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State Defense Force Times

Message from the President Winter 2020

MG Jay Coggan • Increase our external State Guard communications to educate the

public and government at all First, as we start off a new year, let me levels as to our mission congratulate BG Hayhurst and BG • Expand training opportunities Santiago for a great annual conference in across the country and online Biloxi, MS. Unfortunately, prior commitments kept Internal communications have been me from attending, but I received great driven mostly by our web, newsletter, and feedback from our members. Your periodic announcements. We will be dedication and work is appreciated! updating our email capabilities to provide As we move into 2020 we have the more relevant and timely information to opportunity to build on our past success our members. To make this effort and make this a transformative year. My successful, I ask that each member please singular mission focus for SAGUS this go to their member profile in the SGAUS year is to improve our communications to web site make sure your contact and make us the most effective organization email information is current. We are that we can be. My key strategies to establishing a team to evaluate and accomplish this goal are: implement new strategies for internal communications. More information on • Improve our communications with this effort will be forthcoming. members

1 Now, regarding external communications, opportunity for SGAUS to SDF help our I firmly believe that this year SGAUS can respective states deal with this issue. take it to the next level in how we make It’s never too early to start planning for ourselves known outside our association the 2020 SAGUS Annual Conference. walls. That will require a formal external Mark your calendars for 9-12 September marketing strategy, followed by specific 2020 at the Wyndham Irvine, in Orange actions and timelines. I believe that once County, CA. The hotel is located less we get this implemented, our SDF than a mile from John Wayne Airport recruitment numbers across the nation (SNA), minutes from some of will improve significantly. We want to California’s best beaches and only a short help the SDF’s do a better job in drive from Disneyland. Start making your recruiting so we are going to have a team plans now. focus on the development of the strategy and also developing tools and recruitment I hoped you had a joyous holiday season best practices that our SDF’s can use. and I wish you all a Happy New Year full Bottom line, we want to be not only of joy and prosperity, but also full of useful to our members, but also a value- desire to make SGAUS better. add source for all our SDF’s and their Commanders. Thank you.

An example of how we are expanding our Maj. Gen. Jay Coggan, President training activates was the first Expert SGAUS Medical program created by our our Medical Committee. The Field Casualty Course event at Camp Atterbury, Editor’s Note: In addition to serving as was not only a success, but sets the bar the Commanding General of the for where we are going with training. California State Reserve, Major Thank you to Drs. Ungar and Cohen for General (CA) Jay M. Coggan currently making this possible. We will be again serves as the Chief Counsel – Cyber offering the program at Camp Atterbury Operations for the California Military in 2020. This is just one example how we Department. In this capacity, he is can bring the best training and practices responsible for legal issues in the realm to all of our members. of cyber defense for the California In 2020 we are starting the planning National Guard’s mission of defense process for establishing our support of civil authorities, and the Cybersecurity center of excellence. This protection of California’s critical project has been conceptualized for some infrastructure. His biography can be time and now is the time to bring it found at https://calguard.ca.gov/wp- forward into reality. Cybersecurity is one content/uploads/sites/62/2019/05/MG- of the most pressing challenges to our Coggan-Biography.pd national security and this is an

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From the Sergeant Major’s Desk….

SGM Fred Tredy SGAUS MEMS Academy Commandant

Know your MEMS Academy State Directors The information below is a listing of all of the MEMS Academy State Directors for 2020. Most of the links are active and current. Stay in touch with these leaders for information in your state regarding MEMS. ALABAMA ALASKA COL Robert Clark LTC John Bilyeu [email protected] [email protected]

ARKANSAS Mr. Charles Whorton MAJ Malcolm K.C. [email protected] PRESHÁ [email protected]

CALIFORNIA SGM Fred Tredy [email protected] TBD

WO-1 Derek Kantar (Deputy ASD) [email protected] STATE DELAWARE LTC Victor Metta [email protected] LTC John Grant [email protected]

FLORIDA GEORGIA John Corfield, CW4 Lloyd Garrard, ASD [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] l

COL Anthony S. Evangelista (Deputy ASD) [email protected] s

3 HAWAII Inactive SDF

GUAM Jeffrey Barone IDAHO Deputy Emergency Manager Joint Region Marianas CSM James Brewer

[email protected] [email protected]

ILLINOIS I NDIANA CSM Tim White CSM Timothy J. White [email protected] [email protected] m

IOWA KANSAS Kent Ward James Slater [email protected] [email protected]

KENTUCKY LOUISIANA MAJ Alan Bagley COL Gene Barattini [email protected] [email protected] om

MAINE MARYLAND LTC Charles McCarthy CW4 J. Eric Drummer [email protected] [email protected]

MASSACHUSETTS * MICHIGAN LTC Charles McCarthy CW5 Gordon Karslake [email protected] [email protected] m

MINNESOTA MISSISSIPPI * In Active SDF LTC John S. Brown [email protected]

Missouri MONTANA Kent Ward [email protected]

NEBRASKA Inactive SDF LTC Charles McCarth [email protected]

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NEW JERSEY CW3 John Molner MAJ Malcolm K.C. [email protected] PRESHÁ [email protected]

NEW YORK NEVADA LTC John Grant WO-1 Derek Kantar [email protected] [email protected]

NORTH CAROLINA NORTH DAKOTA Joseph Thaxton [email protected]

OHIO OKLAHOMA CSM John K. Ball CW2 Tod Nutt – ASD john.ball@ohmr..gov [email protected]

LTC Roger Patrick Deputy State Director [email protected]

Ohio CMDCM Todd Waddell [email protected]. gov

OREGON PENNSYLVANIA CPT Terry Pietras COL Ricky Clay [email protected] [email protected]

PUERTO RICO RHODE ISLAND MSgt Pedro Gonzalez LTC Charles McCarthy [email protected] [email protected]

Deputy ASD COL Jesus “Nesty” Delgado [email protected]

SOUTH CAROLINA SOUTH DAKOTA Adam W. Dillon, Inactive SDF CPT(P), SCSG [email protected]

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TENNESSEE MAJ Alan Bagley CW2 Tod Nutt – ASD [email protected] [email protected]

