Our ships – and the men whose names they bear G.O. Sars Contents The work of the Institute of Marine Research The Institute of Marine Research today 2 - 9 The Institute's four core areas of activity are marine resources, the marine environment, aqua- The men who gave their names to our ships 10 - 30 culture and coastal zone management. The Institute lies at the cutting edge of research in these fields, and it regularly provides professional and scientific advice to the authorities, industry and The fleet today 30 - 40 the general public. The aims of our core areas of research are:

• to improve our basic knowledge of the most important species of marine animals in order to be able to offer more accurate stock assessments, prognoses and management advice

• to improve our understanding of environmental effects on the ecosystem and their importance for environmental and resources management, and to develop methodologies for incorporating environmental parameters in stock assessments

• to develop our knowledge of salmonids, marine species and crustaceans in order to improve production, thus ensuring that the interests of both industry and society in general are taken into account in questions of health, the environment, food quality and ethics

• to provide a knowledge base and management advice for a balanced and future oriented This text is based on utilization and protection of the coastal zone an earlier publication written by Per Solemdal and Sigmund Myklevoll.

2 3 The Institute of Marine Research today The Institute of Marine Research Our stations The Institute’s headquarters are at Nordnes Point in , where the Matre Aquaculture Station, on the shore of the Masfjord, was established in 1971. Marine Environment research and the Aquaculture research have their Its scientists mainly study salmon and trout, but they also do research on marine fish species. offices and modern laboratories. The main building also houses the The Flødevigen Research Station lies on the island of Hisøy near Arendal. The station Director General’s offices, the Department of Information, and so on. was established by Gunder Mathias Dannevig in 1882, when most of its work dealt with hatching Just down the road we find the headquarter for research of the Marine and releasing cod larvae. The main activities of the station today revolve around coastal zone Resources in its own building (close to the Directorate of ). A research and consulting. few minutes walk in the same direction brings us to the Fish Capture Section and the Department of Fisheries Research in Developing Austevoll Aquaculture Station, which lies on the island of Huftarøy in Austevoll, was Countries. On Nykirkekaien (New Church Quay) the Administration established in 1978. The activities of the station are concentrated on a wide range of marine and Service Department and the Research Vessel Department rent aquaculture species, including halibut, cod, haddock, scallops, lobsters and hake. premises from the Bergen Harbour Authority. This is also where the Tromsø: The Institute of Marine Research has taken over the research activities on Institute’s research vessels tie up on their occasional visits to Bergen, marine resources which was formerly carried out by the Norwegian Fisheries Research and where their research trawls and other equipment are stored. Institute in Tromsø, and since January 2003, this area of research has been organised as a department of the Institute of Marine Research in Tromsø.

4 5 Protection Zone • built: 1990 • LOA (m): 66.5 • GRT: 910 around "Loophole" (International Zone)

Russian Economic Zone G.O. SARS (now "Sarsen") •built: 1970 •LOA (m): 70 •1446 GRT Where do we carry out our research cruises? Vessels and activities "Grey Zone" (Disputed area between The following table shows the number of cruise days Russia and ) in 2002 sailed by our own vessels and chartered Economic Zone boats. Personnel cruise days are cruise days multiplied by the number of scientific personnel on board. MICAEL SARS •built: 1978/79 •LOA (m): 47,5 •493 GRT

MICAEL SARS Vessel Cruise days Personnel cruise days Fishery Zone Norwegian "G.O. Sars" (now "Sarsen") 249 1 422 around Economic Zone "Johan Hjort" 303 1 774 "Michael Sars" 265 1 092 G.M. DANNEVIG •built: 1979 •LOA (m): 27,85 •171 GRT "Banana Loophole" "G.M. Dannevig" 163 551 (International Zone) "Fangst" 135 334 Icelandic "Dr. " 302 657 Economic Zone Dr. Fridtjof Nansen "Håkon Mosby" 20 134 carries out research Other chartered vessels 371 482 DR.FRIDTJOF NANSEN •built: 1970 •LOA (m): 70 •1446 GRT on behalf of developing countries and therefore Sum 1 808 6 446 is usually not in our Faeroes Economic Zone home waters.

FANGST • built:1999/2000 • LOA (m): 14,98 • 25 GRT 6 EU Water Acoustic data are compared with trawl catches

Acoustic registration (echosounder) LENGTH STOMACH CONTENT How we gather information Every year, our research vessels gather large quantities of environmental and fisheries data. The illustrations on the opposite page show how catch data are collected. Acoustic instruments (echosounders and sonar) make continuous recordings of "echo data" and trawls are set and hauled at regular intervals to collect samples of the fish registered by these instruments. The fish taken by the trawls are sorted into species, weighed and their length is mea- sured. We remove their otoliths (tiny stones in the ear), which lets us determine their age, and WEIGHT their stomach contents are analysed in order to find out what they have eaten. These fish data from the trawl hauls provide the basic information that we use to interpret the acoustic data. The AGE total echo density is mathematically transformed into numbers of fish. In conjunction with reliable catch data from the commercial fleet, these data provide essential input for our calculations of the total number of fish of each species found in our waters.

Managing the ecosystem Analysis of the trawl catch Good resources management means that we must look at stocks in an overall context, for example in terms of how the stocks of each species influence each other. Cod, for example, prey on capelin. This is known as "multi-species management". Non-commercial species have to be taken into account in resource management of this sort, and the ocean environment is an important factor in a mana- gement strategy that looks to the future. One thing we need to ensure is that the is kept as "clean" as possible. This sort of integrated management of all life-forms and of the marine environment itself is what we can call ecosystem management, one of the most important aims of the Institute 8 of Marine Research and the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). 9 Foto: Pål B. Mortensen Michael Sars (1805–1869) – one of the founding fathers of modern zoology. "Michael Sars" (1) – the research vessel of the "golden age"

