinner to show your thanks and appreciation for their arrangements. Business is not usually discussed at dinners, although it may be at luncheons.

Dinner in Vietnam usually consists of several courses. Several dishes will be put on the table and you will be expected to take some from each. Chopsticks are used in Vietnam, but short speech about Vietnam’s beautiful but most modern restaurants scenery, the friendship of your hosts, and also have Western eating prospects for a successful business venture utensils. are appropriate. Subsequent toasts may be

made and answered from your seat. Vietnamese beer or imported wines and liquor are usually The end of the meal is usually signaled by a served with the meal. It is plate of fruit or another sweet dish. After appropriate for you and your waiting a respectful period after the last host to exchange toasts, with course is consumed, the guest is expected the host usually going first. to make the first move to leave. Be sure to Individual toasts can also be shake hands with all Vietnamese expected during the meal. participants and conclude by thanking your When toasting your host (or host profusely. when acting as host yourself), stand and raise your glass with both hands in the direction of the senior or oldest Vietnamese present. A flowery

3 5

A S I A | P A G E 2 8 Understanding Vietnamese Business Culture

SUMMARY

Foreign companies need to understand the corporate culture of Vietnam to avoid making serious mistakes. Firstly, referrals and direct contacts both are common ways for an initial approach. Next, business relationship in Vietnam tends to turn into social one so informal discussions can be better. On the other hand, you should know the seniority of each partner it will assist you in knowing how to behave. Last but not least, meals play an important role in building relationships among entrepreneurs.

A S I A | P A G E 2 9 Traditional Costume

A S I A | P A G E 3 0 Costumes in yellow were reserved for the King. Those in purple and red VIETNAMESE were reserved for high ranking court WWW.VIETNAMTOURISM.COM officials, while dresses in blue were exclusively worn by petty court officials. Men's dress has gradually Traditional costumes of the changed along with social Vietnamese people tend to be very development. simple and modest. Men wear brown shirts and white . Their is simply a piece of cloth wrapped around the head TRADITIONAL and their footwear consists of a pair of plain sandals. COSTUMES

The traditional set of a long gown For formal ceremonies men would and gave way to more have two additional items, a long modern looking , while business gown with slits on either side, and shirts and trousers have replaced a turban, usually in black or brown traditional long sleeved shirts and made of cotton or . In feudal wide trousers. Traditional costumes times, there were strict dress still exist and efforts are increasingly codes. Ordinary people were not being made to restore traditional allowed to wear clothes with dyes festivals and entertainment which other than black, brown or white. incorporate traditional costumes.

A S I A | P A G E 3 1 Over time, the traditional "ao dai" has gone through certain changes. Long gowns are now carefully tailored to fit the body of a Vietnamese woman. The two long slits along the side allow the gown to have two free floating panels in the front and at the back of the dress. The floating panels expose a long pair of white silk trousers.

An elegant looking conical palm hat, which is traditionally known as a "non bai tho" (a hat with poetry written on it), is worn as part of a woman's formal dress. This Young women wear light brown- traditional conical hat is colored short shirts with long particularly suitable for a black skirts. Their headgear tropical country such as consists of a black turban with a Viet Nam, where fierce peak at the front. To make their sunshine and hard rain are waist look smaller, they tightly commonplace. fasten a long piece of pink or violet cloth.On formal occasions, they wear a special three layered dress called an "ao dai", a long gown with slits on either side.

The outer garment is a special silk gown called an "ao tu than" which is brown or light brown in colour with four slits divided equally on its lower section. The second layer is a gown in a light yellow colour and the third layer is a pink gown. When a woman wears her three gowns, she fastens the buttons on the side, and leave those on the chest unfastened so that it forms a shaped collar. This allows her to show the different colors on the upper part of the three gowns. Beneath the three gowns is a bright red brassiere which is left exposed to cover the woman's neck. A S I A | P A G E 3 2 To make a conical hat, a hat maker Over thousands of years, the chooses young palm leaves that have traditional clothing of all ethnic been been dried under continued groups in Viet Nam has changed, but sunshine. Attached beneath the each ethnic group has separately almost transparent layers of dried maintained their own characteristics. palm leaves is a drawing of a small river wharf. Below the drawing, there In the mountain areas, people live in is a piece of poetry to be recited by houses built on stilts, wear trousers or the hat wearer. skirts and indigo vests with design motifs imitating wild flowers and In recent years some foreign fashions beasts. In the northern uplands and have been introduced to Viet Nam; the Central Highlands, the young however, the traditional "ao dai" women have made skirts and vests remains preferable to women in both with beautiful and coulourful urban and rural settings. decoration in a style convenient for farm work in terraced fields and to n general, is very travel on hilly slopes and mountain diverse. Every ethnic group in Viet gorges. Nam has its own style of clothing. Festivals are the occasion for all to wear their favorite clothes.

