chapter Z

Colonial S tatistics

Z 1 -405. General note. records. A lso of general assistance in the preparation of many It w ould have been possible to distribute these series for series presented in this chapter are the compilations from the colonial period among the chapters covering each of the naval office lists prepared by a Works Progress Administra appropriate subject fields. It was felt, however, that a sepa tion project conducted at the University of California, entitled rate chapter especially organized to cover this period would be "Trade and Commerce of the English Colonies in America," more valuable in itself and would also provide a more suitable, and referred to below as WPA compilations. less-exacting context for the statistics, many of which are rela tively roughhewn. Z 1 -19. Estimated population of American Colonies, 1610- 1780. In t he past, statistics for the colonial period were largely dependent on compilations made during the 17th and 18th Source: C ompiled by Stella H. Sutherland, Oakland City Col centuries by historians such as Whitworth and Macpherson. lege, Oakland City, Indiana, chiefly from the following sources: Present-day scholars, however, no longer solely rely upon such B. J. Brawley, A Short History of the American Negro, Mac- compilations. They are ferreting out statistical information Millan, 1913; Elizabeth Donnan (editor), Documents Illustrative from original records hitherto left unused in archives and of the History of the Slave Trade to America, 4 vols., Carnegie reconstructing statistical series of their own from other sources. Institution of Washington, D.C., 1930-35; Evarts B. Greene and Only f ive of the tables presented here might be said to be Virginia D. Harrington, American Population Before the Feder old standbys. Twenty-two are the work of modern scholars, al Census of 1790, Columbia University Press, New York, 1932; half reprinted as originally published, and half supplemented Stella H. Sutherland, Population Distribution in Colonial Amer by reference to other data. ica, Columbia University Press, New York, 1936; E. R. Turner, Of t hose which never before have appeared in print, Stella "The Negro in Pennsylvania," Prize Essays of the American H. Sutherland compiled series Z 1-19; Jacob M. Price, series Historical Association, Washington, D.C., 1911; Bureau of the Z 223-237 and part of series Z 238-240; J. R. House, series Census, A Century of Population Growth, 1909; Thomas J. Z 267-273; Austin White, series Z 388-405; and Lawrence A. Wertenbaker, The Planters of Colonial Virginia, Princeton, Harper (assisted by graduate students), the remainder. 1922; and George W. Williams, The History of the Negro Race in America From 1619 to 1880, 2 vols., New York, 1883. (Also, The P ublic Records Office in London (sometimes hereafter a wide variety of source material was consulted for general abbreviated PRO) contains many collections of records which information.) throw light on commerce between England and the colonies and to some extent on the development of agriculture and man The o riginal data were obtained from the reports of the ufacturing in the colonies, particularly when considered with colonial officials to the Lords Commissioners of Trade and reference to the mercantilist laws passed by the mother coun Plantations. Not infrequently a census supplied sworn evi try, as has been done here. The laws in question are cited dence of the number of inhabitants; for other reports, the at various points in the text below by reference to' their militia or the tax lists or both were used, commonly accom regnal year and chapter numbers — for example, 5 Geo. II panied by an estimate of the whole population as indicated c 22 (the fifth year of the reign of King George II, chapter 22). by the rolls or lists. Estimates made by colonial officials and The c ollections in the Public Records Office in London, which by other informed contemporaries who did not disclose the are the original sources for much of the data presented here, figures upon which their conclusions were based have occasion are identified there by title and call numbers. For example, ally been included in these series. However, such estimates one collection is titled "American Inspector General's Ledgers" were selected in accordance with the general pattern of popula and is further identified as "PRO Customs 16/1." The most tion growth. important of these collections or ledgers of imports and ex The r atio of the militia to the whole population was generally ports are the following: The English Inspector General's 1 to 5%, but there were many exceptions. In Massachusetts, Ledgers (PRO Customs 3) ; the Scottish Inspector General's it was 1 to 6 in 1751 and 1 to 4 in 1763; in Connecticut, 1 Ledgers (PRO Customs 14); the American Inspector General's to 6 in 1722 and 1756 and 1 to 7 in 1749, 1761, and 1774; Ledgers (PRO Customs 16/1) ; and the colonial naval office it was 1 to 6 in Virginia and 1 to 7 in South Carolina at lists (usually found in C. 0. 5). various times. No generalization can safely be made as to The E nglish, Scottish, and American Inspector Generals' the ratio borne by the northern polls and ratables and by the Ledgers are conveniently arranged for statistical purposes, but southern taxables and tithables to the whole population of the are so voluminous that it is far more convenient to utilize Colonies. In every Province the figure was different. In the contemporary tabulations drawn from them when such sec North, it ranged from 1 to 4 to 1 to 5% ; in Pennsylvania, ondary sources are available. The lists kept by the naval it was 1 to 7 in the 1750's, but 1 to 5.8 was the more common officers of that period (for the purpose of helping to enforce figure; in Maryland and Virginia, where both male and female the navigation laws) merely provide chronological data concern slaves appeared on the tax lists, the ratio was 1 to 3 or 3.5 ing the ships which entered and cleared port, together with in the 17th century and 1 to 2.4 or 2.6 in the 18th century. their cargoes and destinations. The North Carolina white taxables were multiplied by 4 and The t ask of using the naval office lists has in some instances the Negro taxables by 2. been lightened by colonial newspapers, such as the South Caro The f igures for Negroes for the 17th century, which are lina Gazette, which published data taken from customhouse doubtlessly too low, are largely estimates based upon references

743

486910 O - 6 0 - 49 Z 2 0-75 COLONIAL STATISTICS to p urchase and sale, to laws governing slavery, and occasion but i ncreased their usefulness as a rough-and-ready index of ally to reports of more or less exact numbers. the relative increase or decrease of the volume of trade. Z 2 0. Percent distribution of the white population, by nation See also general note for series Z 1-405. ality, 1790. Z 3 5-42. Value of exports to and imports from England by Source: A merican Council of Learned Societies, "Report of New York, 1751-1775. Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population Source: V irginia D. Harrington, The New York Merchant of the United States" (based on studies by Howard F. Barker on the Eve of the Revolution, Columbia University Press, New and Marcus L. Hansen), Annual Report of the American His York, 1935, p. 354. torical Association, 1931, vol. I, Washington, D.C., 1932, p. 124. Foreign m anufactures "In time" are those which could re Distribution w as made primarily on the basis of family ceive a drawback (refund) of duties; "Out of time" are those names. For explanation of methods used, see source. which could not. Outports are all ports in England other than London. Z 2 1-34. Value of exports to and imports from England, by American Colonies, 1697-1776. Z 4 3-55. Tonnage capacity of ships and value of exports and Source: 1697-1773, Charles Whitworth, State of the Trade imports of American Colonies, by destination and origin, of Great Britain in Its Imports and Exports Progressively from 1769 and 1770. the Year 1697, G. Robinson, London, 1776; 1774-1776, David Source: D avid Macpherson, cited above in source for series Macpherson, Annals of Commerce, Manufactures, Fisheries and Z 21-34, vol. Ill, pp. 571-572. Navigation, vol. Ill, Mundell & Son, Edinburgh, 1805, pp. 564, The t onnage figures shown are those used commercially — 535, and 599. not those computed when the Royal Navy was purchasing The E nglish Inspector General's Ledgers (Public Records vessels (see text for series Z 56-75). The statistics given by Office, London, Customs 2 and 3) provide the original source Macpherson are substantially the same as those given in Public for these figures. Unfortunately, Whitworth's erroneous title Records Office, London, Customs 16/1, except that Macpherson has caused many to believe the figures relate to Britain rather put the 1769 inward-bound tonnage data for Southern Europe than to England but otherwise his volume has much value. in the West Indies column (and vice versa) — an error which The source tables cover all countries and appear in two for has been corrected here. mats: One gives England's trade with any one country, an The v alue figures for 1769 provide only a rough-and-ready nually; the other shows all the countries with which England index of the relationship among the different trades. Totals traded each year. Those interested in studying broader trends include figures for the Islands of Newfoundland, Bahama, and will find value in the decennial averages in John Lord Sheffield, Bermuda (a factor which statistically makes only a minor dif Observations on the Commerce of the American States, 6th ference). These data are based on the official valuations used edition, London, 1784. G. N. Clark's Guide to English Com in the customhouse which, according to Macpherson, consider ably understate the true amount. This defect, however serious mercial Statistics, 1696-1782 (Royal Historical Society Guides for some purposes, does not destroy the value of the figures and Handbooks, No. 1, London, 1938) provides a valuable for comparative purposes. Also, it must be remembered that history and analysis of the basic statistics and a useful ap the value figures exclude the intercolonial coastwise trade pendix which has a chronological list of statistical material for which the tonnage figures show to have been as large as any 1663-1783 and specifies where the data may be found. other. Usersf o this material should note the basis on which the See a lso series Z 21-34, which provide a broader and more values rest. Smuggling (which so often attracts greater atten representative base for studying the relative relationship of tion but which must always be considered commodity by com the Thirteen Colonies' trade with England. modity, country by country) does not constitute a material It s hould be noted that the use of these figures on volume factor during the years under consideration. However, other of the traffic for the various trades for estimating the amount difficulties arise with respect to the question of the volume of of shipping given full-time employment must allow for re exports and the value of all the trade. The repeal of the peated voyages of the same vessel. export duties on woolen manufactures in 1701 (11 W. Ill c 20) and of the remaining export duties in 1721 (Geo. II c 15) Z 5 6-75. Number and tonnage capacity of ships outward and removed the penalty for false entries on exports, and some inward bound, by destination and origin, 1714-1772. merchants overstated their quantity for reasons of real or Source: C ompiled by Lawrence A. Harper, University of fancied prestige — a practice which may have injected an ele California, from photographic copies of the naval office lists ment of error of about 4 percent (Clark, cited above, pp. 16, in the British Public Records Office (C. O. 5), except for: 27, and 35). 1714-1717, Boston, and 1715-18, New York City, E. B. O'Cal- laghen, ed., Documents Relative to the Colonial History of Another p roblem arose in determining the value of the the State of New York, vol. V, Weed, Parsons, and Com merchandise imported as well as exported. The authorities of pany, Albany, 1855, p. 618; 1733 and 1734, Philadelphia, the early 18th century were greatly interested in the balance Pennsylvania Gazette for those years; 1752, Port Hamp of trade and at first tried to ascertain the real commercial ton, Francis C. Huntley, "The Seaborne Trade of Virginia in value of merchandise. However, the difficulties of doing so, Mid-Eighteenth Century: Port Hampton," Virginia Magazine and the increasing recognition that there were intangible ele of History and Biography, vol. LIX, No. 3, July 1951, pp. ments which the records could not disclose, led to the abandon 302-303; 1763 and 1764, New York, and 1765 and 1766, New ment of attempts to keep the values current by the end of York, Boston, and Philadelphia, see source for series Z 35-42, the second decade of the 18th century. pp. 356-358; and 1768-1772, all ports, American Inspector Gen The s o-called "official values" became stereotyped between eral's Ledgers, Public Records Office, London, Customs 16/1. 1705 and 1721 (Clark, cited above, pp. 17-23), a fact which Where t he classification in Documents Relative to the Co diminished their value for use in striking a balance of trade lonial History .. . did not correspond to that used here, the

744 EXPORTSND A IMPORTS Z 76-125 necessary a djustments were made by reference to the Colonial th° e xports from the Thirteen Colonies. Out of a total of Naval Office lists (PRO C.0.5). 2,798 net tons recorded, 1,220 net tons were shipped from the The c olonial naval officers appointed to enforce the English Upper James, 180 from the Lower James, 1,100 from Nova navigation laws as well as the collectors appointed by the Scotia, 117 from New Hampshire, and only minor quantities English Commissioners of Customs under the act of 1673 from other ports (which may have been used as ballast and (25 Car. II c 7) were charged with reporting the entry and originally may have come from Great Britain). clearance of ships as well as their cargoes. Many of the Chaldrons w ere not converted into tons at the Newcastle copies of the naval office lists have survived from the 18th rate of 5,936 pounds equal to 2.97 net tons but on the century. When they have not, records of the names and measure used after the Revolutionary War, a chaldron equaling destinations of the ships (but not their tonnages) may be 36 bushels or 1.44 net tons. obtained from the shipping news in the colonial newspapers. Such data of entries and clearances provide the best rough- Z 8 7-107. Coal imported, by American ports, 1768-1772. and-ready index of the course of trade and its relative volume. Source: A merican Inspector General's Ledgers, Public Rec ords Office, London, Customs 16/1. Although t he figures concerning the entry of goods such as Chaldrons a nd bushels were converted to net tons as de molasses might be distorted by illicit trade, the severity of the scribed in text for series Z 77-86. penalty (forfeiture) for failure to enter one's ship and the difficulty of concealing the offense help to warrant the accu ThePA W compilations (see general note for series Z 1-405) racy of ship entry figures. Tonnage figures, however, present from the naval office lists show earlier entries of coal a special problem. Ralph Davis in "Organization and Finance in the several ports, from time to time. The great bulk came of the English Shipping Industry in the Late Seventeenth from Britain, the remainder (except in the case of exports Century" (doctoral thesis, University of London, 1955) states from James River ports) apparently were transshipments, but (pp. 476-479) that the tonnage as calculated when the English it is not until 1768 that records give a good cross section of Navy was contracting for the purchase of a vessel was 25 to the traffic. 33 percent greater than the conventional "tons burden" re Z 1 08-121. Value of furs exported to England, by British corded in the customhouse books. Since the "tons burden" Continental Colonies, 1700-1775. figures for the same ship remain constant in the passbooks Source: M urray G. Lawson, "Fur — A study in English Mer and customs entries during the span of time here involved cantilism, 1700-1775," University of Toronto Studies, History (although not necessarily for all periods), the difference be and Economics Series, vol. IX, University of Toronto Press, tween this purchase tonnage and the conventional tonnage will Toronto, 1943, pp. 108-109. ordinarily not affect use of the data shown here. As p ointed out in the source, the fur trade is inextricably See a lso general note for series Z 1-405. interwoven with the manufacture of beaver hats. Thus, the Z 7 6. Value and quantity of articles exported from British Hat Act of 1732 (5 Geo. II c 22) forbidding the exportation of Continental Colonies, by destination, 1770. hats by any colony, combined with the enumeration of beaver skins and furs in 1722 (8 Geo. I c 15), sought to protect the Source: David Macpherson, cited above in source for series English hat manufacturers. These series show the importance Z 21-34, vol. Ill, pp. 572-573, supplemented by American In to the English of their colonial supply of fur. Comparison of spector General's Ledgers, Public Records Office, London, these figures with those shown in series Z 21-34 will demon Customs 16/1. strate the relative unimportance of fur in the colonial balance Datao d not include coastwise shipments as do the figures of trade. in the American Inspector General's Ledgers (PRO Customs The s ource also specifies the different kinds and quantity of 16/1). Macpherson (see source for series Z 21-34) states fur England imported from the colonies and elsewhere, as well that he omitted fractional parts of the quantities but their as the quantity and value of the different markets of the value is retained in the value column. Because of this and world — data given in even greater detail in the original tables an error which Macpherson saw but had no means of correct which Lawson has left with the WPA compilations at the ing, the value column may not be entirely comparable with University of California in Berkeley. the quantity columns. The value figures are not the market See a lso general note for series Z 1-405. values (which Macpherson believes to have been higher) but are the official customhouse values at the ports of exportation. Z 1 22-125. Indigo and silk exported from South Carolina and Customs 16/1 presents the quantities in all cases for a longer Georgia, 1747-1775. time span, 1768-1772, but the data there are not so con Source: S eries Z 122-124, Lewis C. Gray, History of Agri veniently totaled as in Macpherson. culture in the Southern United States to 1860, vol. II, Carnegie See a lso general note for series Z 1-405. Institution of Washington, D.C., 1933, p. 1024 (except 1766, WPA compilations of colonial naval office lists, Public Records Z 7 7-86. Coal exported from James River ports in Virginia, Office, London, C. 0. 5; and 1768-1772, photographic copies by destination, 1758-1765. of the American Inspector General's Ledgers, Public Records Source: Howard N. Eavenson, The First Century and a Office, London, Customs 16/1). Series Z 125, Lewis C. Gray, Quarter of American Coal Industry, Waverly Press, Inc., Balti cited above, vol. I, p. 187. more, 1942, pp. 32-34, and WPA compilations (see general See a lso general note for series Z 1-405. note for series Z 1-405) of naval office lists at the University The d ata on indigo are reasonably complete. Although South of California. Carolina contemplated the production of indigo as early as These f igures were compiled from the colonial naval office 1672 little came of it, presumably because of the competition lists by Eavenson. They represent only the years for which from the British West Indies. When the British Islands began records are complete in the case of both the Upper and Lower to emphasize sugar rather than indigo, England had to depend James. Comparison with the colonial exports for 1768-1772 upon the French West Indies for her supplies of indigo until (compiled by Eavenson, p. 36, from PRO Customs 16/1) shows South Carolina (thanks to the enterprise of Eliza Lucas) again that the James River shipments constituted the great bulk of entered the field. The first successful crop in 1744 was

745 Z 1 26-222 COLONIAL STATISTICS largely d evoted to seed but South Carolina was soon exporting in s ending only 20 pounds of silk to England in 1739. In in quantity. In due course, Georgia became a competitor but 1741, she produced 600 pounds of cocoons (of which 16 pounds British Florida did not enter the picture until late. Even made 1 pound of silk) as against 37 pounds of wound silk in during the last 5 years of the colonial period British Florida's all the previous years of the colony. In 1749, the Salzburgers production ranged only between 20,000 and 60,000 pounds (a religious colony of industrious peasants and artisans) alone (Gray, cited above, vol. I, pp. 54 and 291-295). produced 762 pounds of cocoons and 50 pounds, 13 ounces, of The g reat bulk of indigo went to Britain (which wanted it spun silk. In 1764, the Colonies' total product amounted to as a source of blue dye), not only because of its enumeration 15,212 pounds of cocoons. See also text for series Z 122-125. in the act of 1660 (12 Charles II c 18), but also because of The f igures for the Carolinas (1731-1755) were taken from the bounty England paid of 6 pence per pound (21 Charles British records and appear in Governor James Glen's Descrip II c 30). However, Customs 16/1 and the WPA compilations tion of South Carolina (Milling, cited above, p. 104). (see general note for series Z 1-405) show that minor quanti ties went to other Continental Colonies. Gray's Carolina fig Z 1 31-222. General note. ures, which were taken by him from an English source, appar Iron w as listed in colonial commerce as "pig iron" which ently do not include coastwise shipments. This omission is derived its name from the shape assumed by the molten iron relatively unimportant since the coastwise figures for 1768-1773 when poured from the furnace, after being separated from the (as shown in Customs 16/1) represented only 1.6 percent of the ore, and "bar iron" which consisted of malleable iron produced total exports. The figures for Georgia (compiled by an Ameri in bloomeries or at the forge. Iron manufactures not specifi can customs official) include shipments coastwise as well as cally described by name, such as anchors, axes, pots, nails, to England — a matter of statistical significance as they con scythes, etc., were listed as "cast iron" if poured into forms stituted 5.1 percent of Georgia's total for 1768-1773. and "wrought iron" if forged from malleable iron except in Comparison o f Gray's figures for 1747-1765 with those for the English Inspector General's records (PRO Customs 3) 1768-1773 in Customs 16/1 suggests that Gray's figures are where the term "wrought iron" seems to have included both not for Charleston and Savannah alone, as shown by his head cast and malleable iron products. ings, but for South Carolina and Georgia. In the case of South The s tatistical picture of iron in the colonies can be recon Carolina, the two series agree exactly in 1768, the one year structed in part from data concerning iron works in the when we have figures from both sources. Since Gray's source colonies and in part from the records of colonial trade. The (British Museum, Kings Manuscripts, 206, f. 29) is the same beginning of this industry came early in the various American for the earlier years, 1747-1765, it seems probable that the colonies — in Virginia in 1622, Massachusetts in 1645, Connecti figures for these years also refer to South Carolina as a cut in 1657, New Jersey in 1680, Maryland in 1715, Pennsyl whole. vania in 1716, and New York shortly before 1750. By 1775, Customs 1 6/1 does not conclusively answer the problem in the colonies had at least 82 charcoal furnaces which produced the case of Savannah. It shows for 1768-1772 that Savannah about 300 tons each, or a total of 24,600 tons, of pig iron and was the only Georgia port exporting indigo except in 1772. more than 175 iron forges, some being bloomeries which made For this year, Gray's figures differ slightly from those shown bar iron directly from the ore. Most of them, however, in Customs 16/1 for Savannah alone and also those for Georgia were refinery forges which used pig iron. Each of the 175 as a whole. The decision to change the heading from Sa forges produced an average of 150 tons of bar iron a year, vannah to Georgia rests upon the fact that Bernard Romans or 26,250 tons in all. In addition, there were slitting mills (A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida, vol. I, and other iron works. New York, 1775, p. 104) specifies Georgia rather than Sa Arthur. C Bining, in British Regulation of the Colonial Iron vannah. Industry, cited below for series Z 131-135, p. 134, provides a Whether o r not the figures are for Savannah or Georgia seems table comparing American production with the world total (see statistically insignificant. In South Carolina, however, ports text table I). These estimates include pig iron, cast iron other than Charleston provided 7.8 percent of that colony's wares made at blast furnaces, and bar iron produced at exports to England for 1768-1773. Whatever may be true of bloomeries directly from the ore. Gray's figures, those given for 1768-1773 from Customs 16/1 do include all South Carolina ports and all of Georgia, Table I . Iron Production of American Colonies and the World but the only figure available for South Carolina for 1766 (from [In t ang] the WPA compilations) is for Charleston alone. American World The f igures on silk are from records compiled by the Georgia Year C olonies Comptroller of Customs (Gray, cited above, vol. I, p. 187). See 1800 45,000 400,000 also text for series Z 126-130. 1790 - ._ 3 8,000 3 25.000 1775 30,000 210,000 10,000 150,000 Z 1 26-130. Silk exported and imported by North and South 1700 1.500 100,000 Carolina, 1731-1755. Source: C hapman J. Milling, ed., Colonial South Carolina, The f igures shown in series Z 131-222 for the movement of University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, 1951, p. 104. the various types of iron in commerce throw light on England's Despite v igorous efforts to encourage colonial silk produc efforts to encourage Americans to produce pig and bar iron tion by both British and colonial governments, more silk moved by freeing those products from import duties in England, and west than east across the Atlantic. Early figures gathered to limit further manufacture by prohibiting the erection of by Gray (cited above for series Z 122-125, vol. I, pp. 184-187) any new slitting or rolling mills, tilt hammer forges, or steel show that in 1654 Virginia reported the production of only furnaces (23 Geo. II c 29; 30 Geo. II c 16). Iron was not 8 pounds; in 1656, 10 pounds (wound silk) ; in 1668, 300 pounds added to the list of enumerated products which could only be (sent to Charles II, type unspecified) ; in 1730, 300 pounds shipped to Britain (or another colony) until 1764 (4 Geo. Ill (raw), and that the Carolinas sent "several bales" to London c 15), and even then the law only forbade shipments to in 1710 and again in 1716. Georgia's first efforts succeeded Europe.

746 EXPORTSND A IMPORTS Z 131-222 Comparisons o f colonial production with export figures will imported 6 t ons in 1764, and again in 1769, and 1,053 bars in help provide estimates of the home market, which can be re 1773. South Carolina imported 19 bars in 1770 and 3 hundred duced to an approximate per capita base by reference to weight in 1773. series Z 1-19. Z 1 59-164. Bar iron exported to England, by colony, 1718-1776. See a lso general note for series Z 1-405. Source: 1 718-1755, and series Z 159, 1761-1776, Bining, Z 1 31-135. Pig iron exported to England, by colony, 1723- cited above for series Z 131-135, pp. 128-133; 1756-1760, and 1776. series Z 160-164, 1761-1776, English Inspector General's Source: 1 723-1755, and, series Z 131 only, 1761-1776, Ledgers, Public Records Office, London, Customs 3. Arthur Cecil Bining, British Regulation of the Colonial Iron The o riginal sources show data in tons, hundredweights, Industry, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1933, quarters, and pounds, but they have here been rounded by pp. 126-133; 1756-1760, and series Z 132-135, 1761-1776, Lawrence A. Harper (University of California) to the nearest English Inspector General's Ledgers, Public Records Office, ton. London, Customs 3. The s ource indicates that no bar iron was exported during Basically, a ll the figures come from the Inspector General's 1710-1717 and for years which have been omitted in these accounts although Bining obtained his from House of Lords series. MSS., No. 185, and Harry Scrivenor, Comprehensive History of Z 1 65-178. Bar iron imported by American Colonies from the Iron Trade, Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, Lon other Continental Colonies, 1768-1772. don, 1841. Source : S ee source for series Z 136-142. .J. L Bishop, A History of American Manufactures .. ., cited below for series Z 153-158, p. 625, gives an earlier figure Z 1 79-188. Bar iron exported by American Colonies, by des when he states that the first iron sent to England from America tination and colony, 1768-1772. was from Nevis and St. Christopher, followed in 1718 by 3% Source : S ee source for series Z 136-142. tons from Virginia and Maryland. Series Z 131 is that of The d ifference in total exports given in series Z 179 for Bining and, where possible, footnotes explain the reasons for Great Britain and those in series Z 159 for England should differences between his totals and those of the extended figures. reflect exports to Scotland, except for the variation in terminal The customs records were stated in terms of tons, hundred dates and the lapse of time required to cross the Atlantic. weights, quarters, and pounds, but they have here been According to J. L. Bishop, these exports were minor —only rounded to tons. 11 tons from 1739 to 1749 (see text for series Z 136-142). Z 1 36-142. Pig iron exported from American Colonies, by des Z 1 89-202. Cast iron imported and exported by American tination and colony, 1768-1772. Colonies, by origin and destination, 1768-1772. Source: A merican Inspector General's Ledgers, Public Rec Source : S ee source for series Z 136-142. ords Office, London, Customs 16/1. Additional i nformation may be obtained concerning imports The d ifference in total exports given in series Z 136 for from England in the English Inspector General's Ledgers (PRO Great Britain and that in series Z 131 for England should Customs 3) and in the WPA compilations (see general note reflect trade with Scotland except for the variation in terminal for series Z 1-405) of the colonial naval office lists. English dates and the lapse of time required to cross the Atlantic. exports to the Colonies list, in addition to the generic heading The trade, however, seems to have been minor. J. L. Bishop, "cast iron," such items as ordnance, iron pots, melting pots, A History of American Manufactures .. ., cited below for and Flemish iron pots. The WPA compilations show an series Z 153-158, p. 628, gives figures showing that the pig active coastal trade in pots as well as a surprisingly large iron exported to Scotland totaled only 264 tons in the 10 years quantity of sugar pots and sugar molds going to Kingston, from 1739 to 1749 and 229 tons in the 6 years from 1750 to Jamaica, especially from Philadelphia. 1756. The f igures for 1769-1771 may include some shipments from No f igures are available for pig iron imported from England Scotland but the amounts probably are negligible. by the colonies. Such imports were probably negligible. Source a lso indicates additional minor quantities of cast iron exported to Southern Europe, Wine Islands, and West Indies. Z 1 43-152. Pig iron imported by American Colonies from other Continental Colonies, 1768-1772. Z 2 03-210. Wrought iron imported from England by Ameri can Colonies, 1710-1773. Source : See source for series Z 136-142. Source: 1 710-1735, Bishop, cited above for series Z 153-158, In a ddition to the colonies shown, these series also cover p. 629; 1750-1764, and 1773, English Inspector General's New Hampshire, New Jersey, Georgia, and Florida. However, Ledgers, Public Records Office, London, Customs 3; 1769-1771, these colonies imported no pig iron for 1768-1772. see source for series Z 136-142. Z 1 53-158. Bar iron imported from England, by American The f igures for 1769-1771 may include some shipments Colonies, 1710-1750. from Scotland but the amounts probably are negligible. Source: 1 710-1735, J. L. Bishop, A History of American The A merican Inspector General's figures for 1768-1772 Manufactures From 1608 to 1860, vol. I, Edward Young & Co., (PRO Customs 16/1) disclose no exports of wrought iron from Philadelphia, 1861, p. 629; 1750, English Inspector General's the Colonies to England, but the figures do show some ship Ledgers, Public Records Office, London, Customs 3. ments to the West Indies. Shipments o f bar iron from England to the Colonies declined Z 2 11-222. Selected iron products imported and exported by sharply in the last quarter century before the Revolution. American Colonies, 1768-1772. Figures are not available for 1736-1749 to determine when Source : S ee source for series Z 136-142. the decline first became evident. Figures a re probably underestimated since the items in Imports w ere relatively few after 1750. The English and cluded may have been listed under more general designations. American Inspector Generals' Ledgers show that New England The colonists were not necessarily dependent upon importation