Trained as both a priest and a at the University of Christiania. other like them, told us much The miserable at the who financed the expedition, research community were given left the Norwegian marine zoologist, Michael Sars was the His scientific production about the animal life and the turn of the century caused real Johan Hjort published the classic the answer to their question research arena. The "Golden son of a German-born ship’s covers his periods both as pri- geology of previous eras. It was distress, especially in northern "The Depths of the Ocean". why fishing catches showed Age" was over. captain of the same name. His est and professor. Most of his just at this time, in 1859, that Norway, and the authorities This was followed by a series of such enormous variations: the mother, Diwert H. Heilman, work was on marine animals; Darwin published his epochal Read about "Michael Sars" (2) demanded that marine scientists articles which continued to size of year-classes varies on page 33. had come to Norway from their reproduction, develop- work "On the Origin of Species". should find out why catches appear until 1962, the last of widely from one year to the Narva, a town on the Russian- ment and their horizontal and At first, Michael Sars was un- varied so much. Johan Hjort them written by Einar Koefoed, next. This realisation marked a Estonian boundary. Even as a vertical distribution in the willing to accept the evidence in accepted the challenge, but a Dane who was headhunted by historical change of direction in Shipyard: AS Fredrikstad Mekaniske Verksted young boy, Michael displayed a ocean. At that time, it was favour of the theory of evolution, Built: 1900 demanded an ocean-going rese- Hjort and became one of his modern marine research. In burning interest in natural his- widely believed that animal life but towards the end of his life LOA: 125 ft tory, especially palaeontology. arch vessel. "Michael Sars" was closest associates. A little- the course of the First World Beam: 23 ft did not exist at great depths. he defended Darwin. His own Draught: 12 ft (aft) He started to study natural Together with his son Georg work supported evolutionary built as an English steam traw- known detail of interest is War, however, both "Michael ler, and equipped with the latest found in a note on eel larvae Sars" and Johan Hjort, who by Gross tonnage (GRT): 226 history at the University of Ossian, and the story-teller theory, but it was his son who Main propulsion machinery: Coal-fired steam engine Christiania (now ), but and zoologist Per Christian would become the most seri- scientific sampling equipment and which was published in the then was director both of fis- (300 HP.) (also sail-rigged) abandoned the course after Asbjørnsen, Sars exploded this ous missionary for the new every type of fishing gear. For 14 well-known journal "" in heries and of marine research, only three terms, changing to belief. In 1853 Asbjørnsen learning in Norway. years, "Michael Sars" made a long 1910 by the highly regarded theology, although without caught a primitive and free- series of cruises off the coast of Norwegian scientist Einar Lea. Per Christian Asbjørnsen offered giving up his interest in natural swimming starfish from the Norway and in more remote On the basis of their size and an amusing personal description history. In 1830 he was called bottom of the Hardanger waters, pursuing both purely distribution, he came to the of Michael Sars as a "good to the poverty-stricken parish Fjord. This was given the name scientific and more practical objec- conclusion that the spawning comrade and excellent man. of Kinn, moving to Manger Brisinga, after the goddess He also smokes tobacco like a tives, sometimes in combination. area of the eel must be somew- parish, just north of Bergen, in Frøya’s brooch. In 1864, Georg maniac and curses as though "Michael Sars" led Norwegian here between the Azores and 1839. Financial difficulties pla- Ossian was responsible for the he had never mounted a pulpit". marine research into the inter- the West Indies, and in fact it gued him for much of his life. greatest sensation when he His wife Maren, sister of the national scientific community. was in the Sargasso Sea that the brought up an ancient sea-lily, Michael Sars was probably the poet J. S. Welhaven, bore him Danish scientist Schmidt a living , from the bottom In 1910, "Michael Sars" crossed 14 children, eight of whom only Norwegian zoologist with demonstrated several years of the West Fjord. This was the Atlantic and spent four survived to adulthood. an international reputation in later that spawning takes place. described by Michael Sars and the 19th century; only his son months collecting an enormous After 24 years as a priest Sars given the name Rhizocrinus Georg Ossian enjoys the same amount of research material. In In 1914, the Norwegian autho- became Professor of Zoology lofotensis. These finds, and many 10 scientific stature. collaboration with Sir John Murray, rities and the international 11 The men who gave their names to our ships (1837–1927) – our first marine scientist "Ossian Sars"

Georg Ossian Sars was the son witness to his artistic abilities; finding that cod eggs float in the involved. His research vessel was For long-distance transport of and fry; and it also made it poss- of Michael Sars, and was he engraved his crustaceans sea or on the surface was new simply too small. His research large quantities of fish and fry, ible to carry out field studies christened after the (mythical) directly on copper plates. In to science, which until then had methods showed the unmistake- motorised fishing boats were throughout the year, both in Celtic poet Ossian. While he 1864, G.O. Sars and the herring firmly believed that all fish laid able influence of his father, with chartered. The need for a larger, the fjords and off the coast. was still a student he was also scientist Axel Boeck their eggs on the seabed (as sal- their use of living material and more suitable boat became However, old age gradually began collaborating with his father and (1833–1873) became Norway’s mon do). However, Sars’ disco- their thorough planning. But his more and more obvious as tasks to leave its traces on the boat, accompanying him on research first full-time marine scientists. very was not news to the Lofoten reports also reveal a brilliant of this sort increased in number. trips. After his father's death in Sars gradually took over fishermen! Sars’ methods of independent scientist with a and in 1946 it was condemned. 1869 he completed the studies responsibility for the practical direct observation depended on highly developed ability to In 1923 the Institute was able they had been doing together, scientific studies of Norway’s the following conditions: 1. a concentrate and a great deal to take over a German motor producing a series of basic ocean fisheries, which he led small boat; 2) good eyesight (Sars of imagination. cutter that had been impounded works on various groups of until 1893, when Johan Hjort was 27 when he discovered the by the Customs Service. (This The Vestfjord studies convinced LOA: 40 ft. marine invertebrates: starfish, took over. He also became a pelagic eggs); 3) good weather! was during Prohibition in Sars that an understanding of the Built: 1914, in Germany molluscs, etc.). He followed up fellow of the University in 1870 As far as the weather was con- Norway). This vessel was 40 ft animal life and the fisheries off his father’s methods in that he and professor in 1874. cerned he had no choice (as we in length and had been built in the coast of Norway could not studied living material. do today with our modern 1914. The question arose of Sars’ made his most important be isolated from each other. It ocean-going research ships), G.O. Sars’ principal work, "An findings in in was essential to study the what to call the new acquisition, and his reports to the Ministry Account of the Crustacea of the Vestfjord during the annual "whole of the Northern ". and an obvious choice was the of the Interior usually begin: Norway", described most of cod fisheries, between 1864 Together with the geophysicist name of the man who had laid "On a fine, calm day…". the Norwegian crustaceans, and and 1869. As he was rowed Henrik Mohn, Sars managed to the foundations for the work is still an international standard around the fjord he could Georg Ossian Sars’ studies of finance three expeditions to the of Flødevigen – G.O. Sars. work. Its nine volumes and observe with his own eyes the the life-history of the spawning Norwegian Sea with SS Vøringen With the permission of the 4000 pages were published millimetre-sized eggs and cod were models of their kind, in 1876–1878. Norway had professor, the boat was called between 1895 and 1928. The recently hatched cod larvae even though he did not get to joined the competition to "Ossian Sars". It was suitable drawings in these volumes bear floating on the surface. The the bottom of all the mysteries explore the ocean depths. for transporting spawning fish