A S I A | P A G E 3 3 SUMMARY VIETNAMESE TRADITIONAL COSTUMES

Vietnamese clothes are very various. People from different ethinic groups or regions have distinctive styles of clothing. Traditional costumes of the Vietnamese tend to be very simple. Men wear shirts and trousers. For ceremonies, men would have two additional things, a long gown with cuts on each side, and a turban. Men’s outfits in different colors are for different classes. Women traditional dress called an “ao dai”, a long gown with cuts on each side, similar to the men's outfits. Attaching with “ao dai” is a “non”, a conical palm hat. Both men and women clothing are changing along with social development.

A S I A | P A G E 3 4 Hanbok Traditional Korean Clothing A beautiful cultural treasure worn on the body

The exquisite and elegant hanbok emanates Hanbok can be classified into ceremonial a dignified beauty that embraces the natural and everyday dress, each of which can harmony of form, structure and be further classified by gender, age and color. Korean traditional clothing – the season. All types of hanbok are created history of Hanbok in Korea and its modern beautifully through combinations of usage. Hanbok patterns including straight and slightly curved. lines. culture. Women's hanbok in particular are recognized worldwide for the simple yet Hanbok, the traditional clothing delightful harmony of their short jackets of Koreans and full skirts. The jacket, which is put on one arm at a time, makes the upper "Hanbok" (also called "joseonot") is a body look very small, while the skirt worn collective term for traditional Korean wrapped around the waist makes the clothing. Though there have been slight lower body look full, creating an changes in hanbok over time in terms of attractive balance. The cut and drape of material, preferred colors, and the length of the clothing complements not only the the skirt or jacket, the hanbok's basic format Korean female physique but also flatters has more or less remained the same for the and fits most other body types as well. past 1,600 years.

A S I A | P A G E 3 5 2. Beauty of form

The hanbok radiates a natural physical beauty in its attractive silhouette and lines, which allow for unrestrained movement of the body.

3. Beauty of creativity

In contrast to Western clothing, which achieves dimensionality through straight-lined fabric and stitching techniques, hanbok is made with flat fabric in a linear shape that only achieves dimensionality when it is worn on the body. When placed on the human frame, the hanbok takes on a life of its own—one that is natural, elegant and flowing.

The eight beauties of hanbok

The beauty of hanbok is found in the elegant flow of its lines and in its pleasing color palette. Just like the gently sloping eaves of a traditional Korean house, the harmony of the curved baerae (bottom line of the jacket's ) with the sharp straight lines of the dongjeong (creased white lining of the jacket's collar) well reveals the subtlety and exquisiteness of traditional Korean aesthetics. The hanbok's attractiveness even shines through in the lovely lines created by the body's movement while wearing it—one of the reasons it enjoys such global attention. The hanbok is typically defined as having "eight beauties," as described below.

1. Beauty of structure

The women's hanbok, with its short jacket () paired with a full skirt, possesses a simple structural beauty and rhythmic flow that complement the body's movements.

A S I A | P A G E 3 6 The hanbok features straight and curved lines, giving it an attractive flow representative of a uniquely Korean aesthetic. The graceful, harmonious movement that happens when the hanbok is actually worn is praised the world over.

Hanbok colors are decided 4 according to the "five colors theory" ("obangsaek" in Korean), which refers to the theory of yin and yang and the five elements. The hanbok commonly makes striking use of naturally- 5occurring colors.

The curved line, one of the hanbok's most eye-catching features found in its full and loose shape, rhythm, and irregular proportions when worn, has a natural angle devoid of artificiality that creates a free-flowing effect and brings out the texture of the natural, hand- 6woven fabric.

A S I A | P A G E 3 7 7. Beauty of empty space

Some aspects of the hanbok design are left intentionally "empty," to be filled by the wearer uniquely, giving the hanbok a depth not commonly seen in clothing.

8. Beauty of personal character

The full shape of the hanbok emphasizes the wearer's authority and dignity. While this may have been impractical, it was nevertheless a feature that made hanbok a reflection of social status and propriety. The simple harmony of the color palette created by limiting the number of bright colors used places greater weight on the wearer's character over the hanbok's decoration.

