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Evolution of a Journal Emory D ISSUE NO. 49 / SEPTEMBER 2012 Observe, interpret, and express It was once commonplace to find an artist on board a mysteries of the deep waters around the northern portion research vessel. Working alongside the marine scientists, of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge provided the artist with a new they also recorded the findings of the expedition as well inspirational challenge. as the various seascapes and life on board. The detailed drawings of flora and fauna from the HMS “Challenger” “For fourteen days, I followed what was brought up expedition of 1872–1876 provided much of the basis for by the trawls and the remotely operated underwater modern marine biology. The scientific illustrator and vehicle (ROV), until a whole stream of images based on distinguished artist, Thorolv Rasmussen, began his impressions of what I had seen and experienced suddenly career on the 1910 RV ”Michael Sars” expedition. emerged”. However, as audiovisual technology advanced and other “What I found was that I tended to work a little bit forms of documentation increased in use, the need for a like the scientists, in that I gathered my impressions in ship’s artist became less and less. the shape of sketches. This material makes up my own ‘findings’, which I will continue to work with as the basis Ørnulf Opdahl, Norway’s most distinguished contem- for oils, watercolours, and prints”, says Opdahl. porary landscape painter, brought the tradition into the twenty-first century when he participated in the “What really struck me was how nature evolves to MAR-ECO expedition aboard the RV “G.O. Sars” in the meet extreme conditions. We experienced an enormous summer of 2004. MAR-ECO, one of several field projects diversity of life forms, from seabirds in the sky and large contributing to the 2001–2010 Census of Marine Life, marine mammals on the surface, to unknown species at explored life on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at various depths great depths.” down to 4 kilometres. Sixty-five scientists and students from thirteen countries took part in the 2004 expedition A selection of Opdahl’s findings are displayed on our and collected a wealth of new information and insights, front cover. This painting, Census of Marine Life, 2004, stunning images, and a diverse scientific specimen is composed of nine individual watercolours and was collection, including several organisms later shown to kindly donated to ICES Secretariat by the Institute be species new to science. of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway. If you would like to explore more of Opdahl’s work from the MAR- Aboard the RV “G.O. Sars”, Opdahl captured his ECO expedition, it can be found in Peter Boyle’s 2009 impressions in sketches and watercolours. His “on board” publication Life in the Mid-Atlantic, which presents the anthology has provided the basis for inspiration for final findings of the MAR-ECO project. many oil and watercolour paintings and prints. We hope you enjoy this issue of ICES Insight. As always Opdahl has used his artistic talent to convey something we thrive on your comments and would be happy to of the diversity of the life and mysteries that lie hidden consider your ideas for future articles. Send both to in this part of the ocean. The savage landscapes and [email protected]. ICES INSIGHT Published annually by Editor ICES does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication, nor Issue No. 49 International Council for Celine Byrne does ICES or any person acting on its behalf accept responsibility for any use September 2012 the Exploration of the Sea thereof. ICES has not, save where otherwise stated, adopted or in any way approved H.C. Andersens Consulting Editor any view appearing in this publication, and statements should not be relied upon ISBN Boulevard 44-46 Emory D. Anderson as statements of ICES views. 978-87-7482-117-5 DK-1553 Copenhagen Denmark Editorial Associates Unless otherwise stated, the copyright for articles in ICES Insight is vested in the ISSN Ellen Johannesen publisher. Material herein may not be reproduced without written permission from 1995/7815 tel +45 / 33 38 67 00 Søren Lund the copyright owners. fax +45 / 33 93 42 15 Terhi Minkkinen Katie Rice Eriksen Send your comments or story ideas to [email protected]. www.ices.dk Claire Welling Graphic design Hoogs Design Contents Large Marine Ecosystems: from talking the talk to walking the walk of sustainable development Kenneth Sherman recalls the beginnings of the LME approach and traces further 4 developments. Taking a broader view of ecosystem modelling Myron Peck and WGIPEM members discuss end-to-end modelling. 