747 Z 2 23-253 COLONIAL STATISTICS but m ay have manufactured their own nails and other articles would s eem not to have been more than 250,000 pounds, and from bar iron which was either home-produced or imported. a comparison with series Z 223-229 shows that it represented Since c olonial imports of axes and scythes came so pre at most 1 percent of the tobacco crossing the Atlantic lawfully. dominantly from the other colonies, and steel and nails from Great Britain, no note has been taken of the negligible impor During t he 18th century there was undoubtedly some smug tations of these items from other sources. gling of tobacco but it does not seem likely to impair the valid ity of the colonial import statistics. The illicit trader's greatest Z 2 23-253. General note. profit did not lie in evading the provisions of the Navigation Colonial s tatistics concerning production and consumption of Act but in escaping the high taxes laid on tobacco in England. tobacco have not been developed yet, and perhaps they can The most effective technique consisted in importing the tobacco never advance beyond the rough estimate stage. For the and reexporting it legally to a nearby port (such as the Isle present, only general deductions from export statistics and of Man) whence small craft could "run" it ashore again duty other evidence can be made. free (for details, see Jacob M. Price, The Tobacco Trade and Figures f or trans-Atlantic shipments of tobacco in the 17th the Treasury, 1685-1733 : British Mercantilism in its Fiscal century leave much to be desired (see text for series Z 238- Aspects, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, 240) but those for the 18th century are reasonably satisfactory. 1954). The 18th century statistics of English imports rest upon con temporary compilations from customhouse entries. The fig American h istorians have pointed to the small amount of the ures for Scotland are less exact and in the early years they "plantation duties" collected on intercolonial trade as evidence do not rise above mere estimates. However, Scotland's to of the breakdown of the laws. If the American colonists con bacco imports were relatively minor in those years. Fortu sumed the 5 pounds per capita of the Bermudians in the nately, as their relative importance grew, the Scottish statistics early 18th century, the 2 pounds of the English at the beginning became more reliable. of the 18th century, or even their 1 pound per capita at the British i mports represented virtually all the colonial exports. end of the 18th century (Alfred Rive, "The Consumption of The figures given in series Z 223-229 and Z 230-237 give the Tobacco Since 1600," Economic Journal Supplement, Economic landed weight in Britain. Due to the tobacco's loss of moisture History Series, vol. I, Jan. 1926, p. 63; H. C. Wilkinson, Ber while crossing the Atlantic, the landed weight in Britain is muda in the Old Empire), Oxford University Press, London, about 5 percent less than the shipping weight in America 1950, p. 14), the colonies would have provided a sizable market (Arthur P. Middleton, Tobacco Coast, the Mariners' Museum, of 2,000,000 to 10,000,000 pounds at the time of the Revo Newport News, Va., 1953, p. 104; Rupert C. Jarvis, Customs Letter-Books of the Port of Liverpool, 1711-1813, the Chetham lution. But that is a figure which can and must be greatly Society, Manchester, 1954). discounted. In the first place, it should be cut in half be cause the southern colonies had about half the population Unfortunately, t he English Inspector General's Ledgers of Imports and Exports (PRO Customs 3) do not differentiate and provided their own source of supply. Similarly, allow between shipments from Virginia and Maryland as do the ance must be made for tobacco produced in the north Scottish (PRO Customs 14) and the American (PRO Customs ern colonies. Pennsylvania, Delaware, New York, Rhode 16/1). Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts all at one time or The v alidity of British statistics as a reflection of the Amer another grew tobacco (George L. Beer, The Origins of the ican tobacco trade depends, of course, upon colonial obedience British Colonial System, 1578-1660, Macmillan, New York, to the regulations requiring shipment (with minor exceptions) 1908, p. 88; J. B. Killebrew, Report on the Culture and Curing of colonial tobacco to England (Britain after 1707) — at first of Tobacco in the United States, Department of the Interior, by royal order and after 1660 by the Navigation Act of 12 Car. Census Office, Washington, D.C., 1884, pp. 147 and 237; II, c 18. Vertrees J. Wyckoff, Tobacco Regulation in Colonial Maryland, Until t he English drove the Dutch from New Netherland Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and (first in 1664 and finally in 1674) great opportunities existed Political Science, Extra Volumes, New Series, No. 22, Balti for illicit trade in America. The rules also appear not to have more, 1936, pp. 37, 38, and 65). Philadelphia, Lewes, and New been consistently enforced in Europe (see text for series Castle appear in the WPA compilations (see general note for Z 238-240). In the 1680's there was a flareup of illegal series Z 1-405) as suppliers to other ports like New York and shipments to Ireland but it reflected a sudden change in the Boston. New York itself exported tobacco (and even more law. The offending vessels were apprehended and the great snuff) coastwise as well as to England, and the exports from bulk of the Irish trade thereafter seems to have followed New England continued large even into the 1750's. In the legal channels. There were lurid accounts of smuggling to Scotland at the turn of the century but the quantity of tobacco 1760's, Rhode Island tobacco crops provided surpluses sufficient involved should be viewed in proportion to the trade as a to warrant shipping 200,000 pounds to Surinam, a colony in whole. One cannot reasonably expect the illegal shipments at South America (James B. Hedges, The Browns of Providence that time to exceed the shipments made a decade later with Plantations, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1952, pp. full sanction of the law. In fact, the illegal shipments pre 30-40). sumably were much less because Scotland as a whole at the It n eed not be assumed that the colonists were averse to end of the 17th century had only one-fourth of the shipping it had within 5 years after direct trade was permitted. The violating the law. -It may be that violations on a significant Clyde ports, which were most concerned with the American scale were not good business. The fact that the 200,000 pounds trade, had only one-tenth of their later shipping (L. A. of Rhode Island tobacco sent to Surinam went there illegally Harper, The English Navigation Laws, Columbia University means little. It was a type of tobacco not in general demand Press, New York, 1939, pp. 260-261). In view of this differ and constituted less than one-third of one percent of the annual ence in the shipping available, the volume of illegal trade legal trade. 748 EXPORTSND A IMPORTS Z 223-240 Z 2 23-229. Tobacco imported by England, by origin, 1697- As i ndicated in the general note for series Z 223-253, the 1775. figures shown prior to the time when the Dutch were driven Source: C ompiled by Jacob M. Price, the University of from New Netherland should not be relied upon too greatly. Michigan. Rive (cited in source above, pp. 57-75) suggests that the The b asic sources used by Price are the same as those doubling of the London import figures between 1637 and 1638 used by him for his doctoral dissertation (see below). may have been due to better patrolling of the Channel. There is much evidence to show that the laws restricting tobacco The E nglish Inspector General's Ledgers (PRO Customs 3), importations to London and excluding Spanish tobacco were which are the original source of the data, distinguish between disregarded at least in part (Beer, cited above in general entries in London and in the rest of the Kingdom (the out- note for series Z 223-253, pp. 197 ff ; Williams, cited in source ports) but Price has combined them in the interest of saving above, pp. 419-420; Wyckoff, cited in source above, pp. 32-34). space. An a lternate approach to studying the import figures is to Z 2 30-237. American tobacco imported and reexported by consider the estimates of tobacco which might be produced Great Britain, 1697-1775. or purchased. English proposals for limitations on tobacco Source: J acob M. Price, The Tobacco Trade and the Treas importation included the following: 55,000 pounds in 1620; ury, 1685-1 7 S3: British Mercantilism, in its Fiscal Aspects, 200,000 pounds in 1625 and 1626; 250,000 pounds in 1627; unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, 1954. 600,000 pounds in 1635; and 1,600,000 pounds in 1638 (Beer, The b asic sources of the data for England in Price's doctoral cited above in general note for series Z 223-253, pp. 120, 138, dissertation were the Inspector General's Ledgers of Imports 154, and 158). Virginia meantime wanted the King in 1628 and Exports (PRO Customs 2 and 3) except as follows (see to take at least 500,000 pounds annually and by 1639 sought general note for series Z 1-405 for an explanation of the call to reduce the tobacco crop to 1,500,000 that year and 1,300,000 numbers which follow): 1703-1722, from PRO CO 390/5/47; pounds for each of the next two years (Killebrew, cited above 1717-1722, confirmed in PRO T. 1/281/18, BM Add. MS. 33,038 in general note for series Z 223-253, pp. 215-216) . fol. 159; 1722 (London import only), from PRO T 64/276B/327; Another w eakness of the figures for these series lies in 1763-1769 (import only), from PRO T. 64/276B/328; 1770- their failure to show which colonies supplied the tobacco; how 1773 (import only), from PRO T. 64/276B/332; 1770-1771 (ex ever, other data provide some opportunities to estimate the port), from PRO T. 64/276/330; 1772, 1774-1775 (import and quantity which the various colonies contributed. Virginia and export), from PRO T. 17/1,3,4; 1773-1775 (export), from Adam Bermuda ran neck and neck in 1620 at 50,000 to 55,000 Anderson, An Historical and Chronological Deduction of the pounds each. In 1628, Virginia's shipments were twice those of Origin of Commerce, vol. IV, J. Walter, London, 1707-1709, Bermuda, and thereafter Virginia drew far ahead (Beer, cited p. 447. above in general note for series Z 223-253, p. 120; and Wil For S cotland, Price's data came from the Scottish Ledgers liams, cited in source above, pp. 421-449). Her production had of Imports and Exports (PRO Customs 14), except as follows: risen from 20,000 pounds in 1619 and went on to 18,150,000 1707-1711 (import and export), from PRO T. 1/39/29; 1715- in 1688 and 18,295,000 pounds in 1704 (R. A. Brock, "A Suc 1717 (import and export), from PRO CO 390/5/13; 1721- cinct Account of Tobacco in Virginia, 1607-1790," in J. B. Kille 1724 (import and export), from PRO T. 1/282/23; 1725-1731, brew, cited above in general note for series Z 223-253, p. 224). 1752-1754, 1763, 1769 (import and export), from PRO T. Bermuda's production increased to 500,000 pounds at the most 36/13; 1738-1747 (import and export), from PRO T. 1/329 fol. in the 1680's (George L. Beer, The Old Colonial System, 125. 1660-1754, vol. II, Macmillan, New York, 1912, p. 91). At the end of the century, Bermuda's exports to England became Total i mports and reexports for 1708-1731 and 1752-1754 negligible, and by the first quarter of the 18th century Ber were obtained by adding figures not strictly comparable with muda was importing from Virginia some of the 20,000 pounds each other. Scottish imports and reexports for 1708-1717 are consumed by her population, which was estimated at 3,600 averages of estimates for several years. whites and 5,000 slaves in the 1680's (H. C. Wilkinson, Z 2 38-240. American tobacco imported by England, 1616-1693. Bermuda in the Old Empire, Oxford University Press, London, Source: 1 616-1621, Vertrees J. Wyckoff, Tobacco Regulation 1950, p. 14). in Colonial Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Studies in The W est Indies were said to have begun growing tobacco Historical and Political Science, Extra Volumes, New Series, as early as 1625; by 1628, reports show the shipment of about No. 22, Baltimore, 1936, pp. 20-36; 1622-1631, Neville Wil 100,000 pounds, but by the middle of the century sugar began liams, "England's Tobacco Trade in the Reign of Charles I," to take over as the predominant crop (Beer, The Origins . . ., The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, October cited above in general note for series Z 223-253, pp. 89-90). 1957, pp. 403-449; 1637-1640, Stanley Gray and V. J. Wyckoff, Meanwhile M aryland, which probably had produced no more "The International Tobacco Trade in the Seventeenth Century," than 100,000 pounds annually by 1639 (Wyckoff, cited in source Southern Economic Journal, VII, July 1940, pp. 18-25; 1663- above, p. 49), so increased her output that she contributed 1693, compiled by J. M. Price from PRO CO 388/2 ff.7,13 about 36 percent of the combined Virginia-Maryland total in (1663, 1669), B. M. Sloane MS.1815 ff.34-7 (1683-1689), 1688— a p ercentage she approximated at the turn of the 17th PRO T.l/36/9 fo.50 (1689-1693), and Gray and Wyckoff, cited century (Margaret Shove Morriss, Colonial Trade of Maryland, above (1672-1682). 1689- 1 715, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and The f igures here are not as satisfactory as those given in Political Science, Series XXXII, No. 3, Baltimore, 1914, pp. series Z 223-229 and Z 230-237. The total imports for 1686 31-36) and during the period 1768 to 1773 (see series Z 248- and 1688 were obtained by adding figures not strictly compar 249). able with each other. Imports of the outports (English ports In t he Colonies further south, North Carolina was said to be other than London) for 1682-1688 are averages of estimates growing about 2,000 hogsheads, or 1,000,000 pounds, of tobacco for several years. In a few instances the figures from Gray in the 1670's — an estimate which seems more generous than and Wyckoff include minor quantities of Spanish and Brazilian the subsequent pattern of exports justifies (Beer, The Old tobacco. Colonial System, 1660-1754, cited above, vol. II, p. 195).

749 Z 2 41-280 COLONIAL STATISTICS Z 2 41-253. American tobacco exported and imported, by origin South C arolina Historical Association, Columbia, 1937, pp. 30- and destination, 1768-1772. 31; G. K. Holmes, Rice Crop of the United States, 1712-1911 Source: Compiled by Lawrence A. Harper, University of (Circular 34, Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Statistics, California, from American Inspector General's Ledger of Im 1912) ; Francis Yonge, Narratives of the Proceedings of the ports and Exports, Public Records Office, London, Customs People of South Carolina, in B. R. Carroll, Historical Collec 16/1. tions of South Carolina, vol. II, Harper & Bros., New York, Although t hey cover only a few years, these series provide 1836, p. 156; The Case of the Province of South Carolina (Car the only known comprehensive data which permit a complete roll, vol. II, p. 265) ; Gov. James Glen, Description of South Carolina (Carroll, vol. II, p. 26) ; "An Account of Sundry Goods analysis of the pre-Revolutionary colonial tobacco trade. Imported and . .. Exported ... From the First of November In t he source, some export figures for 1768 and 1770 for 1738 to the First of November 1739" (printed as a broadside Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina were shown in by P. Timothy, Charleston, 1739), Bernard Romans, Natural hogsheads or barrels. When the weights of these units were History of East and West Florida, New York, 1775; and WPA not indicated, they were converted to pounds by Harper, by compilations from the Charleston Naval Office lists (see gen using the overage weights of these units as reflected in the eral note for series Z 1-405) . shipments to Great Britain from the respective colonies for 1768-1772. Fortunately, t he British records measure the quantities im ported in hundredweights, but the American statistics usually Also, t he source shows the South Carolina export to Great give only the number of barrels and other containers exported. Britain for 1771 as 433 hogsheads totaling 40,333 pounds. Where half-barrels were reported, the number was divided by This obviously is an erroneous ratio. Since the hogshead figure two and the result included in the barrel totals. is more comparable to other data shown here than the pounds figure, the former is assumed to be correct. It has been Miscellaneous u nits in the American figures have been con converted to pounds in the same manner as the 1770 export verted to barrels. The term "cask" has been considered figures mentioned above. synonymous with "barrel," following the usage of the American Inspector General's Accounts for 1768, but the remaining Z 2 54-261. Tea imported from England by American Colonies, figures are rough approximations suggested by the weights of 1761-1775. other commodities as given in M. Postlethwayt, The Universal Source: C ompiled by Lawrence A. Harper, University of Dictionary of Trade and Commerce, W. Strahan, London, 1774; California, from the English Inspector General's Ledgers, Public J. H. Alexander, Universal Dictionary of Weights and Meas Records Office, London, Customs 3. ures, D. Van Nostrand, New York, 1867, and the Oxford Figures f or tea imports shown in the American Inspector English Dictionary. A tierce has been considered to equal General's Ledgers (PRO Customs 16/1) for 1768-1772 closely 1% barrels; a hogshead, 2 barrels; a puncheon, 2% barrels; approximate those shown here for the corresponding years a butt, 4 barrels; small barrels and small casks, Vz of a (O. M. Dickerson, The Navigation Acts and the American barrel; seroons, boxes, and bags, % of a barrel; kegs, %; Revolution, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, and bushels, %. Colonial containers varied so greatly that these estimates seldom, if ever, represented the exact relation 1951, pp. 99-100). ship. When discussing weights and measures for other uses, Z 2 62-280. General note. additional information should be obtained and corrections, as Information o n rice in the colonial period is limited primarily may be necessary, should be made in the formulas employed to the material on the clean rice which entered commercial here. For present purposes, these maverick units constitute trading. Presumably, the weight of this rice bore approxi such a negligible part of the whole that errors in estimating mately the same ratio to the rough rice of the plantation at their weight seem unlikely to exceed those involved in rounding. that time as it does now, that is, 100/162. There are no The s ignificant problem lies in determining the weight of the known satisfactory statistics on rice production and only scat barrel, the principal unit. Holmes (cited above, p. 4) stated tered data concerning domestic consumptipn. Lord Carteret that it weighed 350 pounds in 1717; 400 pounds, 1718-1729; told the Board of Trade in 1715 that South Carolina "spent and 500 pounds, 1730-1788, but as Gray (cited above, vol. II, in the country" one-third of the 3,000 tons of rice she was p. 1020) points out, these figures conflict with those given by producing at that time. By the pre-Revolutionary period, others. Although Governor Johnson of South Carolina stated comparison of total exports with net imports for 1769-1772 in 1719 that the average barrel contained about 350 pounds, indicates that only 3 percent of total exports was consumed Francis Yonge, the collector at Charleston, gave the figure of in the nonrice-producing colonies. 400 pounds for 1719-1721; a Savannah Rice Association study The b asic sources of statistics on clean rice in commerce declared it to be 325 pounds for 1720-1729; a contemporary are the records of importations in the British Public Records report in 1731 and Governor Glen of South Carolina in 1749 Office kept by the English Inspector General of Imports and said the barrel contained 500 pounds, but other documents say that it was 500-600 pounds in 1763; "something over 600 Exports (Customs 2 and 3, since 1696), by the Scottish In pounds in 1768-1769"; 550 pounds for 1764-1772; and 540 spector General (Customs 14, since 1755), by the American In pounds net in 1772. O. M. Dickerson, The Navigation Acts and spector General (Customs 16/1, 1768-1772), and the records the American Revolution (cited above in text for series Z 254- kept by the colonial naval officers (supplemented by those kept 261, p. 59) states that the formula used by the customs by the deputies of the London Commissioners of Customs for service for converting barrels to hundredweight had each the comparatively few instances when these records have sur barrel containing 4% hundredweight, or 504 pounds (but the vived). records do not disclose when the formula was calculated nor Data f rom these basic sources appear in: Gray, History of how often it was revised) . Agriculture .. ., cited above for series Z 122-125, pp. 1020- Fortunately, a n examination of the surviving official statis 1023; Francis Yonge, A View of the Trade of South Carolina, tics enables one to obtain averages calculated 'on broad bases. London, 1722; C. J. Gayle, "The Nature and Volume of Ex The decennial totals for 1720-1729 and 1730-1739 (Gov. James ports From Charleston, 1724-1774," The Proceedings of the Glen, cited above) give both the number of barrels and the

750 EXPORTSND A IMPORTS Z 262-266 total w eight shipped, showing the average barrel to weigh 373 Neither B eaufort- Port Royal nor Georgetown- Wynyaw (South pounds during the first decade and 448 pounds during the Carolina) seem to have had much importance until 1732. Al second. Similarly, the naval office lists for 1756-1767, which though the former had its first collector in 1729, there was record both the number of barrels and pound weights shipped a lapse of 2% years before his successor took over (PRO to Southern Europe and the West Indies, give a weighted AO 1/804/1038, AO 1/805/1039) ; and the latter appears to have average of about 525 pounds each for some 20,000 barrels. had its first collector in June 1732 (South Carolina Gazette, Comparisons o f the number of barrels shipped to Britain June 24, 1732). Scattered naval office records show George from America with the weight recorded for the rice arriving town exporting 385 barrels for the year 1734 and 509 for the there provide another means of estimating the average weight first quarter in 1735; and Beaufort, 342 during the first half of the rice barrel. For present purposes, it can be assumed of 1736. In 1739, Georgetown exported 2,202 barrels and to have been 350 pounds until 1720, and then to have risen 10 Beaufort, 2,165 barrels (broadside, cited above, general note pounds a year until 1730, when it remained at a plateau of 450 for series Z 262-280), an approximate equality which also ex pounds until after 1740; then it began to ascend at the rate isted in the period 1768-1772 (PRO Customs 16/1). For lack of 5 pounds a year until it reached its pre-Revolutionary peak of a better basis, their exports will be considered for present of 525 pounds in 1755. It must be remembered, however, that purposes to have been equal from 1733 to 1768, when exact the weight of the barrels might vary radically. New York's figures are available and were used. In 1739, the exports of Naval Office list for 1764 shows one shipment averaging 183% the two together equalled GY2 percent of South Carolina's ex pounds a barrel and another 698 pounds. ports — a percentage which dropped by 1769-1772 to 4.4 percent. Thus, from 1739 to 1768, the Beaufort and Georgetown contri Z 2 62-266. Rice exported from producing areas, 1698-1774. butions have been assumed to be 5 percent of the total South Source: C ompiled by Lawrence A. Harper, University of Carolina exports. A different formula was used for the years California, from references discussed below. prior to 1739, when their percentage was growing from the 2Y2 percent which they enjoyed in 1734 (calculated by doubling These s eries attempt to provide a comprehensive statistical the Georgetown figures which have survived for that year). On summary comparable to those available for the postcolonial the necessarily arbitrary assumption that the rate of increase period. Barrels have been converted to pounds on the bases was uniform, the two ports each year from 1734 to 1739 added described in the general note for series Z 262-280. 0.7 percent to their share of South Carolina's exports. Ex There w as the problem of totaling the exports from the tending the same formula backwards, their share of the Caro three South Carolina ports (Charleston, Beaufort-Port Royal, lina total was 1.8 percent in 1733 and 1.1 percent in 1732. and Georgetown- Wynyaw) and those of Georgia. Shipments Romans, c ited above, general note for series Z 262-280, from other colonies can be considered as having originated in provides figures for Georgia for 1756-1767. A comparison South Carolina and Georgia, except possibly those of North of his figures for Georgia's total exports with those of Carolina, and even in this case most of the exports probably receipts from Georgia in England (see series Z 274-280) for went through South Carolina. In any event, North Carolina's the decade 1756-1765 shows a ratio of one barrel exported exports are grouped with South Carolina's shipments in the for every 2.07 hundredweight received; and for 1740, 1742, English import figures, under the generic heading, "Carolinas." 1750, and 1753-1755, the barrels shipped from Georgia have Shipments to Scotland seem to have been infrequent and in been computed in accordance with that formula, on the basis significant until the French and Indian War (1754-1763). of English receipts (series Z 274-280). Figures for 1768- The C harleston figures, with the exceptions noted below, are 1772 come from PRO Customs 16/1. In 1773 and 1774, those compiled by Gayle (cited above in general note for series Georgia is assumed to have contributed 13.9 percent of the Z 262-280) from the South Carolina Gazette, although his total exports, as it did from 1768 to 1772. Years end Jan figures for less than 12 months have been extended to full uary 4 of the year following, except for the years for which year bases for 1750, 1756, 1757, 1763, and 1767. For 1698- figures are calculated, as noted above. For those years, no 1724, the figures have been calculated on the assumption that exact date can be assigned and the data are therefore not all American rice imports recorded in the English Inspector strictly comparable. General's Ledgers were equal to Vg of Charleston's total ex The f igures for 1768-1772 provide the best basis for the ports, as suggested in 1719 by Francis Yonge, the customs later period, but for present purposes the 1768 list was not collector at Charleston, a conclusion corroborated by a com included in the basic calculations described above because it parison of the WPA compilations of Charleston exports with lacks data for coastwise exports; however, it provides the the English imports for 1717, 1718, 1719, and 1724, and by best base for estimating the imports for that year. All that Edward Randolph's remark in 1700 that Mo of Charleston's need be assumed is that the ratio of the coastwise exports to exports went to the West Indies alone (Carroll, cited above the other exports was the same in 1768 as the average of the in general note for series Z 262-280). For 1731, the figures other four years. come from the WPA compilations of the Charleston Naval The c oastwise entries for 1769-1773 show both inward and Office list (see general note for series Z 1-405), and for outward entries. Thus, to avoid duplications in the Carolina 1734 and 1758, directly from the South Carolina Gazette; for and Georgia entries, only the net exports coastwise have been 1765, from the Charleston Year Book (1880) as copied by included. This adjustment cannot be made prior to 1769, but Holmes (cited above in general note for series Z 262-280) ; samples from the WPA compilations (see general note for for 1766, from photographic copies of the Charleston Naval series Z 1-405) indicate that it is very minor. Office list (PRO C. O. 5) ; for 1768-1772, from the American The d ata for the various colonies are shown here, not because Inspector General's Ledgers (PRO Customs 16/1); for 1773 the individual details are necessarily accurate, but in order and 1774, from Gray (cited above for series Z 122-125, p. that scholars possessing more complete information may adjust 1022), although his partial figure for 1773 has been extended the figures wherever possible. to complete the year. The years terminate October 31 except The o bject of presenting these series is to provide the best 1698 (September 28); 1699-1724, 1731 (December 24); and possible pattern of the over-all development. The errors in 1768-1773 (January 4 of the following year). detail are as likely as not to offset one another. Except for