Certain hanbok designs represented the social ranking of the wearer. The king, for example, was represented by the and the queen by the phoenix. designs were used to represent military officials and were commonly placed on the shoulders, fronts and backs of their court . Civil officials were represented by the crane, an animal believed to be pure and resilient.

A S I A | P A G E 3 8 Hanbok, the most "Korean" dress code

Having coexisted with the Korean people ever since the beginning of their history, hanbok is a beautiful cultural heritage that all Koreans Although the hanbok to some extent should be proud of not only for its lost its place in Korean daily life due historical value but also for its uniquely to the rapid inflow of Western Korean artistic significance. The civilization after Korea's opening to hanbok, which changes only slightly the Western world in the 19th according to the season, social status century, it is still the most and situational context, is highly representative of Korean dress and a regarded for its creative design and symbol of the identity of the Korean overall elegance. people.

A S I A | P A G E 3 9 SUMMARY

Hanbok, the traditional dress of the Korean, represents Korea's history and the beauty of the Korean. It can be classified into ceremonial and daily outfits. There are eight words to describe Hanbok's atractiveness: structure, form, creativity, harmony, color, nature, empty space and personal character. Although it has changed over time, it is a beautiful cultural legacy that all Korean should be proud of.

A S I A | P A G E 4 0 Education

A S I A | P A G E 4 1 EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF VIETNAM

VIETNAM, A TINY COASTAL COUNTRY IN PENINSULAR SOUTHEAST ASIA BORDERED BY CHINA, LAOS, AND CAMBODIA, IS THE 13TH MOST POPULOUS COUNTRY IN THE WORLD WITH JUST OVER 90 MILLION PEOPLE. IN THE LAST CENTURY VIETNAM HAS SEEN MANY STRUCTURAL POLITICAL CHANGES, AND TODAY VIETNAM HAS ONE OF THE HIGHEST REPORTED ECONOMIC GROWTH RATES IN THE WORLD. WITH THIS SUCCESS HAS COME MANY ADVANCEMENTS, BUT GROWING ECONOMIC INEQUALITY IS BRINGING NEW CHALLENGES TO SECTORS OF SOCIETY, EDUCATION BEING ONE.

A S I A | P A G E 4 2 Vietnam has a long and proud history of defeating powers much larger than it; but this also means that Vietnam has the distinction of having the last 36 years—1979 to present day—be the longest official era of peace that the country has seen in over a millennia. After the American War (as it is called here), attempts to restructure North and South Vietnam into a unified, planned society by means of drastic collectivization plans set off an economic recession that left the country with triple digit inflation and the vast majority of families in a state of permanent deprivation. This all changed in 1986 with Doi Moi, the beginning of a period of economic reforms designed to liberalize the economy and drive growth. Since then, there have been ever-increasing changes moving towards privatization and liberalization, while maintaining the single-party socialist state. Though Vietnam is one of the five countries left in the world officially espousing communism, government policiesare becoming increasingly capitalist, and a variety of phrases such as "open- market socialism" and "ardently capitalist communists" have sprung up to describe the current state of Vietnamese politics and economic policy. This shift towards liberalization has influenced many areas of Vietnamese life, including health care and education.

A S I A | P A G E 4 3 Education in Vietnam is overseen by the Ministry of Education and Training (MOET), and it is an extensive network of state-run schools for students from roughly four years old to college-age. The system consists of five categories: kindergarten, primary, secondary, upper-secondary (also referred to as high school), and university level, with nationally administered exit and entrance examinations between each. Though there is a growing number of private schools and partially privatized schools, these exist almost exclusively in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), and students at these schools still represent a distinct minority of applicants to colleges and universities abroad. Among upper high schools, there are several categories of schools relevant to U.S. college and university admissions professionals: international schools, "specialized" schools (also sometimes referred to as "magnet" schools), and the regular high schools. While years ago it was only at the international and specialized schools that recruiters could find students with a high level of English and the family support necessary to study overseas, this is no longer the case. English has become a mandatory subject in most schools, and as students begin learning at younger ages, levels of English fluency have increased drastically. International and specialized high schools still send the most students abroad, a trend directly related to the caliber of students in attendance. Thousands of students study in evening and weekend classes for the high school entrance exams that could grant them a place in Hanoi's Foreign Language Specialized School (FLSS) or Hanoi- Amsterdam School for the Gifted ("Hanoi- Ams" for short), but only around 5 percent are chosen each year. Those who make it in though these schools generally attract the receive an education with more qualified children of expatriates and wealthy Vietnamese. teachers, a stronger and more dynamic The students who do not make it into these curriculum, and a wider array of programs often end up in specialized cohorts extracurricular activities - all crucial within the regular public schools, or in private components of a good education and high schools, both of which are attempts to factors that will have a serious impact on address the growing demand for specialized the next step of their education. A growing programs and quality education despite limited number of International schools either resources. teach entirely in English, or are bilingual

