US 20200325342A1 IN ( 19 ) United States ( 12 ) Patent Application Publication ( 10 ) Pub . No .: US 2020/0325342 A1 LIANG (43 ) Pub . Date : Oct. 15 , 2020

( 54 ) METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A C08K 5/14 ( 2006.01 ) SPECIAL EFFECT USING AN C08K 5/23 ( 2006.01 ) EMULSION C08K 3/30 ( 2006.01 ) ( 52 ) U.S. CI . ( 71 ) Applicant: VIAVI SOLUTIONS INC . , San Jose , CPC C09C 1/0021 ( 2013.01 ) ; C08K 2003/3045 CA (US ) ( 2013.01 ) ; B05D 5/068 ( 2013.01 ) ; B05D 1/38 ( 2013.01 ) ; B05D 3/067 ( 2013.01 ) ; B05D ( 72 ) Inventor: Kangning LIANG , San Jose , CA (US ) 3/0254 ( 2013.01 ) ; C08K 5/06 ( 2013.01 ) ; C08K 5/07 ( 2013.01 ) ; C08K 5/45 ( 2013.01 ) ; C08K ( 73 ) Assignee : VIAVI SOLUTIONS INC . , San Jose , 5/14 ( 2013.01 ) ; C08K 5/23 ( 2013.01 ) ; C08K CA ( US ) 3/30 ( 2013.01 ) ; B05D 2202/25 ( 2013.01 ) ; B05D 2202/45 ( 2013.01 ) ; B05D 2202/30 ( 21 ) Appl . No .: 16 / 383,056 ( 2013.01 ) ; B05D 2401/30 ( 2013.01 ) ; B05D Apr. 12 , 2019 2502/00 ( 2013.01 ) ; B05D 2503/00 ( 2013.01 ) ; ( 22 ) Filed : B05D 2518/10 ( 2013.01 ) ; B05D 2504/00 Publication Classification ( 2013.01 ) ; B05D 2506/00 ( 2013.01 ) ; B05D ( 51 ) Int . CI . 2401/10 ( 2013.01 ) ; C09C 3/10 ( 2013.01 ) C09C 1/00 ( 2006.01 ) ( 57 ) ABSTRACT C09C 3/10 ( 2006.01 ) B05D 5/06 ( 2006.01 ) A method of making , such as special effect pig B05D 1/38 ( 2006.01 ) ment includes forming a first slurry including a substrate, a B05D 3/06 ( 2006.01 ) polymer precursor, and a radical initiator; forming a solution B05D 3/02 ( 2006.01 ) including an emulsifier; and combining the first slurry and C08K 5/06 ( 2006.01 ) the solution so that the substrate is encapsulated by a first C08K 5/07 ( 2006.01 ) coating. Special effect pigments formed by the method are C08K 5/45 ( 2006.01 ) also disclosed . US 2020/0325342 Al Oct. 15 , 2020 1

METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A [ 0008 ] The method includes forming a first slurry includ SPECIAL EFFECT PIGMENT USING AN ing a substrate, and a polymer precursor, such as at least one EMULSION polymer precursor, and a radical initiator. The first slurry can also optionally include a first solvent. The first slurry can FIELD OF THE INVENTION also optionally include a colorant. [ 0001 ] The present disclosure generally relates to pig [ 0009 ] The substrate for use in the first slurry can include ments, such as special effect pigments. A method of making single layer of material or a multi - layer structure, which will a pigment, such as a special effect pigment, includes forming be explained in more detail below . In an aspect , the single a first slurry including a substrate, a polymer precursor, and layer of material can be a reflector layer. The reflector layer a radical initiator ; forming a solution including an emulsi can be a wideband reflector, e.g. , spectral and Lambertian fier; and combining the first slurry and the solution so that reflector ( e.g. , white TiO2 ) . The reflector layer can be a the substrate is encapsulated by a first coating. metal , non - metal, or metal alloy . In one example, the mate rials for the reflector layer can include any materials that BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION have reflective characteristics in the desired spectral range . For example, any material with a reflectance ranging from [ 0002 ] The manufacture of special effect pigments gener 5 % to 100 % in the desired spectral range . An example of a ally requires complex vacuum processes , time - consuming reflective material can be aluminum , which has good reflec step -wise coatings, and expensive post processing, such as tance characteristics, is inexpensive, and is easy to form into stripping and grinding. The complexity in manufacturing or deposit as a thin layer . Other reflective materials can also special effect pigments greatly limits production throughput be used in place of aluminum . For example, copper, silver, and demands large amounts of investment in equipment and gold , platinum , palladium , nickel , cobalt , niobium , chro processes. mium , tin , and combinations or alloys of these or other [ 0003 ] For example , in a special effect pigment with metals can be used as material in a single layer of material organic coatings, a reflector flake is covered by colored or a multi - layer structure . In an aspect , the material for the coatings on two opposite surfaces . As a result, stepwise reflector layer can be a white or light colored metal. In other processes are employed and a vacuum deposition of a metal examples, the reflector layer can include , but is not limited reflector