751 Z 2 67-297 COLONIAL STATISTICS 1713-1731, w hen the estimates of the size of the barrels In N ew England the Negro population appears to have been varied radically, the totals shown here should be within 5 due to natural increase rather than extensive importations. percent of the true figure. Governor Dudley of Massachusetts reported in 1708 that about Z 2 67-273. Rice exported from Charleston, S.C., by destina one-half of Boston's Negro servants were born there (Donnan, cited above, vol. Ill, p. 24), and a comparison of the 1768-1773 tion, 1717-1766. trade figures (series Z 281-293) with the population figures Source: C ompiled by J. R. House from the WPA compila (series Z 1-19) suggests that natural increase had become tions of naval office lists at the University of California, even more important than importations by the revolutionary Berkeley (see general note for series Z 1-405). era. The d ifferences in totals here and in series Z 262-266 may result in part from the differences in year-ending dates, as shown In t he middle colonies the first Negroes were probably in the tabular headnotes. brought to New York from Spanish or Dutch prizes in 1625 or 1626. Dutch records are meager but show a consignment Z 2 74-280. Rice exported to England, by origin, 1698-1776. of 5 in 1660 and another of 300 in 1664. After the English Source: C ompiled by Lawrence A. Harper, University of conquest, New York for a time had an indeterminate trade in California, from English Inspector General's Ledgers of Imports slaves with the pirates of Madagascar (Donnan, cited above, and Exports, Public Records Office, London, Customs 3 (except vol. Ill, pp. 405-406, 420, and 423). In Pennsylvania, the 1727, from PRO T.64/276B/323). number of slaves was always small and their entry often A l arge proportion of the exported rice was reexported by discouraged by high taxes. Donnan (cited above, vol. Ill, pp. England, not only to Northern but also to Southern Europe. 408-409) believes that data about the slave trade there must Z 2 81-303. General note. be sought in merchant's account books, newspaper advertise The t wo basic sources for the study of the colonial Negro ments, and items of ship news, some of which appear in Edward are population statistics (see series Z 1-19) and commercial R. Turner, "The Negro in Pennsylvania," Prize Essays of statistics concerning slave importations. Although direct American Historical Association, Washington, D.C., 1911. In knowledge of the colonial Negro's natural increase is scarce, New Jersey, the slave trade centered in the eastern part of available evidence indicates that this increase must have been the colony, but here too the number of slaves imported was considerable. It is reported in 1708 that about half of Boston's relatively small. 400 Negro servants were born there, and Governor James Glen of South Carolina stated in 1749 that the number of Negroes Z 2 81-293. Slave trade, by origin and destination, 1768-1772. in his colony increased rather than diminished during the nine Source: C ompiled by Lawrence A. Harper, University of years when prohibitive taxes and war "prevented any from California, from the American Inspector General's Ledgers of being imported" (Elizabeth Donnan, ed., Documents Illustrative Imports and Exports, Public Records Office, London, Customs of the History of the Slave Trade to America, Carnegie In 16/1. stitution of Washington, D.C., 1935, vols. Ill and IV, pp. 24 and 303, respectively). Otherwise, discrepancies between im Z 2 94-297. Slave trade in Virginia, 1619-1767. port and population figures (especially in later years) would Source: 1 619-1699, Elizabeth Donnan, ed., Documents Illus call for the existence of an illegal trade in Negroes of an trative of the History of the Slave Trade to America, Carnegie extent to which other evidence gives little support. Institution of Washington, D.C., 1935, vol. IV, pp. 4-6, 49-65, Donnan's D ocuments . . ., cited above, provides the greatest and Philip A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia in the single source on the subject of the slave trade. She supplies references to many of the varied sources which provide such Seventeenth Century, vol. II, Macmillan, New York, 1895, pp. knowledge as we have of the 17th century, most helpful of 66-85; 1700-1726, Donnan, Documents Illustrative .. ., vol. which are the statistical reports prepared to help settle dis IV, pp. 173-187; 1727-1767, Donnan, vol. IV, pp. 187-234, and putes between the Royal African Company and the separate WPA compilations of colonial naval office lists (see general traders. note for series Z 1-405). After t he first quarter of the 18th century, data on the The t itle of these series refers to "slaves" because that slave trade usually rest upon the colonial naval office lists was the status of most Negroes listed, but it should be re (PRO C. O. 5). Colonial newspapers sometimes reported the membered that until the middle of the 17th century Negroes tallies which had been made in the customhouse; Donnan, Docu came as servants, not as slaves. Unless otherwise noted, these ments . . ., cited above, reproduces the individual entries for figures show the total trade at all Virginia ports. When one most of the lists which have survived, and the WPA compila or more quarters of a port's naval office lists are missing, the tions (see general note for series Z 1-405) give annual totals. total for the full year has been estimated, the calculations In preparing the series on slaves, photographic copies of the resting upon a chronological or geographic extension — which naval office lists (PRO C. O. 5) were used when the Donnan ever involved the least element of conjecture. The totals de entries and the WPA compilations did not agree. It is im pend upon such estimates in all years after 1726 except 1737- portant to note, however, that the naval office lists report 1740, 1743-1745, 1750, 1758, 1761-1762, and 1764, when full importations by sea rather than overland movements of slaves. records exist for all the ports except Accomack, which can be Also, it is not always known how many of the Negroes sur vived after their entry was recorded. The Virginia statistics disregarded because of its lack of direct participation in the for 1710-1718 (Donnan, cited above, vol. IV, pp. 175-181) show slave trade. No figure is given in which the total includes that of 4,415 Negro slaves entered, 231 died within the time more than 20 percent estimate. allowed to recover the duty and 103 were drawn back for In t he case of slaves exported, the highly variable nature of exportation — 7.5 percent of the total importations. this trade did not warrant estimative totals. Of the slaves In t he case of the southern colonies, the statistics for Vir exported, 1,055 went to Maryland, 12 to North Carolina, 9 to ginia and South Carolina are reasonably complete; those for Rhode Island, 8 and a shipment (number unspecified) to Bar Maryland and Georgia are spotty; and those for North Caro bados, 3 to Madeira, 2 to Great Britain, 2 to Georgia, and 1 lina are virtually nonexistent. to Boston.

752 TIMBER—W HALING— WAGES— PRICES Z 298-335 Z 2 98-302. Slave trade in New York, 1701-1764. family d escended from the first settlers and Obed Macy's data, Source: 1 701-1718, E. B. O'Callaghan, ed., Documents Rela which are generally consistent with information from other tive to tht Colonial History of the State of New York, vol. sources, provide the best figures now available. V, Weed, Parsons & Co., Albany, 1855, p. 814; 1719-1764, The d evelopment of whaling in Nantucket followed the Donnan, cited above for series Z 294-297, vol. Ill, pp. 462- process typical of all the colonies [Walter S. Tower, A 509, and WPA compilations of colonial naval office lists (see History of the American Whale Fishery (publications of the general note for series Z 1-405) . University of Pennsylvania, series in Political Economy and Figures f or New York for 1731 were partially estimated, for Public Law, No. 20), Philadelphia, 1907]. The early settlers missing quarters, by Lawrence A. Harper, University of Cali first processed drift whales, then they engaged in the offshore fornia. The estimates were derived by obtaining the ratio of fisheries which probably reached their height at Nantucket in the number of slaves imported for each quarter to the number 1726 when 86 whales were taken (Alexander Starbuck, The annually imported. This ratio was based on figures covering a History of Nantucket, C. E. Goodspeed & Co., Boston, 1924, period of eight years in which quarterly data were available. p. 356). The first deep-sea venture occurred about 1712 when a strong wind blew an offshore vessel to sea where it caught Z 3 03. Slaves imported into Charleston, S.C., 1706-1773. a spermaceti whale (Macy, cited above, p. 36). By 1746, Nan Source: 1 706-1726, 1749-1751, Donnan, cited above for tucket whalers were making their way to Davis Straits and series Z 294-297, vol. IV, pp. 255, 267, and 301-302; 1727- by 1774 they were sailing as far away as the coast of Brazil 1739, WPA compilations of the colonial naval office lists (see (Macy, cited above, p. 54). general note for series Z 1-405) ; 1752, South Carolina Gazette, The f igures for Nantucket may be viewed in better perspec Charleston, S.C., October 30, 1752; 1753-1772, O. M. Dicker- tive by noting that in 1730 the New England whaling fleet son, The Navigation Acts and the American Revolution, Uni totaled 1,300 tons, and in 1763 that of Massachusetts con versity of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1951, p. 62; 1773, sisted of 180 sailing vessels. (Raymond McFarland, A History Leila Sellers, Charleston Business on the Eve of the American of the New England Fisheries, D. Appleton and Company, New Revolution, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, York, 1911, p. 86.) At the time of the Revolution, New Eng 1934, p. 132. land had 304 whalers totaling 27,840 tons out of an estimated American fleet of 360 vessels (Tower, cited above, p. 45; Star- Z 3 04-307. Pitch, tar, and turpentine exported from Charles buck, cited above, p. 176). ton, S.C., 1725-1774. Source: 1 725-1755, 1760-1764, 1767-1771, Charles J. Gayle, Z 3 18-329. Daily wages of selected types of workmen, by "The Nature and Volume of Exports from Charleston, 1724- area, 1621-1781. 1774," The Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical As Source: 1621-1670 and 1776-1781, Richard B. Morris, Gov sociation, Columbia, 1937, p. 31; 1756-1759, 1765, 1772-1774, ernment and Labor in Early America, Columbia University South Carolina Gazette, Charleston, S.C., various issues. Press, New York, 1946; 1710, Richard Walsh, The Charleston The b asic source for these series has been the South Carolina Sons of Liberty, University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, Gazette, which obtained the figures from the customhouse 1959. books and ran them as cumulative totals from November 1st The f igures do not represent actual payments, which may of most years. The editorial policy of the Gazette was not have been higher, but they represent what the lawmakers consistent, however; it did not always list the same commodities believed was the proper maximum wage rate. Figures are each year, and sometimes it discontinued the cumulative totals payments to master craftsmen; journeymen received less (for before October 31st. example, 20 pence instead of 2 shillings in 1641). ThePA W compilations (see general note for series Z 1-405) For N ew Haven there were two wage rates— one for the from the English copies of these same records (PRO C. O. 5) summer, which is shown in these series, and one for the provide an alternate source for some years. They also dis winter. For each occupation the winter rate was 6 shillings tinguish in detail the destination of the various shipments. less in 1640 and 4 shillings less in 1641. Apparently the lower rate for the winter was paid because of the shorter workday. Z 3 08-313. Timber and timber products exported from The l egislative rates also throw light on other labor facts. Charleston (S.C.) and Savannah, 1754-1774. When New Haven set the rate for mowers in 1640, correlation Source: S eries Z 308-310, 1754-1755, 1760-1764, 1767-1771, of the daily wage (2 s. 6 d.) with the rate for mowing an Gayle, cited above for series Z 304-307, p. 31; 1756-1759, acre of fresh marsh shows that they considered it a day's 1765, 1772-1774, South Carolina Gazette, Charleston, S.C, vari work, although they believed that mowing a salt marsh would ous issues. Series Z 311-313, Oliver M. Dickerson, cited above take longer and be worth 3 shillings. The next year they for series Z 303, pp. 26-27. confessed the ratio was inadequate when they lowered the The o riginal figures for Savannah were compiled by the daily wages without board to 20 d. and raised the rate for Comptroller at that port. For discussion of Charleston figures, mowing to 3 s. per acre for fresh marsh and 3 s. 6 d. for see text for series Z 304-307. salt marsh (Morris, cited above, pp. 79-80). For d iscussion of the working day, see text for series Z 3 14-317. Number of vessels engaged in whaling, and quan Z 330-335. tity and value of oil acquired, Nantucket, Mass., 1715-1789. Source: 1 715-1785, Obed Macy, The History of Nantucket, Z 3 30-335. Daily and monthly wages of agricultural laborers Hilliard, Gray & Co., Boston, 1835, pp. 54-55 and 232-233; in Maryland, 1638-1676. 1787-1789, U.S. Congress, American State Papers, Class 4, Source: M anfred Jonas, "Wages in Early Colonial Maryland," "Commerce and Navigation" (two volumes), vol. I, Gales and Maryland Historical Magazine, vol. LI, March 1956, pp. 27-38. Seaton, Washington, D.C., 1832, p. 16. The s ource also gives additional information on the cost of The f igures shown on pp. 232-233 of the source are stated living. Its basic data come from scattered items in the to be from the Massachusetts Historical Society's Collections. Archives of Maryland (a series of annual volumes published Those on pp. 54-55 cite no authority; however, the Macy by the Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore).

753 Z 3 36-370 COLONIAL STATISTICS In M aryland, during the first half of the 17th century, the centers. T he tables in it, however, rest primarily upon the working month seems to have extended from 23 to 25 days Philadelphia prices until the 1750's. Prior to 1750, Boston has and the working day from 10 to 12 hours. The 3 winter only two series, wheat and molasses, which begin in 1720. Al months were generally not included within the terms of labor though there are gaps in the data, Charleston has series for contracts. Persons hired by the day worked the same hours bread, corn, rice, rum, wine, molasses, and staves beginning and did not get lodging, but received at least 2 meals at the 1732; sugar beginning 1744; beef, pork, and indigo in 1747; job (Jonas, cited above, pp. 30 and 34-35). In the other and coffee, leather, and lumber in 1749. New York has series colonies the working day was probably much the same. New for flour, bread, rice, sugar, salt, rum, and molasses beginning Haven, for example, specified in 1640 that a day's work was 1748; and for wheat, beef, and pork beginning 1749. from 10 to 12 hours in summer and 8 hours in winter (Morris, Price s eries for the following Philadelphia commodities are Government and Labor .. ., cited above for series Z 318-329, shown in the source (not included here because of space pp. 59, 79, and 84). limitations) : Brown bread, white bread, London loaf sugar, Z 3 36. Index of wholesale prices estimated for the United Pennsylvania loaf sugar, indigo, bar iron, pig iron, hogshead States, 1720-1789. staves, pipe staves, turpentine, and gunpowder. In addition to the annual averages, the source contains average monthly Source: U .S. Congress, Hearings Before the Joint Economic prices and monthly and annual indexes (both arithmetic and Committee, 86th Congress, 1st session, Part II, Historical and geometric) of 20 commodities in Philadelphia. Comparative Rates of Production, Productivity, and Prices (statement presented by Ethel D. Hoover, Bureau of Labor The u nit of measure of Madeira wine (pipe) consists of 110 Statistics) . gallons and hundredweights equal 112 pounds, except for to- gallons. Barrels, in the case of beef and pork, consist of 31.5 This i ndex (which extends to 1958 in the source) was bacco where it equals 100 pounds. obtained by combining and splicing index numbers constructed by various investigators for different markets, to approximate Z 3 57. Annual rate of exchange on London for Pennsylvania a continuous series. The annual indexes were calculated by currency, 1720-1775. working forward and backward from the selected base period, 1850-59. No adjustments were made to the original series for Source : S ee source for series Z 337-356, p. 432. differences in coverage or in methods of calculation. How This s eries is derived from data in papers of Pennsylvania ever, when wholesale prices in two or more markets were com merchants and the Minutes of the Provincial Council (1739), bined, the necessary conversions to a common base period supplemented in some years by Victor S. Clark, History of were made, and occasional estimates, as noted in other parts Manufactures in the United States, 1893-1928, vol. Ill, Carnegie of the source, were used. Institution of Washington, D.C., 1916-1949, pp. 361-362. For t his series, weighted combinations were made of the Bezanson et al., in Prices . . ., cited above, p. 431, also give available index series for three major markets (Philadelphia, monthly rates of exchanges during the same period. New York, and Charleston), except for the years prior to 1732 and the Revolutionary War years. For these years, the esti Z 3 58. Annual price of an ounce of silver at Boston, 1700- mates were based on Philadelphia prices only. The weights 1749. used to combine markets were rough approximations, based Source: A . H. Cole, Wholesale Commodity Prices in the chiefly on estimates of the population and trade for each area United States: 1700-1861, Harvard University Press, Cam and on the representative character and adequacy of the avail bridge, 1938, p. 119. able indexes. The o riginal shilling prices were taken from the Suffolk Z 3 37-356. Average annual wholesale prices of selected com files by A. M. Davis, Currency and Banking in the Province modities in Philadelphia, 1720-1775. of Massachusetts Bay, vol. I, Macmillan, New York, 1901, pp. 368 and 370. Where more than one price was; given for a Source: A nne Bezanson, Robert D. Gray, and Miriam Hussey, Prices in Colonial Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania year, the high and low figures were averaged to determine the Press, Philadelphia, 1935, pp. 422-424. price for that year. The p rimary source of the original data was the list of Z 3 59-370. Partial list of bills of credit and Treasury notes "prices current" which first appeared in 1719 in the American issued by American Colonies, 1703-1775. Mercury and which was continued in that and other news papers. Gaps were usually filled by reference to merchants' Source: B . U. Ratchford, American State Debts, Duke Uni account books and letterbooks (as discussed and listed in the versity Press, Durham, 1941, pp. 26-27. source cited, pp. 3-5, 351-354, and 434-438). The annual These s eries attempt to show the issues of bills of credit averages were computed "by taking the arithmetic mean of the and treasury notes emitted by the Colonies between 1703 and 12 average monthly prices in each year. When any monthly 1775. The £82,000 in bills issued by Massachusetts between price was missing the available data were averaged quarterly 1690 and 1702 are not included, nor are the issues of Georgia, and the annual figure derived from the quarterly averages. which never had a large debt. Under the trustees, the princi ... In some cases it was necessary to estimate a quarterly pal circulating medium in Georgia was the "sola" bills, issued price by averaging the last monthly quotation in the previous only in the original by the trustees. A total of £135,000 of quarter with the first monthly quotation in the following these bills of exchange were issued but only £1,149 remained quarter. No annual' price was estimated completely. . . ." unredeemed in 1752. Thereafter, Georgia emitted at least two The s ource volume was sponsored by the International issues of bills: One of £3,000 in 1756 and one of £7,410 in Scientific Committee in Price History, as were a number of 1761 (Ratchford, cited above, p. 19). other studies of colonial prices drawn together in A. H. Cole, Ratchford c oncedes that the list may be incomplete and Wholesale Commodity Prices in the United States: 1700-1861, that many of the issues listed were not made at the time nor Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1938. In addition to dis in the exact amount stated. Sometimes the law authorizing cussion and analyses of prices, this publication offers a statis the issue constitutes the only evidence, and nothing indicates tical supplement of monthly prices for the principal commercial "how, when, or to what extent the issue was actually made."

754 DIETS Z 3 71-405 The o riginal source for 1737-1748 for Massachusetts is A. .M. S Rose, A Laboratory Handbook for Dietetics, Macmillan, M. Davis, cited above in text for series Z 358. Davis ex New York, 1937. Series Z 389-405, 1622, see source for se pressed all issues in the terms of old tenor (the form of ries Z 43-55, vol. II, p. 318; 1632, E. M. Leonard, The bills which existed in February 1737). Ratchford did not Early History of English Poor Relief, Cambridge University follow this procedure because he did not feel sufficiently Press, Cambridge, 1900, pp. 198-199; 1638, John Josselyn, acquainted with the circumstances in each case to make the "An Account of Two Voyages to New England Made Dur conversion with assurance. For all other years, the data rest ing the Years 1638-1663," Massachusetts Historical Society upon a variety of sources cited in the footnotes of Ratchford's Collections, Third Series, III, 1833, pp. 220-221 ; 1676, Philip A. first chapter, which provide a helpful bibliography for further Bruce, Institutional History of Virginia in the Seventeenth reference. Century .. ., vol. II, Putnam, New York, 1910, p. 87; first The f ootnotes to these series indicate the principal purposes half of 18th century, William Douglass, A Summary, Historical for which the larger issues were made. For years when several and Political, of the First Planting, Progressive Improve issues appeared for different purposes, the footnotes indicate ment, and Present State of the British Settlements in North the purpose for issuing the majority of the bills. America, vol. I, R & J Dodsley, London, 1760, p. 536; 1735, Abbot Smith, Colonists in Bondage, University of North Z 3 71-382. Paper money outstanding in American Colonies, Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1947, p. 212; 1744-1746, Howard 1705-1775. Chapin, The Tartar, the Armed Sloop of the Colony of Rhode Source : S ee source for series Z 359-370, p. 28. Island in King George's War, Providence, 1922, p. 17; 1747, The o riginal sources of the data are various monographs cited Isabel M. Calder, Colonial Captivities, Marches, and Journeys, in Ratchford's first chapter. Unfortunately, the authors of Macmillan, New York, 1935, p. 40; 1755, Basil Sollers, "The these monographs did not always attempt to find or to make Acadians (French Neutrals) Transported to Maryland," estimates themselves. Some of the estimates are those of Maryland Historical Magazine, vol. Ill, March 1908, pp. 8-10; legislative committees or public officials and, less frequently, 1757, John Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Wash of contemporary writers. Many of the estimates for 1739 and ington, vol. II, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1748 come from William Douglass whose work is discussed in D.C., 1931, p. 72; 1761, "Brigade Order Books, Montreal, Sep Charles Bullock, Introduction, Economic Studies of the Amer tember 29, 1761," Journals of the Hon. William Hervey, from ican Economic Association, vol. II, No. 1. Georgia did not 1755 to 1814, Paul and Mathew, Bury St. Edmunds, England, warrant a separate series, the only estimate being one for 1906, p. 154; about 1770, Walter Besant, London in the £5,500 for 1761. Eighteenth Century, A & C Black, London, 1903, p. 556; 1775, For a pproximately a fifth of the figures, the actual year of Fitzpatrick, cited above, vol. Ill, p. 409; 1776, "Journal of the issuance differs from that indicated in this table by one or Committees of Observation of the Middle District of Frederick two years ; for exact year of issuance, see source. County, Maryland," Maryland Historical Magazine, vol. XI, December 1916, p. 310; 1780 (Continental Army), John W. Z 3 83-387. Tax collections in America under the different Wright, "Some Notes on the Continental Army," William and revenue laws, 1765-1774. Mary Quarterly, vol. XI, 1931, p. 105; 1780 (French prisoners), Source: O . M. Dickerson, cited above for series Z 303, p. 201. Rupert C. Jarvis, ed., Customs Letter-Book of the Port of Tax r ecords have long been an untapped source of economic Liverpool, Manchester, 1954, p. 106; about 1790, Fitzpatrick, data. Dickerson has gathered figures from the English Treas cited above, vol. XXXI, pp. 186-187; before 1861 (majority of ury Papers for both the revenues collected under the Naviga slaves), Kenneth Stampp, The Peculiar Institution, Alfred A. tion Act of 1673 (25 Car. II c 7) and the new revenue measures Knopf, New York, 1956, p. 282. which followed the French and Indian War (1763). He es The c aloric contents of the weekly diet have been divided timates (p. 202) that seizures (often highly technical) under by 7 for greater ease in comparing them with modern charts the new revenue program cost the Americans not less than which are usually stated in daily terms. £60,956 "exclusive of fees, direct plunder, and costs of de fending suits in the admiralty courts." The d ata from The Writings of George Washington have been calculated on the basis of the ratio for an adult male. Z 3 88-405. Basic weekly diets in Britain and America, 1622- Women slaves referred to in Washington's diary were assumed 1790. to require % of that of a man; children, %. A barrel of corn Source: C ompiled by Austin White (graduate student, Uni was calculated as weighing 196 pounds; a barrel of fish, 290 versity of California) based on the following: Series Z 388, pounds.

755 Z 1 -20 COLONIAL STATISTICS Series Z 1 -19. Estimated Population of American Colonies: 1610 to 1780

Colony 1780 1770 1760 1750 1740 1730 1720 1710 1700 1690 1680 1670 1660 1650 1640

WHITEND A NEGRO 2.780,369 2,148,076 ,593,625 905.563 6 29,445 466, 185 331, 71 1 250, 888 210,372 151 , 507 ,935 75,058 50.368| Maine ( counties) 49,133 31,257 1,000 900 New H ampshire 8 7,802 6 2,396 39,093 27 , 6 05 23,256 10,765 9,375 5,681 4,958 4,164 2,047 1,805 1 , 5 55! 1 ,305 1 .055 Vermont - 47,620 10,000 Plymouth 7,424 6,400 5,333 1,980' 1,566 1,020 M assachui 268,627! 235,308 222,600 188,000| 151,613 114,116 91,008, 62,390 55,941 4 9,504 39,752 3 0,000 2 0.082 1 4,037 8 ,932 Rhode I sland . 52,946: 58,196 45,471 33,226 25,255 16,950 11,680 7,573 5.894 4,224 3, 0 17| 2,155 1,5391 786 300 Connecticut. _ 2 06,701 1 83,881 1 42.470 1 11,280 8 9 , 580 7 5,530 5 8,830 3 9,4501 2 5,970 2 1,645 17,246 12,603 7 ,980 4 ,139 1 ,472 New Y ork 210,541 162,920 117,188 76,696 63,665 48,594 36,919 21,625 19,107 13,909 9,830 5,754 4,936 4,116 1 .930 350 New J ersey. .. 139,627 117,431 93.813 71,393 51,373 37,510 29,818 19,872 14.010 8,000 3 ,400 1 ,000 Pennsylvania. 327,305 240,057 1 83.703 119,666 85,637 51,707 30,962 24,450 17,950 1 1,450 680 Delaware 45,385 35,496 33,250 28,704 1 9,870 9,170 6,385 3,645 2 ,4701 1,482 1,005 700 5 40 185. Maryland. 2 45,474 2 02 , 599 1 62.267 141,073 1 16,093 91,113 66,133 42,741 2 9.604 24,024 1 7,904 13.226 8,426 4.504 583 Virginia 538,004 447,016 339 . 726 231,0331180,440 1 14, OOOj 87,757 78,281 5 8.560 53,046 43.596 35,309 27,020 18,731 10.442 2,500 North C arolina. 270,133 197,200 110,442 72,984 5 1,760 30,000 21,270 15,120 1 0,720 7,600 5,430 3,850 1,000 South C arolina. 180,000 124,244 94,074 64,000 45,000 3 0,000 17,048 10,883 5,704 3,900 1,200 200 Georgia 5 6,071 2 3,376 9 ,578 5 ,200 2,021 Kentucky 45,000 15,700 Tennessee. 10,000 1,000 NEGRO Total 575,420 459,822 325,806 236,420 150,024 91 , 021 68,839 44.866 27,817 16,729 6,971 4,535 2,920 597 Maine ( counties) 1 458 475 New Hampshire.. 5 41 6 54 600 500 2 00 170, 150 130 65 50 4(1 3H Vermont 60 25 Massachusetts ' .. 4,822 4,754 4,866 4,075, 3,035 ~"2;780 2,150| 1,310 '800 400 170 " i60 " 422 295 150 Rhode I sland . '2,671 3,761 3,468 3,347 2,408 1,648 543 375 300 250 175 116 65 25 Connecticut. . • 5.885 5 ,698 3 ,783 3 ,010 2 ,598 1 ,490 1 ,093 7 50 4 50 2 00 5 0 U 2 5 2 0 IE New Y ork 21,054 19,112 16,340 11,014 8,996 6,956 5,740 2,811 2,256 1,670 1,200 600 500 New J ersey 10,460 8,220 6,567 5,354 4,366 3,008 2,385 1,332 840 450 200 SO Pennsylvania . 7,855 5,761 4,409 2,872 2,055 1,241 2,000 1,575 430 270 25 Delaware 2,996 1,836 1,733 1,496 1,035 478! 7 00 500 135 82 55 40 30 16 Maryland 8 0,515 6 3,818 4 9,004 4 3,450 2 4,031 17,220 12,499 7 ,945 3 ,227 2 ,162 1 ,611 1 ,190 7 58 3 00 20 Virginia 220.582 187,605| 140,570 101,452 60,000 30,000 26.659 23,118 16,390 9,345 3,000 .2,000 950 405 1 50 North C arolina. 91,000 69,600 33,554 19,800 11,000 6,000, 3, 000| 900 415 300 210j 1 50 211 South C arolina. 97,000 75,178 67,334 39,000 30,000 20,000 12,000 4,100 2,444 1,500 20ol 8ol Georgia 2 0,831 1 0,625 3 ,578 1 ,000 Kentucky 7,200| 2,500 Series Tennessee 1,500; 200 N o. Colony 1620 1610 WHITEND A NEGRO 1 F or 1660-1760, Maine Counties included with Massachusetts. * I ncludes some Indians. 5 Plymouth 102 ' P lymouth became a part of the Province of Massachusetts in 1691. 4 Includes 20 Negroes. 1 4 Virginia • 2,200 350

Series Z 2 0. Percent Distribution of the White Population, by Nationality: 1790 Irish Area Total English Scotch Free German Dutch French Swedish Spanish Ulster S tate Total 100.0 B0 9 8.3 6.0 3.7 8.7 3.4 1.7 0.7 Maine. 100.0 60.0 4.6 8.0 8.7 1.3 New H ampshire- — 1 00.0 6 1.0 6 .2 4 .6 2 .9 0 .7 Vermont 100.0 76.0 5.1 3.2 1.9 0.4 M a ssachusetta -- 100.0 82.0 4.4 2 .6 1.3 0.8 Rhode I sland 100.0 71.0 6.8 2.0 0.8 0.8 0.1 Connecticut - 100.0 67.0 2.2 1.8 1.1 0.8 0.3 0.9 New Y ork 1 00.0 5 2.0 7 .0 5 .1 3 .0 8 .2 1 7.5 3 .8 0.5 New J ersey - 100.0 47.0 7.7 6.3 3 2 9.2 16.6 2.4 3 9 Pennsylvania - 100.0 35.3 8.6 11.0 3.5 33.3 1.8 1.8 0 .8 Delaware 100.0 60.0 8.0 6.3 6.4 1.1 4.3 1.6 8.9 Maryland a nd District of Columbia 100.0 64.5 7.6 5.8 6.5 11.7 0.6 Virginia a nd West Virginia 1 00.0 6 8.5 1 0.2 6 .2 5 .5 6 .3 0 .3 North C arolina 100.0 66.0 14.8 5.7 5.4 4.7 0.3 South C arolina — 100.0 60.2 16.1 9.4 4.4 5.0 0.4 Georgia — 100.0 57.4 16.6 11.5 3.8 7.6 0.2 Kentucky a nd Tennessee. 100.0 67.9 10.0 7.0 6 .2 14.0 1.3 2.2 OTHEI Northwest T erritory. . 100.0 29.8 4.1 2.9 1.8 4.3 67.1 Spanish, United States 1 00.0 2 .6 0 .3 0 .2 0 .1 0 .4 96.5 French, United States . 100.0 11.2 1.6 1.1 0.7 8.7 64.2 1 2.5 1 C orrected figure; does not agree with source.