A S I A | P A G E 4 4 The grading scale in Vietnamese high schools is, for the most part, out of 10 possible points, with 4 being the lowest score one can receive and still pass (equivalent to a D). Much like in high schools and colleges in the United States, there is serious variance in the level of difficulty, with the distribution of grades varying from school to school and teacher to teacher. A few schools—almost exclusively in Hanoi and HCMC—use a different grading system, usually because of their affiliation with another educational style. The Russian Embassy School of Hanoi, for example, scores out of 5 possible points following the Soviet system, and Lycée français Alexandre Yersin (LFAY), an international French school, follows the 20-point baccalauréat system.

One of the bigger challenges faced by intense schedule of exams that take the place Vietnamese high school students of the critical thinking that comes from attending universities and colleges in experiential and active learning. Even the United States is the vast difference students who specialize in the hard sciences in the style of education received. spend very little time in a lab environment, Though the international schools follow and high school students across the board a more western model, students at have very limited writing experience upon public and private high schools, even graduating. Test scores determine placement, the specialized ones, receive what so students spend many hours outside of should really be labeled as a school in private classes on school subjects. passiveeducation. Emphasis is placed Electives, school clubs, involvement in the on knowledge acquisition via rote arts, internships, and hobbies are all devalued memorization, and students have an in comparison with high scores in STEM fields.

A S I A | P A G E 4 5 In regards to higher education here in Vietnam there are a variety of options, but of college bound students, most end up in the national university system via a placement test not unlike the high school entrance exams, at a private foreign university with a local campus, or studying abroad in the United States, Canada, Australia, or Europe. Studying at top tier international universities abroad provides the greatest job security for the future; so many students are pushed from a young age to aim for these schools. Much like the extra classes taken to increase chemistry and math exam scores, students study nights and weekends for the TOEFL, IELTS, SAT, and other placement exams necessary for admission to universities around the world. With rising income inequality and unemployment among college graduates in major cities, the subsequent job insecurity means parents andstudents place emphasis on getting into the best possible school, regardless of the sacrifices (financial for parents, time for students). In this environment, a degree from a recognized school is capital, and these graduates generally have an easier time finding work anda higher starting salary than their Vietnamese educated counterparts.

Vietnam is in a transition as government policy is moving toward increased liberalization. The population of the country is quite young, and so demands on the education system will continue to grow for some time. Further integration into the world economy as Vietnam pushes toward middle-income status means a growing number of middle class and wealthy Vietnamese willing and able to spend money on higher education. All of this will mean more demands for an "international" education, either here in Vietnam at internationally accredited schools, or abroad.

S U M M A R Y

Despite the economic development of Vietnam, education has some new challenges. After many wars, Vietnam entered the renewal period, which affected education. The system of education in Vietnam has 5 types: kindergarten, primary, secondary, high school, and university. Nowadays, English is a compulsory subject in all Vietnamese school…. One of the biggest problem that Vietnam’s education have to face up with is respecting theories more than practices

A S I A | P A G E 4 6 The Japanese Way tiny automatons, listening to their parents with respect, quietly following all the rules with Of Disciplining innate obedience and precision.

From our early trips on the trains, this certainly Children seemed to be the case. Children younger than H O W D I S C I P L I N I N G I N P R I V A T E H E L P S my two-year-old son sat in silence and stillness C H I L D R E N B E H A V E I N P U B L I C on the plush train seats, whereas my child treated the captive audience of the car as his How are Japanese families disciplining their own private performance arena: dancing, children — and how are they eliciting good jumping, doling out charming smiles to the behavior in the first place? I wasn’t the only indulgent passengers who (thankfully) never American mother asking this question. truly seemed to mind his antics. While I whispered urgent reprimands, the Japanese One of the great misconceptions I had upon mothers seemed to radiate calm serenity, their moving to Japan was that its children were children seated beside them in well-behaved perfectly self-disciplined from birth. I pictured glory.