layer is required . to , the transition and lanthanide metals and combinations thereof; as well as metal carbides, metal oxides , metal SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION nitrides, metal sulfides, a combination thereof, or mixtures [ 0004 ] In an aspect , there is disclosed a method of making of metals and one or more of these materials . pigments, including, forming a first slurry including a sub [ 0010 ] The thickness of the reflector layer can range from strate , a polymer precursor, and a radical initiator ; forming about 5 nm to about 5000 nm , although this range should not a solution including an emulsifier ; and combining the first be taken as restrictive . For example , the lower thickness slurry and the solution so that the substrate is encapsulated limit can be selected so that the reflector layer provides a by a first coating . maximum transmittance of 0.8 . Additionally, or alterna [ 0005 ] Additional features and advantages of various tively , for a reflector layer including aluminum the optical embodiments will be set forth , in part, in the description that density ( OD ) can be from about 0.1 to about 4 at a wave follows, and will , in part, be apparent from the description , length of about 550 nm . or can be learned by the practice of various embodiments . [ 0011 ] In order to obtain a sufficient optical density and / or The objectives and other advantages of various embodi achieve a desired effect, a higher or lower minimum thick ments will be realized and attained by means of the elements nesses can be required depending on the composition of the and combinations particularly pointed out in the description reflector layer. In some examples, the upper limit can be herein . about 5000 nm , about 4000 nm , about 3000 nm , about 1500 nm , about 200 nm , and / or about 100 nm . In one aspect , the DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE thickness of the at least one reflector layer can range from INVENTION about 10 nm to about 5000 nm for example , from about 15 [ 0006 ] It is to be understood that both the foregoing nm to about 4000 nm , from about 20 nm to about 3000 nm . general description and the following detailed description [ 0012 ] The first slurry can include a polymer precursor, are exemplary and explanatory only , and are intended to such as at least one polymer precursor , that can polymerize provide an explanation of various embodiments of the to form a first coating around the substrate . The polymer present teachings . In its broad and varied embodiments , precursor can be any monomer or oligomer that is polym disclosed herein is a method for making pigments, such as erizable. Non - limiting examples of the polymer precursor special effect pigments. include acrylic monomers , alcohols , allyl monomers , amine [ 0007 ] The method of making pigments , such as special monomers , anhydride monomers, carboxylic acid mono effect pigments can include forming a first slurry including mers , epoxide monomers , isocyanate monomers , silicone a substrate , a polymer precursor, and a radical initiator; monomers , styrene monomers , functionalized styrene forming a solution including an emulsifier; and combining monomers , vinyl esters , vinyl ethers , vinyl halides, vinyl the first slurry and the solution so that the substrate is amines , vinyl amides , and combinations thereof. The poly encapsulated by a first coating. This method is simple and mer precursor can undergo polymerization during the low - cost and can create a colored , polymer coating that method to form a polymer (first ) coating that encapsulates encapsulates a substrate . The method can be performed in the substrate . The resultant polymer coating will be one step or can be done in multiple steps . The method can explained more fully below . be performed in a batch production method for high [ 0013 ] The first slurry can include a radical initiator that throughput. can assist in polymerizing the polymer precursor to form a US 2020/0325342 A1 Oct. 15 , 2020 2 first (polymer ) coating around the substrate . The radical in the Color Index International database , such as C.I. Acid initiator can be chosen from a photoinitiator, a thermal Red 440 , C.I. Reactive Red 3 , C.I. Reactive Red 13 , C.I. initiator, and a redox initiator. Non - limiting examples of a Reactive Red 23 , C.I. Reactive Red 24 , C.I. Reactive Red photoinitiator include benzophenones , benzoyl ethers , ben 33 , C.I. Reactive Red 43 , C.I. Reactive Red 45 , C.I. Reactive zil monoketals, dialkoxyacetophenones , thioxanthones , Red 120 , C.I. Reactive Red 