12 13 Finn Devold (1902–1977) – the herring shepherd

Finn Devold was the son of masters degree for a fine piece years of the 50s. These efforts time, most people believed that in a 17th of May (Constitution Although "G.O. Sars" is closely and ships, especially in the winter Harald Ophus Devold, a minister of work on the biology of the were made with the aid of a all herring fry stayed close to Day) procession, and the Sars linked to herring studies in the months, but in 1958 "G.O. Sars" of the Church, and Alida Elise plaice. He is best known for his device which had been developed the coast. Drift nets do not catch boat is setting the tune!" popular consciousness, the vessel was joined by the third "Johan Marie Lampe. He was born in study of the migration pattern by the British during the Second these tiny fish, but the sonar was also the Institute’s work- Hjort". When the herring arrived off the Bergen but grew up in Tromsø. of the Atlanto-Scandinavian her- World War to locate German could see them! Before the end horse in several other fields. coast at Runde on January 21, Read about "G.O. Sars" (2) He studied at the Sorbonne, ring. He also suggested an submarines. This was ASDIC of the year, "G.O. Sars" had set During the post-war years, the on page 32. 1951, "G.O. Sars" had demon- and had many different jobs explanation for the long-term (Anti-Submarine Detection out on yet another pioneering aim of Norwegian fisheries policy strated its good qualities and sea- before joining the Institute of changes in the size of the her- Investigation Committee), and cruise with Devold and the was to build up a diversified fis- worthiness and the sonar its Shipyard: AS Pusnes Mekaniske Verksted, Arendal Marine Research in 1935. ring population off the coast of as with the echo-sounder, it sonar on board. This was the hing fleet, including ocean-going AS Moss Værft & Dokk fantastic ability to find herring, Norway, an explanation which was Norwegians who modified first attempt to follow herring vessels. There was a particularly Built: 1945/1950 Devold was an assistant at the and Devold and the Institute of LOA: 51.985 m is still discussed today. this vertical-search device to shoals in the Norwegian Sea on high level of research activity in Department of Geophysics in Marine Research had won the Beam: 8.690 m enable it to locate shoals of fish. their migration to the spawning the Barents Sea during this period. Draught: 5.185 m Tromsø and to Fridtjof Nansen wrote in a trust of the people of the coast. It was Einar Lea, one of Hjort’s grounds off the coast of Western This is a region that makes very GRT: 594.69 tonnes in 1922–23. He soon acquired a memorial article about Finn This was a fine start for the closest associates, who took up Norway, and they succeeded in high demands of both crews Main propulsion machinery: 2 x Crossley HRL6, taste for the exciting life of the Devold: "Finn Devold was one Institute’s first sea-going rese- each of 600 GHP the idea in 1947, and 1949 saw great style! A couple of the Arctic, and ran the meteorolo- of the finest and most fearless arch vessel since "Michael Sars". the delivery of the first herring most curious purse-seine boats gical stations at Kvadehuken on men I have ever known. Now asdic. The instrument was came across “G. O. Sars” and In the early 60s, the echo inte- Svalbard and on the island of he is gone from us – a giant re-baptised SONAR (SOund realised that the herring were grator was developed at the Jan Mayen. At the request of the tree has fallen in the forest". NAvigation and Ranging), which under observation. A large fleet Institute of Marine Research. Norwegian Government he led sounded rather more peaceful. of fishing boats had soon gathered, This instrument made it pos- the occupation of an area in "G. O. Sars" (1) and Devold had to ask them to sible to "collect" echoes from a Southeast Greenland in 1931, The 1950 herring year-class - Devold’s "herring shepherd" stay out of the way in order not large number of fish and use while his brother Hallvard occu- was extremely large. "G.O. to hinder his work. The "parade" these to estimate their biomass. pied what was known as Eirik The fact that Devold’s name is Sars" set sail in July and made of boats must have looked rather The prototype was tested on Raudes Land in Northeast Green- so closely coupled with the ves- an important discovery with its strange. When one of the skip- board "G.O. Sars", and later land. Norway lost this case at the sel "G .O. Sars" (1) is due to new sonar set: large quantities pers asked what was going on, became the most important International Court in the Hague. the great efforts he made on of that year’s herring fry were the skipper of the seine-netter instrument for the Institute of Finn Devold became a fisheries behalf of the people of the observed as far as 200 nautical "Reform" from Sunnmøre ans- Marine Research’s fish stock 14 biologist, and was awarded his coast during the rich herring miles from the coast. At that 15 wered, "Well, we’re all marching assessments. Gunder Mathisen Dannevig (1841–1911) -sea captain and pioneer in the aquaculture of marine fish