756 EXPORTSND A IMPORTS Z 21-34 Series Z 2 1-34. Value of Exports To and Imports From England, by American Colonies: 1697 to 1776 [In p ounds sterling. For years ending December 24, except noted] Virginia a nd Total New E ngland New Y ork Pennsylvania Maryland Carolina Georgia Year Exports I mports Exports | I mports Exports I I mports Exports I I mports Exports I mports Exports Imports Exports Imports 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 .1776 _ 103.964! 55,415 762 55,050| 2,318 _ 1.421 365 73 226 13,668 12 . 5 69 1775 " " 1 ,920,950! 1 96,162 1 16,588 7 1,626 1 87.018; 1,228 175,962 1 3 66 7 58 3 56 1,921 5 79,549 6,245 103,477 1774,.. 1,373,846 2,590,437 112,248 562,476 80,008 4 37,937 6 9.611 625 652 612 030 6 28,738 432.302 3 78,116 67,647 1773 1,369,229 1,979,412 124,624 527,055 76,246 289,214 36,652 4 26 44S 589 803 328,904 466.513 344,859 85.391 1772 1,258,515 3,012,635 126.265 824 , 830 82,707i 343,970 29 , 133 507 909 528 404 793.910 425,923 449,610 66.083 1771 1,339.840, 4,202.472 160,381 1 ,420.119 95,875, 653,621 31,615 7 28 744 577 848 920,3261 420,311 409,169 63,810 1770 1,015,535 1 ,925,571 148,011 394,451 69,882 475,991 28,109 184 881 435 091 717,782 278,907 146,273 65,532 1769 1,060,206 1 ,336,122 1 29,353 2 07,993 7 3,466 7 4,918 2 6,111 1 99 9 09 3 61 892 4 88,362 3 87,114 3 06,600 8 2,270 1768 1,251,454 2 ,157,218 148,375 419,7971 87,115 482,930 59,406 432 107 406 0 48 475,954 508,108 289,868 42,402 1767.. 1,096,079 1 ,900,923 128,207 406.081 61,422 417.967 87,641 371 830 437 926 437,628 395,027 244,093 35.856 1766 _ _ 1,043,958 1 ,804,333 141,733 409,642 67.020 330,829 26,851 827 314 461 693 372,548 293 , 587 296,732 53,074 1765 1,151,698 1,944,114 145,819 451.299 54,959 382,349 25,148 86S 868 606 671 383,224 386,918 384,709 34,183 1764 1 ,110,572 2 ,249,710 8 8,157 4 59,765 5 3,697 6 15.416 3 6,258 4 35 1 91 5 59 4 08 5 15.192 8 41,727 3 05,808 3 1,325 1763 _ . 1,106,170 1,631,997 74,815 258,854 53,998 238,560 38,228 284 152 642 294 555,391 282,366 250,132 14,469 1762... 742,632 1.377,160 41,733 247,385 68,882 288.046 38,091 206 199 415 709 417.599 181,695 194,170 6,522 1761 847,892 1,652,078 46,225 834,225 48,648 289,570 S9,170i 204 067 455 0 83 546.350 253,002 254 , 587 5,764 1760... 761,099 2,611,764 37,802 599,647 21,125 480,106 22,754 707 998 504 461 605.882 162,769 218,131 12.198 1759 6 39.909 2 ,345,453 2 5,985 5 27,067 2 1,684 6 30,785 2 2.404 4 98 1 61 3 57 228 4 59,007 2 06,534 2 15,255 6 ,074 1758 670,720 1,712,887 30,204 465,694 14,260 356,555 21,383 260 953 454 3 62 438,471 150,511 181.002 1757 " " 610,684 1,628,348 27 , 556 363,404 19.168 353,311 14 , 190 26H 426 418 881 426,687 130,889 213,949 1756... " 659,356 1,852,178 47,359 384,371 24.073 250,426 20,095 200 169 337 769 834,897 222,915 181,780 7,155 1755 939,553 1,112,997 59 , 5 33 841,796 28,054 151,071 32,336 144 456 489 668 286,157 325,525 187.887 4,437 1754. ~ " 1 ,007,759 1 ,176,279 66,538 3 29,433 2 6.663 1 27.497 3 0,649 2 44 6 47 573 4 35 3 23.513 8 07,238 1 49,215 3.236 1753 972,740 1.452,944 83.395 345,523 50,553 277,864 38,527 245 644 6 32 574 356,776 164,634 213,009 8 ,067 1752 1 ,004,182 1.148,127 74,313 273,340 40,648 194.030 29,978 2 01 666 569 453 825.151 288,264 150,777 1,626 1751 835,661 1,233,168 63,287 305,974 42,363 248,941 23,870 190 917 460 085 347,027 245,491 138,244 555 1750 814,768 1,313,083 48,455 343,659 35,634 267,180 28.191 217 713 508 349.419 191,607 133,037 1,942 1749 6 68 , 524 1 ,230,386 3 9,999 2 38,286 2 3,413 2 65,773 1 4,944 2 38 6 37 4 34 618 3 23,600 1 50,499 1 64,085 5 1 1748 716,626 830,433 29,748 197,682 12,358 143,811 12.363 75 330 494 8 52 252.624 167,305 160,172 1747 660,715 726,669 41,771 210,640 14,992 137,984 3,832 82 404 492 619 200,088 107,500 95,529 1746. 559 , 500 755,926 38,612 209,177 8,841 86.712 15,779 73 699 419 371 282,645 76.897 102,809 1745.. 654,431 635,253 38,948 140,463 14,083 54.957 10,130 54 280 899 423 197.799 91.847 86,816 1744 6 67,524 6 40,881 5 0,248 1 43.982 1 4,527 1 19,920 7 ,446 6 2 2 14 4 02 7 09 2 34,855' 1 92,594 7 9,141 1743 880,807 829,273 63,185 172,461 15,067 135,487 9.596 79 340 557 821 328.195 235,136 111,499 2 1742 659,227 800,052 53,166 148,899 13,536 167,591 8,527 75 295 427 769 264,1861 154,607 127,063 1,622 1741 912,291 885,492 60,052 198,147 21,142 140,430 17,158 91 010 677 109 248,582 286,830 204,770 1740 718,416 818.382 72,389 171,081 21,498 118.777 15,048 66 751 841 997 281.428 266 . 5 60 181,821 924 1739 7 54,276 6 95,869 4 6,604 2 20,378 1 8.459 1 06,070 8 ,134 5 4 4 52 4 44 6 54 2 17,200 286,192 9 4.445 2 33 1738 620,212 751,270 59,116 203,233 16,228 133.438 11,918 61 450 391 814 258.860 141,119 87,793 17 1737 775,382 682,434 63.347 223,923 16.833 125,833 15,198 56 690 4 92 246 211,301 187,758 58,986 1736. 699,764 677,624 66,788 222 , 158 17,944 86.000 20,786 61 618 380 163 204,794 214,083 101,147 1736 652,326 668.664 72,899 189,126 14,155 80,405 21,919 48 804 394 995 220,381 146,348 117,837 3,010 1734... 6 11,350 5 56,275 8 2.252 1 46,460 1 5,307 8 1,758 2 0,217 5 4 3 92 3 73 0 90 1 72,086 1 20.466 9 9,658 1 8 1733 669,633 548,890 61,983 184,570 11,626 65,417 14.776 40 565 403 198 186,177 177.845 70.466 203 1732 _ 519,036 531,253 64.095 216,600 9,411 65.540 8,524 41 698 310 799 148,289 126,207 58,298 1781 660,863 536.266 49,048 183,467 20,756 66,116 12,786 44 260 408 502 171,278 159.771 71.145 1730 572,585 536,860 54,701 208,196 8,740 64,356 10.582 48 592 846 150,931 151,739 64,785 1729 5 76,282 4 22,958 5 2.512 1 61 , 102 1 5,833 6 4,760 7 ,434 29 7 99 3 86 174 1 08,931 1 13.329 5 8.366 1728 605,324 617.861 64 , 689 194.590 21,141 81,634 15.230 3 7 478 413 089 171,092 91,175 33 , 067 1727 637,135 502,927 75,052 187,277 31,617 67,452 12,823 31 979 421 5 88 192.965 96,055 23,254 1726.. 526,303 653,297 63,816 200,882 88,307 84,866 5.960 ST 634 324 767 186,981 93,453 43,934 1726 415,650 649,693 72,021 201,768 24,976 70,650 11,981 42 209 214 780 195,884 91,942 39,182 1724 4 62,681 4 61,684 6 9,585 1 68,507 2 1,191 6 3,020 4 ,057 30 3 24 277 3 44 1 61,894 9 0,504 3 7,839 1723 _ 461,761 411,590 59,337 176,486 27,992 63,013 8,382 1 5 992 2 87 997 123,853 78,103 42,246 1722 437,696 424,725 47,955 183,722 20,118 57,478 6,882 26 397 283 091 172,754; 79,650 34,374 1721 493,871 331,905 50,483 114,524 15,681 50,754 8.037 21 548 867 812 127,876| 61,858 17,703 1720 468,188 319,702 49,206 128,767 16,836 87,897 7,928 24 681 881 482 110,717 62,736 18,290 1719 4 63,054 3 93,000 5 4,452 1 25,317 1 9,596 5 6,355 6 ,564 2 7 0 68 3 32 0 69 1 64.630 5 0,373 1 9,630 1718 '457,471 '425,333 61,591 181,885 27,331 62.966 5,588 22 716 316 576 191,925 46,385 15,841 1717 '426,090 '439,666 58,898 132,001 24,534 44,140 4,499 22 505 296 884 215,962 41,275 25.058 1716 '424,389 '402,042 69,595 121,156 21,971 62,173 6.193 21 842 281 343 179,599 46,287 27,272 1715 ■297,246 '452,366 66,555 164.650 21,316 54,629 6,461 17 182 174 756 199,274 29,158 16,631 1714 ■ 395,774 ' 388,443 5 1,541 1 21,288 2 9,810 4 4,643 2 ,663 1 4 9 27 280 4 70 1 28,873 8 1,290 2 3,712 1713 '303,222 ■284,556 49,904 120,778 14,428| 46,470 178 17 037 2 06 263 76,304 82,449 23,967 1712 '365,971 '309,691 24,699 128,105 12,466 18,524 1,471 8 464 297 941 1 34,583| 29,394 20,015 1711 '824,698 '297,626 26,415 137.421 12,193 28,856 1 9 408 273 181 91,535 12,871 20,406 1710. '249.814 '298,659 81,112 106.338 8,203 81,4751 1,277 8 594 188 429 127,639 20,793 19,613 1709 ' 324,534 ' 269,596 2 9.559 1 20,349 1 2,259 3 4,577 6 17 5 8 81 2 61 6 68 8 0,268 2 0,431 2 8,521 1708 286,435 240,183 49,635 115.605 10,847 26,899 2,120 6 722 213 493 79,061 10,340 11,996 1707 284,798 413,244 38.793 120,631 14,283 29,855 7 86 1 4 3 65 207 625 237,901 23,311 10,492 1706 187,073 161,691 22,210 57,050 2,849 31,688 4,210 11 037 149 152 6 8,016 8,652 4,001 1705 160,961 291,722 22,793 62.504 7,893 27,902 1,309 7 206 116 768 174,322 2,698 19,788 1704 3 21,972 1 76,088 3 0,823 7 4.896 1 0,640 2 2,294 2 ,430 1 1 8 19 2 64 1 12 6 0,458 1 4,067 6 ,621 1708 204,295 296,210 33,539 69,608 7,471 17,562 6,160 9 899 144 928 196,713 13,197 12,428 1702 835,788 186,809 37.026 64,625 7,965 29,991 4,146 9 342 274 7 82 7 2,391 11,870 10,460 1701 309,134 343,826 32,656 86,322 18,547 81,910 5,220 12 003 235 738 199,683 16,973 13,908 1700 395,021 344,341 41,486 91,918 17,667 49,410 4,608 18 529 817 302 173,481 14,058 11,003 1699 2 55,397 4 03,614 2 6,660 1 27,279 1 6,818 4 2,792 1 ,477 1 7 0 64 1 98 1 15 2 05,078 1 2,327 1 1,401 1698 « 226,055 458,097 31,254 93,517 8,763 25,2791 2,720 10 704 174 053 310,135 9,265 18,462 1697' 279,852 140,129 26,282 68,468 10,093 4,679 3 ,347 2 997 227 7 56 68,796 12,374 5,289 ' C orrected figures. Figures shown in source for 1709-1718 incorrectly presented as totals of components. ' F or years ending Sept. 28.

757 Z 3 5-55 COLONIAL STATISTICS Series Z 3 5-42. Value of Exports To and Imports From England by New York: 1751 to 1775 [In p ounds sterling. For y ears ending December 24. Foreign manufactures "In time" are those which could receive a drawback (refund) of duties; "Out of time" are those which could not. Outports are all ports in England other than London] Between N ew York and London Between N ew York and outports Imports f rom London Imports f rom outports Exports Exports Year to English Manufactures o f other t o English Manufactures o f other L ondon m anufac- nations outports m anufac nations In t ime Outf o time tures In t ime Out of time 35 36 37 41 1775 95,106 1,140 55 91,912 33 1 774 4 9,381 2 50,728 61,908 10,612 3 0,627 108.271 5 ,673 746 1773 54,476 127,433 6 9,942 4 ,205 21,771 7 1,470 16,166 1772 58,743 183,663 30,809 10,246 23,964 111,175 7 ,688 390 1771. 72,895 893,345 66,842 23,031 22,981 158,764 11,588 5 2 1770 65,192 284,973 45,494 15,248 14,691 119,451 10,555 272 1 769 3 8,586 4 8,991 3 ,900 2 ,325 3 4,881 1 6,327 3 ,230 1 46 1768 50,510 299,481 96,381 8,111 36,606 72,484 6,180 293 1767 35.502 258,012 57,586 17,705 25,921 75,249 9,067 339 1766 45,683 184,866 18,940 47,374 21,338 58,024 18,285 3.341 1765 38,233 217,488 20,288 81,312 16,727 42,285 19,909 1,068 1 764 2 8,922 3 36,352 3 7,486 9 9,032 2 4,776 3 4,250 7 ,837 4 59 1763 29,978 133,444 30,094 34,140 24,011 38,024 2,828 30 1762 17,730 216,165 23,357 28,091 41,152 19,962 472 1761 16,721 89,631 25,851 7,103 31,927 18,449 8,927 1760 6,328 387,839 42,124 18.065 14,797 28,628 2,995 455 1 759 1 0,012 4 83,952 5 9,804 5 8,826 1 1,673 2 3,903 4 ,300 1758 3,442 263,290 30,136 43,946 10,819 16,154 2,772 256 1757 9,828 228,378 43,149 37,522 9,340 84,780 8,864 6 20 1766 13,136 169,234 31,753 9,478 10,937 31,311 8,253 1755 17,987 114,451 17,097 4,191 10,067 14,756 525 51 1 754 2 1,289 8 7,499 1 3,501 7 ,845 5 ,374 1 3,600 5 ,052 1753 45,866 199,578 25,769 24,951 4,687 16,825 10,418 325 1752 38,485 124,329 21,846 28,916 2,164 13,118 5 ,213 6 13 1751 36,997 124 , 190 25,530 48,177 5,867 33,191 17,072 780

Series Z 4 3-55. Tonnage Capacity of Ships and Value of Exports and Imports of American Colonies, by Destination and O rigin: 1769 and 1770 f(Value o exports and imports in pounds sterling. For years ending January 4 of following year]

New Total H amp Massa Rhode Connec New New Pennsyl Mary Virginia North South Georgia Year a nd destination or origin shire c husetts I sland t icut Y ork J ersey v ania l and C arolina C arolina 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 61 52 53 54 55 1770 T ONNAGE 351,664 20,192 70,282 20.661 20,263 26,653 1,181 49,654 33,474 45.179 21,490 32,031 10.604 Great B ritain and Ireland ■98,825 1,910 18,778 956 426 7,357 7,999 17,967 25.123 7.393! 1 2.457 3,460 Southern E urope and Africa 3 7,237 1 86 5 ,419 7 55 1 80 3 ,018 1 1,395 5 ,837 3 ,682 655 6.291 3 20 British a nd foreign West Indies '108,050 12,419 20,957 6,779 9,923 7,005 648 14,839 5,118 10.096 6 ,893 8 ,194 5,179 America, Bermuda, and Bahamas 107,552 5,678 30,128 12,172 9,734 9,273 533 15,421 5,052 6 ,278 6,649 5,089 1,645 V Inward b ound 331,942 15,362 65,271 18,667 19,223 25,539 1,018 50,901 30,477 44.803 20,963 29,804 9,914 Great B ritain and Ireland 82,934 1,200 . 1 3,916 400 210 5,722 7,917 13,693 21,236 6,202 10.163 2 .275 Southern E urope and Africa 3 7,717 6,213 1 01 3 ,354 140 1 5,010 5 ,005 4 .403 4 40 2,256 795 British a nd foreign West Indies 106,713 10,300 19,917 7,121 8,656 8,695 365 15,883 6,093 9,547 5,930 1 0,588 4 ,618 America, Bermuda, and Bahamas 104,578 3 ,862 25,225 11,045 1 0,357 7,768 5 13 12,091 6,686 9,617 8,391 6,797 2,226 1769 T ONNAGE Outward b ound _ 339,302 19,744 63,666 17,775 17,966 26,859 1,093 42,986 30,996 52,008 23,113 33,855 9.241 Great B ritain and Ireland 99,121 2,822 14,044 640 580 6,470 7,219 16,116 24,594 7,806 15,902 3,029 Southern E urope and Africa 4 2,601 1 70 5,102 8 63 2 00 3 ,483 1 2,070 6 ,224 7 ,486 1 ,030 5 ,773 2 00 British a nd foreign West Indies- . 96,382 12,878 1 7,632 6,060 9,201 5,466 555 11,959 3,358 11,397 6,945 6,377 4,654 America, Bermuda, and Bahamas 101,198 3,874 26,988 10,312 7,986 11,440 5 38 11,738 5,298 8 ,531 7,333 5,803 1,368 332.146 16,446 66,451 16,836 18.016 26,632 936 45,028 30,688 47,237 23,076 31,107 9,693 Great B ritain and Ireland - 90,710 915 14,340 415 150 5,224 9,309 15,486 20,652 6,415 1 5,281 2,523 Southern E urope and Africa 8 4,151 4 80 6 ,596 2 26 1 05 2 ,730 25 1 0,745 4 ,096 4 ,600 700! 3,325 6 25 British a nd foreign West Indies. 94,916 9,500 17,898 5,958 7.790 6,964 2 57 12,521 4,633 11,612 6,702 6,893 4,288 America, Bermuda, and Bahamas 112,369 6,551 27,618 10,237 9,971 11,714 654 12,453 6,574 10 373 9,2691 5,608 2.357 1769 V ALUE Exports 2.852,441 550, 090 231,906 2,532 410,757 991 ,402 569,585 96,170 1,531,516 142 7 76 1 118.382 28.112 759,961 406,015 82,270 Southern E urope and Africa 6 73,015 5611 8 6,503 ! 9,255 2,667 52 , 1 99 2 04,313 6 6.5561 73,635 3 ,3101 73,501 6 14 747,910 40.431 123,894! 65,207 7 9,395 66,325 2;582 178,331 22,3031 68,946 27,944) 59,815 13,286 2,623,412 564,034 188,976 1 ,991 399,821 851,140 535,714 81,736 Great B ritain 1,604,976 223,696 75,981 204,980 714,944 327 ,084 58.341 Southern E urope and Africa 2 28,682 652 2 1,9081 2,761 267 1 5,625 327 1 4,249 1 0,083 16,462 2 ,013 130,347 1 3,987 West I ndies 789,754 4 8,529 165,387 66,840 6 3,994 97,420 1 ,664 180,592 32,198 77,454 10,604 6 6,666 9,408 1 F igures disagree with source used here (Macpherson); corrected to agree with Bum of components and with original source (PRO Customs 16/1).

758 SHIPS Z 5 6-75 Series Z 5 6-75. Number and Tonnage Capacity of Ships Outward and Inward Bound, by Destination and Origin: 1714o t 1772 o[Prior t 1768, for years ending December 24, except aa noted; 1768-1772, January 4 of following year. In some yeara, detail will not add to total aince ships \ counted t wice; see text]

1772 1771 1770 1769 1768 1765- 1755 1764 1714-17' 6 6, Destination o r origin Num Ton Num Ton Num- T on- Num Ton Num Ton ton Num- T on- Num Ton Num- T on- b er n age b er n age ber nage b er n age b er n age nage 1 ber I nage b er n age ber nage

Outward b ound 845 4 2,506 794 38 , 9 95 36 . 9 65 828 37,045 612 3 3,695 30,444 21,295 447 26 . 6 69 416 20,927 Great B ritain 57 6,178, H 5,750' 5,819 66 6,707 6,428 5,286 2,975 ,510 3,986 Ireland 1 1 70 1 6 0 1 70 4 36 1 00 1 65 Europe _ 11 555 22 1,113 813 20 1,081 1,833 1,075 1,863 ,465 Africa 5 420 4 2 67 4 151 4 495 2 76 75| Bahama I slands 8 215 12 320 100 6 175| 60 50 2 60 41 1 24 Bermuda I slands 1 70 1 40 1 20 3 8 0 5 124 Caribbean 178 10,708 136 9,171 131 8,248 143 8,995 147 1 0,095 7,806 1 33 7,945 149 10,521 191 10,897 Thirteen C olonies 4 43 17 , 528 • 139 16,764 4 64 1 6,638 457 1 6,132 281 11.451 1 1,926 122 4,864 1 56 7 ,052 117 3,683 Other A merican Colonies . 141 6,667 125 6,570 123 4,932 ISO 8,880 98 4,218 3,590 HI 3,438 76 3,621 28 1 8 91 Inward b ound _ 852 43,633 821 39,420 819 38,360 40.483 31.983 3 3,786 14,585 303 17,575 W (•) Great B ritain 9,326 7,502 74 6,830 7,333 6,946 7,163 3,040 4,448 Ireland 1 00 2 20 8 0 8 5 1 10 Europe 20 1 1343 i ;055 23 1,640 2,129 1,871 2,018 1,963 2,763 Africa Bahama L uanda 11 340 215 41 110 6! 160 163 345 Bermuda I slands 1 7 0 2 8 6 1 4 5 1 2 0 8 0 2 60 Caribbean 204 12,469 196 12,156 188 11,088 172 10,495 160 1 0,811 6,296 4 8 2 ,391 71 4,432 Thirteen C olonies 4 27 14,713 3 82 1 2,827 4 22 14,118 4 80 14,200 204 8,266 14,3751 149 5,661 1 39 5 ,847 Other A merican Colonies. 96 5,873 143 5,581 107 4,629 164 6,046 91 3,869 3,612 28 1,476 11 445 1772 1771 1770 1769 1768 1765-66, 1764, 1763, Destination o r origin No Ton Num Ton Num Ton Num Ton Num Ton t on t on t on n age b er n age b er n age b er n age b er n age nage 1 nage * nage 4

Outward b ound. 700 28.574 524 25 , 4 33 612 26,653 787 26 , 8 59 480 23,566 19,862 16,982 15,741 Great B ritain. 39 4,280 4f, 4,830 46 4,665 47 3,965 56 5,180 2,872 2,952 2,079 Ireland 1 9 1 ,610 2 7 2 ,476 29 2 ,692 30 2 ,515 3 0 2 ,522 2 ,085 1 ,882 1 ,460 Europe 48 2,449 40 2,029 5 8 2,920 7 8 8,278 45 2,360 3,190 1,087 1,000 Africa 9 260 4 115 2 98 I 205 2 86 290 140 70 Bahama ] 6 88 7 135 8 1 44 2 8 5 4 67 5 0 9 3 35 B ermuda ] 8 85 6 153 4 96 8 127 7 172 190 230 115 Caribbean 199 8,076 194 7,708 189 7 ,005 126 5 ,466 166 6,981 8 ,385 7 ,898 7,507 Thirteen C olonies 824 8.859 1 34 4,968 188 5,665 4 30 9,068 1 25 8,754 1,129 1,496 2,460 Other A merican Colonies. 64 2,867 67 3,019 88 8,879 62 2,210 66 2,545 1,721 1,205 1,025 Inward b ound. 710 28,861 557 25,042 25,539 725 26,650 462 21,847 18,214 16,750 11.129 Great B ritain . 61 6,117 63 6,850 39 4,055 41 3,785 79 7,158 4,842 4,040 3,980 Ireland 1 1 9 15 1 3 1 ,411 1 9 1 ,667 18 1 ,435 1 5 1 ,387 880 1 ,647 5 50 Europe 38 2,480 27 1,344 14 3,124 3 9 2,700 31 1,500 7 10 2,385 1,890 Africa 4 230 1 30 2 130 295 6 5 11 268 9 210 11 284 4 42 9 204 75 103 205 Bermuda I slands 6 2 15 4 1 05 1 30 2 90 8 116 45 3 70 200 Caribbean 2 08 8,170 220 8,191 226 8,695 179 6,964 168 6,301 8,265 7,480 4,124 Thirteen C olonies 852 9,247 1 84 6,416 2 17 5,941 394 9,884 139 3,952 2,460 646 6 15 Other A merican Colonies - 24 1,449 37 1,615 89 1.613 47 1,720 26 1,100 662 130 1754 < 1739 1735 1734 1783 1727 1726 1715-18' Series N o. Destination o r origin Num Ton Num Ton Num Ton Num Ton Num Ton Num Ton Num Ton Num Ton b er n age b er n age b er n age b er n age b er n age b er n age b er n age b er n age NEW Y ORK —Con. 56 322 13,322 269 10,012 207 7,358 184 6,374 223 7,704 214 8,052 211 7,855 215 7,464 57 Great Britain 81 2,086 9 795 12 838 8 645 9 690 11 1,030 12 988 21 1,461 5 8 2 8 1 ,616 1 6 8 20 3 2 00 2 1 60 6 1 60 69 19 725 21 1,040 1 7 904 9 475 6 276 6 465 8 615 10 630 60 4 130 1 60 1 4 0 •1 Bahama L uanda 8 60 1 20 3 60 1 20 4 146 3 75 62 8 76 3 7 8 1 4 6 4 90 6 1 68 6 160 8 90 6 107 63 Caribbean 180 6,361 1 13 4,838 9 5 2,886 8 7 2,771 1 03 8,624 1 04 4 ,149 9 5 3 ,878 1 04 3,608 64 51 2,076 97 2,461 73 2,821 70 1,959 86 2,849 86 2,138 90 2,761 68 1.406 65 Other A merican Colonies 12 440 10 505 5 250 5 278 6 306 2 110 6 155 8 187 66 266 10,921 261 9,738 196 6,759 213 7,442 217 7,438 215 7,672 202 7,716 (') (■) 67 Great B ritain 28 2,475 27 2,224 26 1,648 18 1,350 24 1,823 17 1,478 81 2,470 6 8 1 0 6 50 4 8 60 8 2 40 4 2 16 8 1 00 1 8 0 69 25 1,056 22 1,320 2 6 1,436 2 4 1,571 1 2 640 7 420 10 615 70 Africa 6 2 06 1 120 1 25 71 Bahama I slands--- 6 120 1 20 2 40 6 145 8 6 6 2 40 72 Bermuda I slands 8 80 1 4 4 26 1 8 365 1 9 6 25 1 6 426 1 1 306 9 275 73 Caribbean 177 6,020 105 8,643 88 2 ,509 78 2,707 97 8 ,271 96 8 ,776 8 5 8 ,072 74 Thirteen C olonies 28 9 81 93 2,069 47 882 71 1,866 78 1,629 87 1,768 69 1,452 76 Other A merican Colonies 7 280 11 321 6 124 6 241 6 204 8 135 6 149 1 E nding date of year unknown. For Boston, figures given in source for trade with * A nnual averages for years ending June 23. For Boston, the if o the detail does the remainder of Massachusetts do not follow pattern of other entries and are. there not equal the total shown since the total includes eni .tries f or unknown ports. fore, not a component of total. Totals were not taken from source but represent sum 1 Not available. of detail as shown in source. 4 F or year ending January 4 of following year.

