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Universidad Mayor De San Andrés Facultad De UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRÉS FACULTAD DE AGRONOMIA CARRERA DE INGENIERIA AGRONÓMICA TESIS DE GRADO EFECTO DE ENTOMOPATÓGENOS EN EL CONTROL DE Erinnyis ello, (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) EN CULTIVO DE YUCA (Manihot esculenta C.) EN EL MUNICIPIO DE PALOS BLANCOS, DEPARTAMENTO DE LA PAZ. JUAN REYNALDO CONDE MIRANDA La Paz – Bolivia 2011 UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRÉS FACULTAD DE AGRONOMÍA CARRERA DE INGENIERIA AGRONÓMICA EFECTO DE ENTOMOPATÓGENOS EN EL CONTROL DE Erinnyis ello, (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) EN CULTIVO DE YUCA (Manihot esculenta C.) EN EL MUNICIPIO DE PALOS BLANCOS, DEPARTAMENTO DE LA PAZ. Tesis de grado presentado como requisito parcial para optar el Título de Ingeniero Agrónomo JUAN REYNALDO CONDE MIRANDA ASESORES: Ing.M.Sc. Yuri Zurita Valdivia.............................................................................................. Ing.M.Sc. Erik Murillo Fernández........................................................................................ Ing. Brígida Alicia Tintaya Bautista...................................................................................... TRIBUNAL EXAMINADOR: Ing. Ph. D. David Cruz Choque........................................................................................... Ing. M.Sc. René Calatayud Valdez...................................................................................... Ing. M.Sc. Celia Fernández Chávez.................................................................................... Aprobada Presidente Tribunal Examinador ............................................................... 2011 DEDICATORIA Al supremo creador por darme las fuerzas y su bendición. Al sacrificio de mi mamá María Paz Miranda por su comprensión, paciencia y apoyo incondicional durante estos años. Gracias a mi tío Pascual Miranda y familia por darme la fuerza para seguir adelante y su paciencia en momentos de alegría y tristeza. Dios los bendiga REYNALDO AGRADECIMIENTOS Expresar el más sincero agradecimiento a las siguientes instituciones y personas: A la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés y la Facultad de Agronomía, Carrera de Ingeniería Agronómica al Sr. Decano Ing. Ph. D. René Chipana Rivera, al Sr. Vicedecano Ing. M. Sc. Ramiro Mendoza Nogales, Sr. Director de Carrera Ing. Ph. D. David Cruz Choque y docentes que me impartieron en mi formación académica. Al Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agropecuaria y Forestal (INIAF) La Paz, por el apoyo y confianza que me brindaron al realizar mi tesis. Al Instituto de Investigaciones Fármaco Bioquímicas (IIFB) de la UMSA, a la Dra. María Teresa Álvarez Aliaga (encargada del área de biotecnología) y al Lic. Christian Espinal (responsable control biológico). Al laboratorio de microbiología de la fundación PROINPA – Cochabamba, al Ing. Noel Ortuño y a la Ing. Brígida Tintaya por su ayuda. A mis asesores Ing. M. Sc. Yuri Zurita y al Ing. M. Sc. Erik Murillo Fernández, por su cooperación y apoyo desprendido en la orientación de mi tesis. Al Ing. Juan José Vicente Rojas por el apoyo y confianza que me dio. Al Lic. Fernando Guerra por su conocimiento y cooperación desprendida. A los miembros del Tribunal Examinador: Ing. Ph. D. David Cruz Choque, Ing. M. Sc. Celia Fernández Chávez, Ing. M. Sc. René Calatayud Valdez por las sugerencias y correcciones realizadas a este documento. A los señores Pablo Anconi y Flia. (Chayanta II) Área V, al señor William Callizaya (Agua Dulce) y don Esteban Mariscal y Flia. (Puerto Carmen), Área VII por permitir realizar mi trabajo de investigación. A mi gran amigo y hermano Tomas Jiménez por su apoyo desprendido. A Juan Víctor Villalobos por su apoyo incondicional en momentos de alegría y tristeza y mi compañero Gerardo Fernández Valencia por su gran ayuda. A mis compañeros de mi Facultad, un agradecimiento por haberles representado en diferentes actividades y a los grupos AGRO2000, AGROIRA, LA ROSCA y DORADO. CONTENIDO DEDICATORIA.................................................................................................................. I AGRADECIMIENTO ........................................................................................................II INDICE GENERAL .........................................................................................................III LISTA DE FIGURAS..................................................................................................... VII LISTA DE CUADROS.................................................................................................... IX RESUMEN...................................................................................................................... X I. INTRODUCCIÓN..........................................................................................................1 1.1 Justificación ....................................................................................................2 1.2 Objetivos..........................................................................................................4 1.2.1 Objetivo General..............................................................................................4 1.2.2 Objetivos específicos.......................................................................................4 1.3 Hipótesis..........................................................................................................4 II. REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA ......................................................................................5 2.1 Origen de la yuca.............................................................................................5 2.2 Distribución y cultivo de la yuca.......................................................................6 2.3 Botánica de la yuca .........................................................................................7 2.3.1 Taxonomía.......................................................................................................7 2.3.2 Descripción de la planta...................................................................................7 2.3.2.1 Tallo.................................................................................................................8 2.3.2.2 Hojas................................................................................................................8 2.3.2.3 Raíces..............................................................................................................8 2.3.2.4 Flor y fruto........................................................................................................9 2.4 Requerimientos Edafoclimáticos......................................................................9 2.4.1 Temperatura ....................................................................................................9 2.4.2 Luminosidad y fotoperiodo...............................................................................9 2.4.3 Suelo................................................................................................................9 2.5 Control Biológico de plagas de la yuca...........................................................10 2.6 Descripción del insecto biología de reproducción..........................................11 2.6.1 Origen y distribución .....................................................................................11 2.6.1.2 Distribución de Erinnyis ello en Bolivia .........................................................11 2.6.2 Clasificación taxonómica ..............................................................................13 2.6.3 Ciclo de vida de Erinnyis ello ........................................................................14 2.6.4 Estados de desarrollo ...................................................................................14 2.6.4.1 Huevo ...........................................................................................................14 2.6.4.2 Larva.............................................................................................................15 2.6.4.3 Prepupa .......................................................................................................16 2.6.4.4 Pupa .............................................................................................................16 2.6.4.5 Adulto............................................................................................................16 2.7 Forma de ataque y daño al cultivo................................................................17 2.8 Causas de la aparición de altas poblaciones de larvas ................................18 2.9 Componente de control de la plaga a corto y mediano plazo .......................19 2.10 Las plantas hospederas................................................................................19 2.11 Control del Erinnyis ello ................................................................................21 2.12 Control biológico ...........................................................................................21 2.12.1 Control con entomopatógenos......................................................................23 2.12.2 Bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis ......................................................................24 2.12.2.1 Clasificación taxonómica ..............................................................................25 2.12.2.2 Toxinas de Bacillus thuringiensis..................................................................26 2.12.2.3 Clasificación de las endotoxinas...................................................................26 2.12.2.4
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