Gunder M. Dannevig was the provided the necessary financial fic studies also began. Dannevig showed quite clearly that the energy, and his sharp under- at sea. The ship gradually Read about "G.M. Dannevig" (2) son of skipper Mathias Wilhelm support for a cod hatchery. then proposed to investigate number of fry was much greater standing. Whether he was spea- became too small to perform on page 31. Dannevig and Kirsten Gunders- Dannevig received scientific the effects of the releases by in 1904 than in 1905 and 1906, king Norwegian, English or the functions it was intended datter Guldsmedengen. He went backing from G.O. Sars who, in means of beach hauls of nets in no matter whether yolk-sac larvae French, he resembled a post for, and was sold in 1987. to sea at an early age and beca- his first report from Lofoten in selected fjords where fish had had been released or not. The that was difficult to shift. He me a skipper when he was only 1864, had already proposed arti- been released, and in others fact that differences in fish catches could be unpleasant to have as 24 years old, when Arendal was ficial hatching in order to even without releases. This was in were largely due to variations in an opponent". the richest and most important out annual variations in the cod 1904–06. Johan Hjort was not year-class strength was later Shipyard: Lunde Båtbyggeri, Tysnes in Sunnhordland Built: 1949 fisheries. Dannevig’s hatchery in shipping centre in Norway. In convinced of the usefulness of this demonstrated in herring, which LOA: 19.80 m - 1878 he became a . Flødevigen was the first large- sort of activity, and he insisted also had a successful year-class "G.M. Dannevig" (1) Beam: 5.5 m There was a critical shortage of scale hatchery for marine fish in that his assistant Knut Dahl in 1904. transport vessel for fish fry Draught: 2.70 m fish on the coast of Southern the world. Hundreds of millions should be on the spot to check "G.M. Dannevig" was brought GRT: 55 tonnes The verdict of history on the Main propulsion machinery: Alpha, 200 HP Norway at the time, and fisher- of cod eggs were hatched every the catches. The spirit of co- into service in 1950 and was year, and the yolk-sac larvae economic importance of Accommodation: 3 double cabins. men wanted to have certain types operation between the old sea- Dannevig’s releases of cod fry intended for use as a transport of fishing gear banned. Dannevig, were released into specially captain and the young academic vessel for fish fry (releases of selected locations. Dannevig has been negative. On the who had a good understanding must have been poor. The front cod larvae) and research cruises attempted to demonstrate the other hand, the scientific activi- of how the fisheries were deve- page of the first mimeographed off the Norwegian coast and in results of the releases by local ty which his initiative triggered loping in other countries, had report from the beach-net studies in the infant Norwegian marine the Skagerrak. questionnaire studies. heard that the Americans had is "decorated" with the following research sector has given him a The building of "G.M. begun to experiment with hat- The fishermen who had a posi- remark: "Damned lies. Knut major place in the history of ching marine species of fish. tive attitude to these measures Dahl". But it was precisely this marine research in Norway. Dannevig" signalled the start of The idea of improving cod stocks also tended to respond positi- report that provided the first The biologist O. Nordgaard a new epoch in the history of by releasing newly hatched larvae vely to questions about trends signals about a new explanation described Dannevig in the follo- the Flødevigen Research into the sea won the support of in cod stocks. When the launch of the wide annual fluctuations wing words: "Dannevig was Station, in that the new vessel everyone in the , of the venture obtained financi- in fish catches, the central finding characterised by his unusually greatly extended the range of and community spirit in Arendal al support, the practical scienti- of the golden age. The report practical bent, his almost violent tasks that could be carried out 16 17 Johan Hjort (1869–1948) – still a current name in Norwegian marine research

Johan Hjort’s father was a pro- the last few years of his life. terms:"As a superior, he was underlying ecological attitude is chartered boats. In 1922 the verge on the irresponsible. The rebuilt the old boat, which sailed fessor and eye specialist, who without peer; helpful, kind, pati- in line with the ecological Institute acquired a small woo- Institute’s scientists Sund, Lea in cargo traffic under the names Hjort resigned during the First came from an old Danish family ent – as an equal, rather diffi- management model for marine den vessel which was specially and Bjerkan led most of the field- of "Kola" and "Ruth Vagle", World War in protest against of civil servants. His mother cult, because he always belie- resources which we can glimpse designed for research purposes. work during that period. During until it ended its days on the the behaviour of the authorities was from the Falsen family. ved that he was right – and as in the distance. Hjort’s obser- This was the first "Johan Hjort", a shipyard refit in 1931, rot was beach rocks in the Morfjord. in connection with the sale of Johan Hjort inherited his inte- a subordinate, sure of himself vations came to the aid of the and it is said that Dr. Hjort discovered in the hull of the fish to Britain, believing that rest in science from his father; and full of the need to oppo- Institute of Marine Research in was not particularly satisfied by boat. The attack was so serious Shipyard: Gravdal Skipsbyggeri, Opsanger, Norway was not observing the Sunde in Sunnhordland his rather volcanic temper came se". His ability as a leader to the 80s in particular, when one the honour of having such a that it was regarded essential to conditions of neutrality. After Built: 1922 (rebuilt:1928) from his mother. He studied "fire up" his colleagues is illu- "stock earthquake" after anot- "pathetic" vessel named after invest in a completely new boat, LOA: 68 ft the War, Hjort studied biology biology in Munich and was G. strated by what was once said her was discovered in the him. Nevertheless, the new but everything that could be used Beam: 16’ 4.5” in Cambridge, and he also spent Draught: 9’ 10.1” O. Sars’ successor as leader of by two of his favourites, Barents Sea. Hjort’s descripti- boat performed well in Lofoten of the existing equipment and some time in before GRT: 48.61 tonnes the fisheries studies in Christiania Hjalmar Broch and Einar ons of similar situations in 1903 (cod), off the coast (winter and fitments was transferred to Main propulsion becoming a professor at the in 1893, at the age of 24. Koefoed: "Not the least of the showed that Nature itself occa- spring spawning herring) and in "Johan Hjort" (2). Meanwhile, machinery: Bolinder B20M21, 70 HP . His scientific factors that stimulated our the fjords (sardines and yearling the shipyard took over and Accommodation: 9 bunks; certificated for 11 persons In 1900 these studies were sionally "goes mad", without production covered a wide work in the old laboratories herring). Plankton and hydro- moved to Bergen, and after a human beings necessarily being range of subjects, from larval was Hjort’s great gift of making graphic studies also provided few years, Hjort became both the worst culprits. development in Ascidians to each of us feel that we were valuable new knowledge. director of marine research studies of population dynamics working freely and independently and director of fisheries. He Since it turned out to be imposs- in whales. His more polemical on our allotted tasks. At the "Johan Hjort" (1) had a will of iron, an enormous ible to get "Michael Sars" into writings in connection with same time, he always kept us – fragile, but still useful capacity for work, and a well- operation again (except for a Captain Dannevig’s cod-hatching in contact with practical life, developed interest in scientific After the First World War whaling trip to the Davis Strait experiments in Flødevigen are which was an unusual attitude collaboration. He was also one there was little money available in 1924), "Johan Hjort" was also well known. for those times". of the founders of the for research cruises, and "Michael refitted for large-scale studies International Council for the Johan Hjort as a person was Johan Hjort’s achievement has Sars" was laid up, while the in the Norwegian Sea. Exploration of the Sea (ICES), shrewdly described by acquired renewed relevance most important field-work was However, it was felt that such and was its president during Francis Bull in the following during the past few years. His carried out with the aid of operations were beginning to 18 Oscar Sophus Sund (1884–1943) -marine scientist from the North "Johan Hjort" (2), "Oscar Sund" – small but revolutionary

