På Sporet Av Den Tapte Sild

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På Sporet Av Den Tapte Sild På sporet av den tapte sild Finn Devold og sildekollapsen Åsmund Lund Olsen Masteroppgave i historie Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Vår 2019 I II På sporet av den tapte sild Finn Devold og sildekollapsen Finn Devold ombord i F/F "G. O. Sars". Foto: Bjarne Skarbøvik, Sunnmørsposten. Masteroppgave i historie av Åsmund Lund Olsen ved: Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie, Universitetet i Oslo, vår 2019 III IV Copyright Åsmund Lund Olsen 2019 På sporet av den tapte sild – Finn Devold og sildekollapsen Åsmund Lund Olsen http://www.duo.uio.no Trykk: Grafisk senter V VI Sammendrag Denne oppgaven omhandler havforskeren Finn Devold og kollapsen i bestanden av norsk vårgytende sild på slutten av 1960-årene. Devold var en av datidens fremste sildeeksperter, men klarte hverken å forutse eller varsle om at det var i ferd med å gå helt galt med denne enorme sildebestanden, noe mange i etterkant av hendelsen synes å ha vanskelig for å forstå. Norske fiskerihistoriske fremstillinger av sildekollapsen bærer òg preg av slike oppfatninger, og det rettes gjerne et kritisk søkelys mot Finn Devold, blant annet fordi han tilsynelatende ikke forsto hva som var i ferd med å hende. Denne oppgaven stiller spørsmålet om Devold kunne forstå hva som var i ferd med å hende. Er det noe hold i den kritikken som rettes mot ham i forbindelse med sildekollapsen i norsk fiskerihistorieskrivning? For å svare på dette ser denne oppgaven på hvilke vitenskapelige forutsetninger Finn Devold hadde for å kunne se sildekollapsen komme. Det viser seg at han – og alle andre samtidige havforskere – befant seg i et vitenskapelig paradigme som gjorde at de tenkte annerledes enn dagens havforskere rundt beskatning av fiskebestander. Forståelsen for at dette vitenskapelige paradigmet preget tankesettet til Devold mangler i norsk fiskerihistorie, og denne oppgaven viser hvordan dette har ledet til en del misforståelser rundt både sildekollapsen som hendelse og Finn Devold som havforsker. På samme tid tar også denne oppgaven for seg hvordan dette vitenskapelige tankesettet var en helt sentral faktor i hvordan bestanden av norsk vårgytende sild – en av verdens største fiskebestander – kunne kollapse uten at Finn Devold viste tegn til bekymring. VII VIII Forord Denne oppgaven begynte sitt liv høsten 2014 som en utenrikspolitisk biografi om Klaus Sunnanå, fiskeridirektør 1948-73. Underveis i arbeidet med denne problemstillingen dukket det etterhvert opp flere og flere spørsmål, spesielt rundt fremstillingene av havforskerne i norsk fiskerihistorieskrivning. Noen av dem ble beskrevet som fremsynte, mens andre ble portrettert som bakstreverske. Enkelte trodde at overfiske kunne finne sted, andre trodde øyensynlig at havet var uuttømmelig. En sildeforsker som het Finn Devold så ut til å være den mest bakstreverske av dem alle. I følge det jeg kunne lese måtte han ihvertfall ta sitt ansvar for kollapsen i sildebestanden på slutten av 1960-årene, og dette på tross av at andre – de havforskerne og fiskeriforvalterne som ble beskrevet som fremsynte – allerede i 1940- og '50-årene hadde snakket overfiske. Midtvinters 2016 kom jeg så over to kilder hvor Finn Devold skrev om overfiske. Årstallene var 1935 og 1938. Noe skurret. Veien fra det tidspunktet til den ferdige oppgaven i sin nåværende form har vært lang. En stor takk rettes til Jorunn Tjoflaat som lånte meg intervjuene hun gjorde med datidens havforskere i forbindelse med sin masteroppgave for 15 år siden, og slik satt meg på sporet av de funnene som presenteres i denne oppgaven. Jeg vil òg takke Even Lange og Finn Erhard Johannessen som har vært veiledere og må sies å ha utvist stor forståelse for min noe uortodokse måte å jobbe med dette stoffet på. Jeg vil takke venner og bekjente, som gjennom disse årene alltid har vært støttende, selv om de tidvis har måttet høre mye snakk om sild og havforskning i 1960-årene. En særlig takk går til Vegar som har lest korrektur. Sist, men ikke minst, takk til min nærmeste familie, og kanskje spesielt mamma som jeg så inderlig skulle ønske kunne ha fått se meg levere denne oppgaven. IX X Innholdsfortegnelse 1 Innledning ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Bakgrunn og problemstilling .................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Avgrensninger og begrepsavklaringer .................................................................................. 5 1.2.1 Begrepsavklaringer ................................................................................................................................. 7 1.3 Forskningsstatus, litteratur, og kilder ................................................................................... 