Utah CPT Chris Custer MAJ Ira Salom [email protected] [email protected]

VIRGINIA US Virgin Islands James H. Reid, Jr, CPT (VA) MSgt Pedro Gonzalez [email protected] [email protected] om

WASHINGTON (State) WASHINGTON D.C. * CSM James Brewer LTC Victor Metta [email protected] [email protected]

WEST WISCONSIN James H. Reid, Jr, CPT TBD [email protected]

WYOMING

Special Unit and Organizations LTC John Rumple (TX) SFC Robert Anthon (WI) 28th Southwest Expeditionary [email protected] Brigade, RLA (Airborne) AVR, USV-JSC [email protected]

LTC Kenneth Cauthrone (VA) Volunteer Corps [email protected] om

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MEMS Academy Liaison and Staff Officers AMERICAN CADET ACADEMY J.A.G. ALLIANCE COL Eugene F. Rogers, George Berghorn, Liaison Officer (SC) [email protected] [email protected] Past COMMANDANT/PR/ Founder/First INTERNATIONAL MEMS Commandant PROGRAM LTC George H. Heart, Ret LTC Roger Higby, (CA) (WA) [email protected] [email protected]

Civil Authority Southern States Civil Authority Northern Christopher Earp (TX) States [email protected] Anthony Lamb, (KS) [email protected]

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SGAUS Winter 2019 SDF Newsletter

can no longer afford to sideline these national security assets.

Since the founding of the United States of America, local have played an important role in its defense and security. Bolstered by the Founding Father’s concerns The 21st-Century Militia: State Defense about maintaining a large standing army and Forces and Homeland Security preserved within the Constitution, the concept of the citizen soldier has since James Carafano and Jessica Zuckerman become ingrained in American culture and government. Editors Note: This article was originally published by the Heritage Foundation on Currently, 23 states and territories have October 8, 2010, and is reprinted with modern militias. As of 2005, these militias permission. Carafano and Zuckerman had a force strength of approximately provide a compelling argument for the 14,000 individuals nationwide. Most existence and support of State Defense commonly known as State Defense Forces Forces. The original publication with (SDFs) or state militias, these forces are references can be found at distinct from the Reserves and the National https://www.heritage.org/homeland- Guard in that they serve no federal function. security/report/the-21st-century-militia- In times of both war and peace, SDFs state-defense-forces-and-homeland-security remain solely under the control of their or by selecting Download Report. governors, allowing the governors to deploy them easily and readily in the event of a natural or man-made disaster. Abstract: State militias have helped to defend the United States since the Building on a strong U.S. militia tradition, Revolutionary War. Today, 23 states and today’s State Defense Forces offer a vital territories have organized militias, most force multiplier and homeland security commonly known as State Defense Forces resource for governors throughout the (SDFs). SDFs provide governors with a nation. SDFs can greatly fortify homeland cost-effective, vital force multiplier and security efforts in the states by serving as resource, especially if state National Guard emergency response and recovery forces. units are deployed out of state. However, in Consequently, state leaders should make general, SDFs are underfunded and strengthening existing SDFs a priority, while undersupported. Some states at high risk for encouraging their creation in states that do a natural or man-made disaster have not not yet have SDFs, especially in states at even created SDFs. The U.S. and its states high risk of a natural or man-made disaster.

8 This paper is the result of a first attempt by of liberty” into the Constitution. Article 1, any organization to conduct a Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution states: comprehensive survey of the nation’s SDFs. The Heritage Foundation sent surveys to the The Congress shall have the power…to leaders of all 23 of the nation’s SDFs, and provide for calling forth the Militia to 13 responded. This paper analyzes their execute the Laws of the Union, suppress responses, looks at the history of the SDFs Insurrections and repel Invasions; and the issues and challenges that they face, To provide for organizing, arming, and and makes recommendations on expanding disciplining, the Militia, and for governing the SDF role in homeland security. such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the From the Founding Through Today States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Informed by British history and colonialism, Militia according to the discipline prescribed many of the Founding Fathers believed that by Congress. a large standing army could easily become an instrument of tyranny. Nevertheless, the The language of the Constitution granted the onset of the Revolutionary War clearly federal government the power to call forth demonstrated the undeniable need to field a the militia of the United States, but left the unified, professional national defense force states the ability to appoint officers and to to defeat the British. Thus, in 1775, despite train their militias. the colonies’ long reliance on militias to defend their territories, the Continental Five years after the Constitution was Congress created the Continental Army, the ratified, state militia powers were more nation’s first standing military force. firmly defined by the Militia Act of 1792, which required all free men ages 18 to 45 to However, creation of the Continental Army serve in the enrolled militia. Further, laying did little to impede the continued existence the basis for principles that guide today’s of militias throughout the nation. While State Defense Forces, the act dictated that militias were decidedly less effective during the (TAG) of each state the Revolutionary War than the Continental would command the militia and that state Army, they nevertheless contributed to the militias would receive no federal funds. At war effort. In the early battles and later as the same time, however, the Calling Forth auxiliary support to the Continental Army, Act of 1792 gave the President power to the militia helped to win the war, securing mobilize any and all state militia forces their continued role in the nation. when the nation was under threat of invasion or in times of “insurrections in any State.” Ultimately, despite misgivings about the effectiveness of militias, the Founding However, the Militia Act and Calling Forth Fathers incorporated their belief that a well- Act did not end the contest between state regulated militia was “the ultimate guardian governors and the federal government for