Oscar Sund was born on the associates, Sund was keen to 1942. The sub-title of the book The second "Johan Hjort" was obtain money for an echoso- Sund property in Gildeskål in keep the fishermen always up offers a fine characterisation of also a small wooden vessel of under, and on March 11, 1935, the County of Nordland. His to date about his research Sund: "A book about the sea 79 ft. LOA, designed for use in "Johan Hjort" arrived at Hølla father, Haagen Olsen, was a results, and he had a gift for and its fauna, ships and travel, coastal water. Financial condi- in Lofoten. Now, for the first country policeman and was doing so. His schematic method for the young people of the tions were difficult at this time, time, it was possible to "see" married to Annette Katharina of showing the variations in coast." and the fishing industry was the concentrations of spawning Neumann. He grew up among catches of spawning cod are struggling with overproduction cod in a thin horizontal layer in In 1947 the people of Northern the northern fisherfolk, virtually particularly well known. and market problems. Hjort’s thermocline water at 4–6 oC. Norway erected a monument at the gateway to the sea. His Gunnar Rollefsen has characte- expansive ocean fishery model The results of the investigati- Shipyard: Gravdal Skipsbyggeri, Opsanger, Sunde in Sunnhordland to Oscar Sund at the new Built: 1932 great ambition was to study rised Oscar Sund’s presentations was de-emphasised, and the ons were published in the well- church in Gildeskål, bearing the LOA: 79 ft fish and their migrations, in as "masterly analyses and dia- scientists’ wishes for new known journal "Nature" on following inscription: "He was GRT: 67 tonnes order to help the fishermen. grams of the changes in cod boats were modest. June 8 that very same year. A Main propulsion a tireless servant of science, While he was still a student he stocks". Oscar Sund also played new era in world fishing had machinery: Wichmann 90–120 HP and a friend and helper of the "Johan Hjort" (2) had the published a number of studies an important role in processing arrived. When the third "Johan fishing community. A faithful, honour of testing out the on central topics in zoology, the material from the major Hjort" was handed over in warm-hearted northerner who echosounder to locate fish. demonstrating that he was an "Michael Sars" expedition in 1958, the second boat was brought honour to his This extremely important tool excellent basic scientist. 1910. In 1916 he took over as renamed "Oscar Sund"; a well- community". for practical fishing had origi- leader of the fisheries studies deserved honour! In 1908 he was engaged as an nally been developed by the when Johan Hjort resigned. assistant to Hjort, and he carried British Admiralty in the 30s as Read about the current "Johan Hjort" on p. 34. out most of the age determina- Perhaps Oscar Sund’s gifts of a depth sounder. In 1934, tions of cod that formed much popularisation were most Oscar Sund heard that the of the data in Johan Hjort's evident in "Skårungen" ("The brisling seine netter "Signal" important publication of 1914. Youngster"); his last and best- had recorded echograms of Like most of Hjort’s close known work, published in fish shoals. Sund managed to

20 21 "Johan Hjort" (3) – modelled on the "G.O. Sars" Peder A. Rønnestad primarily used as a fishing trials of the North Sea and on the (1879–1949) vessel by the Directorate’s banks west of the Shetlands. The success of "G.O. Sars" (1) developments in technology. In Peder A. Rønnestad joined practical fishery consultants. The boat was equipped with opened people’s eyes to the 1975 the vessel was fitted with side trawls, drift-netting and "Michael Sars" in 1902 as a When "Oscar Sund" (ex. long-lining gear and a hydro- possibility of carrying out stern- gear, which was fisherman under Captain Thor "Johan Hjort" (2)) was taken graphy/plankton winch. "Peder important new tasks in fishing not particularly practical for Iversen. Following several years out of service in 1958, "Peder Rønnestad" was sold in 1979. research, and when the new that type of vessel, and the of education and commercial Rønnestad" was rebuilt and "Johan Hjort" (the third vessel scientists began to dream of a Shipyard: Mjellem & Karlsen AS, Bergen fishing, he returned to the ship Built: 1958 (rebuilt 1975) handed over to the Institute of as its captain in 1912. I 1916 of that name) arrived in 1958, new boat. The idea at that LOA: 52.35 m (53.30 m) Marine Research. The vessel Built: Germany 1948 it was designed, with "G.O. time was top rent rather than Beam: 9.30 m he became an expert consul- lost its "good looks" as a result LOA: 26.25 m Beam: 6.40 m Sars" (1) as its model and ideal, buy, and the result was a Draught: 5.28 m tant in fisheries to the Directo- of the rebuilding operation, GRT: 697 rate of Fisheries. Rønnestad has Draught: 3.22 m as an ocean-going vessel. Even multi-year contract with the while it acquired the laboratory GRT: 126 tonnes Main propulsion been praised for his wide-rage then, some people believed fishing boat "Eldjarn", which was and cabin facilities needed for Main propulsion machinery: MAN G7V 40/60 MA, 1300 hp of contributions to fisheries research cruises. It was employed machinery: Bergen Diesel 250 HP that a stern trawler would fitted up with the necessary Class: DNV +1A1 ice research, and in particular for on the coast and in the fjords, Accommodation: 8 single and 2 double cabins have been more useful, but the equipment for research. Accommodation: 25 cabins (crew, 32; scientists, 7) Class: Deutsche Lloyd 100A4 /North Sea his work on the Load-line Act and occasionally over large areas side-trawler tradition was still "Johan Hjort" was sold in 1983 and registration of Norwegian powerful. and moved to the North Sea fishing vessels, as well as his efforts to improve sanitary conditions With two ocean-going vessels offshore sector under the in the fishing villages and in available, the geographic range name of "Skandi Ocean". building fishermen's shacks for of the Institute’s investigations use in the seasonal fisheries. could be increased, and new fish stocks were added to the "Peder Rønnestad" study programme. Fish-finding - trawler and fishing trials vessel and hydrographic instruments The boat was built as the trawler were renewed in step with "Spitzbergen" and was purchased by the Directorate of Fisheries 22 in 1951. During its first few years 23 with the Directorate, it was Thor Iversen (1873–1953) "Thor Iversen" - practical fishing trials and research Thor Carl Iversen was a well- fishing banks, etc. His artistic know personality in the world bent found expression in film This vessel was originally built of Norwegian fisheries and and photography, a hobby that as the trawler "Gerdy Mia", but marine research. Already in he cultivated with such keenness was purchased as a relatively possession of experience from and talent that he must be new vessel by the Directorate merchant shipping, fishing, given a place among the " of Fisheries for test fishing, and especially for training sealing and whaling he joined greats" of Norwegian Built: the Netherlands 1951 Norwegian fishermen in traw- "Michael Sars" as a seaman in photography. LOA: 83 ft 1900. He was later captain of ling techniques. The boat was Beam: 19.7 ft the vessel, and skippered it on named after Thor Iversen, and Draught: 9.3 ft was used first and foremost by GRT: 84 tonnes its famous Atlantic research Main propulsion the Directorate's consultants cruise in 1910. machinery: 200 HP diesel engine for practical fishing trials. "Thor Crew: 8 In 1912, Thor Iversen became Iversen" was also used by the a consultant to the Directorate Institute of Marine Research. of Fisheries, and in addition to a number of administrative The vessel was sold in 1968, tasks, he carried out several and as fishing vessel, "Thor Iver" research cruises, particularly in sank west of Kvannhovden northern waters. His list of Lighthouse in 1976. publications bears witness to a wide range of interests, which included the , geographical measurements and descriptions, charting