180 , C.I. Reactive Red 194 , C.I. hydroxyalkylphenones, and combinations thereof . Repre Reactive Red 220 , C.I. Reactive Violet 4 , C.I. Reactive Blue sentative examples of photoinitiators include benzophenone , 19 , C.I. Reactive Blue 5 , C.I. Reactive Blue 49 , C.I. Reac benzil dimethyl ketal, benzoin methyl ether, benzoin iso tive Yellow 2 , C.I. Reactive Yellow 3 , C.I. Reactive Black propyl ether, diethoxyacetophenone , dibutoxyacetophenone, 39 , and combinations thereof. methyl phenyl glycoxylate , 2chlorothioxanthone , 2 - ethylthi [ 0018 ] Suitable pigments can be black pigments, white oxanthone, isopropylthioxanthone, 2,4 -diethylthioxan pigments, cyan pigments, magenta pigments, yellow pig thone , phenyl 2 -hydroxy - 2 -propyl ketone , 4 - isopropylphe ments , or the like . Further, pigments can be organic or nyl 2 - hydroxy - 2 -propyl ketone, 4 - n -dodecylphenyl inorganic particles as is well known in the art. Suitable 2 -hydroxy - 2 - propyl ketone , 4- ( 2 -hydroxyethoxy ) phenyl inorganic pigments include , for example, carbon black , 2 - hydroxy - 2 - propyl ketone, 4- ( 2acryloyloxyethoxy )phenyl titanium oxide , cobalt blue ( Coo - A1203) , chrome yellow 2 - hydroxy - 2 - propyl ketone , 1 -benzoylcyclohexanol , phenyl ( PbCros ), and iron oxide . Suitable inorganic colorants 2 -hydroxy - 2 -propyl ketone , 1 -benzoyl -cyclohexanol , 4-( 2 include titanium nitride , chromium nitride, chromium oxide , hydroxyethoxy ) phenyl 2 -hydroxy - 2 -propyl ketone , isopro iron oxide , cobalt - doped alumina , combinations or mixtures pylthioxanthone, and 2 - dimethylaminoethyl benzoate . Com thereof, and the like . mercially available photoinitiators are sold under the [ 0019 ] Suitable organic pigments include , for example, following tradenames : IRGACURE® 819 , DAROCUR® azo pigments including diazo pigments and monoazo pig TPO , IRGACURE® 369 . ments , polycyclic pigments ( e.g. , phthalocyanine pigments [ 0014 ] Non - limiting examples of a thermal initiator such as phthalocyanine blues and phthalocyanine greens, include azo initiators , peroxide initiators, persulfate initia pigments , perynone pigments , anthraquinone pig tors , and combinations thereof. Representative examples of ments , quinacridone pigments, dioxazine pigments, thioin azo initiators include 2,2 '- azobisisobutyronitrile , 2,2 ' - azobis digo pigments, isoindolinone pigments, pyranthrone pig ( 4 -methoxy - 2,4 - dimethylvaleronitrile ); 2,2 - azobis ( 2 -amidi ments, and quinophthalone pigments ), insoluble nopropane ) dihydrochloride; 2,2 - azobis (2,4 - dimethylvale chelates ( e.g. , basic dye type chelates and acidic dye type ronitrile ); 2,2 '- azobis ( isobutyronitrile ); 2,2 '- azobis - 2 chelate ), nitropigments , nitroso pigments, and the like. Rep methylbutyronitrile; 1,1 '- azobis ( 1 - cyclohexanecarbonitrile ), resentative examples of phthalocyanine blues include cop 2,2 ' - azobis (methyl isobutyrate ). Representative examples of per phthalocyanine blue and derivatives thereof ( Pigment peroxide initiators include benzoyl peroxide , acetyl perox Blue 15 ) . Representative examples of quinacridones include ide , lauroyl peroxide, decanoyl peroxide, dicetyl peroxy Pigment Orange 48 , Pigment Orange 49 , Pigment Red 122 , dicarbonate , di( 4 - t- butylcyclohexyl ) peroxydicarbonate, Pigment Red 192 , Pigment Red 202 , Pigment Red 206 , di( 2 - ethylhexyl) peroxydicarbonate , t - butylperoxypivalate, Pigment Red 207 , Pigment Red 209 , Pigment Violet 19 and t - butyl peroxy - 2 - ethylhexanoate, and dicumyl peroxide. Pigment Violet 42. Representative examples of anthraqui Representative examples of persulfate initiators include nones include Pigment Red 43 , Pigment Red 194 (Perinone potassium persulfate , sodium persulfate, and ammonium Red ), Pigment Red 216 ( Brominated Pyranthrone Red ) and persulfate . Pigment Red 226 ( Pyranthrone Red ). Representative [ 0015 ] Suitable redox (oxidation - reduction ) initiators examples of perylenes include Pigment Red 123 (Vermil include , but are not limited to , combinations of the above lion ) , ( Scarlet ) , (Ma persulfate initiators with reducing agents such as sodium roon ), Pigment Red 190 (Red ), Pigment Violet 19 , Pigment metabisulfite and sodium bisulfite ; systems based on organic Red 189 ( Yellow Shade Red ) and Pigment Red 224. Rep peroxides and tertiary amines ( for example , benzoyl perox resentative examples of thioindigoids include Pigment Red ide plus dimethylaniline ); and systems based on organic 86 , Pigment Red 87 , Pigment Red 88 , Pigment Red 181 , hydroperoxides and transition metals, for