A S I A | P A G E 4 7 My son wasn’t behaving badly, exactly. crying and screaming at the playground or There was simply an obvious cultural park, and the parents seemed relatively difference in how he was expected to unconcerned. behave and what his Japanese peers were taught. I began to wonder: how exactly are During one of my son’s epic tantrums, Japanese families disciplining their where we cleared out a train car on the children? How are they eliciting such Yamanote line from Shinjuku, I was at a perfect behavior in the first place? complete loss. He decided he most Y R emphatically did not want to ride the train O

Managing “Ma no Nisai” (The Terrible home, but we absolutely needed to do so. T

Two’s) S

Unable to fully restrain him because I was

I wasn’t the only American mother asking cradling my newborn daughter, my son E R tried with all his might to leave the train myself this question. Finding a U misbehaving Japanese toddler became before it departed, and I whispered a T sincere Gomennasai (I’m sorry) to all the A

something of a game with other E international mom friends whenever we passengers brave enough to remain on the F took our children to parks and museums. If car with us. At that moment, I would have we caught sight of Japanese toddlers wholeheartedly welcomed someone else having an elusive tantrum in public, we intervening — none of my disciplining would sigh to ourselves in relief. It wasn’t tricks worked. just our children. It was everyone’s. Yet the Japanese parents seemed not to intervene at all. The child would sit on the ground,

A S I A | P A G E 4 8 I spoke to my Japanese language teacher Where I’d focus on stopping the behavior about the tantrum later, mentioning we as it happened, Japanese parents seemed have a phrase in English that describes to wait until a private moment to discuss. I this age in a child’s life: the terrible two’s. began noticing this everywhere – parents She nodded. “We do as well,” she laughed. crouched behind pillars in train stations, at “Ma no nisai. The Evil Age.” the edges of parks, having quiet conversations as the children were packed Yet when I asked how people in Japan away into cars. handled the ‘evil age,’ she just smiled mysteriously and moved on. Aside from maintaining the pride of the child, disciplining in private also spares the pride of the parent. In Japanese, discipline The Art of Shitsuke (Discipline) is shitsuke—which also translates roughly One day, I inadvertently discovered why I’d into training or upbringing. I like the never seen a Japanese child disciplined. thought of it as training. Parents are Another day, another busy train, and this expected to model the behavior their time it was another child throwing a children should emulate. In my case, quiet tantrum about riding home. The father consultation in private certainly seemed quickly pulled his entire family from the better than waiting out a tantrum in the train car and as doors closed and the train middle of a crowded train. sped away, I saw him crouch down on the now-empty platform to the misbehaving child and begin to scold. It was a revelation.

A S I A | P A G E 4 9 Punish the Behavior, Not the Child

To be sure, some discipline measures are extreme everywhere. One family in Japan made international headlines when their seven-year-old went missing in bear-country Hokkaido after they’d put him out of the car and driven away as a punishment for his misbehavior. When they returned minutes later, he’d vanished (and thankfully was found, albeit several frantic days later). Child psychologists worldwide seem to agree that it’s always best to punish the behavior—not the child.

The overall focus on training as discipline—teaching children to behave by repeatedly modeling the appropriate behaviors and privately correcting them when they veer from that course—is also apparent from my visits to watch my son at his kindergarten. The students follow a strict schedule, repeating the same songs, games, and polite behaviors like putting shoes away neatly and sitting quietly until it becomes routine.

But in the end, we all just do what works. One sunny afternoon at yochien pickup, the sensei stopped me after class. Through a friend helping translate, the sensei said she’d had trouble disciplining my two-year-old that day. She didn’t know how to explain to him to stop in English, and he mistook her admonishments as a new game, mimicking her when she tried to reprimand him.

Finally, she told me, she just yelled at him like I did. I was slightly awed and also embarrassed. “How do I yell at him?” I asked. (And how often did I yell at him in her presence, I wondered).

She demonstrated, saying his name quickly and full of low, unmistakable warning—exactly as I do when my patience runs thin—and laughed. “It worked perfectly,” she told me.

A S I A | P A G E 5 0 The Japanese Way Of Disciplining Children

S U M M A R Y

If anybody go to Japan, they may have a question: “How do parents teach their children?”. The Japanese children has good behavior in public because their parents have disciplined them since they were born. The parents here often look for private time to discipline their children and not do so in crowded places. And leaving the children somewhere is a solution disciplining the behavior, not the children. The Japanese children have to do something repeatedly until it becomes habit.