24 25 Fra Per Alsakers samling Fridtjof Nansen (1861–1930)

Fridtjof Nansen was a man of the wind – and he was the first particularly in physical oceano- In 1922 Fridtjof Nansen was developing countries which known for his contributions to many talents. He began to to realise that this must be due graphy. He was also a keen awarded the Nobel Peace lack vessels and expertise. Its both marine research and in study zoology at the University to the rotation of the Earth. exponent of international Prize for his important humani- programmes are drawn up in the field of international aid. of Christiania in 1880, and Nansen believed that the ice cooperation in marine rese- tarian efforts in the wake of close collaboration with these Read about the current after only two years of study dragged the water beneath arch, and played a key role in the First World War. It was countries, and with scientific "Dr. Fridtjof Nansen" on page 35. was appointed curator at along with it. In the same way, the establishment of the Nansen who negotiated and support provided by the UN’s Bergen Museum. In the same each layer of water would drag International Council for organised the transport home Food and Agriculture year he sailed with the sealing the next layer along. Friction Exploration of the Sea (ICES). of about 400,000 German and Organisation (FAO). Shipyard: Mjellem & Karlsen AS, Bergen Built: 1974 would mean that the current boat "Viking" of Arendal to the Nansen’s (1888) was Russian prisoners of war. He The vessel is financed by LOA: 47.50 m velocity would fall off with Western Ice off Greenland, a study of the central nervous was also the underlying force and NORAD (Norwegian Agency Beam: 10.30 m depth at the same time as the Draught: 4.35 m where he studied seals and system of the hagfish (an inver- the organiser of efforts to feed for Development Cooperation) direction of the current gradu- GRT: 495 tonnes made hydrographic observations tebrate), with a thesis whose millions of people threatened and is operated by the Institute Main propulsion ally turned more to the right. of the waters of Eastern quality and range was probably by famine in Russia. of Marine Research. Its princi- machinery: Normo LDMCB9, 1500 HP Nansen did not have the mat- Accommodation: 14 single cabins, 2 double and 2 four-berth cabins Greenland. Here, in the drift not fully appreciated by his pal tasks are mapping the dis- hematical knowhow that would ice, Nansen found driftwood contemporaries. Today, howe- tribution and quantity of fish have enabled him to demon- "Dr. Fridtjof Nansen" (1) and mud which probably came ver, Fridtjof Nansen is interna- stocks, which it has been stu- strate that this was the case, - the international helper from Siberia. As a result of tionally recognised as one of dying continuously since 1975, but at his request, Professor V. these observations he led the the pioneers of brain research. The marine research vessel from the South China Sea in W. Ekman succeeded in pro- 1893–96 "Fram" expedition, on In 1897 Nansen became "Dr. Fridtjof Nansen" is a the east to the Pacific coast of ving Nansen's theories. The which he collected oceano- Professor of Zoology at the Norwegian contribution to Central America in the west. phenomenon has since been graphic data as the vessel University of Christiania, and international development Most of the work of the vessel known as the "Ekman Spiral". drifted across the Polar Sea. planned the physical-oceano- efforts, the appropriate choice has been off the east and west Among other things, Nansen Fridtjof Nansen made major, graphic studies for the Board of a nation that can point to a coasts of Africa. noted that the polar ice drifted pioneering discoveries in seve- of Fisheries carried out by the rich tradition of research in fis- It is appropriate that the ship at an angle of about 45 degrees ral aspects of the development "Michael Sars", which was heries and marine science. The bears the name of Fridtjof to the right of the direction of of modern marine research, named after his father-in-law. vessel is operated on behalf of Nansen, who was so well 26 27 "Fjordfangst" "Virgo" and "Krill" - modest servants of marine research "Virgo" This vessel originally belonged LOA: 40 ft to the Fish-capture Section of Between the wars, the Institute No further technical details available. the Norwegian Fisheries of Marine Research had a 40 ft Technology Research Institute, motor boat, "Virgo", but this and it was built in order to was confiscated during the carry out tests and trials of Second World War. After fishing gear. The vessel came the War, a new boat was to the Institute of Marine LOA: 14.17 m purchased and given the name Research when the Fish-capture Beam: 4.25 m of "Krill". It had a cabin forward, Draught: 2.25 m Section was incorporated into with room for two or three GRT: 25 tonnes persons. The boat was equipped the Institute in 1990, and it Main propulsion with a hand-powered winch for was sold to in 1999. machinery: Yanmar 6 HAE 165 HP Accommodation: 2 two-berth cabins plankton sampling and hydro- Built by Sandøy Plast AS (hull) graphy, and it was employed in and Storebø Slipp & Mekaniske studies in these fields in Verksted AS. Hardanger and Sunnhordland, "Krill" Built in Nordtveitgrend during the 40s but it was also used more and Lengthened by Lunde LOA: 25.5 ft more often for studies of Båtbyggeri AS. Beam: 6.6 ft. brisling, crabs, lobsters and Motor: Sleipner petrol engine, 10–14 HP eels in the same area. Marna diesel, 18 HP Sabb 22 HP (1970) In spring 1985 the boat was transferred to the Matre Aquaculture Station, but was condemned after a couple of year.