example, cumene Pigment Red 198 , Pigment Violet 36 , and Pigment Violet 38 . hydroperoxide plus cobalt naphthenate. Non - limiting Representative examples of heterocyclic yellows include examples of reductants that can be used in a redox initiator Pigment Yellow 1 , Pigment Yellow 3 , Pigment Yellow 12 , include Fe2 + , Co2 + , and Cu * . Pigment Yellow 13 , Pigment Yellow 14 , Pigment Yellow 17 , [ 0016 ] The first slurry can also include a colorant, such as Pigment Yellow 65 , Pigment Yellow 73 , Pigment Yellow 74 , a pigment or dye. Pigment Yellow 151 , Pigment Yellow 117 , Pigment Yellow [ 0017 ] Non -limiting examples of suitable can include 128 and Pigment Yellow 138 . FD & C dyes, acid dyes, direct dyes, reactive dyes, phthalo [ 0020 ] The first slurry can also optionally include a sol cyanine dyes, derivatives of phthalocyanine sulfonic acids , vent, such as water or an organic solvent. Non - limiting and combinations thereof. Non - limiting examples of suit examples of solvents can include acetates , such as ethyl able organic dyes include copper phthalocyanine, perylene , acetate , propyl acetate, and butyl acetate ; acetone ; water; anthraquinones, and the like ; diarylmethane dyes , triaryl ketones, such as dimethyl ketone ( DMK ) , methylethyl methane dyes, acridine dyes, quinolone dyes, thiazole dyes , ketone ( MEK ) , secbutyl methyl ketone ( SBMK ) , ter - butyl indophenol dyes, oxazine dyes, thiazine dyes, natural dyes , methyl ketone ( TBMK ) , methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclopen azo dyes and azo metal dyes such as aluminum red RLW , thanon , and anisole ; glycol and glycol derivatives, such as aluminum copper , aluminum bordeaux RL , aluminum fire propylene glycol methyl ether, and propylene glycol methyl red ML , aluminum red GLW , aluminum violet CLW , and the ether acetate; alcohols, such as isopropyl alcohol, and diac like ; as well as combinations or mixtures thereof. Suitable etone alcohol; esters , such as malonates; heterocyclic sol dyes can include , but are in no way limited to , those listed vents, such as n -methyl pyrrolidone ; hydrocarbons, such as US 2020/0325342 A1 Oct. 15 , 2020 3 toluene , and xylene ; coalescing solvents, such as glycol tertiary amine co - initiators ; urethane acrylates, such aro ethers; cyclohexanone ; chlorobenzene ; butanol; and mix matic urethane acrylates , modified aliphatic urethane acry tures thereof. lates , aliphatic urethane acrylates, and aliphatic allophanate [ 0021 ] The first slurry can be formed before , during, or based urethane acrylates, and monomers and oligomers after forming a solution including an emulsifier and / or thereof . Non - limiting examples of inorganic polymers surfactant. Non - limiting examples of emulsifiers include includes silanes , siloxanes , titanates, zirconates, aluminates, agar, albumin , alginates , casein , ceatyl alcohol , cholic acid , silicates , phosphazanes, polyborazylenes , and polythiazyls. desoxycholic acid , diacetyl tartaric acid esters, glycerol, In an aspect , the polymer can include cellulose acetate gum , carrageenan , lecithin , monoglyceride, diglyceride, butyrate , polystyrene , polyvinyl acetate , polymethyl meth monosodium phosphate, monostearate , propylene glycol , acrylate, and mixtures thereof. cellulose , and combinations thereof. [ 0025 ] The first slurry can be combined with the solution [ 0022 ] The surfactant can be , for example, an anionic for any period of time sufficient to form a first ( polymer ) surfactant, a cationic surfactant, a zwitterionic surfactant, coating around the substrate . In an aspect , the first slurry can and a nonionic surfactant . Non - limiting examples of anionic be combined with the solution for a period of time from surfactants include sulfates, sulfonates, phosphate esters , about 10 seconds to about 10 minutes, for example from carboxylates, and cationic head groups , such as primary, about 15 seconds to about 8 minutes, and as a further secondary, or tertiary amines. Non - limiting examples of example , from about 20 seconds to about 6 minutes . zwitterionic surfactants include compounds with a phos [ 0026 ] The method disclosed above produces a pigment phate anion with an amine . Non - limiting examples of non having a substrate encapsulated with a first (polymer ) coat ionic surfactants include ethoxylated , fatty alcohol ethoxy ing , and optionally a colorant. It is envisioned that the lates , alkylphenol ethoxylates, ethoxylated amines, process steps can be repeated to provide multiple encapsu ethoxylated fatty acid amides, poloxamers , fatty acid