9 control over militia forces. Within a few Within months of the U.S. entrance into decades, this debate reached the Supreme , the entire National Guard Court. In 1827, the Court ruled in Martin v. Force of more than 300,000 guardsmen was Mott that the President had the exclusive mobilized for active duty. Deprived of their right to determine if conditions warranted National Guard units and concerned about mobilization of militia forces. However, in sabotage and espionage attempts on the 1820, the Court held in Houston v. mainland, governors began to call for the Moore that states maintained concurrent creation of home defense forces or authority with the President to mobilize the organized state militias. The Home Defense militia in the event of a natural disaster, civil Act of 1917 permitted the states to raise unrest, insurrection, or invasion. This home defense forces in cases where the decision helped to set the basis for the National Guard had been federalized. By modern state-apportioned militias. December 1917, eight months after the U.S. entered the war, 42 states had formed home By the end of the , the militias guards or State Defense Forces with a total enrolled under the Militia Act of 1792 had force strength of approximately 100,000 largely declined as population growth made men. After World War I, most SDF units their size unwieldy and ineffective. As states were disbanded, but they were revived again increasingly abolished mandatory militia during World War II, growing to 150,000 service, volunteer militias became more members in 46 states and . prevalent. During the Civil War, the combined force of enrolled and volunteer After World War II, militias again declined, militias proved more useful than in any and circumstances did not prompt creation previous war. Northern militias acted both of large State Defense Forces until late in independently and in conjunction with the the . In the 1950s, Congress again U.S. Army to guard prisoners, man forts, passed legislation supporting the formation and protect the coast, freeing up federal of state militias. However, the creation and troops for duty elsewhere. expansion of SDFs throughout the United States remained slow until U.S.–Soviet Despite their utility during the Civil War, relations worsened and détente collapsed in volunteer militia forces remained largely the late 1970s. disparate and disorganized bodies until the 20th century. In 1903, the latest Militia Act At the same time that the Cold War was (the Dick Act) transformed all state militia driving the expansion of State Defense forces into units of the National Forces, the unpopularity of the Vietnam War Guard. While this measure helped to led to a drive to end conscription. In 1969, professionalize and organize the U.S. President Richard Nixon established a militia, World War I created unforeseen commission to determine how best to challenges for state governors. abolish the draft. The Gates Commission concluded that the best alternative to conscription would be an all-volunteer force.

10 However, creating and maintaining this all- engaging in domestic law enforcement volunteer force would rely heavily on the activities within the United States. While the Total Force Concept, which called for has never proven a complete integration of all Active and major obstacle to deploying federal forces Reserve components. Further, the Total for domestic emergency response, SDFs Force Concept’s heavy reliance on Reserve permit a state military response uninhibited forces increased the likelihood that states by legal obstacles. would be left without their National Guard troops if they were deployed overseas. This Each SDF is under the control of its realization led many states to revive their respective through the state’s SDFs in the 1980s. Ultimately, in 1983, military department. The Adjutant General, Congress amended the National Defense Act the state’s senior military commander and a to authorize all states to maintain permanent member of the governor’s cabinet, State Defense Forces. commands the SDF on behalf of the governor. As SDF commander, TAG is The Modern Militia: State Defense Forces responsible for all training, equipment allocation, and decisions regarding the At present, 23 states and territories have SDF’s strength, activity, and mission. The SDFs, and their estimated force strength Adjutant General is also the commander of totaled 14,000 members as of the state’s National Guard units and often 2005. Authorized under federal statute Title directs state emergency response. Through 32 of the U.S. Code, SDFs are entirely under TAGs, SDFs can easily coordinate with state control—unlike the National Guard— other key components of the state both in peace and otherwise. Hence, while emergency response. the National Guard is a dual-apportioned force that can be called to Despite its recognition in federal statute, under Title 10 or remain a state force under creation of a remains at Title 32, State Defense Forces serve solely the discretion of each state governor, and 28 as Title 32 forces. states have chosen not to create such forces. Creation of SDFs has met resistance from This status gives SDFs two important TAGs and the due to advantages. First, SDFs are continually concerns over turf, costs, and even arming stationed within their respective states and SDF members. However, such objections can be called up quickly and easily in times make little sense given that SDFs are of need. Such a capability is particularly entirely volunteer organizations and offer important when catastrophic disasters the states a vital, low-cost force multiplier. overwhelm local first responders and federal Members are not paid for training, only forces can take up to 72 hours to some states compensate them for active respond. Second, SDFs are exempt from the duty, and SDFs generally have little restrictions of the Posse Comitatus Act, equipment. For example, in 2002 alone, the which prohibits federal military forces from Georgia State Guard reportedly saved the

11 state of Georgia $1.5 million by providing first responders. While largely 1,797 days of operational service to the underdeveloped and underresourced, SDFs state. In all, the state-apportioned status, can fill this gap in state homeland security organizational structure, and low-cost capabilities, giving governors a valuable burden of SDFs make them a vital and force multiplier. practical resource for the states. In recent years, State Defense Forces have State Defense Forces Post-9/11 proven vital to homeland security and emergency response efforts. For example, Only months before 9/11, the U.S. after 9/11, the , New York Commission on National Security/21st Naval Militia, and Century (the Hart– Rudman Commission) were activated to assist in response suggested making homeland security the measures, recovery efforts, and critical primary mission of the National infrastructure security. An estimated 2,274 Guard. However, after September 11, 2001, SDF personnel participated in support of National Guard deployments reached their recovery efforts after . highest level since the . This SDF personnel were activated in at least was understandably troubling to many state eight states, including Texas, Maryland, leaders given that “[g]overnors have the Virginia, and . They assisted greatest responsibility for managing directly with recovery efforts or stayed in consequences of attacks,” but “[t]hey have their states to fill the roles of the state the fewest resources with which to do National Guard units that were deployed to it…only the state and the National assist in the recovery. SDFs have also Guard to provide for law and order.” In offered critical infrastructure protection. In recent years, the high levels of National Operation Noble Eagle, the homeland Guard deployment largely removed this defense and civil support operation after resource from numerous states. Even in the 9/11, the Alaskan SDF aided in the efforts to states where National Guard forces remain protect the Alaska oil pipeline. present, the Guard is maintaining only about 62 percent of its equipment on hand for the History suggests that State Defense Forces states because of overseas may be most valuable in assisting the states deployments. This has left some governors in emergency response. In the event of a with just state police units to help to natural or man-made disaster, the first tier of maintain security and facilitate emergency response is state and local first responders. response. In addition, an emergency, However, Hurricane Katrina exposed a vital particularly a catastrophic disaster, could difference between a “normal” disaster and a quickly overwhelm state police and other catastrophic disaster. A catastrophic disaster first responders. If National Guard forces are quickly stresses the resources and unavailable because they are deployed capabilities of state and local responders. In elsewhere, then the state could rely on its such cases, the Title 32 National Guard SDF, if it has one, to reinforce police and troops can serve as the second tier of