28 29 From the Image archive of Norwegian Export Council for Fish "Fangst" "G. M. Dannevig" (2) - the environmental monitor "Fangst" replaced the old and it is a good, cost-effective "Fjordfangst", which was the facility for many types of coastal In 1985, the Fisheries boat the Institute used for studies and research projects. Technology Research research studies on the coast Institute’s vessel "Kystfangst" and in the fjords. The Institute was transferred to the Institute does not own "Fangst", but has Shipyard: Båt & Motorservice AS, Rørvik of Marine Research and statio- chartered the vessel on a Built: 1999/2000 Shipyard: Kystvågen Verft, Frei in Møre og Romsdal long-term basis. LOA: 14.98 m ned in Flødevigen, where it was Built: 1979 Beam: 5.50 m given the new name of "G.M. Rebuilt: 1987 "Fangst" is only about half a Draught: 3.20 m Dannevig". In order to meet LOA: 27.85 m metre longer than "Fjordfangst", GRT: 24.99 tonnes Beam: 6.75 m Main propulsion modern standards, the vessel but has a greater beam and is GRT: 171 tonnes machinery: Fiat IVECO, 8210 SRM-36, 400 HP was lengthened to 92 ft and much more roomy. The boat Side thruster: 2 x Mjosund, 60 HP aft, 50 HP forward Main propulsion has three double cabins and Power supply: 2 generators: 220 VAC, 32 kW, 50Hz refurbished in 1986-87. machinery: 2 x Volvo 330 HP provides good living and wor- Accommodation: 3 two-berth cabins Accommodation: 7 two-berth cabins, one single king conditions for its crew Its instrumentation and and scientific personnel. There equipment was supplemented is ample deck-space and a small in the next few years, so that wet laboratory. The vessel is after 1988 the Institute had a ideal for many of the Fish-cap- fully operational modern vessel ture Section’s behavioural suitable for marine research in studies and trials of new types the Skagerrak, the Kattegat and of fishing gear. The Institute’s aquaculture scientists also use the North Sea. "Fangst" frequently. A small vessel such as "Fangst" has low running costs in com- parison with the Institute’s 30 ocean-going research vessels, 31 The fleet today "G. O. Sars" (2) - into the computer era "Michael Sars" (2) - fish finding and research

The 60s saw a series of very had been developed by Nansen "G.O. Sars" is still a functional The vessel was designed accor- Fisheries and the Institute of rapid developments in fisheries at the turn of the previous century, and serviceable vessel. ding to the "Dr. Fridtjof Marine Research, but the technology and instrumentation. and turning thermometers, were In February 2003, "G.O. Sars" (2) Nansen" (1) model, but with a Institute has gradually taken it The new "G. O. Sars" was built being replaced by sondes which was renamed (R/V) "Sarsen". slightly modified interior design. over on a full-time basis. as a stern trawler and rigged to recorded temperature, salinity, "Sarsen" was the nickname of It is equipped to perform more be able to deploy both bottom etc. while they were lowered the first "G.O. Sars". or less the same range of tasks and pelagic trawls at the same through the water column. Shipyard: Mjellem & Karlsen AS, Bergen as "G.O. Sars" (2), though with time. The vessel’s hull was desig- Signals from these sondes were Shipyard: Mjellem and Karlsen AS, Bergen Built: 1978/79 ned to disturb the echosounders registered and processed on Built: 1970 certain limitations due to its LOA: 47.50 m as little as possible, since these board while the sondes were still LOA: 70.0 m smaller size. The vessel also Beam: 10.30 m Beam: 13.3 m had become essential instruments being lowered, a process that GRT: 1.446/1658 tonnes has a dropkeel with echoso- Draught: 4.30 m GRT: 493/690 tonnes for fisheries research. While the required computer power. Echo Main propulsion under and sonar heads, which boat was under planning, a new integration was later also carried machinery: Bergen Diesel 2250 HP (1655 kw) Main propulsion Class: Det Norske Veritas, Class +1A1 enables it to carry out acoustic machinery: Norma diesel LDMCB-9, 1500 HP generation of echosounder was out by the computer system. Stern trawler, Ice C, Hull Ice A being developed in collaboration After 33 years of operation, Accommodation: Crew + 16 scientists studies of herring and other Accommodation: 20 persons with Simrad. Used in combination fish species even in fairly bad with the echo integrator, the weather. The vessel is very new sounders made it possible suitable for coastal water to perform quantitative measu- operations. rements. While it had previously been possible to register where The idea of this vessel was the fish were and to only rough- brought up as early as 1967, ly estimate their biomass, scien- but 12 years were to pass tists now had much more accu- before the second "Michael rate measures of the amount of Sars" went to sea. fish that they were recording. The vessel was originally used Electronics was also entering the field of oceanographic instrumen- by both the Directorate of 32 tation. Water samplers, which 33 "Johan Hjort" (4) "Dr. Fridtjof Nansen" (2)