9 1.3.1 Andre kilder og kildekritikk .............................................................................................................. 15 1.4 Oppgavens struktur og innhold .............................................................................................. 19 2 Finn Devold og hans samtid ............................................................................................... 21 2.1 Finn Devold ................................................................................................................................... 21 2.2 Silda og de tradisjonelle sildefiskeriene ............................................................................. 27 2.3 Sildekollapsen .............................................................................................................................. 36 3 Overfiske er ikke hva det en gang var ............................................................................ 49 4 Finn Devold og vekstoverfiskeparadigmet .................................................................. 62 4.1 To skudd for baugen ................................................................................................................... 62 4.2 Varslet som ikke kom ................................................................................................................ 68 5 Konklusjon .............................................................................................................................. 82 Bibliografi ....................................................................................................................................... 91 Vedlegg 1: Fangst fordelt på fiskeri .................................................................................... 105 Vedlegg 2: Fangstfordeling mellom land .......................................................................... 106 Vedlegg 3: Leserinnlegg fra avisa Fiskaren ...................................................................... 107 Vedlegg 4: Soga om Finn ......................................................................................................... 108 XI 1 Innledning Denne masteroppgaven omhandler kollapsen i bestanden av norsk vårgytende sild på slutten av 1960-årene, en av de mest omfattende økologiske katastrofene i norsk historie. I søkelyset står havforskeren Finn Devold, avdelingsleder ved Havforskningsinstituttets avdeling for sildeundersøkelser i årene 1947-72. Oppgaven søker å utforske et tilsynelatende paradoks som har voldt de fleste norske fiskerihistorikere som har berørt temaet bry: Hvordan kunne en av verdens største fiskebestander – bestanden av norsk vårgytende sild – fiskes helt ned, uten at Norges fremste sildeekspert i 1950- og '60-årene,1 Finn Devold, løftet så mye som en finger, men tvert om heller uttalte at det var ingen grunn til bekymring, før det var for sent? 1.1 Bakgrunn og problemstilling Det har nå gått et halvt århundre siden hendelsen som i fiskeri- og havforskerkretser bare omtales som "sildekollapsen" – mer spesifikt den fullstendige kollapsen i bestanden av norsk vårgytende sild på slutten av 1960-årene. I rekordåret 1966 fisket en samlet norsk, islandsk, og sovjetisk fiskeflåte nesten 2 millioner tonn av denne bestanden. Fem år senere – i 1971 – endte totalt oppfisket kvantum på 21 000 tonn, altså 100 ganger mindre,2 og det påfølgende året la likegodt fiskeridirektør Klaus Sunnanå ned totalforbud mot alt fiske av silda man den gangen omtalte som "atlanto-skandisk sild".3 For fiskere, havforskere, og fiskeriforvaltere var sildekollapsen en skjellsettende opplevelse, og i kjølvannet av hendelsen oppsto det etterhvert en forståelse blant alle involverte om at det høye fiskepresset sildebestanden hadde blitt utsatt for, i stor grad hadde vært medvirkende årsak til hendelsen. Denne innsikten regnes gjerne som startskuddet for den vitenskapsbaserte ressursforvaltninga i norsk fiskerihistorie.4 Sildekollapsen har – forutsigbart nok – vært gjenstand for betydelig oppmerksomhet innen havforskninga, men kanskje mindre enn man skulle vente fra fiskerihistorisk hold, og for utenforstående som forsøker å lese seg opp på hendelsen, kan det virke som havforskerne og historikerne har et forskjellig syn på hva som hendte. Dette kan imidlertid skyldes det ulike faglige utgangspunktet gruppene har. Havforskerne er – ikke overraskende – øyensynlig mer opptatte av biologiske forhold enn menneskelige faktorer, og historikerne vice versa. Denne 1 Dragesund, Østvedt, og Toresen 2008 s. 59 2 Toresen og Jakobsson 2002 3 J-1972-364; J-1972-356; J-1972-358 (J-meldinger er meldinger fra Fiskeridirektøren, ofte pålegg) 4 Holm 1995; Nilsen 1997 1 oppgaven kan sies å befinne seg i krysningspunktet
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