esters lations by a polymer to form additional coatings ( second of glycerol, fatty acid esters of sorbitol, fatty acid esters of coating, third coating, fourth coating , etc. ). Each additional sucrose , alkyl polyglucosides, amine oxides, sulfoxides , coating can be formed of the same or different materials used phosphine oxides, and combinations thereof. In an aspect , in forming the first coating. In an aspect , the method can the functional component is a surfactant chosen from further include forming a second slurry with at least one sodium dodecyl sulfate ( anionic surfactant ), Triton X - 100 ( a component that is different from the first slurry . For nonionic surfactant also known as octyl phenol ethoxylated ), example, the at least one component that is different can be cetyl trimethylammonium chloride ( cationic surfactant) , and a different polymer precursor, a different radical initiator, mixtures thereof. and optionally a different colorant. The substrate in the [ 0023 ] The solution can be formed before , during, or after second slurry is the formed pigment ( substrate encapsulated formation of the first slurry. Additionally, the formed solu by a polymer to form a first coating ). tion can be agitated before, during, and / or after formation of [ 0027 ] The method can further include forming a second the first slurry. In an aspect , the formed solution can be solution that is the same or different from the solution used agitated before it is combined with the first slurry . Once the to form the pigment. The second solution can be formed first slurry is combined with the solution , the first slurry can before , during, or after forming the second slurry. Addition be broken up into droplets dispersed in the solution . Addi ally , the second solution can be agitated before , during, tionally, the radical initiator present in the first slurry can and / or after it is combined with the second slurry. Again , a decompose by at least one of heat, light, and redox reactions . radical initiator present in the second slurry can decompose The decomposition of the radical initiator upon combining cause radical polymerization of the polymer precursor pres the first slurry and the solution can initiate radical polym ent in the second slurry. In this manner , the first coating can erization of the polymer precursor in the first slurry. The be encapsulated with a second coating of the polymerized radical polymerization of the polymer precursor can form polymer precursor from the second slurry. the first ( polymer) coating encapsulating the substrate . [ 0028 ] A special effect pigment can be formed having a [ 0024 ] The radical polymerization of the polymer precur substrate , such as a reflector layer, and a first coating of a sor can yield a first ( polymer ) coating. The polymer can be polymer, and optionally a colorant. Multiple coatings can be at least one of an organic polymer, an inorganic polymer, and applied so that each additional coating ( second coating, third a composite material. Non - limiting examples of the organic coating, etc.) can include a different polymer, and /or a polymer include thermoplastics, such as polyesters , poly different colorant to provide different physical and optical olefins, polycarbonates, polyamides , polyimides , polyure properties to the special effect pigment. thanes , acrylics, acrylates, polyvinylesters, polyethers, poly [ 0029 ] From the foregoing description , those skilled in the thiols, silicones, fluorocarbons, and various co -polymers art can appreciate that the present teachings can be imple thereof; thermosets, such as epoxies , polyurethanes, acry mented in a variety of forms. Therefore , while these teach lates , melamine formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde, and phe ings have been described in connection with particular nol formaldehyde; and energy curable materials, such as embodiments and examples thereof, the true scope of the acrylates, epoxies , vinyls, vinyl esters , styrenes, and silanes . present teachings should not be so limited . Various changes Non - limiting examples of an acrylate for use in the oxygen and modifications can be made without departing from the inhibition mitigation composition can include acrylates; scope of the teachings herein . methacrylates; epoxy acrylates, such as modified epoxy [ 0030 ] This scope disclosure is to be broadly construed . It acrylate ; polyester acrylates, such as acid functional poly is intended that this disclosure disclose equivalents, means , ester acrylates, tetra functional polyester acrylates, modified systems