759 Z 5 6-75 COLONIAL STATISTICS Series Z 5 6-75. Number and Tonnage Capacity of Ships Outward and Inward Bound, by Destination and Origin: o1714 t 1772— Con.

1772 1771 1770 1769 1768 Series 1765-66, 1734. 1733, N o. Destination o r origin Num Ton Num Ton Num Ton Num Ton Num Ton t on n um b er n age b er n age b er n age b er n age b er n age nage < ber " beT PHILADELPHIA 66 O utward bound 759 44,822 741 43,029 . 69 40.871 641 36,944 39.262 191 186 67 23 3,123 27 3,222 25 3,208 37 4,049 40 4,134 1.830 21 12 5 8 2 4 2 ,491 2 6 3 ,470 4 9 4 ,791 3 2 3 ,170 38 3 ,482 4 ,830 1 6 1 7 69 88 8,415 79 7,110 1 .25 10,940 136 12,040 8 8 7,266 4.465 22 20 60 Africa. 1 20 3 90 1 SO 800 61 Bahama I slands 11 282 13 2 63 10 126 317 62 Bermuda I slands _ 4 125 3 65 2 7 5 8 100 242 « 2 63 Caribbean 268 15,674 230 13,449 243 13,842 202 11,114 2 06 1 2,019 13,494 7 4 8 7 64 Thirteen C olonies- . 307 12,872 332 1 3.655 2 83 12,370 2 46 9 ,085 229 8,116 10,834 50 45 65 Other A merican Colonies __ 33 1,820 29 1,725 32 1,940 24 1,383 37 1,838 2,960 2 2 66 730 42,300 719 41,740 750 47.489 698 | 4 2,333 528 34.970 36,872 210 190 67 63 7,757 71 8.167 42 4,705 46 5,504 60 6,924 4,455 24 26 6 8 1 2 1 ,126 1 6 1 ,545 2 6 2 .267 32 2 .995 1 5 1 ,470 4 ,100 1 1 8 69 88 8,120 69 6,345 154 13,620 1 08 9,685 63 6,001 4,230 17 1 6 70 Africa 40 71 Bahama I slands 10 247 12 208 11 156 405 72 Bermuda I slands 2 7 0 6 1 55 1 1 0 8 110 425 12 10 73 Caribbean 2 47 12,947 232 13,397 221 14,946 214 11,726 139 1 1,677 11,724 7 9 7 7 74 Thirteen C olonies 287 1 1,024 2 94 11,058 2 74 1 0,670 2 48 9 ,160 218 7,978 9,688 68 58 75 Other American ( Colonies 21 1,010 19 875 21 1.115 56 3,263 30 1.810 1.805 1 1772 1771 1770 1769 1768 1752 1739 1 733 1731 1727 Series Destination o r N o. origin Num Ton Num Ton Num Ton Num Ton Num Ton Num Ton Num Ton Num Ton Num Ton- Num Ton b er n age b er n age b er n age b er n age b er n age b er n age b er n age b er n age b er a ge b er n age HAMPTON 56 Outward bound 356 22,293 301 18,593 244 13,851 266 17.046 246 15,776 156 8,008 98 3,966 82 3,769 1*1 4,501 104 4,577 67 Great B ritain 36 5,454 34 4,630 27 3,184 29 4,110 33 6,252 20 2,285 6 745 11 1,110 16 1,633 22 2.046 5 8 Ireland _ 3 3 60 2 270 1 1 00 1 2 00 69 Europe 14 1,155 2 0 1,790 1 6 1 ,405 20 2,096 1 4 1,209 14 1,195 7 410 6 440 6 300 2 60 60 Africa 1 2 5 61 Bahama I slands- 8 60 3 55 3 30 6 65 6 115 1 15 62 Bermuda Islands 1 0 2 35 5 1 23 1 2 3 06 3 6 8 7 206 8 220 8 240 5 140 13 332 19 488 63 Caribbean 206 11,930 1 80 9,450 141 7,410 1 46 8,136 1 48 7 ,376 81 3,462 4 4 1 .607 6 0 1 ,664 6 3 1 ,795 4 1 1 .366 64 Thirteen Colonies 88 3,459 66 2,285 42 1,156 59 2,396 87 1,369 31 806 83 964 10 415 14 441 20 622 65 Other A merican Colonies 2 90 2 75 1 50 66 Inward bound 332 23,966 317 21,857 282 18,915 281 19,843 254 19,673 169 10,557 102 5,746 87 4,816 88 5.009 94 4,023 67 Great B ritain... 62 11.623 62 8,216 56 8,320 59 8,532 55 8,411 37 4,912 21 2,635 19 2,286 21 2,525 18 1.786 6 8 Ireland 1 1 70 1 I SO 2 1 95 1 1 05 69 Europe. 10 1,050 1 0 878 18 1,080 1 6 1,596 9 1,065 10 1,015 5 330 4 440 1 40 2 130 70 Africa... 1 1 50 1 1 03 2 1 40 1 25 71 Bahama I slands. 8 80 6 105 5 55 7 80 3 35 1 15 2 6 0 1 120 72 Bermuda Islands 7 185 6 1 50 8 198 9 2 36 3 7 5 4 120 9 830 5 181 6 127 1 6 4 21 73 Caribbean 1 58 8,598 1 56 8,532 1 32 6,298 1 34 7,575 1 34 8,152 78 3,680 4 0 1 ,579 6 0 1,769 4 6 1 ,760 87 1,273 74 Thirteen Colonies . 88 4,025 77 3,846 64 2,656 50 1,425 60 1,935 37 775 29 1,122 10 861 16 667 20 294 75 O ther American Colonies. _ - _ 2 8 5 1 1 0 6 295 1772 1771 1770 1769 1768 1735 1734 1732 1 781 Series N o. Destination o r origin Num- Ton Num Ton Num Ton Num Ton Num Ton Num Ton Num Ton Num Ton Num Ton h er n age b er n age b er n age b er n age b er n age b er n age b er n age b er n age b er n age CHARLESTON ( S.C.) 56 486 31.548 487 31,031 461 29,976 433 31,147 42S 31,551 247 14,530 219 12.841 183 10,322 198 12,366 57 Great B ritain... 115 15,610 ny 15,792 81 11,727 10! 14.681 121 16,878 88 7,919 81 7,330 73 6,234 94 8,424 5 8 59 16 1,774 26 2,882 63 6,291 66 5,778 *t 6,615 30 2,685 22 1,830 20 1,666 15 1.185 60 Africa 2 2 90 1 3 0 61 Bahama I slands 25 452 25 497 21 690 16 333 22 345 41 582 28 385 22 249 23 404 62 Bermuda Islands 11 323 12 398 1 1 3 43 8 2 05 i 2 93 1 4 0 2 4 0 1 20 63 Caribbean 1 29 5,749 1 63 6,131 163 7,874 1 13 5,807 118 6,808 22 670 28 1,869 3 3 1,134 3 4 1 ,280 64 Thirteen C oloniei l 166 6,724 124 4,875 98 8,012 106 3,698 83 2,862 6 6 2 ,644 6 9 1,897 33 1.000 31 1.059 65 Other American 21 626 17 426 24 539 25 650 3 S 865 1 30 1 14 66 Inward b ound. . . 462 29,933 489 31,692 466 27,664 433 29,096 44J 34,449 232 13,220 226 13,278 174 9,504 191 12.101 •7 Great B ritain. 79 10,932 79 11,878 61 9,153 115 14,551 13S 18,125 57 4,896 63 5.122 43 3,660 55 5,375 6 8 Ireland 1 1 1 ,110 8 3 10 C 4 40 1 1 1 ,010 4 8 20 7 7 00 8 2 04 1 7 4 69 Europe 24 2,666 2 1 2,861 2 0 2,266 13 1,310 If 2,023 38 8,130 1 7 1,600 1 2 980 1 0 870 70 Africa 25 2,171 11 993 2 1 2 ,216 9 8 85 7 6 45 6 495 9 765 71 Bahama I slands 22 686 29 617 22 466 20 245 21 356 2 7 453 3 0 445 2 1 293 1 8 264 72 Bermuda I slands 14 386 20 606 1 6 8 95 10 396 ( 2 7,3 1 70 4 115 7 230 9 198 73 Caribbean . 120 6,121 163 8,208 184 9,563 114 6,123 129 8,238 42 2,039 3,666 6 0 4 6 2,225 5 5 8,501 74 Thirteen C olonies 138 5,638 132 5,788 116 4,223 104 3,071 at 3.410 67 2,743 64 2,826 42 1,843 42 2,030 75 Other A merican Colonies 19 626 81 931 33 1,058 36 1,186 38 1,015 16 2 54 4 5 6 2 74 8 74 1 E nding date of year unknown.

760 EXPORTSND A IMPORTS Z 76-107 Series Z 7 6. Value and Quantity of Articles Exported From British Continental Colonies, by Destination: 1770 [Valuen I pounds sterling, quantities in units as indicated. For year ending January 4 of following year. Includes Newfoundland. Bahamas, and Bermuda] South Quantity s hipped* Total' Great Ire ern West Africa Value, Value, Britain land E urope Indies Article t otal Great Southern We»t Article t otal Total ' B ritain Ireland E urope I ndies Africa Value Butter l b ,492 167,313 300 Total... 3,437,7151 ( ') 1,752,515 1 18.777 691,912 848,934 21,678 Cheese d o 9 33 5 5,997 New E ngland Foreign m er rum g a!._ 21 BM 600 7.931 45.310 2.574 292. 9 B6 chandise 6 93 • 4 0,932 117 (mostly Rice b bl.. 3 40 7 4,073 3 6,296 from West Rough r ice .bu 615 8,200 Indies) 81,555 65.860 4,698 6,992 4,765 297 loaf Articles lb :m 10,6481 600 8,548 1,500 s hipped as Raw s ilk — do 542 5 41 541 American Soap d o Id 86,585 6 50 85,035 i'.bbb produce 3.356,160 (') 1, 6 86, 654'll4. 079:685, 920 844,179! 21,382 Shoes . pairs. . 394 3 .149 3 ,14" Quantity s hipped ' Ship s tuff-.bbl. 7,964 7i327 640 Onions . . value. 495 117 6,370 Potash t ons. 35,192 1,178 1,173 Pitch b bl. 2 (10 (') 9 ,144 8,265 8 22 57 Pearlash d o. 2 9,469 737 7 37 Tar, Spermaceti common.do. . 427 81,422 78,1161 8,173 1 34 candles — l b. 23,688 379,012 4,865 14,167 351,625 7,905 T ar, green -do . 2 61 6 53 6 53 Tallow Turpentine -do. BOO 17.014 15,125 " 1 ,801 candles. . .do. 1,238 59,420 1 ,630 5 7 , 550 2 40 Coal Rosin. d o. 279 196 28 chaldrons. 25 20 20 Oilf o turpentine-] do 103 41 11 30 Castorium. - l b 1,680 7,465 7.465' Masts, y ards. Fish, dried etc t ons 16 630 3,045 3,043 2 quintals. 375.394 660,003 22,086 450 431,386 206,081 Walnut Fish, wood . .value. . US 1 06 9 pickled. _ bbl. 22,551 30,068 123 25 307 29 . 6 82 81 Pine, oak, cedar m Flaxseed b u. 3 5,169 3 12,612 6 ,780 3 05,083 7 49 1 boards f t. . 61X 42,756,306 16,013,519 329.741 486,078 35.922.168 Indian c om .do. 43,376 578,349 150 175,221 402^958 2 0 Pine Oats d o 1,243 24,859 3,421 21.438 timber - tons.. 405 11,011 10,582 60 64 315 Wheat d o 1 31,467 • 751,240 11,739 1 49,985 588,561 9 55 Oak Peas a nd timber — d o. . Ml 3 , 8 74 3 ,710 1 0 10 1 44 beans d o. 10,077 50,383 1,046 49,337 Houses Ginseng l b 1 ,243 7 4,604 74,604; framed Hemp c wt 130 86 8 6 number . . 3,260 1S3 163 S taves and Iron, p ig ..tons 30,089 6,017 5,747 267 heading, - do. . 20.546,326 4.921,020 2 ,828,762 1,680,403 116.141 Iron, b ar do 3 6,961 • 2,470 2 ,102 8 5 '273 Hoops do. . 3 ,852,383 18,912 7 ,072 8 17.899 8,500 Iron, c ast ..do 33 2 2| Iron, wrought Shook h ogs tons 167 8 heads do 7. H35 62,678 62.099 3 0 Indigo l b 1 31,552 584,672 584,593 Cattle d o. . 1 4, 3 2H 3 ,184] 3 ,184 Horses d o. 60. 228 6.692 6,692 Whale o il .tons 85,013 5,667 5,202 175: 268 Sheep a nd Whale fins, .lb 1 9,121 1 12.971 1 12,971 hogs d o. 4, 479 12,797 12.717 Linseed oil Poultry — d oz. 1 , 1 77 2 ,615 2 ,615 tons 488 161 Copper 168j Furs v alue 91 4*6 (') 91,486 oreo d 854 ■11 41 Deer s kins. .lb. 57 7 50 7 99,807 7 99,622 Lead o re — do Tobacco.value. 9 06 63 8 904,982 1,569 K7 Tallow and (') Bread a nd lard l b. 3 867 185,143 800 183,893 450 flouro d 504 , 5 53 45,868, 263 3,583 18,501 23,449 72 : d o. s 4 26 1 28,523 6 2.794 10,980 50,629 1 .820 2 ,400 Meal b u 443 4 ,430| 4 ,430| Potatoes d o 127 3,382 3,382 Beef a nd pork b bl 66,035 (!) 244 1 2 ,870 439 1 F ractional quantities have been dropped; therefore, total may not equal sum of * F igures disagree with source used here (Macpherson) ; corrected to agree with I mts. 1 Information needed to provide totals is not available, of components and with original source (PRO Customs 16/1). pt for a few items where value is shown. * Q uantity in tons of beef and pork. Series Z 7 7-86. Coal E xported From James River Ports in Virginia, by Destination: 1758 to 1765 [In n et tons of 2,000 pounds. For years ending January 4 of following year] Series Series N o. Destination 1765 1763 1762 1761 1760 1758 N o. Destination 1765 1763 1762 1761 1760 1758 77 Salem . - 161 112 82 Piscataway.. . 214 168 7 8 60 2 32 288 8 3 Philadelphia . 21 1 02 47 60 78 Nantucket 34 84 New C astle.. 24 80 Rhode I sland 256 136 156 85 Lower J ames 8 81 New Y ork 247 4 0 136 182 24 86 21 15 12

Series Z 8 7-107. Coal Imported, by American Ports: 1768 to 1772 [In n et tons of 2.000 pounds. For years ending January 4 of following year] Imports f rom Continental Colonies Imports f rom Great Britain Imports Imports f rom No. Port f rom Great Britain 1772 1771 1770 1768 1771 1770 1769 Conti No. Port nental 87 New H ampshire 50 130 168 Colonies, 1771 1770 1 769 8 8 Falmouth 8 12 1771 M Salem a nd Marblehead.. 183 23 101 1 62 3 0 90 Boston 204 1 74 1 53 627 989 1,894 98 Rappahannock 96 160 91 Rhode I sland 13 7 6 2 06 208 159 9 9 James R iver — lower . 3 84 432 8 15 100 James River — upper _ 66 92 New H aven 69 37 101 York R iver 181 9 3 New L ondon 87 102 Roanoke 1 9 94 New Y ork 2 26 2,248 837 1,537 95 Philadelphia 122 88 1 ,119 1 ,507 103 Brunswick 46 8 96 Patuxent 40 239 65 107 1 04 Charleston 244 774 901 1,819 97 North P otomac. 3 16 65 105 Savannah 4 6 9 7 4 106 Sun b ury 15 107 St. A ugustine . 761

488910 O - 6 0 - 50 Z 1 08-135 COLONIAL STATISTICS

Series Z 1 08-121. Value of Furs Exported to England, by British Continental Colonies: 1700 to 1775 fin p ounds sterling. For years ending December 24| Series N o. 1775 1770 1765 1760 1750 17S9 > 1730 1725 1720 1710 1700 108 Total, 53 , 7 09 47,758 49 , 2 93 19,985 22,817 25.196 22,348 23,541 19,377 16,284 109 Continental C olonies 51,058 44,394 45.925 14,637 17,491 22,536 19,804 21,903 19,128 5,165 13,712 1 10 Canada 3 4,486 2 8,433 2 4,512 1 ,930 _ 111 Carolina 128 26 491 20 '"it 6 7 " 46 " 27 5 76 112 Florida- - 108 68 113 Georgia - 63 9 53 114 Hudson's B ay 5,640 9,213 9 ,770 8,321 8,143 13,452 12,335 11,180 9,839 2,360 115 New E ngland — 1,642 2,453 2,811 946 1,015 2,481 2,010 1,862 2,119 1,595 2,435 1 16 Newfoundland 1 ,913 4 03 6 48 4 70 4 20 5 51 5 00 4 52 4 57 5 53 2 23 117 New Y ork 3.939 2,340 5,565 1,023 5,710 5,073 2,611 6,952 5,393 2,148 4,962 118 Nova S cotia 210 1 32 7 8 24 1 56 119 Pennsylvania - - - - - 2,866 1,148 1,927 1,879 1,909 329 1,642 923 849 723 120 Virginia a nd Maryland - 63 7 0 21 2 82 6 41 4 93 4 88 4 67 754 2 ,433 121 All other colonies - 2,651 3,368 5.348 5,326 2,660 2,544 1,6 249 2 .675 2.572 the E nglish customs records for 1740 are not complete, the records for 1739 were used. Series Z 1 22-125. Indigo and Silk Exported From South Carolina and Georgia: 1747 to 1775 [For y ears ending January 4 of following year, except as noted] Indigo ( 1,000 pounds) Indigo ( 1,000 pounds) Indigo, South Silk 1 Silk' C arolina Total South Georgia ( pounds) Year Total South Georgia ( pounds) Year (1,000 C arolina C arolina p ounds) 122 123 124 122 123 124 125 123 1775. ' 1.122.2 ») 1764. 543.2 529.1 14 2 898 1754... 129.6 1774 «.. 7 47.2 8 1 763. 4 47.7 438.9 8.7 953 1 753... 2 8.5 1773 >. 720.6 w :•) 1762. 264.4 255.3 9.1 380 1752 " . 3.8 1772., ' 7 59 . 8 • 746 . 7 13.1 485 1761. 385.6 384.1 1.6 332 1751 " . 19.9 1771. _ 454.1 434.2 1 9.9 4 38 1760. 519.3 507.6 11.7 558 1750' ■ . 63.1 1770. 573.1 550.8 22.3 290 1 759. 6 96.2 695.7 0.6 734 1749 " . 1 38.3 1 769. 416.6 4 02.7 1 3.9 3 32 1758. 572.6 563.0 9.6 358 1748 ". 62.2 1768. " 517.7 ' 498.0 » 19.7 541 1757. 894.5 876.4 18.2 358 1747 >'_ 1 38 3 1767. (') (') 12.9 671 1756. 232.1 222.8 9.3 268 1766. " 5 06.2 491.8 14.4 1,084 1755. 308.0 303.5 4.5 438 1765. 351.9 335.8 16.0 711 1 S avannah, Ga.f only. 1 For 6 H months ending Feb. 24. 10 F igures given are for Charleston's exports, the only South Carolina port for whic*1 ' Not available. * For 11 months ending Oct. 6. data are available; other South Carolina porta averaged 7.8 percent of the colony's tot a fi For year ending Nov. 11. s Plus 302 casks and 5 boxes. for 1768-1773. ' Plus 196 casks. 8 Plus 357 casks. it F or 9 1-2 months ending Jan. 5 of following year. » F rom Oct. 31, 1767, to Sept. 8, 1768, Charleston exported 530,092 pounds of indigo. a F or year ending Mar. 24 of following year. Series Z 1 26-130. Silk E xported and Imported by North and South Carolina: 1731 to 1755 [In p ounds. For years ending December 24] Imports o f British silk manufactures Imports o f British silk manufactures Imports of B ritish Exports Exports s ilk mat o f raw o f raw Year silk Silk, Silk w ith Silk w ith Silk w ith Year silk Silk, Silk w ith Silk w ith Silk w ith Year Silk, S ilk i w rought inkle grosgrain w rought worsted inkle grosgrain wrought worsted 126 127 128 129 130 126 127 128 127 128 1755 6.5 3,416 2,634 337 1746.. 929 590 330 3 1738. 1,111 1.177 1754...... 2 ,682 2 ,300 3 74 150 1 745.. 5 44 6 15 1 84 4 0 1 737. 6 91 7 90 1 753 .. 3,027 2,236 190 1744.. 1,035 1,296 181 1736. 1,223 516 1752.. 3,365 2,860 218 1748.. 1,427 1,262 122 1751 .. 2,404 1,933 291 1742.. 18.5 1,576 1,350 144 1736. 1,487 1741.. 2,798 2,452 440 1 734. 9 43 937 1750. 118 1,619 1,258 223 50 1733. 1,015 1 ,341 1 749. 4 6 1 ,772 1 ,066 7 4 1740. 1,454 1,492 1732. 7 74 892 1748. 52 1,772 1,658 155 34 1 739. 1 ,273 8 77 1731. 970 637 1747. 1,313 2,050 386

Series Z 1 31-135. Pig Iron Exported to England, by Colony: 1723 to 1776 [In t ons of 2,240 pounds. For years ending December 24] Virginia Virginia Virginia and New Pennsyl and New Pennsyl and Pennsyl Total M ary Y ork v ania Other ' Total M ary Y ork v ania Other 1 Total M ary- v ania Other I Year land Year land Year Land 132 133 132 133 134 132 1776. '316 208 43 60 1758 '3,717 3,448 411 195 25 1740. 275 2,020 159 96 1 775. 2 ,996 1 ,467 1,015 385 1 30 1 757 ' 2,699 2 ,462 1 57 8 0 1 789. 4 18 2 ,242 1 70 6 1774. '3,452 1,458 1 ,533 3 23 181 1756 '3,011 2,468 201 234 '108 1738. 359 2,113 228 1 8 1773. 2,938 1,581 984 209 isa 1755 3,441 2,133 457 836 1 5 1737. 316 2,120 169 27 1772. '3,725 1,879 766 706 364 1754 3,245 2,591 116 513 25 1736. 729 2,458 271 1771. '5,303 2,624 778 1,553 3 79 1753 2,738 2,347 97 243 6 1 1752 2,979 2,762 41 156 20 1735. 561 2,362 196 1770. 4,233 1,572 1,031 1,381 248 1751 3,210 2,950 33 200 27 1 734. 1 M 2 ,042 1 47 1 769. 3 ,402 1 ,616 8 64 6 34 2 88 1733. 405 2,310 95 1768- 2,953 1,718' 620 666 50 1750 2,924 2,509 76 318 21 1732. 333 2,226 107 1767. 3,313 2,070 357 786 101 1 749 1 ,759 1 ,575 1 7 1 67 1731. 260 2,081 169 1766. '2,887 1,741 648 299 1748 2,156 2,018 22 115 1747 2,157 2,119 13 26 1730. 717 1,527 189 1765. >3,264 2,071 564 301 1746 1,861 1,729 29 103 1 729. 1 32 8 53 2 74 1 764. 2 ,554 1 ,837 3 71 3 07 40 1728. 886 643 243 1763. 2,666 2,325 108 132 1745 2,274 2,131 19 9T 27 1727. 484 407 77 1762. '1,767 1,733 19 7 23 1 744 1 ,862 1 ,748 6 K M 2 0 1726. 296 263 3 3 1761. 2 ,766 2,512 76 149 2 9 1743 3,005 2,816 8 1 S3 45 1725. 137 137 1760. •3,265 3,123 51 6 1 30 1742 2,075 1,926 144 5 1724. 202 1769. " 1,596 1,429 103 128 12 1741 3,457 3,261 153 43 1723. 1 I ncludes iron e xported from New England, Carolina, Barbados, Canada, ' R eason for discrepancy in total and sum of components is unknown. Newfi and Jamaica. ' 13 American Colonies only. 762 EXPORTSND A IMPORTS Z 136-164 Series Z 1 36-142. Pig Iron Exported From American Colonies, by Destination and Colony: 1768 to 1772 [In h undredweights. For years ending January 4 of following year] Massa Rhode New Pennsyl Mary Massa Rhode New Pennsyl Mary Total c husetts I sland Y ork v ania l and Virginia Year a nd Total c husetts I sland Y ork v ania l and destination 136 139 141 142 136 137 138 139 140 141 1770 T otal . 133,079 I , 020 6,957 26,490 31,947 35.150 1,521 6,325 26 , 7 55 9.408 33 , 4 05 20,684 Great B ritain . 114,944 1,020 8,697 21,515 31,387 25.810 74,320 1,301 1,076 15,585 8,840 27,215 20,304 Ireland 5,350 1 ,250 5 60 3 ,540 6 10 1 60 1 50 3 00 Continental Colonies 12,725 3 ,260 3,725 5,740 22,688 2 20 5 ,250 1 1,170 8 6,040 West I ndies... 6 0 6 0 4 80 400 K0 1769 T otal 112,186 2.365 5,980 23,795 21,896 24,830 Great B ritain.. 93,866 1.360 2,310 14,960 21,676 20,240 128,306 810 7,820 15,770 30,886 45,245 27,455 Ireland 9 30 3 70 4 0 2 20 3 00 Continental 101,316 810 2,760 10,300 29,986 30,005 C olonies 17,390 635 3 ,670 8,795 4,290 1 ,280 7 00 5 80 1768 '25,680 5 ,060 4,740 9 00 14,660 3 0 3 0 Total .. '1 7 , 194 1,077 2,220 31,119 12,102 6.422 Great B ritain. •62,356 1.077 1,820 29,819 10,006 1,780 Continental Colonies 8 ,838 4 00 1 ,300 2 ,096 4 ,642 ' I ncludes 320 hundredweights exported by Connecticut. 1 I ncludes 760 hundredweights exported by New Jersey.