12 response. Yet given the National Guard’s One of the greatest challenges to the high operational tempo over the past decade, creation and maintenance of State Defense the state Guard units may be unavailable. Forces across the nation is ignorance among Likewise, the third tier, federal support in state and national security leaders. Many of the form of reserve troops or FEMA these leaders are fundamentally unaware of assistance, may take up to 72 hours to the existence and capabilities of SDFs. This mobilize and arrive at the scene of the is largely a public relations nightmare for disaster. In contrast, State Defense Forces the SDFs because this general ignorance are by their nature located nearby. They also greatly impedes SDF leaders’ efforts to know the area and the resources at hand, make their cause and merits known. giving them the potential to be a key element of emergency response for the However, lack of awareness is not the SDFs’ states. only major public relations challenge. Often those who are aware of SDFs confuse them Besides being readily available and with private militia forces associated with continually stationed within states, SDFs can radical organizations. State Defense Forces carry out state homeland security missions are the modern state militias. These forces without any major reorganization, which are government-authorized, organized, would be required if Congress were to professional militias, in sharp contrast to implement the Hart–Rudman Commission’s their radical “counterparts.” recommendation to task the National Guard with this role. Furthermore, by assuming SDFs are also limited by the restriction greater homeland security responsibility, forbidding them from receiving in-kind SDFs would allow the National Guard to support from the U.S. Department of focus more on their Title 10 mission in the Defense (DOD). While SDFs should remain global war on terrorism. Moreover, unlike funded solely by the states, in-kind support the dual-apportioned National Guard, State in the form of equipment and facilities Defense Forces could focus more would enhance SDF training and completely on homeland security than the capabilities. However, because the DOD National Guard. does not directly support SDFs, they cannot use federal resources, even surplus federal Challenges Faced equipment and supplies. This is particularly challenging given that many SDFs work State Defense Forces offer an important closely with their state National Guards. homeland security asset to many states, but Nevertheless, SDFs are not permitted to use several challenges have prevented these Guard facilities, trucks, or equipment, even forces from reaching their full potential. when state National Guard troops are Existing SDFs are often underfunded and deployed elsewhere and SDFs are filling in undersupported, and some vulnerable states during their absence. have not yet formed SDFs.

13 The Current State of SDFs response, and/or supporting emergency operating agencies and law enforcement as The State Defense Forces offer the states a key components. much needed force multiplier for homeland security operations and provide critical In emergency response, 10 of the 13 SDFs support as an auxiliary to the National play a designated role in their state or local Guard. While the potential roles of SDFs emergency operation centers. Several of the received heightened attention immediately SDFs participate in planning disaster after 9/11, that attention has faded in recent mitigation tactics, either at the direction of years. the state National Guard, the governor, and/or the Adjutant General, rather than To assess current SDF resources and following a predetermined plan for disaster capabilities, The Heritage Foundation sent a mitigation. Others simply encourage greater survey to the leaders of the 23 existing training and education among their SDFs. Thirteen states—Alabama, Georgia, members. Virginia and Georgia have gone Indiana, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, so far as to incorporate their SDFs into their New Mexico, Ohio, Oregon, Tennessee, state all-hazards or disaster mitigation plans. Texas, Vermont, and Virginia—responded, providing a sampling of SDFs from across Funding. Survey results also support the the United States. While the data received notion that State Defense Forces provide a are limited and cannot draw a national cost-effective solution to the problem of picture of State Defense Forces, much can maintaining sufficient homeland security still be learned from the information manpower at the state level. Only four of the gathered. 13 responding SDFs indicated that they pay their members when on active duty. The rest Mission. First, 11 of the 13 respondents rely solely on volunteer service. indicated that their State Defense Forces Nevertheless, while SDFs are considered a have a defined mission under state law, but low-cost asset, they still require adequate the identified missions varied greatly from state funding to ensure that they have the state to state. Some forces focused more on resources necessary to carry out their a National Guard auxiliary mission. Other assigned missions. In this regard, only nine SDFs emphasize homeland security and of the 13 SDFs indicated that they receive civil support. The SDFs of Alabama, state-appropriated funds. Yet despite Georgia, Maryland, New Mexico, Oregon, inadequate funding, 10 of the 13 Tennessee, Vermont, and Virginia identified respondents plan to expand their SDFs, their mission as acting largely to support the clearly reflecting the importance of these state National Guard. Other states defined forces. their mission as providing communication backup and support, serving as a direct Force Strength. In force strength and resource of the governor, operating search composition, 10 of the 13 SDFs had active and rescue efforts, assisting in disaster force strengths above 100 personnel as of

14 January 2010. Vermont, Maryland, Virginia, Texas, Virginia, and Vermont SDFs have air Tennessee, Indiana, Georgia, and Alabama arms. reported forces of more than 200 members each, and Texas indicated an active force Seven of the 13 SDFs reported that they strength of 1,750—the largest of the SDFs. trained and served side by side with the state National Guard on a regular basis. All 13 Yet many high-risk states do not have SDFs. respondents responded that they conducted Judging from more than 50 years of regular assessments of their SDFs. actuarial data on natural disasters, certain states face a predictable, high risk of In all, the survey data show that too many experiencing a natural disaster. Further, an SDFs receive insufficient recognition and analysis of funding of cities through the support. Because they are predominantly Department of Homeland Security’s Urban volunteer organizations, their capabilities Areas Security Initiative (UASI) program tend to be overlooked. Yet the states with has identified the 37 “highest risk” SDFs should seek to expand the size, scope, jurisdictions as indicated by the federal and utility of their SDFs to provide government. Of these high-risk states, themselves with a dynamic resource at a low Arizona, , Hawaii, , Missouri, cost. High-risk states without SDFs should North Carolina, and Pennsylvania lack seriously consider forming them. In addition SDFs. to receiving greater federal recognition and in-kind support as well as state resources, Additionally, SDF personnel tend to be SDFs should be given the opportunity to retired military personnel and other train side by side with their National Guard professionals. In all but one of the 13 SDFs, counterparts. SDFs will be a significantly the average age of SDF personnel is 42 greater asset to their states if they are more years or older. While some point to the professionally trained and equipped. higher age of SDF members as a disadvantage, in fact this is a great strength Expanding the Role of SDFs in Homeland because it often reflects the members’ Security extensive experience. “In many cases it is not uncommon in a group of four or five In 2009, the State Defense Force SDF officers to find 100 plus years of Improvement Act (H.R. 206) was introduced military experience.” According to survey in the U.S. House of Representatives. The results, responding SDFs primarily draw on bill would have amended Title 32 of the such experience and professional U.S. Code to enhance the nation’s backgrounds in offering medical, financial, SDFs. The bill sought to clarify federal and legal aid within the SDF and to the regulation of SDFs and to improve National Guard. standardization and coordination with the DOD and the U.S. Department of Homeland Only Texas, Virginia, and Indiana reported Security (DHS). However, since its having an SDF naval or marine arm. The introduction, H.R. 206 has been on hold.