A S I A | P A G E 5 1

1. Hansik (Korean Cuisine) portion ˈpɔːrʃn (n) a part of a whole; an amount, section, or piece of something. (v) divide (something) into shares to be distributed among two or more people. hygiene ˈhaɪdʒiːn (n) conditions or practices conducive to maintaining health and preventing disease, especially through cleanliness. utensil juːˈtensl (n) an implement, container, or other article, especially for household use. sequential sɪˈkwenʃl (a) forming or following in a logical order or sequence. culinary ˈkʌlɪneri (a) of or for cooking. ferment fərˈment (n) agitation and excitement among a group of people, typically concerning major change and leading to trouble or violence. (n) a fermenting agent or enzyme. (v) (of a substance) undergo fermentation. (v) incite or stir up (trouble or disorder). ingenious ɪnˈdʒiːniəs (a) (of a person) clever, original, and inventive. delicacy ˈdelɪkəsi (n) the quality of being delicate, in particular. (n) a choice or expensive food. microorganism ˌmaɪkroʊˈɔːrɡənɪzəm (n) a microscopic organism, especially a bacterium, virus, or fungus.

2. “Cốm” - Autumn’s special gift evoke ɪˈvoʊk (v) bring or recall to the conscious mind. (v) invoke (a spirit or deity). persimmon pərˈsɪmən (n) an edible fruit that resembles a large tomato and has very sweet flesh. (n) the tree that yields the persimmon, related to ebony. fragrance ˈfreɪɡrəns (n) a pleasant, sweet smell. dew duː (n) tiny drops of water that form on cool surfaces at night, when atmospheric vapor condenses. (v) wet (a part of someone's body) with a beaded or glistening liquid. deliberately dɪˈlɪbərətli (adv) consciously and intentionally; on purpose. (adv) in a careful and unhurried way. plasticity plæˈstɪsəti (n) the quality of being easily shaped or molded. nutty ˈnʌti (a) tasting like nuts. (a) peculiar; insane. buttery ˈbʌtəri (n) a pantry, or a room for storing wine and liquor. (a) containing or tasting like butter. pestle ˈpesl (n) a heavy tool with a rounded end, used for crushing and grinding substances such as spices or drugs, usually in a mortar. (v) crush or grind (a substance such as a spice or drug) with a pestle. mortar ˈmɔːrtər (n) a cup-shaped receptacle made of hard material, in which ingredients are crushed or ground, used especially in cooking or pharmacy. husk hʌsk (n) the dry outer covering of some fruits or seeds. haste heɪst (n) excessive speed or urgency of movement or action; hurry. reap riːp (v) cut or gather (a crop or harvest). herb hɜːrb (n) any plant with leaves, seeds, or flowers used for flavoring, food, medicine, or perfume. (n) any seed-bearing plant that does not have a woody stem and dies down to the ground after flowering.

3. The History of Samsung (1938-Present) conglomerate kənˈɡlɑːmərət (n) a number of different things or parts that are put or grouped together to form a whole but remain distinct entities. (n) a coarse-grained sedimentary rock composed of rounded fragments (> 2 mm) within a matrix of finer grained material. (v) gather together into a compact mass. (a) of or relating to a conglomerate, especially a large corporation. refinery rɪˈfaɪnəri (n) an industrial installation where a substance is refined. switchboard ˈswɪtʃbɔːrd (n) the central part of a telephone system used by a company, etc. aerospace ˈeroʊspeɪs (n) the branch of technology and industry concerned with both aviation and space flight. subsidiary səbˈsɪdieri (a) less important than but related or supplementary to. (n) a company controlled by a holding company. biopharmaceutical (n) a biological macromolecule or cellular component, such as a blood product, used as a pharmaceutical. (a) relating to biopharmaceuticals, or their preparation, use, or sale.

4. Hidden Like Secret Bases - Automated Multistory Parking Facilities retrieval rɪˈtriːvl (n) the process of getting something back from somewhere. withstand wɪθˈstænd (v) remain undamaged or unaffected by; resist. seismic ˈsaɪzmɪk (a) of or relating to earthquakes or other vibrations of the earth and its crust.