Series Z 1 43-152. Pig Iron Imported by American Colonies From Other Continental Colonies: 1768 to 1772 [In h undredweights. For years ending January 4 of following year] Total Massa Rhode Connec New Pennsyl Mary Virginia North South Year c husetts I sland t icut Y ork v ania l and C arolina C arolina 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 160 151 152 1772 25.768 5,680 9,620 620 4,770 160 4,918 1771 2 7,625 3 ,640 8 ,875 1 ,420 1 ,980 5 ,590 1,060 1 0,040 20 1770 - 14,127 2,710 3,405 1,640 740 2,872 2,700 60 1769 15,535 4,555 8,020 1,340 8,280 20 3,320 1768 12,447 1,654 360 1.920 4. 528 430 3,660

Series Z 1 53-158. Bar Iron Imported From England, by American Colonies: 1710 to 1750 [In t ons of 2,240 pounds. For years ending December 24] Virginia Virginia New New Pennsyl and New New Pennsyl Total E ngland Y ork v ania M ary Carolina Total E ngland Y ork v ania M"arl- | Car°lina Year land Year land 163 154 155 156 157 158 154 155 156 157 1750.. 5 1 S 1 1718 190 154 3 4 27 .1735 . 218 101 108 3 6 1717 . 207 1 41 4 3 9 1 0 1734 3 63 2 63 9 0 2 8 1716 5 39 373 147 1 0 9 1733 465 371 55 2 1 2 25 1732 488 413 68 3 5 9 1716 511 373 111 8 17 1731 365 243 102 6 4 11 1714 4 19 2 79 98 2 5 8 1713. 302 211 4 9 7 8 1730 . 250 150 92 2 6 1712 3 26 282 32 2 5 1729 4 05 3 38 6 8 4 1 4 1710 226 201 10 13 2

Series Z 1 59-164. Bar Iron Exported to England, by Colony: 1718 to 1776 [In t ons of 2,240 pounds. For years ending December 24] Virginia Virginia Virginia New New Pennsyl and New New Pennsyl and and Total E ngland Y ork v ania M ary Other > Total E ngland Y ork v ania M ary Other 1 Total M ary land Year land Year land 159 163 164 161 162 163 164 159 28 28 1761. 39 3 36 1744. 57 9 16 361 4 62 1 760. 1 27 2 9 9 8 1 741. 5 '639 2 84 114 244 1759. 273 199 74 1740. 5 '838 498 137 289 1768. 355 10 341 1736. 5 '966 561 3 82 1757. 73 19 19 S i 1735. 5 5 2,222 1,493 18 709 1756. 1 81 2 31 i48 1738. 1 1,716 9 984 98 598 1755. 890 12 79 299 1 780. 9 1 ,780 4 6 8 61 208 6 59 1 754. 2 71 7 1 10 1 54 1727. 8 1,990 7 909 3 57 712 1753. 248 148 98 1726. 1 1,326 I S 401 342 569 1752. 82 65 17 1724. 7 1,258 9 400 88 744 15 1751. I 8 1721. 15 1,079 194 85 689 160 1750. 6 6 1 720. 4 » 1,069 241 2 72 2 47 1 1 748. 4 4 1719. 1 •310 8 9 21 234 3 1747. 8 3 8 3 1718. 3 '110 3 107 3 1746. 196 193 1745. 4 4 1 I ncludes bar iron exported from Antigua, Canada, J amaica, Barbados, and others 4 F rom Pennsylvania. as noted. 6 From New York. ' R eason for discrepancy between total and sum of components is unknown. • From New England. ' From Carolina. 763 Z 1 65-202 COLONIAL STATISTICS Series Z 1 65-178. Bar Iron Imported by American Colonies From Other Continental Colonies: 1768 to 1772 [In h undredweights. For years ending January 4 of following year] New Total H arnp-. Massa Rhode Connec New New Pennsyl Mary Virginia North South Georgia noHd. Year shire c husetts I sland t icut Y ork J ersey v ania l and C arolina C arolina 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 1772 33.156 4.169 14.367 2,304 1,588 220 6 940 16 4,540 1.749 2.778 352 127 1771 2 8,064 3 ,079 1 0,869 2 ,240 2 .351 8 80 4 94 4 7 2 ,420 2 ,604 2 ,590 4 19 9 1 1770 28,338 3,717 > 13,052 1,240 2,295 120 166 2,105 1.186 3,961 324 172 1769 21,860 2,390 8,648 1,175 1,734 710 5 30 97 1,546 1,352 3,127 525 2 8 1768 16.905 1,500 7,977 2,322 271 236 145 684 4 5 71 1.401 1,775 317 161 > P lus 154 bars. Series Z 1 79-188. Bar Iron Exported by American Colonies, by Destination and Colony: 1768 to 1772 [In h undredweight*. For years ending January 4 of following year] Total Massa Rhode Connec New New Pennsyl Mary Virginia Other ' Year a nd destination c husetts I sland t icut Y ork J ersey v ania l and 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 1772 Total 60,916 1,110 354 538 17,245 140 22,008 17.272 2.091 158 19,708 9,930 900 7,797 1,081 Continental C olonies - .. 3 5,848 1,110 314 504 4 ,805 100 1 9,253 8 ,875 7 29 158 West I ndies 4,620 4 0 3 4 2.370 4 0 '1,595 260 281 Other. 740 140 260 340 1771 Total _ .. 76,513 985 500 85 28.892 94 21.942 20,080 3,713 222 Great B ritain 42,300 2 20 23,650 200 15.531 2,897 Continental C olonies - ... 2 9,310 983 3 20 65 3 .607 14 1 9.413 4 ,207 4 89 212 West I ndies 3,980 120 20 935 80 2.196 302 327 Other 923 40 700 133 40 10 1770 Total. 78,168 1.029 686 180 33,569 108 22,967 14,823 4,453 3 53 Great B ritain 42,047 100 40 25,985 1,577 10,530 3,815 Continental C olonies - 2 8,949 9 29 ■ 606 4 ,674 108 1 8.776 3 ,200 4 84 172 West I ndies 5,457 40 180 1,635 '2,594 673 154 1 81 Other 1,775 1,335 20 420 1769 75,869 1,009 641 556 24,358 230 21,805 17,965 9,184 (21 Great B ritain 43,105 124 98 17,090 4.415 12,925 8,453 Continental C olonies 2 6,378 885 5 43 446 5 ,223 230 1 4,628 3 ,789 5 14 120 West I ndies 4,826 1 10 1,385 2,652 461 217 1 1,560 660 110 790 1768 Total. 77,857 1,127 3,199 223 4,422 140 20,969 35,114 12,307 356 Great B ritain 50,271 739 38 •6,189 '31,265 •11,704 336 2 4,403 (') 1 .107 2 ,400 1 71 8,874 140 1 2.621 3 ,714 356 2 0 West I ndies 3,123 20 14 5 48 • 2,159 135 2 47 Other _ 60 60 ('») 1 I ncludes N.H., N.C., S.C.. Ga., and Fla. ■ Plus 10,627 bars exported to Great Britain and 166 bars to Ireland. * I ncludes 40 cwt. exported through New Castle, Del. 7 Plus 730 bars. 8 P lus 150 bars. ' Plus 11,664 bars. * I ncludes 134 cwt. exported through New Castle, Del. * Includes 45 cwt. exported through New Castle, Del. In addition to the 2,159 cwt., 1 Plus 42 bars. there were 2,125 bars exported. 10 S ource states that 735 bars were exported to Southern Europe.

Series Z 1 89-202. Cast Iron Imported and Exported by American Colonies, by Origin and Destination: 1768 to 1772 [In h undredweights. For years ending January 4 of following year) Imports Exports Series N o. Originr o destination From o ther Continental Colonies From G reat Britain To o ther Continental Colonies To W est Indies 1772 1771 1770 1769 1768 1771 1770 1769 1772 1771 1770 1769 1768 1771 1770 1769 189 Total 4,936 4,884 4,039 3,824 4,733 968 969 2,621 5,231 5,503 fi.309 3,926 2,025 97 42 1(5 1 90 217 402 172 40 5 11 18 29 18 191 1 28 1 38 > 1 21 4 4 43 8 0)0 2,070 1 ,714 '2,029 1 ,972 8 60 25 10 1 92 Rhode I sland 72 97 194 7 2 ,538 2,795 ■ 1,206 1,422 711 21 6 5 193 Connecticut 964 2,364 ■1,150 1,581 256 77 315 ■87 129 41 7 1 94 New Y ork. . 1,773 422 i 1 60 3 18 7 85 (') 180 206 '61 142 20 20 6 195 New J ersey 10 24 116 2 196 Pennsylvania • 58 45 '1,357 155 359 106 '231 311 290 356 187 188 3 70 197 2 80 266 236 285 1 ,496 ' 30 ' 1,426 4 3 9 2 ,513 9 5 5 1 5 3 198 Virginia 138 290 347 391 65 733 626 528 8 82 99 199 North C arolina 1,131 532 297 633 1,066 ' 178 78 6 8 12 2 20 200 South C arolina 142 313 192 67 363 60 359 an 87 89 35 201 Georgia 3 5 3 270 '49 69 ■ 7 1 4 202 Florida 30 90 23 (') ')1 ( ■n I addition, the following number of pots were imported: From other Continental ' In addition, the following number of pots were exported: Maas.-510, R.I.-116, Colonies, 1770, N. H.-4, Mass. -20, Conn.-103, N. Y.-52, Pa.-130; from Great Britain, Con.-20, N.Y.-104, and 35 potash kettles from Mass. 1771, M d.-2,432, N. C.-169, Ga.-150, FU.-4; 1770, N. H.-187, Maas.-12 pots and 250 1 Includes figures for New Castle, Del., as follows: Imports from other Continental pounds, Md.-107; 1769, N. Y.-100, Pa.-231. Md.-34, Ga.-71, Fla.-2. Colonies. 1770, 1 cwt.; 1771, 40 cwt. Exports to other Continental Colonies, 1771, 3 cwt. 764 EXPORTSND A IMPORTS Z 203-229 Series Z 2 03-210. Wrought Iron Imported From England by American Colonies: 1710 to 1773 [In h undredweights. For years ending December 24 except 1769-1771, January 4 of following year] Virginia Virginia New New Pennsyl a nd New New Pennsyl and Total E ngland Y ork v ania Mary Carolina Georgia Florida Year Total E ngland Y ork v ania M ary Carolina Year land o r period land 203 205 207 208 209 203 205 206 207 1773... 56,988 2,634 5,972 19,652 12,554 12,155 1.855 2.166 1731.. 26,753 9,727 2,628 2,946 9.682 1,770 1 771... 5 9,186 4 ,209 1 1,497 3 8,546 ' 3,212 1 ,068 ' 654 1 730.. 2 0,604 7 ,380 2 ,775 2 ,629 6 ,390 1 ,480 1770... 19,756 2,250 3,860 176 7,664 4,393 1,402 11 1729.. 16,357 7,394 1,904 851 4,866 1,342 1769... 33,685 ■2.907 620 ' 1 , 5 65 2 1,734 '5,773 •878 '208 1718.. 13,097 3,110 1,396 887 6,735 969 1764... 29,720 6,290 4,883 5,303 4,866 7,993 385 1717.. 15,705 3,819 1,145 1,147 8,728 866 1758... 35,549 3,455 6,280 8,687 1 0,128 6.849 160 1716.. 15,571 5,398 1.094 963 7,446 670 1750 29,508 7,884 4,384 4,765 8,684 3,733 58 1715.. 17,802 5,796 1,380 988 8,947 691 1735 2 3,845 6 ,544 2 ,137 2 ,102 9 ,709 3 .353 1 714.. 1 4,343 4 ,633 1 ,137 9 24 6 ,598 1 ,061 1734 23,155 6,192 2,291 3,150 8,641 2,881 1713.. 11,176 4,883 986 1,040 2,860 1.407 1733 22,643 7,105 1,610 2.420 8,815 2,693 1712.. 13,729 5,345 639 540 6,654 1,561 1732 22,800 2,380 2,208 7,446 2,168 1710- 1711 10,309 4,597 567 3,014 1.143 1 P lus 5 casks and 4 cases. '-' P lus 15 caskB and 1 case. ' Plus 41 casks and 13 packs. 1 P lus 1 cask. 1 Plus 49 packs. 1 Plus 11 packs. 7 P lus 7 packs. Series Z 2 11-222. Selected Iron Products Imported and Exported by American Colonies: 1768 to 1772 Imports Exports Wrought i ron Axes Wrought Steel i Year i ron Anchors Scythes Nails' Axes Other West Anchors Scythes Other West c olonies I ndies c olonies I ndies 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 Cwt. Number Dozens Cwt. Cwt. Number Cwt. Cwt. Number Dozens Number Number 1772 3 51 6 8 4 94 (5) m 5 ,603 3 01 47 ' 80 4 54 6 ,800 2 ,673 1771 513 '109 '340 6,668 1,599 7.144 391 1 63 70 •640 7,574 2,385 1770 '256 '126 297 ■ 22,283 ' 1,578 6,063 ■•103 167 11 156 377 7,483 1,961 1769. "1.289 ■12 '102 »3,161 •2,126 6,665 " 1,101 (") 4 00 5,606 4,059 1768.. (') («) (') tt (•) 5,568 » 162 279 ( ") (*) 2,688 (') 1 I mported from Great Britain. * No listing. • P lus 4,030 bars, 12.5 faggots, and 36 long steel in 1770, and 1 bundle and 41 faggots 1 P lus 36 to West Indies. * Plus, from Great Britain, 15 in 1771. in 1769. * P lus,' from Great Britain, 129 bundles in 1771 and 46 bundles and 1 dozen in 1769. 10 I ncludes 110 cwt of anchors which have also been included in the number of *0 3 dozen to West Indies. anchors. 7 W rought iron entry coastwise in source includes 43 cwt. of anchors which may not 11 W rought iron entry coastwise included 363 cwt. of anchors which may not have have been included in number of anchors. Also, 27 anchors were imported from Great been included in the number of anchors. Britain. 15 A nchors only. 8 P lus 1,993 casks in 1770 and 84 casks in 1769 from Great Britain and 102 barrels u5 1 anchors to Africa. All the wrought iron entries this year consisted of anchors. in 1770 from other colonies. " In addition to coastwise exports listed under wrought iron, 1 anchor went to the West Indies. Series Z 2 23-229. Tobacco Imported by England, by Origin: 1697 to 1775 [In t housands of pounds. For years ending December 24, except as noted] Virginia Virginia and Pennsyl New and Pennsyl New New Total M ary Carolina Georgia v ania E ngland Other ' Total M ary Carolina v ania E ngland Y ork Other < Year land Year land 223 224 225 228 229 223 224 226 227 228 229 1775. 55,968 54,458 834 109 57 510 1736. . 40,069 39,818 250 1 1 774. 5 6,067 5 4,785 1 ,191 7 1 1 0 1 734.. 3 5,663 3 5.216 3 38 8 1773. 55,929 54,915 964 50 (') 1733.. 40,085 39,854 169 6 2 1772. 51,601 50,667 684 135 16 1732.. 30,891 30,847 21 14 9 1771. 68,093 56,888 1,136 86 3 4 1731.. 41,695 41,194 90 309 1770. 39,188 38,986 190 8 4 1730.. 35,080 34,860 78 131 1769. 33,797 33 , 552 203 1 4 1 1729.. 39,951 39,785 1 61 6 1768. 35,555 35,457 88 9 1728.. 42,588 42,328 155 103 1767. 39,145 39,096 44 4 1727.. 43,275 43.026 225 24 1766. 43,318 43 , 193 114 1 2 1726.. 32,311 32,159 142 9 1765. 48,320 47,600 704 13 1725.. 21,046 20,968 66 12 1764. 54,433 53.662 765 4 2 1724.. 26,634 26,612 (») 13 9 1763. 65,179 64 , 500 647 6 27 1723.. 29,297 29,259 6 23 7 1762. 44,111 41,862 2,226 10 13 1722.. 28,543 28.383 8 140 10 1761. 47,075 46,818 796 4 50 11 1721.. 37,292 36,949 4 7 254 41 1 1760. 52,347 51,283 989 10 59 1720.. 34,526 34.138 8 365 4 10 1759. 34,782 34,662 120 4 6 1719.. 33 , 684 33,503 1 177 2 i 1788. 43,969 43,623 273 73 1718.. 31,840 31.740 4 94 1 (') 1757. 42,232 41,642 369 321 1717.. 29,600 29,450 102 47 l 1756. 33,291 82,943 289 1 (') 68 1716.. 28.316 28,305 8 p) 8 1755. 49,084 48,610 241 14 2 217 1715.. 17,810 17,783 18 m 9 1764. 58,867 57,977 8 36 46 8 1714.. 29,264 29,248 1 6 1763. 62,686 61,913 451 35 285 2 1713.. 21,598 21,573 n 12 2 1 1 1762. 57,250 56,591 83 68 605 a 1712.. 30,623 30,502 4 4 6 1751. 45,979 46,745 1 82 67 4 (') 1711.. 28,122 28,100 1 6 15 1750. 51,339 50,785 12 34 447 61 1710.. 23,498 23,361 117 2 26 1749. 44,648 44,190 3 21 122 1 5 1709.. 34,547 34,467 65 2 12 1748. 50,695 49,646 393 66 319 271 1708.. 28,975 28,716 1 84 1 10 1747. 51,289 60,765 2M7 107 124 6 1707.. 28,088 27,684 83 192 4 6 77 1746. 39,990 39,567 81 228 114 1706.. 19,780 19,379 94 1 7 5 280 1745. 41,073 40,897 166 10 1705.. 15.661 16,573 47 9 32 1744. 41,434 41,119 35 159 3 118 1704.. 34,864 34,665 86 9 95 1743. 56,767 55,666 5 15 18 568 1703.. 20,076 19,451 313 113 193 1742. 43,467 42,838 558 30 (!) 41 1702.. 87,209 36,749 304 67 86 1741. 59,449 59,007 70 221 7 144 1701 .. 32,189 31,754 270 44 1 120 1740. 36,002 35,372 49 427 48 106 1700.. 37,840 37,166 398 23 12 233 1739. 46,724 45,866 552 305 1 1699.. 31,263 30,641 65 16 32 496 1738. 40,120 39,868 226 26 1698 '. 8,478 8.359 67 9 43 1737. 50,208 49,946 154 22 1698 «. 23,052 22,738 22 7 283 1736. 37,904 37,682 108 100 (') 14 1697 •_ 35,632 35.329 118 27 156 1 I ncludes Portugal and Madeira Islands, rest of Europe, Turkey, Africa, East 2 L ess than 600 lbs. ' For Sept. 29-Dec. 24. Indies, Antigua, Barbados, Bermuda, Jamaica, St. Kitts, and others and prize. ' For years ending Sept. 28. 765 Z 2 30-240 COLONIAL STATISTICS Series Z 2 30-237. American Tobacco Imported and Reexported by Great Britain: 1697 to 1775 [In m illions of pounds. For years ending December 24 unless otherwise noted. Leaders denote no satisfactory data available. Outports are English ports other than London] Imports Reexports Imports Reexports England England Total Scot Total England Scot Year Total Scot Total England Total London Outports l and ' l and i Total London Outports l and i 230 231 232 233 237 232 234 235 102 56 46 74 44 30 1735. 40 26 9 7 5 6 4 1 79 45 3 4 1 734. 3 6 2 4 100 56 38 18 45 9 7 5 0 46 1733. 40 27 9 7 51 3 6 1 5 4 5 94 50 44 1732. 31 20 105 58 43 15 47 87 41 46 1731. 42 29 34 78 39 27 12 39 73 33 40 1730. 35 24 33 7 0 3 4 2 4 9 3 6 5 9 2 4 3 5 1 729. 4 0 27 3 8 69 36 23 1 2 33 67 31 36 1728. 43 2 9 35 68 39 26 14 29 63 36 26 1727. 43 28 32 73 43 27 16 29 30 1726. 32 20 31 81 48 29 20 33 68 39 29 1725. 21 14 16 8 1 5 4 3 7 1 7 2 6 8 5 5 4 3 1 1 724. 2 7 1 8 28 9K 65 47 18 33 65 41 24 1723 . 29 21 2 4 71 44 22 22 27 62 36 25 1722. 29 19 25 73 47 27 20 26 66 3 7 29 1721. 37 30 85 52 28 24 32 64 40 25 1720. 35 5 0 3 5 1 8 1 6 1 5 5 0 32 1 9 1 719. 3 4 70 44 24 20 26 43 2 6 17 1718. 32 60 42 22 20 18 46 28 18 1717. 3 0 21 46 33 19 14 12 38 26 12 1716.. 28 1 9 64 49 27 22 15 45 34 10 1715.. 20 18 15 79 5 9 3 3 2 6 2 0 7 3 5 3 20 1 714. 29 8 7 63 87 25 24 74 50 2 3 1713. 2 2 78 57 33 24 21 69 49 20 1712. 31 46 26 20 39 1711. 30 28 51 26 26 33 1710. 25 4 5 2 1 2 3 4 4 1 709.. 3 6 35 51 28 23 43 1708.. 30 2 9 64 51 29 23 13 52 39 1707.. 28 15 52 40 19 21 1 2 4 9 32 1706.. 20 1 2 55 41 22 19 14 43 33 1705.. 16 5 2 4 1 2 4 1 7 1 1 51 4 2 1 704.. 35 25 10 67 57 33 24 11 5 8 47 1703.. 2 0 1 1 53 4 3 24 19 1 0 52 44 1702.. 37 25 12 68 59 41 19 9 54 46 1701.. 32 2 1 11 41 36 19 17 5 42 35 1700.. 38 25 12 53 4 7 3 1 1 6 7 4 3 3 8 1 699.. 3 1 1 8 1 3 4 5 40 25 15 5 37 33 1698'. 23 10 13 50 3 2 19 41 1697 36 26 10 3 8 25 13 32 1 F or 1721-1731 and 1762-1754, for years ending Sept. 28; 1755-1775, years ending Jan. 4 of following year. ' For years ending Sept. 28.