15 Expansion and enhancement of SDFs that all state and national actors in remains vital to homeland security. To emergency response know their further such efforts, state leaders, Congress, respective roles. Further, emergency the DOD, and the DHS should: management plans and exercises will provide SDFs with greater guidance • Promote the creation of SDFs in on what is expected of them in the high-risk states. Only 23 states and event of a man-made or natural territories have SDFs. The hesitation disaster. of many governors makes little sense • Permit SDFs to train side by side given that SDFs offer a low-cost with the National Guard. While force multiplier for homeland SDFs and the National Guard differ security efforts. In particular, the in their overall missions, they share high-risk states without SDFs would emergency management greatly benefit from creating SDFs responsibilities in their respective for disaster recovery and response states. In each state, they also have a efforts. common commander, the state’s • Create state standards and clarify Adjutant General. Having the SDFs federal regulation. Clarifying train alongside the state National federal regulation would provide a Guards would be an effective use of clearer picture on SDFs’ powers and resources and provide the specialized mission. At the same time, creating training needed to strengthen the state standards for tactics, SDFs. State Defense Forces will be a techniques, and organization based significantly greater asset to their on the needs of each individual state states if they are more professionally would strengthen and enhance SDF trained and equipped. Accordingly, performance. State standards should Congress should amend the law to be communicated to the Council of allow the National Guard to provide Governors and the State Guard assistance to all auxiliary forces, Association of the United States to including SDFs and Coast Guard facilitate sharing of best practices . This assistance could among the states. include technical training, • Incorporate SDFs into state and administrative support, and use of national emergency management National Guard facilities and plans.Expanding SDFs while equipment. clarifying regulation and setting • Encourage greater state support standards is only the first step. The and resource allocation, and states, the DOD, and the DHS should federal in-kind support. Four of the ensure that SDFs are incorporated 13 SDFs do not receive state into existing and future emergency funding. While SDFs are a low-cost management plans and exercises. resource, the size and scope of their Including SDFs will help to ensure

16 functionality is hindered by Director of the Douglas and Sarah Allison insufficient support and resources. Center for Foreign Policy Studies, a division To increase the quality and of the Davis Institute, at The Heritage capability of SDFs, states need to Foundation. Jessica Zuckerman is a provide adequate support and Research Assistant in the Allison Center. resources. Additionally, while SDFs should remain solely funded by the states, these forces would greatly benefit from receiving federal in- kind support from the Department of Defense. Allowing SDF members to train at military facilities and to receive excess federal equipment and supplies would greatly benefit the SDFs with minimal burden on the DOD.

The Future of the Modern Militia

There are clear historical, legal, and practical justifications for strengthening the State Defense Forces. Since the founding of this country, militias have played a vital role in fulfilling the constitutional duty of providing for the common defense. Today, as strictly state forces, SDFs continue to provide critical manpower at minimal cost.

Despite the undeniable benefits from having an effective SDF, many SDFs lack the resources and the operational standards needed to make them more effective. Some states at high risk of natural or man-made disasters have not even formed SDFs. The U.S. and its states can no longer afford to sideline these national security assets.

—At the time of publication James Jay Carafano, Ph.D., was Deputy Director of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies and

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“This is a great event that Dr. Ungar has put on,” he said. “I think it’s going to reap benefits well into the future for all the state defense forces.”

Such training is an important signal to those partnering with state defense forces, Hayhurst said.

“SGAUS is the clearinghouse where we can SGAUS Field Casualty Course Brings network and bring things together from all States, Experts Together the states and share that with each other,” he

said. By Sgt.(IN) John Strauss

“We can standardize our processes a bit, A joint medical training exercise for state which makes us a more professional defense forces from across the country was organization when we present ourselves to an excellent learning experience – and a our National Guard partners and other chance for the SDFs to demonstrate their agencies in the state including the capabilities, the leader of the State Guard emergency management folks.” Association of the United States said.

Hayhurst and others praised the facilities “We’ve had some other medical training, and the assistance that made the training but this is the first SGAUS-sponsored event possible. of the Medical Academy,” said Brig. Gen.

Doug Hayhurst, commander of the “SGAUS deeply appreciates the support of and president of Brig. Gen. Tim Winslow, the Indiana SGAUS. adjutant general, his staff and Camp

Atterbury in providing administrative and “We want all of our academies to do this in logistical support throughout the course.” their respective areas, where they take the information that has worked in particular The Mississippi State Guard works with that states and bring it together to come out with state’s Medical Assistance Team, which a standard baseline that anyone can use.” came about following Hurricane Katrina.

After Katrina, the state obtained grant funds Hayhurst credited Maj. (Dr.) Julian Ungar- to purchase three 50-bed portable hospitals, Sargon, executive officer of the Indiana which are staffed in a partnership with the Guard Reserve’s 19th Medical Regiment, University Medical Center in Jackson to with organizing the training Sept. 6-8 at keep the equipment and supplies up to date. Camp Atterbury.