5. Asia Dreams in Skyscrapers cluster ˈklʌstər (n.) a group of similar things or people positioned or occurring closely together. (v.) be or come into a cluster or close group; congregate. surpass sərˈpæs (v.) exceed; be greater than monolith ˈmɑːnəlɪθ (n.) a large single upright block of stone, especially one shaped into or serving as a pillar or monument. (n.) a large and impersonal political, corporate, or social structure regarded as intractably indivisible and uniform. correlation ˌkɔːrəˈleɪʃn (n.) a mutual relationship or connection between two or more things. enhance ɪnˈhæns (v.) intensify, increase, or further improve the quality, value, or extent of. perspective pərˈspektɪv (n.) the art of drawing solid objects on a two- dimensional surface so as to give the right impression of their height, width, depth, and position in relation to each other when viewed from a particular point. (n.) a particular attitude toward or way of regarding something; a point of view. (n.) an apparent spatial distribution in perceived sound. density ˈdensəti (n.) the degree of compactness of a substance. incentive ɪnˈsentɪv (n.) a thing that motivates or encourages one to do something. controversial ˌkɑːntrəˈvɜːrʃl (adj.) giving rise or likely to give rise to public disagreement. suburb ˈsʌbɜːrb (n.) an outlying district of a city, especially a residential one. sprawl sprɔːl (n.) an ungainly or carelessly relaxed position in which one's arms and legs are spread out. (v.) sit, lie, or fall with one's arms and legs spread out in an ungainly or awkward way. municipality mjuːˌnɪsɪˈpæləti (n.) a city or town that has corporate status and local government. densest dens (adj.) closely compacted in substance. (adj.) of a person) stupid. (adj.) (of a text) hard to understand because of complexity of ideas. resilient rɪˈzɪliənt (adj.) of a substance or object) able to recoil or spring back into shape after bending, stretching, or being compressed. pursue pərˈsuː (v.) follow (someone or something) in order to catch or attack them. (v.) (of a person or way) continue or proceed along (a path or route).

6. Understanding Vietnamese Business Culture referral rɪˈfɜːrəl (n) an act of referring someone or something for consultation, review, or further action. inevitably ɪnˈevɪtəbli (adv) as is certain to happen; unavoidably. seniority ˌsiːniˈɔːrəti (n) the fact or state of being older or higher in position or status than someone else. (n) a privileged position earned by reason of longer service or higher rank. brochure broʊˈʃʊr (n) a small book or magazine containing pictures and information about a product or service. embark ɪmˈbɑːrk (v) go on board a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle. itinerary aɪˈtɪnəreri (n) a planned route or journey.

7. Vietnamese traditional costumes trousers ˈtraʊzərz (n) an outer garment covering the body from the waist to the ankles, with a separate part for each leg. gown ɡaʊn (n) a long dress, typically having a close-fitting bodice and a flared or flowing skirt, worn on formal occasions. feudal ˈfjuːdl (a) according to, resembling, or denoting the system of feudalism. garment ˈɡɑːrmənt (n) an item of clothing. brassiere brəˈzɪr (n) similar to bra conical ˈkɑːnɪkl (a) having the shape of a cone. transparent trænsˈpærənt (a) (of a material or article) allowing light to pass through so that objects behind can be distinctly seen. ethnic ˈeθnɪk (a) of or relating to a population subgroup (within a larger or dominant national or cultural group) with a common national or cultural tradition. (n) a member of an ethnic minority. indigo ˈɪndɪɡoʊ (n) a tropical plant of the pea family, which was formerly widely cultivated as a source of dark blue dye. (n) the dark blue dye obtained from the indigo plant. slope sloʊp (n) a surface of which one end or side is at a higher level than another; a rising or falling surface. gorge ɡɔːrdʒ (n) a narrow valley between hills or mountains, typically with steep rocky walls and a stream running through it.

8. Hanbok (Traditional Korean Clothing) exquisite ˈekskwɪzɪt (a) extremely beautiful and, typically, delicate. emanate ˈeməneɪt (v) (of something abstract but perceptible) issue or spread out from (a source). eaves iːvz (n) the part of a roof that meets or overhangs the walls of a building. subtlety ˈsʌtlti (n) the quality or state of being subtle. aesthetic esˈθetɪk (a) concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty. possess pəˈzes (v) have as belonging to one; own. (v) maintain (oneself or one's mind or soul) in a state or condition of patience or quiet. radiate ˈreɪdieɪt (a) having rays or parts proceeding from a center; arranged in or having a radial pattern. (v) emit (energy, especially light or heat) in the form of rays or waves. (v) diverge or spread from or as if from a central point. silhouette ˌsɪluˈet (n) the dark shape and outline of someone or something visible against a lighter background, especially in dim light. (v) cast or show (someone or something) as a dark shape and outline against a lighter background. resilient rɪˈzɪliənt (a) (of a substance or object) able to recoil or spring back into shape after bending, stretching, or being compressed.