Series Z 2 38-240. American Tobacco Imported by England: 1616 to 1693 [In t housands of pounds. For years ending September 28 except 1637-1640, unknown; 1672-1682, December 24; 1690-1693, November. Leaders denote no satisfactory data available. O utports are English ports other than London]

Total London Outports • Total London Outports Total London Outports Year Year Year 238 239 240 238 239 210 238 239 240 1693 19,866.0 1679 12,983.0 1629.. 178.7 89.0 89.7 1692 1 3,423.5 1678 1 4,455.0 1628 6 52.9 4 20.1 1 32.8 1691... _ 14,830.5 1677 11,735.0 1627 876.9 335.3 41. « 1676 11,127.0 1626 333.1 213.3 1 19.8 1690 12,638.0 1672 17,559.0 10,539.0 7,020.0 1689. 1 4,392.6 1625 131.8 111.1 20.7 1688. 28,385.6 14,890.5 13,495.0 1669 9,037.3 1624 2 03.0 1 87.3 1 6.6 1687 2 7,567.0 14,072.0 1 3,495.0 1663 7 ,371.1 1623 134.6 119.4 15 2 1686 28,036.6 14,641.5 13,495.0 1640 1,257.0 1622 61.6 59.4 2.2 1639 1,346.0 1621 73 8 73.8 1684 13,495.0 1638 8,134.0 1683 1 8,495.0 1620... 119.0 118.0 1.0 1682. 21,399.0 12,592.0 8,807.0 1637 1,537.0 1619 4 6.8 4 5.8 1681.. . 1 4,472.0 1631 272.3 2 09.7 62.5 1618 49.7 49.5 0.2 1680... 11,943.0 1630 4 68.2 360.6 9 7.5 1617 _ 18.8 18.8 1616 2.6 2.3 0.2

766 EXPORTSND A IMPORTS Z 241-266 Series Z 2 41-253. American Tobacco Exported and Imported, by Origin and Destination: 1768 to 1772 tin t housands of pounds. For years ending January 4 of following year] New Total H amp Massa Rhode Connec New Pennsyl Mary Virginia North South Georgia Florida Year a nd destination shire c husetts I sland t icut Y ork v ania l and C arolina C arolina 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 260 251 252 253 iirz Exports 106,979.4 2.0 23.7 14.0 1.7 58.6 26.4 33,909 2 70,632.8 1,604.8 527.6 179.1 Great B ritain 1 06,574.0 3 3,902.0 7 0,449.4 1 .673.4 4 79.0 1 70.2 West I ndies 178.0 0.5 1.8 0.8 6.7 2.5 147.0 11.8 7.4 Coastwise 1 94.4 2.0 2 3.2 4 .1 1 4 3 6.6 '22 8 4.7 35.9 19.6 35.7 8.9 Southern E urope and Africa 33.0 8.1 16.3 4 .1 5 .6 Imports, coastwise »87.4 18.7 16.6 0.6 25.1 30.8 0.1 C) 0.6 1771 Exports 112,921.2 4.4 5 8.0 11 4 5.0 48.2 4.4 38,963.0 71,468 7 1,886.6 436 6 34.9 Great B ritain . 1 12,508.6 3 8,931.4 7 1,268.7 1 ,872.2 4 01.4 3 4.9 West I ndies 181.7 2.9 1.0 15.3 160.5 2.0 1 97.5 4.4 55.6 9.9 2 .1 29.1 1 .1 16.3 39.5 12.4 27i : Southern E urope and Africa. 33.4 2 .4 1 .5 1 9.1 2.3 8.1 Imports, coastwise 141.5 12.2 39.3 7.2 1.0 66.7 14.8 0.1 0.2 1770 Exports.. 89,744.3 3 .7 20.9 0.4 1 3.5 34.6 6.5 27,272.0 61,048 5 1,097.3 233.2 18.4 0.3 Great B ritain. 8 9,321.4 2 7,266.8 6 0,811 1 1 ,084.7 1 45.5 1 3.3 West I ndies 165.4 10.8 3.4 8.1 145.6 2.4 0.1 Coastwise 248.2 8.7 20.9 0.4 2.7 2 1.9 6.5 2.1 91.8 10.2 87.7 0.8 Southern E urope and Africa. 9.3 9.3 Imports, coastwise 158.7 5.9 39.0 5.4 7 2.6 32.4 0.6 2.9 1769 Exports. _ 84,207.3 4 6.7 1 1.2 29.3 12.6 1 .2 25.790.8 57,445.2 554.7 310.4 5.2 Great B ritain 8 3,945.2 2 5,781.8 6 7,337.8 6 49.6 2 75.4 0 .6 West I ndies 102.3 0.3 2.3 13.9 1.3 1.2 78.2 3.4 0.1 1.6 Coastwise 155.2 4 5.5 6 .6 1 6.4 1 0.6 1.2 7.8 29.2 1.0 34.9 8.0 Southern E urope and Africa - 4.6 0.9 2.3 0.7 0.7 Imports, coastwise 95.2 10.6 3 8.1 1.2 3 4.4 '4.7 1.0 0.2 5.0 1768 Exports 69,683 1 11.8 3.1 2 3.2 6.0 24,382.3 44,876.9 380.8 Great B ritain 6 9,519.1 2 4,382.3 4 4,769.7 8 67.1 West I ndies 139 2 1.4 23.2 1.0 107.2 6 4 Coastwise 20.5 11.8 1 .4 7.3 Southern F nrnnp anH Africa i a n 3 4 0 Imports, c oastwise I 22.1 :i 7 __l . .1 10 0 5.5 0.8 0.7 1.4 1 C oastwise exports for 1772 include 14,589 lbs. exported by Delaware; coastwise 1 Plus 5 pigtails, imports for 1769 include 224 lbs. imported by the Jerseys. * 5 pigtails.

Series Z 2 54-261. Tea Imported From England by American Colonies: 1761 to 1775 [In p ounds. For years ending December 24] Virginia Virginia New New Pennsyl and New New Pennsyl and Total E ngland Y ork v ania M ary Carolina Georgia Florida Total E ngland Y ork v ania M ary Carolina Georgia Florida Year land Year land 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 1775... 22,198 8,006 8,825 5,368 1 774... 7 3,274 3 0,161 1,304 3 1,273 4,332 8,661 2 ,643 1767... 480,876 162,435' 177,111 87,741 36,088 24,261 2,325 416 1773... 739,221 206,312 2 08,385 208,191 26.491 8 3,959 6 ,070 813 1 766... 3 61,001 1 18,982 1 24,464 6 0,796 2 9,177 2 0,112 6 ,798 672 1772... 264,882 161,184 630 1 28 78,117 22,916 10,265 1,742 1765. _. 518.424 175,889 226,232 54,538 23,280 36,067 2,918 1771... 362,257 282,857 1,035 495 32,961 36,385 5,420 3,104 1764... 489,252 143,234 265,385 41,949 18,249 18,374 1,989 72 1770... 110,386 85,985 269 18,270 1,176 2,980 1,767 1768... 188,786 37,625 83,870 18,281 23,481 22,860 2,768 1769... 229,439 86,004 4,282 81,729 37,355 1 2,982 4.426 2.661 1762... 161,588 51,618 70,460 7,884 12,773 17,850 1,003 1768... 873,744 291,899 320,214 1 74,883 41,944 34.639 5,212 4.953 1761... 56,110 6,992 3.837 144 22,244 22,893

Series Z 2 62-266. Rice Exported From Producing Areas: 1698 to 1774 (In excepts a indicated. Data are for various terminal dates, primarily December 24, January 4 (of the succeeding year), and 31; a Total Beaufort Total Beaufort Charleston, a nd Georgia a nd Pounds Barrels 1 S .C. Year Barrels ' Georgetown, 262 263 266 262 2 63 264 2 65 266 1774.. 76,265,700 145,268 118,482 6,594 20 , 1 92 1756. 45,344,250 86,370 79,203 4,170 2,997 1778 8 1.476,325 1 56,193 1 26,940 6 ,681 21,672 1772 69,218,625 131,845 104.821 4,076 22,948 1755. 59,067,775 112,491 104,682 5,610 2,299 1771 81,755,100 156,724 125,151 5,209 25,364 1 754. 4 9,179,620 9 4,676 8 8,570 4 ,662 1 ,344 1753. 19,747,675 38,346 35,523 1,870 952 1770 83,708,625 159,446 131,805 6,568 22,072 1752. 42,245,850 82,835 78,208 4,116 611 1769 7 8,078,950 1 89,198 1 15.582 6 ,900 1 6,716 1751. 32,751,270 64,854 61,611 3,243 1768 77,284,200 147,208 125,538 7,045 14,625 1767 63,465,150 120,886 104,125 5,480 11,281 1750. 27,872,500 54,746 51 , 1 90 2,694 861 1766 48,396,600 92,184 74,031 3,896 14,257 1 749. 2 1,381,030 4 3,194 41,034 2 ,160 1748. 28,368,550 67,895 55,000 2,895 1765. 66,710,575 126,163 107.292 6,647 12,224 1747. 27,643,060 66,996 54,146 2,850 1 764. 5 6,907,250 1 06,490 91,960 4 ,840 9 ,690 1746. 27,335,040 56,948 64,101 2,847 1763. 61,959,450 118,018 1 04,800 6,616 7,702 1762. 47,436,825 90,353 79,652 4,192 6,609 1745. 29,818,375 62,765 69,627 3,138 1761. 58,480,276 111,391 1 01,889 6,336 4,666 1 744. 3 9,963,630 8 5,029 8 0,778 4 ,251 1748. 35,935,200 77,280 73,416 3,864 1760 8 6,827,250 67,290 60,807 3,200 3,283 1742. 22,706,060 49,361 46,196 2,431 734 1759 8 0,472,576 5 8,043 5 1,718 2 ,722 3 ,603 1741. 88,720,955 85,101 80,846 4,255 1758 8 8,627,650 73,386 67,464 3,551 2,371 1757 8 8,976,950 64,718 58,634 3,086 2,998 1740. 43,826,000 96,280 91,110 4,785 1 N umber of pounds per varied year to year; i 767 Z 2 62-280 COLONIAL STATISTICS Series Z 2 62-266. Rice E xported From Producing Areas: 1698 to 1772— Con. [In b arrels, except as indicated] Total Beaufort Charleston, a nd Total, Total, S.C. Georgetown, p ounds p ounds Year Pounds Barrels 1 S.C. Year Year 263 264 262 1739. 32,167,800 71,484 67,117 4,367 1724 8,654,447 1710. ,600,983 1 788. 1 6,327,350 3 6,283 3 4,324 1 ,959 1 723 8 ,797,304 1 709. , 6 10 , 679 1737. 20,201,400 44,892 42,827 2,065 1722 9,732,377 1708. 675.327 1736. 24,804,000 55,120 52,971 2,149 1721 7,963,615 1707. 661 , 185 1706. 267.309 1735. 21,259,800 47,244 45,732 1,512 1720 6,485,662 1 734. 1 3,991,850 3 1,093 3 0,323 7 70 1 719 4 ,001,210 1704. 769 . 5 36 1733. 23,245,200 51,656 50,726 930 1718 2,956,727 1 703- 694 , 493 1732. 16,866,000 37,480 37,068 412 1717 2,881,335 1702. 612.646 1731. 21,753,450 48,341 48,341 1716 4,584,927 1701. 194,618 1780. 18,774,900 41,722 41,722 1715 2,367,605 1700- 394, 1 30 1 729. 1 4,248,960 3 2,384 3 2,384 1 714 3 ,139,361 1 699. 131,207 1728. 12,884,950 29.965 29,965 1713 3,850,533 1698' 10,407 1727. 11,291,280 26,884 26,884 1711 1,181,430 1726. 9,442,710 23,031 23,031 1725. 7,093,600 17,734 17,734 1 N umber of pounds per barrel varied from year to year; see text. ' Y ear ending Sept. 28; exports from Sept. 29 to Dec. 24, 1698, were 1,597 pounds.

Series Z 2 67-273. Rice Exported From Charleston, S.C, by Destination: 1717 to 1766 [In b arrels. For 1717-1738, for years ending December 24; for 1758-1766. ending January 4 of following year] Countries Countries Conti British Foreign s outh of Conti British s outh of Total England Scotland n ental W est W est Cape Total England Scotland n ental W est Year Colonies Indies Indies F inisterre Year Colonies Indies Finisterre 267 268 269 270 271 272 27S 267 268 269 270 271 273 1766.. 85,862 39,468 2,862 3,297 11,730 3,369 25,136 1735 44,418 28,345 667 713 14,693 1763.. 1 03,461 5 1,335 3 ,703 1 6,117 1 6,466 1 ,490 1 4,340 1734 37,303 2 4,849 6 05 1 ,061 1 0,788 1762 82,169 33,217 4,573 10,921 20,239 1,970 11,239 1732 3 8,942 26,766 1,417 1,604 9,265 1759.. 51,037 18,517 9,359 4,546 6,962 490 12,163 1731 48,337 38,331 1,737 1,872 6,397 1758 61,501 30,687 7,214 4,611 6,432 12,557 1724. 19,908 16,452 2,199 1,257 1738 _ . 3 2,372 2 7,331 6 96 6 43 3 ,802 1719 . .. 1 3,357 8 ,423 31 3 ,210 1 ,693 1737 37,896 32,322 511 594 4,469 1718 8,421 6,187 1,005 1,229 1736 53,376 38,158 798 1,164 13,266 1717.. 10,380 7,257 1,980 1,143

Series Z 2 74-280. Rice Exported to England, by Origin: 1698 to 1776 [In h undredweights. For years ending December 24, except as noted] Virginia New New Pennsyl and New New Pennsyl Total Carolina Georgia E ngland Y ork v ania M ary Total Carolina Georgia E ngland Y ork v ania land Year 274 275 276 277 278 280 274 275 276 6,342 3,607 2,835 1737 154,318 154,010 (!) 128 180 6 76,916 4 52,822 1 10,020 4,232 7,312 2,530 1736 1 51,234 1 50,797 ( ») 437 425,988 839,911 69,387 8 70 5 ,696 9 ,980 1735 118,295 116,441 1,444 309 97 4 457,073 378,291 72,469 2,455 3,858 1734 80,263 79,448 286 2 22 300 7 479,226 405,121 64,078 360 6,321 2,146 1733 147,272 147,021 1 24 83 44 •452,664 375,727 59,417 349 7,666 9,399 5 2 1732 101,838 101,387 401 50 1781 164,616 161,246 1,784 37 1,448 280,847 222,656 48,846 8,183 66 1,196 4 34,444 3 62,063 7 1,484 9 2 3 05 5 00 1730 139,384 136,678 1,365 607 922 12 481,891 380,720 41,398 6,457 565 2,719 32 1729 1 19,202 1 17,650 1 ,120 2 32 300 288.537 257,936 27,530 193 1,650 1,072 1 56 1728 100,466 95,973 1,986 1,918 689 ■238,680 193,915 44,387 88 24 176 1727 89,942 89,942 C) (') («) •<«T" 1726 69,092 67,041 499 1,466 87 357,099 319,164 28,495 554 6,916 1,601 469 3 20,734 2 91 , 546 2 0,377 1 ,631 4 ,674 2 ,277 3 29 1725 53,670 52,268 764 586 6 3 271 , 605 251,476 9,494 1,537 6,354 3,644 1724 6 3,383 6 9,885 3 ,116 6 56 327 148,754 138,777 7,786 750 408 1,033 1723 67,613 60,952 5,746 488 425 2 238,750 224,964 7,220 164 4,562 1,840 1722 76,034 72,238 2,457 366 940 33 1721 62,215 54,873 6,574 620 1,058 90 108,673 95,773 11,628 309 958 1 09,596 1 02,001 6 ,358 481 5 23 2 33 1720 50,669 44,915 6,444 176 118 17 102,794 95,741 306 4,819 1,929 1719 3 1,259 2 6,233 4 ,035 1 47 813 31 74,741 72,785 m( •) 1 ,375 6 7 614 1718 23,097 19,530 2,303 1,130 129 6 167,261 156,279 5,931 1,359 8,621 71 1717 22,509 17,484 3,822 641 439 128 1716 85,820 27,565 5,709 871 1,424 261 312,845 306,720 3,946 342 1,837 1 2 76,935 2 73,862 2 ,782 62 2 04 25 1715 18,497 14,406 2,013 1,272 807 123,682 120,221 1,970 225 1,266 1714 2 4,527 2 2,264 1 ,620 2 10 433 267,210 261,387 1,047 1,815 1,387 174 1 ,400 1718 30,083 28,617 1,393 165 202,943 196,863 4 ,363 9 23 7 94 1711 9,231 8,678 174 870 166,672 164,378 1,783 505 6 1710 12,508 12,265 128 105 1 22,401 1 21,614 7 48 3 9 1709 1 1,802 1 1,274 2 89 232 144,068 143,516 209 344 1708 5.276 6,220 49 86,018 85,939 <.*> 79 1707 4,385 4,120 173 51,736 50,202 W 1 , 094 1706 2,089 2,058 3 75,153 73,792 38 317 1,006 1704 5,933 5,560 217 79 28 1 96,968 1 95,249 1 ,323 1 56 2 40 1703 5 ,426 5 ,320 1 7 6 2 243,091 241,820 8 244 60 888 1702 4,786 4,568 218 136,117 134,368 1,518 62 179 1701 1,521 1,457 64 263,093 261,110 360 1,006 618 313,671 308,178 m 798 1,597 1 ,874 1,624 1700 3,079 3,037 26 254,879 263,380 1,360 106 1699 1 ,025 1 ,018 128,337 128,187 149 1698 « ... 81 81 1 I ncludes exports from Florida in 1766, 91 cwt.; 1771, 64 cwt.; 1772, 1 ,200 cwt. > Y ear ending Sept. 28. Data for Sept. 29 to Dec 24, 1698, were 11 cwt. for Carolina 1 Not available. and 2 cwt. for Virginia and Maryland. 768 SLAVE T RADE Z 281-297 Series Z 2 81-293. Slave Trade, by Origin and Destination: 1768 to 1772 (For y ears ending January 4 of following year] New Total H amp Massa Rhode Connec New Pennsyl Mary Virginia North South Georgia Year a nd origin or destination shire c husetts I sland t icut Y ork v ania l and C arolina C arolina Florida 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 1772 Imports 10,165 4 4 2 23 175 2,104 165 7,201 328 169 Africa 6 ,638 1 9 8 6 1 .271 6 ,145 1 17 West I ndies. 3,146 4 2 4 82 794 145 2,027 69 19 Continental C olonies 381 4 7 39 10 29 142 1 50 Exports - - 495 4 2 20 5 463 1 West I ndies 8 2 1 Continental C olonies 492 4 20 5 463 1771 Imports — 4,970 12 9 227 762 82 3,100 758 20 Africa 2 ,754 1 94 1 3 7 2 ,051 4 89 West I ndies 2,020 7 8 27 744 68 998 148 20 Continental C olonies 196 5 1 6 5 7 51 121 Exports 341 1 6 1 1 2 297 5 28 West I ndies... 3 2 1 Continental C olonies 338 1 6 1 1 296 5 28 1770 Imports 8,069 69 532 906 115 1 23 1,144 181 Africa 2 ,266 6 7 5 17 6 31 875 1 76 West I ndies- -. 600 2 14 274 103 81 1 26 Continental C olonies 203 1 1 2 4 2 143 r Exports- 144 1 13 1 19 88 22 West I ndies 27 1 14 6 7 Continental C olonies 117 1 13 5 83 15 1769 Imports — 6,736 4 6 10 203 493 169 4,888 687 276 Africa 5 ,161 6 1 80 2 34 3 6 4 ,138 4 48 1 19 West I ndies- 1,222 4 10 23 258 79 675 91 82 Continental C olonies 353 1 54 75 148 75 Exports — - 336 4 1 5 298 28 West I ndies 9 1 6 3 Continental C olonies 327 4 295 28 1768 Imports - 2,496 12 70 14 19 801 354 198 249 1,001 278 West I ndies 1 -- 2 ,204 1 2 5 9 1 4 1 9 2 88 3 54 1 70 1 87 9 71 1 30 Continental C olonies 292 11 13 28 62 30 148 Exports 282 1 34 14 14 39 61 119 West I ndies- 107 8 1 1 5 92 Continental C olonies 175 1 26 13 13 39 56 27 1 I ncludes Africa. Series Z 2 94-297. Slave T rade in Virginia: 1619 to 1767 [For y ears ending December 24, except 1619-1699, unknown, Italic f igures do not purport to be complete. For 1619 and 1727-1767, leaders denote zero except as noted; 1621-1726, indicate no data available] Imported Imported Imported Exported Exported Year Total Africa Elsewhere Year Total Africa Elsewhere Year Total Africa Elsewhere 294 295 296 294 295 296 297 296 1767 61 (0 61 0) 1737.. 2,174 2,044 130 263 1701. 796 1766 l it 108 i 1 736 '. 3 ,222 3 ,166 5 6 5 t 1700. 2 29 1765 66 (') 66 1735.. t.lOi 1,798 306 (') 1 699 < 3i9 1764 9 67 922 4 5 10 1 734.. 1 ,487 t ,Ml 3 56 1687. ltO 1763 1,195 1 ,080 11S s 1733 '_ 1,720 1,245 475 tl 1685. "til' ' 190 1762 1,810 1,787 2 3 92 1732.. l,t91 2, CM 68 H i 1684. 34 1761 1,581 1,470 111 2 8 1731.. 181, ISO Si (') 1679. OS 1760 « ... 1,158 1,152 6 1730. '276 '276 (') (■) 1 678. l tO 1758 43 4 3 1 729. i ( ') 4 1677. '150 1757 i 4 (') 1728. 2 6 n t 4 1674. >650 1756 1 h 1 1727. 735 735 2 4 1726. 2,149 55 1665. « 59 1755'-. 565 456 109 1662 «. 8 0 1 754 «... 399 249 1 50 (') 1725. 781 lit 1656 30 1753 tl (') 21 1 724. 4 64 1652 «_ 7 1752 3,515 '3,516 (') 1723. 694 1751 ' ... 1,194 982 212 ( ') 1722. 239 1649. « 17 1721. 1,960 1648 «. 1 8 1750 1,010 849 161 1642 «_ 1 1749 2,338 1,826 612 (') 1720 1,368 1747 t8 (') S I* 1719 1 ,842 1639_ « 46 1746 1,61,7 1 , 299 Si8 1710-1718'. 662 233 319 1638 <_ 3 0 1687 «. 28 1745 664 512 142 1709. 326 1636 <_ 7 1744 672 486 1 86 1 708. 6 93 1636 <_ 26 1743 1,428 1,820 108 1707- 713 1742 1,529 1,095 434 6S 1706. 1,013 1628.. 100 1741 947 687 260 3 6 1 623.. 1 1705- 1,639 1622.. 1 1740 1,646 934 712 1 704. 9 87 1621.. 1 1789 1,710 1,623 87 1703 _ 156 1619.. 2 1 21 1738 1,101 839 2 62 1702. 481 1 I nformation lacking or too incomplete to calculate. ' N umber of head rights granted. ' Figures have been extended on basis of partial data. 'Annual a verage. Source alBO shows 72 Indian slaves imported; 231 slaves died ' N umber of Negroes shipped, not those actually arrived. and 103 drawn back for exportation during the 9 years. 769 Z 2 98-307 COLONIAL STATISTICS Series Z 2 98-302. Slave Trade in New York: 1701 to 1764 [For y ears ending December 24, except 1701-1718, unknown; 1754-1764, January 4 of following year] Imported Imported Conti Exported Conti Exported Total Africa n ental Year Total Africa n ental Colonies Colonies 301 302 301 1764 35 35 1726 176 32 144 1 768 2 05 196 9 1 725 2 11 59 6 1 46 1754 65 65 41 1724 64 8 56 1748 ■ 10 10 '0 1723 101 1 1 00 1722 96 96 1743 7 7 ■0 1721 2 05 117 86 1 742 1 4 1 2 1741 55 48 1720 77 11 66 4 1 719 1 04 1 04 '8 1740 56 52 1718 517 70 447 1 739 1 00 8 9 1717 334 2 6fi 68 1788 118 64 1716 62 43 19 1737 99 96 '0 1736 " 13 13 ' 0 1715 55 38 17 1 714 5 3 5 3 1735 121 2 119 1712 77 77 1 734 5 2 1 6 1 1711 55 55 1733 257 100 1 156 1732 ' 139 > 0 1 138 1710 53 53 1731 '309 '130 » 2 •177 1705 24 2 4 1730 165 7 168 1 704 8 8 1 729 2 11 1 1 2 00 1703 1 6 1 6 1728 130 4 126 1702 165 165 1727 221 3 218 1701 36 1 P artial year. 1 N ot available. ' Figures have 1 i e xtended on basis of partial data.

Series Z 3 03. Slaves Imported Into Charleston, S.C.: 1706 to 1773 [For y ears ending: 1706-1724, unknown; 1725-1726, September 28; 1727-1751, December 24; 1752-1772, October 81; 1773, September 2 7. Italics indicate figures do not purporto t be complete) Year Number Year Number Year Number Year Number Year Number Year Number 1773. 8,050 1764. 8,057 1755 1.436 1737 1,781 1725 433 1715 81 1 772. 4 ,865 1 763. 1,145 1754 2,532 1 736 3 ,176 1 724 6 04 1 714 4 19 1771. 3,079 1762. 602 1753 1 ,398 1723 436 1713 159 1761. 1,395 1752 1,572 1785 2,516 1722 323 1712 7 6 1770. 149 1751 831 1 734 1 ,719 1721 1 65 1711 170 1 769. 4 ,612 1760. 3,449 1733 190 1768. ■ 178 1 759. 1,879 1750 442 1732 1,003 1720 601 1710 131 1767. ' 12 1758. 3,177 1749 7 2 1731 1,775 1 719 5 41 1 709 1 07 1766. 1 101 1757. 1,438 1739 996 1718 529 1708 1756. 1,952 1738 2,654 1727 658 1717 6 78 1707 1765. 7,184 1 726 1 ,751 1716 67 1706 1 P rohibitive taxes limited importation.

Series Z 3 04-307. Pitch, Tar, and Turpentine Exported From Charleston, S.C.: 1725 to 1774 [In b arrels. For years ending October 31. Leaders denote no data available!

Pitch Tar Turpen Tar Pitch Tar Turpen Tar Pitch Tar t ine ( green) Year t ine ( green) Year 304 305 307 304 306 307 304 305 870 1,176 1.394 1757' 4,962 2,103 337 397 1740 11,377 2.436 8 21 1 ,236 1 ,043 396 1 756 1 3 ,058 2 ,711 1 ,195 1 ,070 1 739 7 ,890 2 ,722 4,125 2,728 864 2 ,995 1755. 5,869 2,596 2,171 547 1738 16,088 6,417 7,429 2,259 1,363 1,142 1754. 11,025 2,295 5,375 369 1737 11,987 8,501 1753. 15,220 6,008 6,496 1736 11,736 1,491 4,133 827 1,335 2,111 1752. 20,483 2,651 6,271 5 ,256 1 ,278 3 ,201 3 ,849 1751. 11,441 6,070 1,401 1735 24,036 5,636 6,948 1,454 5,761 1 734 2 8,874 7 ,336 12,339 2,232 3,787 1750 ' 11,157 3,858 812 1738 18,165 6,604 1 749. 7 ,796 3 ,765 1 ,582 1732 32.593 4,675 8,751 2,183 653 392 1748. 5,521 3,075 2,397 1731 9,385 1,725 7 ,459 8 ,093 1 ,643 6 5 1747. 13,737 4,422 5,162 6,087 1,265 3,042 411 1746. 18,016 1,519 4,262 1730 10,825 2,014 6,315 1 ,244 1,438 1 729 8 ,877 3 ,441 6,626 1,438 4,874 1745. 8,823 1,286 988 1728 8,186 2,269 1 744. 7 ,678 1 7 , 552 1 ,245 1727 13,654 1 0,950 5,754 886 2,420 97 1748. 9,755 2,206 2,012 1726 29,776 8,322 7 ,813 2 ,236 1 ,333 4 05 1742. 15,808 3,115 1,986 1725 57,422 2,333 2,521 1-.720 937 328 1741. 11,831 1,811 1,691 1 D ata for only 4 months. * D ata for only 11 months. 1 Data for only 7 months. ' Data for only 9 months. > Data for only 10 months.