18 Col. Andrew Fitzgerald, PE, is the IGR’s “They needed additional people to staff it Engineer Detachment commander and was during disasters, and that’s where the state one of the presenters. guard comes in,” said Hayhurst, a former Army combat engineer and Medical Service “I thought the training was excellent. Maj. Corps officer who served in Vietnam. Ungar and others did a fantastic job, breaking the material down to a practical “We train with their equipment, with their level, what you would do and how you people. If we’re needed they call on us to would respond in an actual emergency,” said assist in a time of disaster.” Fitzgerald, a former lieutenant colonel with the Indiana National Guard. Brig. Gen. Hal Grigdesby of the said the participation of nine Ungar said the intent was to create a first- visiting states showed a broad interest in class course that would be the benchmark medical training. for excellence in medical training for SGAUS. “When you get highly skilled medical professionals together, they really enjoy it. “The challenge was to provide a cross They bounce ideas off each other, so it’s between tactical combat casualty care and been great,” he said. advanced trauma life support, since SDF medics would be treating civilian “Most of the medical capability that exists in populations - not under fire and not in an the reserve component in the United States ER. We had to provide scenarios in which is in the Army Reserve, not in the National we would be treating and triaging in Guard. So to have assets at the state level firehouses or school gyms, after a mass that are owned by the state, like the 19th casualty or natural disaster event.” Medical Regiment, is a phenomenal benefit to the governor.” Ungar said the 62 officers and soldiers from nine states constituted the largest SGAUS Those who serve in state defense forces are training event in its history. truly the selfless volunteers, Grigdesby said. “It was humbling to see the sacrifice and “They give of their time and resources. It volunteerism of these career professionals,” costs money to do this,” he said. “And they he said. “Most importantly our own 19th do this for the love of their state and their Medical Regiment showed up to provide fellow citizens, to be there in the time of support, and the esprit de corps was just need.” moving.”

Maj. Kathy Flannery of the ’s 1st Medical Battalion praised the

19 facilities at Camp Atterbury and said the “That’s a job I never dreamed I would be sessions were excellent – even for a former doing, and I was only doing it because I was ER nurse like herself. in the Guard.”

“This training is important because these are Also on that operation was 2nd Lt. Ric skills you can lose if you don’t practice Dalaza of Houston, who helped evacuate them,” she said. senior citizens to shelters and did other work with evacuees. Also important was the chance to see how other state guard systems operate. She was “We saw people who lost everything, and impressed with the IGR medical unit. they appreciated us being there to help,” he said. “The caliber of the Guard Reserve member you have here in Indiana is amazing,” she Dalaza said residents seemed impressed that said. “The number of physicians you have the people helping them were volunteers – and their experience is terrific. All the and wanted nothing in return. Indiana Guard Reserve members I’ve met are very high quality. They come from all different backgrounds, different industries.”

In particular, she noticed the enthusiasm of SDF personnel.

“They want to do something different - they’re interested in new places and people,” she said. “Everybody is very friendly and wants to be involved with their community. It’s obvious these are volunteer organizations – the people I’ve met are all Class - Participants in the Field Casualty Course interested in serving others.” observe a presentation on bleeding control

After Hurricane Harvey struck southeast Texas in 2017 she and other Texas Guard members were deployed for weeks. Flannery worked in Points of Distribution with Texas National Guard members.

“There were no hospitals, no clinics, and no water or food for almost a year. It was Chopper - Participants in the Field Casualty Course flattened like the Bahamas,” she said. gather around the UH-1H “Huey” chopper used for one of the exercises.

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Warrant Officer Howard Bennis, Indiana Guard Reserve, instructs a class in one of the FCC sessions

Soldiers practice patient movement with a litter

Soldiers from the Texas State Guard team photo

21 served as the Officer in Charge of the training programs. “The BOLC and WOC are designed to build basic leader and trainer skills necessary to lead a platoon size element. We worked hard to ensure that the experience was challenging and professionally rewarding,” he continued.

Maryland Defense Force Focuses on Leadership with New Officer Courses

Maj. (MD) Stephen Rice

On Saturday, August 17, 2019 at Camp Fretterd Military Reservation, 20 Maryland Defense Force (MDDF) personnel graduated from the new Basic Officer Leadership Course (BOLC) and three MDDF personnel graduated from the new Warrant Officer Course (WOC). Both courses were two- phased training programs that included traditional classroom education, required reading, online training, knowledge tests and 2nd Lt. Roger Harrison in the New Officer Course field training. These courses are designed to serve as foundational professional “If we want MDDF officers to serve as development for MDDF officers. As the effective leaders then we have to make sure MDDF continues to invest in the training of that they are properly trained and have the its members, additional MDDF courses are tools to succeed in a leadership role,” shared planned for the coming months. Maj. (MDDF) Mark Schroeder who is the Director of the MDDF Policy, Plans and “The new officer courses focus on twelve Training Section. “The BOLC and WOC leader core competencies as well as courses also provided the participants with readiness, training management, the opportunity to debate and dissect some communications, operations and program of the various leadership approaches of management,” explained Chief Warrant military officers from different eras. More Officer 3 (MDDF) Michael Guiles who importantly however, the participants had

22 the opportunity to learn directly from one (MDDF) Isadore Beattie who served as the another due to our hands on learning office in charge of the project. “More approach,” he added. importantly it gave us the chance to give back to the State of Maryland while also “The BOLC and WOC courses are part of honoring Lt. Gen. H. Steven Blum (Ret.). It our organization’s efforts to grow, develop was truly a privilege for us to take part in and continuously improve. The better this renaming initiative,” Beattie continued. trained our officers, the more prepared we are to serve the State of Maryland in a time of need,” noted Brig. Gen. (MDDF) Lorenza Cooper, commanding general of the MDDF. “Over time the officer courses will evolve and therefore consistently contribute to our overall force readiness,” he concluded.

st MDDF 121 Engineer Regiment Supports LTG H. Steven Blum Renaming Ceremony “I am extremely proud of the hard work that Maj. (MD) Stephen Rice the 121st Engineer Regiment put into the On Wednesday, August 7, 2019, in Glen completion of the monument project. Their Arm, Maryland the Maryland National hard work and superior craftsmanship was Guard renamed the Gunpowder Military on display for all to see at the renaming Reservation as the H. Steven Blum Military ceremony. In fact, anytime someone drives Reservation. The monument that holds the by that sign they will witness the updated signage was designed and professionalism and quality work product of constructed by members of the MDDF 121st the 121st,” commented Brig. Gen. (MDDF) Engineer Regiment. These volunteers Lorenza Cooper, commanding general of the contributed a total of 623 man hours towards MDDF. “This project is a concrete example the construction project over the course of of the value that the MDDF brings to the four months, saving the State of Maryland State of Maryland,” Cooper added. $47,000. The MDDF personnel assigned to the project also traveled nearly 5,000 miles combined in their personal vehicles to complete the project.