9. Educational System of Vietnam unify ˈjuːnɪfaɪ (v) make or become united, uniform, or whole. drastic ˈdrɑːstɪk (a) likely to have a strong or far-reaching effect; radical and extreme. collectivization kəˌlektɪvəˈzeɪʃn (n) the act or policy of joining several private farms, industries, etc. together so that they are controlled by the community or by the government. recession rɪˈseʃn (n) a period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced, generally identified by a fall in GDP in two successive quarters. (n) the action of receding; motion away from an observer. inflation ɪnˈfleɪʃn (n) the action of inflating something or the condition of being inflated. (n) a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money. deprivation ˌdeprɪˈveɪʃn (n) the damaging lack of material benefits considered to be basic necessities in a society. liberalize ˈlɪbrəlaɪz (v) remove or loosen restrictions on (something, typically an economic or political system). privatization ˌpraɪvətəˈzeɪʃn (n) the act of selling a business or an industry so that it is no longer owned by the government. espouse ɪˈspaʊz (v) adopt or support (a cause, belief, or way of life). ardently ˈɑːrdntli (adv) in a very enthusiastic way because you have strong feelings about somebody/something. caliber ˈkælɪbər (n) the quality of someone's character or the level of someone's ability. cohort ˈkoʊhɔːrt (n) an ancient Roman military unit, comprising six centuries, equal to one tenth of a legion. (n) a group of people banded together or treated as a group. (n) a supporter or companion. variance ˈværiəns (n) the fact or quality of being different, divergent, or inconsistent. acquisition ˌækwɪˈzɪʃn (n) an asset or object bought or obtained, typically by a library or museum. (n) the learning or developing of a skill, habit, or quality.

10. The Japanese Way Of Disciplining Children innate ɪˈneɪt (a) an innate quality or ability is one that you were born with indulgent ɪnˈdʌl.dʒənt (a) allowing someone to have or do what they want, especially when this is not good for them reprimands ˈrep.rɪ.mɑːnd (v) to express to someone your strong official disapproval of them radiate ˈreɪ.di.eɪt (v) to produce heat and/or light, or (of heat or light) to be produced (v) to show an emotion or quality, or (of an emotion or quality) to beshown or felt serenity səˈren.ə.ti (n) syn: peace tantrum ˈtæn.trəm (n) a sudden period of uncontrolled anger like a young child's cradle ˈkreɪ.dəl (v) to hold something or someone gently, especially by supporting with the arms scold skəʊld (v) to speak to someone angrily because you disapprove of theirbehaviour crouched kraʊtʃ (v) to bend your knees and lower yourself so that you are close to theground and leaning forward slightly pillars ˈpɪl.ər (n) a strong column made of stone, metal, or wood that supports part of abuilding admonishments ədˈmɒn.ɪʃmənt (n) a piece of advice that is also a warning to someone about theirbehaviour mimick ˈmɪm.ɪk (v) to copy the way in which a particular person usually speaks andmoves, usually in order to make people laugh

Refrerences

Hansik: http://www.antiquealive.com/Blogs/Hansik_Korean_cuisine.html

Cốm: http://vietnam-beauty.com/food-a-drink/vietnamese-food/22-vietnamese-food/228-cm-autumns- special-gift-.html

History of Samsung: https://www.lifewire.com/history-of-samsung-818809

Hidden like secret bases… : http://web-japan.org/trends/11_tech-life/tec170223.html

Skyscrapers: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/11/opinion/china-asia-skyscrapers.html

Vietnamese business culture: http://www.vietnam-culture.com/articles-116-17/Understanding- Vietnamese-business-culture-and-etiquette.aspx

Hanbok: http://www.antiquealive.com/Blogs/Hanbok_Traditional_Korean_Clothing.html

Vietnam costume: http://www.vietnamtourism.com/en/index.php/about/items/2258

Education system: http://www.nafsa.org/Professional_Resources/Browse_by_Interest/International_Students_and_Schola rs/Network_Resources/International_Enrollment_Management/Educational_System_of_Vietnam/

Japanese way: https://savvytokyo.com/japanese-way-disciplining-children/

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