770 TIMBER— W HALING— WAGES Z 308-335 Series Z 3 08-313. Timber and Timber Products Exported From Charleston (S.C.) and Savannah: 1754 to 1774 [Charleston, ( or years ending October 31; Savannah, unknown. Leaders indicate no data available] Charleston ( S.C.) Savannah Charleston ( S.C.) Savannah Lumber Timber Lumber Timber Year ( feet) Shingles Staves ( feet) Shingles Staves Year ( feet) Shingles Staves ( feet) Shingles Staves 308 309 310 311 312 313 30K 309 310 311 312 313 1774 1 119,923 858,100 27,400 1764. 948.121 1.553,365 228,016 1.043.635 2,061,161 423,251 1773 • 5 28.637 1 ,313,500 7 9,875 1763.. « 6 47,112 1 ,225.160 3 62,065 9 17.384 1 .470.120 5 94,356 1772 > 647,047 1.392,075 207,280 2,163,582 8,525,930 988,471 1762 414.754 896 , 500 163,990 417,449 685,265 325.477 1771 675.000 709,000 101,228 2 .159.072 2 ,224.598 4 03.253 1761. 610.952 1.354,500 236,327 307,690 606,650 50,969 1770 697,393 1,305,625 117.860 1.805,992 2,896.991 466,276 1760... 545,833 1.354.600 135.992 1769 5 92,026 2 ,072.947 2 82.180 1 ,634,331 3 ,474,588 7 47,903 1759 1 ,018,490 1 ,204,890 1 46,172 1768 ' 760,125 2,131,000 182,940 1,787.258 3,669.477 806,609 1758 . 639,012 724.000 145,529 1767 1 450,118 1,717,800 240,813 1,767,199 2,570,725 748,166 1757... ' 234,303 664,100 83,617 1766 1.101,466 2,036,947 787,898 1756 ' 202,316 522.420 109.890 1755. 780,776 952,880 168,121 1765 1 697,648 186,375 1,879,454 3.722,050 661,416 1754 764,607 822. 121) 102.290 1 C harleston data only for 4 months. * Charleston data only for 11 months. ' C harleston data only for 7 months. 1 Charleston data only for 9 months. 1 C harleston data only for 10 months. Series Z 3 14-317. Number of Vessels Engaged in Whaling, and Quantity and Value of Oil Acquired, Nantucket, Mass.: 1 715 to 1789 [Year e nding date unknown. Leaders indicate no data available] Tons Oil Tons Oil Tons Oil Number b urden, Number b urden, Number b urden, Year of each Value ' of each Value ' of each Value ' o r period v essels vessel Barrels (£) Year v essels vessel Barrels (£) Year v essels vessel Barrels (£> 314 315 316 317 314 315 316 317 314 315 316 317 1787-1789 36 113 12,060 1770 •125 75-110 "14,331 1763... 60 9,238 1785 1 6 0) e> 1769 1 19 1 9,140 1762 7 8 9 ,440 1784... 28 6 ,400 14,500 1768.. . •125 75 '15,439 1756 80 75 12,000 27,600 1783 19 2,260 1 6,280 1767 . 1 08 1 6,561 1748 60 50-75 11,250 19,648 1772-1775.. 150 90-180 30,000 167,000 1766 118 11.969 1730.. 2 5 3 8-50 3 .700 3 ,200 1772.. 9 8 7 .825 1765 1 01 1 1,512 1715 6 38 600 •1,100 1771 115 12,754 1764 72 11,983 ,1 £ pound sterling. See source for value per ton. 1 Different figures are quoted by the source (p. 233) from the Massachusetts His- 2 S hips still at sea at time of reporting. torical Society Collection. * I ncludes the value of 11,000 pounds of whale bone.

Series Z 3 18-329. Daily Wages of Selected Types of Workmen, by Area: 1621 to 1781 [£, p ound sterling; a., shilling; d.. pence. Pay in local currency; not comparable from colony to colony. Leaders indicate no data available] With b oard furnished Without b oard furnished Masons Joiners Masons Joiners Year a nd area Carpenters a nd and Coopers Tailors Laborers Carpenters a nd and Coopers Tailors Laborers bricklayers r iggers bricklayers r iggers 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 32.-> 326 327 328 323 £s.. d £«.. d .£ d £«.. d £«.. d £*.. d £«.. d £«.. d £... d £».. d £«.. d £s.. d Virginia, 1 781 5-0 5-0 5-0 5-0 2-0 Providence, 1 779 7 2-0 7 3-0 72-0 1 1 7-0-0 48-0 Rhode I sland, 1776... '3-0 5-0 6 -6 5 -0 5-0 8-0 South C arolina, 1710 8o t 5-0 6-0 3 to 5-0 4 -0 5-0 (,) 2-0 2-0 2 -0 •2-8 1 -8 1 -8 . New H aven, 1641 2-0 2-0 2-0 2-0 18 New H aven, 1640 2-6 2-6 2 -6 2-6 Massachusetts, 1 633. 14 14 14 12 8 2-0 2-0 Virginia, 1 621 3-0 3-0 4 -0 8-0 2 -0 2-0 4-0 u 5-0 4^0 3-0 3 ' P er suit. ' For 32-gal. barrel. • Is. 3d. to 2s.

Series Z 3 30-335. Daily and Monthly Wages of Agricultural Laborers in Maryland: 1638 to 1676 {»., s hilling; d., pence. Leaders indicate no data available] Daily w ages Monthly w ages Daily w ages Monthly w ages In t obacco In t obacco In t obacco In t obacco Year Pounds Price Sterling Pounds Price Sterling Year Pounds Price Sterling Pounds Price Sterling of p er of p er o f p er o f t obacco pound t obacco pound tobacco pound tobacco p ound 330 331 332 333 334 335 330 331 332 333 334 335 I. .>. d s. ... d s. «.. d >.. d 1676 300 '1.0 25- 0 1654 600 *'2.0 100-0 1670 1 75 ' 1.6 2 1-10 1652 6 00 ' 2.0 1 00-0 20 1.6 2-6 320 1.6 40-0 1649 10 8.0 2-6 1669 ■ 125 1.5 15- 8 1648 1 5 ' 2.0 2 -6 250 '2.0 41-8 1669 > 150 1.5 1 8-9 1647 20 1.6 2-6 1 70 1 .5 2 1-3 1667 600 0 6 26- 0 1645 170 1.5 21-8 1662 266 12 26-8 1644 " ... 10 >1.6 1-3 1 87 ' 1.2 2 3-4 1660 " 2 00 1.0 16- 8 1644 167 '1.2 20-10 1660 1 260 1 .0 2 0-10 1644- ' 133 '1.2 16-8 1656 15 '2.0 2- 6 1642 16 0.6 9 100 0.6 5-0 1655 " 2 6 2 .0 4 -2 1641 2 0 ' 1.2 2-0 1655 ' 20 2.0 3- 4 1638 8-4 1 E stimate. 1 Source does not explain why 2 (or 3} sets of figures are given. 771 Z 3 36-356 COLONIAL STATISTICS Series Z 3 36. Index of Wholesale Prices Estimated for the United States: 1720 to 1789 [1850-59=1001 Year I ndex I Year Index Year Index I Year Index f Year Index ! Year Index I Year Index 1789 94.0 1779 2,969 1 1769 81 2 1759 85 8 1749 76 1 1739 59 6 1729 62.9 1 788 9 7.4 1 778 598 1 1768 80 7 1758 73 9 1748 74 3 1738 69 4 1728 6 3.1 1787 103.9 1777 329 6 1767 81 7 1757 69 6 1747 65 6 1737 69 3 1727 66.3 1786 105.1 1776 108 0 1766 81 7 1756 69 5 1746 55 0 1736 62 6 1726 68.7 1785 105.0 1775 78 0 1765 76 7 1755 71 2 1745 53 7 1735 66 3 1725 65 7 1 784 1 12.7 1 774 84 3 1764 77 2 1754 71 4 1744 57 1 1734 67 0 1724 6 0.4 1783 119.1 1773 90 9 1763 83 5 1753 78 2 1743 59 7 1733 59 7 1723 57.3 1782 139.6 1772 98 2 1762 83 4 1752 75 6 1742 69 7 1732 58 0 1722 55.5 1781 5,085.8 1771 84 9 1761 77 5 1751 72 0 1741 73 6 1731 59 2 1721 53 4 1780 10,544.1 1770 80 0 1760 81 5 1750 73 9 1740 59 6 1730 66 6 1720 58.6

Series Z 3 37-356. Average Annual Wholesale Prices of Selected Commodities in Philadelphia: 1720 to 1775 [In P ennsylvania currency; in shillings per unit of quantity indicated, except series Z 352, in pounds. Leaders indicate no data available)

Bread Salt Rum Sugar, Ma Corn Wheat To Rice Flour Beef Pork Molas m us New d eira Barrel Pitch Year b acco Mid Ship Coarse F ine s es co Eng West wine d ling vado land I ndies

337 338 339 340 342 3 43 344 345 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 Bu. Bu. Cwt. 1 Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. Bbl. Bbl. Bu. Bu Gal. Cat. Gal. Gal. Pipe Mil. Bbl. 1775 2 •ill 5.68 17.38 156 3 57.00 6 4.88 2 .13 3.71 1 .75 526 9 3 .05 6 4 06 1774 2 88 63 9 216 9 31 " 08 "i4~57 18.12 54.31 69 50 1.88 2 .05 1.79 55.56 2 17 3.03 55.17 724 5 153 1 1773 3 11 7 . 12 184 3 30.93 1 7.30 18.92 54.58 83.97 1 69 2.22 1.74 50.02 2 21 3.25 56 75 63 49 14.70 1772 3 li!) 7.74 32 20 23 3 9 31.23 19.95 20.26 57.05 93.46 1 86 1 85 1.75 49.18 2 19 3.44 54.03 715 8 14 54 1771 3 60 6.78 32 50 16.86 28.93 15.68 17.50 51.48 80.31 1 66 1.55 1.77 50.86 2 IS 3.35 50.00 75.15 129 1 1770.. 3 fid 5.92 28 711 169 2 28.53 14.1 15.71 51.39 77,04 1 63 19 8 1.86 510 8 2 19 13 0 49.58 688 6 11.54 1769 2 80 5.48 26 12 17.71 2 5.45 1 3.65 1 5.04 5 5.21 8 0.29 1 48 1.81 1 .78 52.74 2 1' 3 29 • 18.02 61 32 1 1 93 1768. 2 57 16 3 21 83 17.74 26.38 151 9 16.89 52.41 73.43 1 fil 1.53 1 81 46.42 2 25 3 34 47.73 65 47 14 34 1767.. 2 98 6.25 21 17.54 27.47 160 8 17.16 55.35 71.76 1 61 1.76 1.74 49.43 2 OS 3 00 50.97 79 60 16.16 1766 8 2>.l 5.73 20 42 916 6 24.54 15.44 14.81 55.21 76.88 1 70 1 92 55.74 2 2:1 3.02 48.92 67.71 1 7.25 1765.. 8 01 4.70 IS 18 14.34 24.92 13.88 13.50 58.75 74.36 1 70 61 7 52.94 2 04 3.02 479 2 70.63 17.33 1764 2 7-1 4.60 17 71 14.52 2 3.84 1 2.95 1 2.81 6 0.00 9 8.26 1 92 1.63 4 8.73 2 115 3 2 6 50.56 6 4.90 1 5.28 1763 3 TS 6.06 10 48 150 5 30 18 17.82 16.94 60.29 86.95 2 21 1 .99 49.79 2 50 3.72 4 9.34 66.04 14.93 1762 3 48 5.66 21 ■12 13.90 28.88 17.49 16.82 58.04 85.63 2 si; 2.29 52.15 2 70 3.94 60.79 90.85 137 4 1761 2 42 5.03 21 52 16.58 2 5.18 12.67 14.82 54.91 73.92 1 OS 2.86 2.42 49.14 3 04 3.93 483 8 86.91 146 0 1760. 2 00 6.11 20 43 19.00 24.36 13.40 14.96 53.72 69.30 2 H 72 9 2.70 47.85 3 64 4.73 50.31 68.82 14.47 1759... 2 <.i'.< 64 9 20 42 2 2.14 1 4 33 1 4.69 4 8.66 6 9 19 2 13 2.40 2 .87 4 5.18 :i 94 4 .99 4 5.26 6 0 69 1 6.07 1758 1 111 39 8 18 88 21.84 13.98 12.27 48,18 59.49 2 36 2.41 2 51 47.70 3 12 3.72 41 77 60.73 15.11 1757 1 72 3.79 17 74 14.84 21.24 14.16 11.31 46.43 604 9 2 88 2.56 2.46 47.99 2 74 3 .17 39 46 50.82 15.19 1756 2 BO 4.34 15 88 14.50 21 21 13.65 12.76 48.96 61.42 2 16 92 3 2 04 48.83 2 55 2.73 32 78 41.63 13 93 1755. 2 16 4.49 15 IIS 16.50 212 4 014 5 13.76 47.85 65.94 1 4!l 1.54 1.89 48.39 2 27 24 8 296 5 51.54 14.92 1754 2 :)4 4.46 17 77 176 0 21 64 15.89 1 4.11 4 5.13 6 1.19 1 47 1 .63 2 .00 505 8 2 4 1 3.22 28.96 5 5 94 151 7 1753 2 :il 4.48 19 17 207 9 21.52 13.87 12.80 45.70 63 20 1 43 1.85 2 03 510 7 2 47 83 0 30.70 56.87 165 0 1752 2 :.fi 48 3 19 90 16.32 2 1 94 13.17 13.13 51.01 72.35 1 26 1.53 1.94 48.00 2 89 3.22 30.10 5 3.28 20 06 1751 2 79 4.28 20 19 17.29 22.37 14.20 12 34 48.44 69.97 1 16 1.30 1.86 47.04 2 51 3.49 30.07 51 50 21.66 1750 2 56 4.51 19 9S 20.63 232 8 315 2 13.10 38.17 63.99 1 41 1.69 1.69 51.98 2 63 3.46 29.74 668 3 18.91 1749. 2 68 5.66 17 10 18.98 26.30 170 6 916 5 3 7.31 6 0.16 2 is 2 .51 2 0 8 4 6.83 2 72 3 .77 2 8.77 68.79 1 5.41 1748 2 28 5.04 IK DO 153 8 19 67 13 89 15.41 44.29 614 0 3 17 3.07 2 82 51.63 5 60 4. 25.60 61.06 14.76 1747... 1 92 3.29 16 88 11.40 16.48 11 53 10.01 40.55 57.66 3 5K 43 8 2.63 55.01 3 62 4.46 24.42 56.03 13 19 1746. 1 82 2.87 13 93 6.99 14.95| 10.15 9.07 41.13 5 3.79 3 76 3.76 2.50 47.15 2 60 3.03 22.90 40.63 11.42 1746 1 69 2.60 IS 05 10.00 13.06 8.81 8.01 36.88 53.02 2 6:1 2.56 2.34 432 . 0 2 65 3.25 27.50 399 7 13.50 1744 1 53 2.49 12 65 11.03 13.32 8 .47 7 .68 4 1.94 6 0.49 2 05 2 .23 1 .80 49.97 2 52 3 .20 2 7.85 40.00 130 9 1743 2 11 2.84 16 25 611 9 1 4.31 9.06 8.69 44.75 68.52 1 0 1 2.20 1.87 38.94 2 36 3.16 27.38 540 8 14.26 1742.. 2 fi!l 3.58 17 65 167 1 15.96 11.77 10.98 36 63 54.17 2 0(1 2.67 2.28 40.94 2 84 3.64 24.35 47.81 16.21 1741 2 74 4.47 14 88 816 5 19.58 15.83 13.66 40.63 49.83 2 47 2 19 1 82 36 40 2 46 2.96 21.83 49.17 417 5 1740 1 511 3.25 18 92 12.75 136 5 10.31 8.72 353 6 46.04 1 67 2.20 1.65 37.88 1 SI 2.53 20.17 39.42 149 2 1739 1 11 2.82 15 63 17.08 13.01 9 .60 8 .03 35.75 5 4 SS 1 24 2 .16 1 .59 3 8.08 2 .33 2 1 58 4 4.58 11.42 1738. 2 111 3.48 17 00 20.67 16.75 12.58 11.16 36.67 59.58 1 35 2.19 1.60 38.98 2.29 22.00 47.56 11.33 1737 2 OX 3K K 17 41 17.44 15 21 11.78 11.71 36.06 54.44 1 22 2.24 1.58 35.64 2.65 20S S 46.36 10.85 1736 1 89 3.24 15 08 17.15 12.77 10.94 9.61 33.50 41.72 1 56 21 9 1.68 32.81 2.24 21.58 35.21 12.25 1735 1 58 3.85 16 65 18.50 14.58 12.33 11.47 30.61 37.59 1 56 2.08 1.65 354 6 2.36 21.47 367 3 12.83 1734... 2 02 35 5 1 3 75 1 0.90 1 0.51 3 0.56 4 3.58 2 .04 1 .60 29.20 2 .63 1 2.92 1733 2 10 36 0 512 8 10 39 8.84 47.54 2.36 1.39 28.94 2.30 17.17 1732 1 SI 2.70 15 53 11.91 8.17 49.41 ~~i 05 02 4 1.37 33.35 2.50 13.75 1731 1 65 2.47 18 46 "ioioi 11.72 8.02 36.31 65.97 i SS 3.14 1.36 33.21 2.64 14.31 1730 1 98 3.68 14.88 611 5 59.24 39 0 1.54 323 1 2.51 15.00 1729 2 15 3.70 15 OS 18.74 1 1 0 0 10 65 5 1.65 2.15 1 5 3 035 0 2 .60 1 2.08 1728 2 2fi 3.39 16 06 132 7 10.02 36.72 59.17 1.51 35.17 2.61 13.11 1727 2 02 3.27 17 87 13.46 11.46 47.79 1.43 32.63 2.87 18.40 1726. 2 13 3.82 17 22 14.08 12.51 48.58 1.45 36.35 3.19 19.19 1725 2 13 3.87 38 46 19.98 12.79 12.12 30.17 39.29 2 51 2.83 1.46 33.44 2.85 18.42 1724 2 12 36 3 14.56 1 1.92 1 0.95 3 0.65 3 6.00 2 2;l 3 .14 1 .49 2 9 42 2 .35 1 5.50 1723... 1 86 2.73 14.3 1 11.67 8.80 30.58 40.48 2 05 2.81 1.30 36.88 2.57 22 50 12.63 1722 1 73 2.97 10.25 13.92 12.54 8.93 30.67 45.00 1 10 1.65| 1 24 3J.88 2.94 20 50 22 50 13.50 1721 1 7fi 3.06 10 04 15.44 13.00 8.83 30.00 45.00 1 46 1.86! 1.16 33.13 2.31 10 OS 22 50 12.00 1720 1 73 3.08 13.79 16.92 13.31 9.26! 30.00 46.46 2.31 2.31 1.34 35.52 2.68 17 09 22 50 14.17 1 C wt. of tobacco was an exception to the rule that cwt. equaled 112 lbs.; it equaled only 100 lbs.

772 PUBLIC F INANCE Z 357-370 Series Z 3 57. Annual Rate of Exchange on London Series Z 358. Annual P rice of an Ounce of Silver for Pennsylvania Currency: 1720 to 1775 at Boston: 1700 to 1749 (Pennsylvania c urrency for 100 tl sterling] [In p aper shillings. Base 1700] Year Rate Year Rate 1Year Rate Year Price Price 1775 166 04 1758 159 21 1741 145.18 1749 60.00 1730. 200 0 1715. 9.00 1 774 169 74 1757 165 95 1740 1 64.06 1 747 5 5.00 1 729. 20.50 1 714. 9 .00 1773 165 80 1756 172 52 1739 170.00 1746 38.60 1728. 17.25 1713. 8 60 1772 161 21 1755 168 88 1738 167 . 50 1727. 16.00 1712. 8.60 1771 165 57 1754 168 16 1737 167 50 1745 36.00 1726. 16.00 1711. 8.33 1753 167 96 1736 165.13 1 744 3 0.00 1770 1SS 99 1752 166 66 1741 28.00 1725. 15.50 1710 8.00 1 769 158 81 1751 170 68 1735 162.50 1 724. 1 6 25 1 709. 8 .00 1768 166 36 1733 1 65.00 1739 28.50 1723. 15.00 1708. 8.00 1767 166 20 1750 171 10 1732 161.10 1 738 2 7.00 1722. 14.25 1707. 8.00 1766 166 35 1749 172 36 1731 163.13 1737 26.75 1721. 13.00 1706. 8.00 1748 174 88 1736 26.75 1765 171 58 1747 184 66 1730 151.69 1720. 12.33 1705. 8.00 1 764 172 38 1746 179 25 1729 1 50.00 1735 27.50 1 719. 1 2.00 1 704. 7 .00 1763 173 18 1728 160.00 1 734 2 5.50 1718. 11.00 1703. 7.00 1762 175 84 1745 175 70 1727 150.00 1733 22.00 1717. 10.00 1702. 7.00 1761 174 12 1744 167 35 1722 133 33 1732 20.00 1716. 10 00 1701. 7.00 1760 160 30 1743 160 31 1721 133 33 1731 18.75 1700. 7.00 1759 154 71 1742 159 69 1720 133 33 Series Z 3 59-370. Partial L ist of Bills of Credit and Treasury N otes Issued by American Colonies: 1703 to 1775 {In t housan if o colonial pounds except for Maryland in 1769 and 1773. w hich are in thousands of dollars. Leaders indicate no data available] Connec New Rhode New Pennsyl New Mary Delaware Virginia North South Year chusetts t icut H ampshire I sland Y ork v ania J ersey l and C arolina C arolina 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 1775 60 6 1773 1 62 '480 '36 1772 - . 25 1771. 2 ' 1 20 15 80 •66 1770. 70 1769 30 '318 10 ' 107 1768 20 1767 2 20 1766. 1 65 1764. '7 55 '25 1763. ■ 10 ■ 10 1762. '60 "65 20 •13 'SO 1 20 1761 > 70 •45 • 20 '25 •20 1760. . . '70 '15 '27 '60 •100 '45 52 • 12 •392 1759. . • 70 " 13 ' 20 • 100 ' 100 • 50 '21 6 2 1758. '30 '21 21 '100 •100 '60 '12 89 •11 1757 '20 '100 •40 180 ' 15 • 2 29 1756 »36 "14 •62 •85 '18 '40 '2 '35 •4 1755 '62 '40 • 240 ' 63 '15 •40 •60 33 1754. 10 '4 '40 1763 '3 1752 ■0 2 1751- "25 1748 ■400 30 "21 '107 1747 _ . ■ 348 ' 15 '28 1746. "662 •28 •60 '11 ' 53 5 •16 '6 20 '210 1745 » 1 ,040 •40 ' 27 «9 1744. . ■344 «19 "60 •10 '1 1743 85 1 '6 1742 _ 117 •30 1741 120 16 ■1 1740 80 "49 '2 "80 ' 8 1739 •10 '80 '6 1738 26 ' 1 10 1737. 8 1 10 30 '48 1736 48 •1 '210 1735 39 '53 1734 3 0 2 12 '12 1733 79 '30 '104 '40 90 1731 24 • 60 ■107 1730 13 1 '3 '20 1729 _ . 20 6 '2 ■0 3 •12 '40 1728 3 6 4 '48 1727 _ _ 88 4 2 '3 '25 ■0 2 1726 25 3 0■ 5 1725 70 '2 7 1724 5 5 4 ' 2 63 1723 40 2 2 ■46 •0 4 '11 1722 45 4 •10 ■12 1721 17 ' 1 00 1720 165 34 1719 1 5 4 1718.. 11 1717 9 '15 17 1716.. '111 2 6 Massa South '15 Year c husetts C arolina 1715. 4 4 1 '40 '24 ' 35 359 370 1714 '50 1 28 1708. 32 8 1713 ; 1 4 >22 1707 3 2 8 •8 1712.. 25 «2 1706 44 • 4 •52 1711.. '95 10 4 6 •10 '5 1705 18 • 7 1710 4 4 5 8 ' 7 1704 32 1709 46 '19 '3 13 '3 1703 3 2 '6 » W ar costs. 1 R eissues or exchanges. 4 I ndicates years in which there ' i i ssues of different tenor on a different basis from previous i 773 Z 3 71-405 COLONIAL STATISTICS Series Z 3 71-382. Paper Money Outstanding in American Colonies: 1705 to 1775 [In t housands of colonial pounds. Leaders indicate no data available]

Massa- Connec New Rhode New Pennsyl New Delaware Mary Virginia North South Year c husetts t icut H ampshire I sland Y ork v ania J ersey l and C arolina C arolina 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 1775 27 120 422 295 80 1770 3 44 190 88 7 9 498 1766 260 432 2 48 3 03 75 1760 212 486 155 50 1752 340 1 14 84 60 1748 2.135 281 114 550 85 38 60 21 133 1744 3 05 S O 8 5 14 9 0 1739.. 243 60 23 340 80 80 60 17 90 53 250 1735 309 2 2 69 2 3 2 0 90 5 3 1730 311 27 320 69 18 40 107 1725 351 27 39 37 11 1 16 1720 2 30 2 2 12 1715 170 27 8 61 36 5 2 4 74 1710 89 2 0 7 7 1705 28

Series Z 3 83-387. Tax Collections in America Under the Different Revenue Laws: 1765 to 1774 [In p ounds sterling] New r evenue measures New r evenue measures Navigation Navigation Sugar Townshend a ct Sugar Stamp Townshend a ct Year Total a ct r evenue act (1673) Year Total act r evenue act (1673) (1764, 1766) (1767) ( 1764, 1766) ( 1765) (1767) 383 384 386 387 383 384 386 386 387 1774 27,995 27,074 921 672 1769. 45,499 39,938 5,561 1,294 1773 4 2,103 3 9 , 531 2 ,572 2 ,517 1768. . 3 7,861 2 4,659 1 3,202 1 .160 1772 45.870 42,570 3,300 1,490 1767. 34,041 33,844 197 3,905 1771 31,761 27,086 4,675 1,446 1766.. 26,696 26,696 7 ,873 1770 33,637 30,910 2,727 1,828 1765 17,383 14,091 3,292 2.954

Series Z 3 88-405. Basic Weekly Diets in Britain and America: 1622 to 1790 tin

Calories Bis Bread Flour Oat Peas Rice Corn- Fish Beef Pork Bacon Cheese B utter Mo- Rum Other Year p er day c uits m eal m eal 388 389 390 391 394 396 399 400 Before 1 861, majority of slaves in U.S 4,187-5.287 1 p eck 3Hr o 3>$ About 1 790, slaves on Washing ton's plantation 3,752 14.4 3.6 '0.65 1780, F rench prisoners returned to France and English repatriates. . 3.284 71.... 3K 1780, C ontinental Army ration 2 ,478-3,741 ltf P ts 7 or6K 1776, T ory prisoners in Maryland.. 3,226-3,917 r7 o 7 3 p ts 1t q 7r o 5J4 1 7 g ills -T g ills 1775, C ontinental Army ration 3 ,032-4,058 7 or 7 1 3 pts < 1 pt 7 or 7 or 5Ji lJior'/u About 1 770, convicts sent to Va., Md., and Carolinas from England 2,061 I2:, 1 VAb l ■Mgill 1761, B ritish Army in Canada 2 ,552-2,921 3 p ts 7r o 4 3s 1757, V a. militia in the field 2,600 '7 1755, A cadians sent to Md 1,934 1747, E nglish prisoners of French, at Quebec ,934-2,278 7 U'/ipts lJ»or3^orlJi (•) 1744-1746, R . I. Armed Sloop 3 ,951 7 ■2qts| 1735, G a. trustees, diet for passen gers 3,392 t1 p SM 21 p ts First h alf of 18th century, Mass. m Militia: Post a llowance 2,480 8H pts H Marching a llowance 2 . 6 ,HH 7 7 g ills . First h alf of 18th century, Mass. privateers 4,748 1t q 1t p 8 1676, V a. Militia 4 ,156 SM ax 1638, J osslyn voyage to New Eng 3K land, immigrants 4.527 7 7k g al IK pts IK 1632, c hildren's hospital at Nor * 7A H H wich, England 2,754 6 54 l 'A z14'/i o 2Jt I" 3 p ts IK 8 7 1622, B ritish naval 4,737-5,459, I K ■ I 7 4 7 1 M eat. 7 W ith pork ration only. 1 V inegar. *0 1 M spoonfuls of oil, and 21 spoonfuls of vinegar, with fish only. 3 P eas or beans. * S uet or plums. * K pint of rice or 1 pint of 10 V inegar and mustard; quantity unknown. " Pottage. • G in. ' » S ailors received 1 of the 3 different diets.

774