“This project was challenging but it provided us with an opportunity to exhibit some of our capabilities, train and foster regimental esprit de corps,” shared Lt. Col.

23 Culinary Boot Camp Supports MDDF participating in the Freestate ChalleNGe. Health Initiative This ensured that the Culinary Boot Camp Maj. (MD) Stephen Rice curriculum would have an even greater impact,” he shared. On October 19, 2019 Executive Chef Tim Weinhold from the Rams Head Tavern in Chef Weinhold’s curriculum included Savage, Maryland provided a culinary teaching knife skills, healthy cooking, demonstration for Maryland Military healthy eating and healthy menu Department personnel. Nearly 80 members preparation. “I wanted the participants to of the Maryland Defense Force (MDDF), leave the presentation with some simple Maryland tools to make their food preparation (MDARNG) and cadets from the Freestate healthier and simpler without sacrificing ChalleNGe Academy were in attendance. taste,” he noted. “It’s not always a matter of This Culinary Boot Camp was spearheaded what food we purchase that makes the by the Maryland Defense Force and difference. Sometimes how we prepare that organized by Lt. Col. (MDDF) Anthony food can be a more important factor when it Wisniewski. comes to our health,” he added. Some of the chef’s prepared menu items included salmon fish tacos, chicken stir fry and New York strip steaks.

Earlier in the morning, each member of the MDDF participated in a mandatory weigh-in and height measurement. Each MDDF member was also encouraged to take the U.S. Army Physical Fitness Test. The height, weight and physical fitness readings Chef Weinhold with Freestate ChalleNGe Cadets were compared to U.S. Army standards. All of these activities are a part of the MDDF “The goal of the Culinary Boot Camp was to Health Initiative which was kicked-off last provide Maryland Military Department year with a presentation named, “Increasing personnel with some basic tools that will Your Metabolism” that was given by enable them to cook healthy meals that also personal trainers from the Army Wellness taste good. Eating healthy is an important Center. part of overall health and wellness,” commented Wisniewski. “Initially we were focused on training and educating MDDF personnel but in the end we decided to open it up to our colleagues in the Maryland National Guard and the student cadets

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2nd Lt. Roger Harrison enjoying the outcome of the bootcamp.

“The culinary boot camp is another example of MDDF commitment to improving the overall health and welfare of the force,” said Brig. Gen. (MDDF) Lorenza Cooper, commanding general of the MDDF. He further said, “Healthy lifestyles is a critical part of the MDDF health and physical fitness initiative. Understanding our force strengths and weaknesses; technical, mental, and physical, is essential in determining the MDDF ability to successfully accomplish the mission.”

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The National Association for Search and Rescue (NASAR), a United States non- governmental, non-profit corporation, conducted certification training for approximately fifteen soldiers.

“It was our honor to host SGAUS in Biloxi Mississippi on the beautiful Gulf Coast,” said former SGAUS president and BG (MS) Doug Hayhurst. “SGAUS provides MSSG Plays Host to Annual invaluable training and networking SGAUS Convention opportunities for the various state guard CPT (MS) Russ Jones, Public Affairs organizations.” Officer This year two MSSG soldiers received The Mississippi State Guard (MSSG) hosted national recognition. the annual State Guard Association of the nd United States (SGAUS) annual convention. MAJ (MS) C Dean Burchfield 2 Brigade, Eleven states were represented at this year’s 210th BN, received the SGAUS “Officer of gathering, held 6 Nov – 10 Nov 2019 in the Year” award. Biloxi, Miss at the Beau Rivage Resort & Casino located on the Gulf Coast. SGAUS awarded “Soldier of the Year” to rd SSG (MS) Tiffany McClure of the 3 Several MSSG soldiers invested countless Brigade. hours extending southern hospitality before and during the convention. The 2020 SGAUS Annual Conference will take place in California. 9 Sep – 12 Sep Highlighting this year’s conference included 2020 at the Wyndham, Irvine – Orange a leadership seminar. A panel of guests County Airport, California. shared how state guard organizations support their states. MG (CA) Jay M. Coggan is the new incoming SGAUS president. “Leadership is about relationships,” said TN State Guard Public Affairs Officer CPT SGM Fred Tredy, National Military Steven Estes. “Those we lead trust that you Emergency Management Specialist Program care.” (MEMS) Executive Director, also presented program enhancements. Another highlight included search and rescue certification training.

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MAJ (MS) C Dean Burchfield, 2nd Brigade, 210th BN, received the SGAUS “Officer of the Year” award during the annual SGAUS convention.

Mississippi State Guard’s SSG Prewitt McClure and SSG Tiffany McClure at the 2019 SGAUS National Convention. SSG McClure was awarded “Soldier of the Year” at the Conference.

SGAUS president and BG (MS) Doug Hayhurst presents SSG (MS) Tiffany McClure the SGAUS "Soldier of the Year" award.

27 CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS: A standard dog team should be able to cover 40 acres in six hours. Each area was assigned a SAR K-9 team, and TNSG would serve in support of each team as "flankers."