and methods to achieve the devices, activities and polyester acrylates, and bio - sourced polyester acrylates ; mechanical actions disclosed herein . For each device , polyether acrylates, such as amine modified polyether acry article , method, mean , mechanical element or mechanism lates including amine functional acrylate co - initiators and disclosed , it is intended that this disclosure also encompass US 2020/0325342 A1 Oct. 15 , 2020 4 in its disclosure and teaches equivalents, means , systems and 6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the photoinitiator is methods for practicing the many aspects , mechanisms and chosen from a benzophenone , benzoyl ether, benzil devices disclosed herein . Additionally, this disclosure monoketals, dialkoxyacetophenones, thioxanthones, regards a coating and its many aspects , features and ele hydroxyalkylphenones, and combinations thereof. ments . Such a device can be dynamic in its use and opera 7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the thermal initiator is tion , this disclosure is intended to encompass the equiva chosen from azo initiators , peroxide initiators , persulfate lents, means , systems and methods of the use of the device initiators , and combinations thereof. and / or optical device of manufacture and its many aspects 8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first slurry further consistent with the description and spirit of the operations comprises a colorant. and functions disclosed herein . The claims of this applica tion are likewise to be broadly construed . The description of 9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the colorant is a dye the inventions herein in their many embodiments is merely or a pigment. exemplary in nature and , thus, variations that do not depart 10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first slurry further from the gist of the invention are intended to be within the comprises a solvent chosen from acetates , water, ketones , scope of the invention . Such variations are not to be acetone , glycol , glycol derivatives, alcohols, esters, hydro regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the carbons, cyclohexanone, chlorobenzene, and combinations invention . thereof . What is claimed is : 11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solution further 1. A method of making pigments , comprising: comprises a surfactant. forming a first slurry including a substrate, and a polymer 12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising, before precursor, and a radical initiator ; combining the first slurry and the solution , agitating the forming a solution including an emulsifier ; solution . combining the first slurry and the solution so that the 13. The method of claim 1 , wherein combining the first substrate is encapsulated by a first coating. slurry and the solution includes decomposing the radical 2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate includes initiator by at least one of heat, light, and redox reactions . a single layer of material or a multi -layer structure . 14. The method of claim 1 , wherein combining the first 3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the single layer of slurry and the solution includes radical polymerization of the material can include a material chosen from aluminum , polymer precursor to form the first coating encapsulating the copper, silver, gold , platinum , palladium , nickel , cobalt , substrate . niobium , chromium , tin , combinations thereof, and alloys 15. The method of claim 1 , further comprising forming a thereof. second slurry with at least one component that is different 4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymer precursor from the first slurry . is chosen from acrylic monomers, alcohols, allyl monomers , amine monomers , anhydride monomers , carboxylic acid 16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the at least one monomers , epoxide monomers , isocyanate monomers , sili component that is different includes a different polymer cone monomers , styrene monomers , functionalized styrene precursor, a different radical initiator, and a different colo monomers , vinyl esters, vinyl ethers, vinyl halides, vinyl rant. amines , vinyl amides , and combinations thereof. 17. The method of claim 15 , further comprising combin 5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the radical initiator is ing the second slurry with the solution so that the first chosen from a photoinitiator, a thermal initiator, and a redox coating is encapsulated with a second coating. initiator .