The new "Johan Hjort" was Hjort" was designed in such a When it was decided that it was and trawl set-ups are identical. marine resources in their own based on the Institute’s good way that towed echosounder time to replace the old "Dr. This also makes it easier to utilise domestic waters. experience with "G.O. Sars" heads could be deployed from Fridtjof Nansen" with a new the same or similar methods, (2). The vessel was given a the bottom of the hull. This Shipyard: Flekkefjord Slipp & Maskinfabrikk AS vessel, the Institute of Marine compare and exchange experi- more modern hull form, which system did not function well, Kvina Verft AS Research had only recently ences, and to use the results Shipyard: Flekkefjord Slipp & Maskinfabrikk AS made it so sea-kindly that work but in 1995 "Johan Hjort" was Built: 1990 taken delivery of the new "Johan and experiences gained for Built: 1993 on board is not held back to fitted with a dropkeel contai- LOA: 64.4 m Hjort", which was one of the example in West African waters LOA: 56.75 m any extent even in the Barents ning the echosounder and Beam: 13.0 m most advanced marine research in our own Scandinavian waters, Beam: 12.50 m Sea in mid-winter. An impor- sonar heads. This set-up works GRT: 910/1828 tonnes vessels in the world. It was and vice versa. "Dr. Fridtjof GRT: 1444 tonnes tant advance in this respect was so well that good acoustic mea- Main propulsion therefore only natural that the Nansen" also gives students and Main propulsion machinery: Wärtsilä Wichmann diesel, 8V28B, machinery: Wärtsilä Wichmann diesel 6L28B, the fitting of de-icing gear on surements can be made even in team responsible for planning scientific personnel from our 3264 HP (2400 kW) the new "Dr. Fridtjof Nansen" development partner countries MCR 1980 kW (2700 HP) the foredeck, as was the fact heavy gales. Nowadays, all new Class: Det Norske Veritas +1A1, Ice 1B (hull), Class: Det Norske Veritas +1A Ice 1C, should incorporate both drawings an ideal opportunity to become that winches and other items of ocean-going research vessels Ice 1C (propeller) MV, EO, Stern Trawler deck equipment were largely have such retractable dropkeel. Accommodation: 24 single cabins, 5 two-berth cabins and experience from "Johan familiar with a modern marine Accommodation: 23 cabins (33 berths) built in under protective hou- Hjort". The new international research vessel, and with the sings. It was hoped that "Johan helper was not to be inferior to our domestic flagship, and in fact Hjort" could be brought into the two vessels almost look like service without a long period of sister ships in terms of design, trials, and the Institute managed internal layout and scientific to do so. A very solid, good equipment. This is also rational research vessel, was the verdict in purely research terms, given of the scientists after its first that both research and technical season of operation. personnel alternate between In order to reduce surface cruises in domestic waters with noise (bubble formation by the the Institute’s vessels and cruises hull in bad weather) during on board "Dr. Fridtjof Nansen". acoustic measurements, "Johan Acoustic equipment, marine environment instrumentation 34 35 Håkon Mosby (1903–1989) The new "G.O. Sars" Mosby was awarded his role in the development and out oceanographic, geological – the most advanced marine research vessel in Cand.real. (M.Sc.) degree in organisation of oceanographic and biological research studies. It the world; handed over in spring 2003 1940 and his doctorate in 1934. research at national and interna- is used by the University of As a student in Oslo he acted as tional level. He was director of Bergen for teaching and research assistant to Professor Fridtjof the Department of Geophysics purposes, but is operated by the Nansen at the Department of for two periods, and from 1966 Research Vessel Department of , participating in to 1971 he was Rector of the the Institute of Marine Research. several cruises with the research . vessel "Armauer Hansen". In Built: 1980 1927, before he took his final “Håkon Mosby” LOA: 47.24 m degree exams, he was engaged Beam: 10.32 m The research vessel given his Draught: 4.70 m as a lecturer at the Department name, "Håkon Mosby", is the sister GRT: 493/701 tonnes of Geophysics, Section for Theo- Main propulsion machinery: Normo LDMB-9, 1500 HP ship of "Michael Sars" (2) and is retical Meteorology, at Bergen Class: Veritas 1A1 Ice owned by the University of Bergen. Museum. In 1927/28 Mosby was Accommodation: 17 cabins (crew; nine single-berth cabins; The vessel is equipped to carry scientists: six single and two four-berth cabins) a member of L. Christensen’s first "Norvegia" expedition to the Antarctic Ocean, on the basis of which he wrote his doctoral thesis "The Waters of the Antarctic Ocean". Håkon Mosby subsequently led several expedi- tions to our northern ocean regions. In 1939 he became a lecturer at the Department of Geophysics, Section A (Hydro- graphy), and in 1947 he succeeded Bjørn Helland-Hansen as Professor at Bergen Museum. 36 Håkon Mosby played a central 37 The new "G.O. Sars" represents a new generation of complete sets of trawl-doors. instruments to the deepest capable of studying sediments the seabed topography, while marine research vessels. With This means that a pelagic trawl parts of the sea. One of the as much as 150 m below the yet another will measure ocean its vibration- and noise-damped can be deployed as soon as the winches is loaded with fibre- seabed. The new "G.O. Sars" currents. LOA: 77.50 m diesel generators and its bottom trawl has been hauled, optic cable, which is capable of will also be able to carry out Beam: 16.40/18,60 m The new "G.O. Sars", which is propellers driven by direct- and the scientists can thus transferring large quantities of seismic studies using towed Depth to 1st deck: 6.30 m used by the University of Depth to 2nd deck: 9.10 m current motors, "G.O. Sars" is combine cod and capelin studies, data. At the after end of the air-guns and hydrophones. Bergen and the Institute of GRT: 4.067 tonnes an extremely quiet vessel for example, on the same cruise. trawl-deck are two winches These studies will be carried Marine Research, was handed Main propulsion under way. It emits 99 % less for towing plankton sampling out by the University of Bergen. machinery: Diesel-electric, three generators The efficiency of research cruises over in May 2003. noise under water than equipment and remotely totalling 8,100 kw (3 x 2,700 kw), has also been improved by the or 11016 HP conventional research vessels. operated underwater vehicles fact that "G.O. Sars" has sufficient Advanced acoustics Class: DNV +1A1 Ice C, Eo, Dynpos AUT, Clean This means that the fish that engine power to tow a large (ROVs). The new "G.O. Sars" The new vessel is equipped Top speed: 17 knots; cruising speed 11–13 knots are being registered by the pelagic trawl at speeds as high contains several special labora- with advanced acoustic instru- Accommodation: 45 persons, in 19 single-berth and 13 double-berth cabins vessel’s acoustic instruments as 5–6 knots, which is impor- tories for performing environ- ments (echosounders and are not scared off, giving the tant when representative sam- mental, plankton and fish sonars) which will be capable scientists better biomass mea- ples of fast-swimming fish such analyses, and the aim is that of registering fish throughout surements of the fish in the sea. as mackerel are being taken. most of the analysis of data will the water column, from the be carried out on board before surface down to the seabed. Roomy trawl-deck Environmental studies the vessel returns to port. The vessel has an echosounder The new "G.O. Sars" has an "G.O. Sars" is equipped with a that operates at six different extremely roomy and well- large midships "environmental Geology and seismics frequencies simultaneously. equipped trawl-deck. This is no hangar" which contains no The vessel is also equipped to Three multi-beam sonars have less than 18,6 m broad, is fewer than six winches, each of collect core samples 25 metres also been installed to identify equipped with two sets trawl which carries up to 6000 into seabed sediments, and a and measure shoals of fish. A winches and has room for two metres of cable for lowering special echosounder will be special echosounder will chart

39 nted by: grafisk trykk as

Institute of Marine Research Nordnesgaten 50 Postbox 1870 Nordnes N-5817 Bergen Norway

Tel: +47 55 23 85 00 Fax: +47 55 23 85 31 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.imr.no graphic design: bente souter design/text: farstad media, per solemdal and sigmund myklevoll/english translation: hugh allan/pri