Flankers are trained personnel who are staged to the left, right, and somewhat behind the team, and they are looking for trail or signs that are outside of the dog’s range. The team is small so that it can be fast moving. TNSG provided 13 Soldiers, thereby doubling the pool of

Lessons Learned by TNSG’s 1st Regiment flankers. Consequently, before the unit in K-9 SAR Exercise deployed TNSG had provided significant assets and added value to the organizers of By Maj. (TN) Val Deutsch the FTX. TNSG 1st RGMT Operations Officer

On 07 September 2019 TNSG’s 1st Regiment participated in an FTX consisting of Search and Rescue (SAR) activities with a K-9 profile. Maj. Val Deutsch participated in the FTX, and provided the following account which will be of interest to TNSG Soldiers who may be coordinating with K-9 units in the future M442A2 truck used in training. during disaster or emergency operations. Approximately 500 acres of rough terrain was searched, divided into 15 sub-areas of 25 to 30 acres each. Each team had its own area of search, and each area had its own victim. Once the team assignments were made it fell to the dog handler to plan the search, and the dog handler would then have TNSG Soldiers provide flanking duties. The teams were transported by ATV to their selected area and proceeded to conduct their search. TNSG Soldiers pose after K-9 exercise.

28 TNSG Soldiers were critical members of the 6) Fitness matters. SAR personnel should team, and were expected to work as part of be prepared for a strenuous the team while also providing activity. Disaster preparedness should communications support to report their anticipate rugged conditions, and TNSG progress back to the Command Center. As personnel should be prepared to respond with any FTX, there some lessons to be accordingly. learned. In no particular order it was observed that:

1) If a unit is going to utilize any type of transportation, Soldiers need to insure that the vehicle (M44A2 truck) is mission ready. This means the vehicle is both mobile and fully operational (air conditioning is important for inclement weather).

2) There was a need for administrative support even though TNSG was supporting another organization. Recommended items for this administrative deployment includes: a laptop computer, a printer, a flip chart, gaffer’s tape, paper, and standard Logo of the TNSG 1st Regiment administrative office supplies.

3) The Command communications function needs two personnel at minimum, and neither of these personnel should be the OIC.

K-9 and handlers at the FTX

4) Position the vehicle to provide optimal communications support.

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Maj. Gen. Tommy Baker, Tennessee National Guard, addressing the audience.

9/11 Memorial dedicated in Nashville, Tennessee.

TNSG Participates in 9/11 Ceremony Photos by 2nd. Lt. Todd Nisbet, TNSG Public Affairs Officer.

On 11 September 2019 TNSG Soldiers attended the dedication of the memorial in Nashville, TN in memory of the attack on the World Trade Center. Keynoting the dedication were TNSG Col. (Ret.) Courtney Rogers, Maj. Gen. Tommy Baker, and Governor Bill Lee.

TNSG Soldiers preparing for the dedication;

30 SGAUS Winter 2019 SDF Newsletter

Col. John Carlton, currently the longest-serving member of the .

Interview with TNSG’s Longest Washington). I was admitted to Eastern Serving Soldier: Col. John Carlton Washington State College in the summer of 1964 majoring in Physical Geography and a minor in Geology.Upon my father's 2nd Lt. June Iljana, TNSG Public Affairs retirement, we moved to Shelbyville, Officer. Photo: SSG John Pfeifer, TNSG Tennessee. PAO Photographer

I enrolled in Middle Tennessee State "I am an Air Force brat. As with all military University; however, degree requirements families we moved a lot. Chronologically, I were very different when I went to college lived in the following places: Maxwell AFB, than they are today. To fulfill MTSU's AL, Clark AFB, Philippine Islands, requirements would add another eighteen Barksdale AFB, LA, Ramey AFB, Puerto months to my college career. My Rico, Barksdale AFB again and my father Washington State draft board didn't like finished his 21 year career at Fairchild AFB, that. I was drafted in the US Army in July of WA. He retired as a Chief Master 1969. After Basic training at Fort Polk, LA Sergeant in 1967 (note he is still alive at and advanced training at Fort Knox KY I 92!) I graduated high school in 1964 was sent to Viet Nam in early February of (Cheney High School, Cheney

31 1970. I was Assigned to the First Brigade of the Fifth Infantry Division, First Battalion of What particular experience with the the 77th Armor. For the first nine months or TNSG stands out in your mind? so I worked as the lead radio operator for the The most vivid and exciting ten days of my battalion and later as the battalion unit funds TNSG career was being State Guard liaison NCO. to the Military Department during hurricane Katrina. It was the only time that I was After returning from overseas I was formally activated. My tasks included a discharged and went back to MTSU, daily briefing of State Guard activities Graduating in August of 1971, majoring in during the preceding 24 hours and projected Geography, minoring in Geology, Aviation, tasks for the next 24 hours. Also worked and History. I began graduate school with the Tennessee Highway Patrol in immediately thereafter, again in Geography formalizing avenues of communication with a new twist – the Study of between our soldiers on evacuee buses and Plate Tectonics. I also began the process of Highway Patrol officers that led each getting a teaching certificate. convoy. Since one of our soldiers was in an air traffic control center, we were able to Some important things happened in the next provide the Air Force with prior notification year. I met a lovely young lady in one of my of arriving flights. This was a busy and education classes and we were married in challenging activity; I was extremely proud August of 1972. God bless her, she's is still of how our personnel excelled during the married to me--I couldn't be luckier. In one whole event. of my graduate classes I met a Army helicopter pilot by the name of William What has kept you coming back for all Whithworth, going to MTSU on the boot these years? strap program. (eventually he will command This is the easiest question to answer. I the State Guard). I began teaching at LOVE the people! It’s like one big Shelbyville Central High School in 1973, wonderful family. working there for 35 years. I taught the following coursed: US History, Advanced How has the TNSG changed over time? Placement US history, American One thing to remember about my Government, World History, Aviation and experience is that I joined a little more than Space Science, Geography, General Science, five years after the Tennessee Defense Force and Physics. Beverly and I have two (TDF) has been authorized. The reputation daughters and two grand children. of the force was not good. The organization was very top heavy with full colonels, and a Why did you decide to join the TNSG? number of brigadier and major generals. I A good friend of mine has joined a couple of will not get into the particulars, but a lot of months earlier than me, and I thought it antics by TDF personnel did not endear might be interesting. ourselves to the National Guard. What I

32 have been privileged to witness is the and complements us on what great job we exceptional growth in professionalism and did at some event. The organization I joined dedication within our ranks. What is really in 1990 is not the same one that exists today, great is when a national guardsman sees and that is a good thing. your license plate and introduces himself

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