12 What is a statutory meeting? Everything you ever wanted to know but were too afraid to ask. Emory D. Anderson 18 is your guide. Climate change and the Arctic Harald Loeng considers ecosystem responses to the changing Arctic climate and 24 debates the possible effects on fish populations. Due south Expedition leader Svein A. Iversen and biologist Georg Skaret look back on their 30 cruise in search of swarming Euphausia superba. ICES and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive – providing the science needed for implementation 36 Ellen Johannesen reviews the development of ICES work in support of the MSFD. Bergen – the marine capital of the world Kari Østervold Toft tells the story of how this proud maritime city became a world 40 leader. Evolution of a journal Emory D. Anderson shares the history of the ICES Journal of Marine Science and 44 the story of those who shaped it. Large Marine Ecosystems: ICES Insight September 2012 4/5 Large Marine Ecosystems: from talking the talk to walking the walk of sustainable development Kenneth Sherman recalls the beginnings of the LME approach and traces further developments. The perception of marine coastal waters degraded EBM. The group of 200 signed a “Scientific Consensus by overfishing, pollution, nutrient over-enrichment, Statement on Marine Ecosystem-based Management” acidification, habitat degradation, loss of biodiversity, (COMPASS, 2005). and the effects of climate change has dominated the public discourse (Jackson et al., 2001; Worm et al., 2006; Lubchenco and Petes, 2010). Less publicized are the Falling leaves and Polish vodka ecosystem-based initiatives operating around the globe to recover depleted fisheries, control pollution, restore It took approximately ten years for the LME approach to habitats, conserve biodiversity, and adapt to climate emerge as a useful method for assessing and managing change. The Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) approach marine goods and services. The decade-long journey is steadily becoming one of the foremost tools to began in autumn 1983 while I laboured on my front advance the sustainable use of marine resources and lawn raking thousands of leaves into neat piles for environments. Its status was confirmed in 2005 when a bagging and disposal. My neighbour, the persistent, group of 200 respected marine experts, including self-appointed supervisor of my labours, Dr. Lewis scientists and policy professionals, compared the Alexander, was then serving as the US Geographer at advantages of an ecosystem-based approach to the the State Department, on a leave of absence from the research, assessment, and management of marine University of Rhode Island where he directed the Marine resources with a sector-by-sector approach. This group Affairs Department. He was working on Law of the Sea defined ecosystem-based management (EBM) and and thought it could be made more effective through recognized LMEs as appropriate areas for applying regionalization. When the nagging reached its climax, I suggested that management. By 2006, Elsevier Science had become we call a truce and reconvene later for a drink. And the LME publisher of choice. Along with the five earlier so it was that, over Polish Bison vodka, the idea of a volumes published with AAAS and Blackwell Science, Large Marine Ecosystem approach to the assessment nine additional LME volumes brought the total of peer- and management of marine goods and services was reviewed pages to more than 6000. broached. To my surprise, the ecological criteria put forward for designating boundaries of LMEs – To be found in the chapters of the early LME volumes bathymetry, hydrography, productivity, and trophic are topics and titles from the best and brightest of linkages – were found worthy, on follow-up studies, by ICES scientists. ICES firm roots in the LME approach none other than the geographer of the United States! were made apparent in chapters by O. S. Assthorsson (Iceland), G. Beaugrand (France), K. Drinkwater During the decade between 1983 and 1993, we held (Norway), N. Daan, (The Netherlands), E. Gaard, (Faroe a series of multidisciplinary LME symposia at the Islands), G. Hempel (Germany), G. Hubold (Germany), annual meetings of the American Association for the G. Kullenberg (Sweden), A. D. McIntyre (UK), P. C. Advancement of Science (AAAS) with a cross section Reid (UK), J. C. Rice (Canada), M. P. Sissenwine (USA), of marine research scientists, economists, geographers, H. R. Skjoldal (Norway), M. Sinclair (Canada), S. Sundby and resource-policy and management experts, in New (Norway), and L. Valdés (Spain). York, Chicago, Boston, and New Orleans, followed by an international symposium in Monaco. Invited papers from the symposia were peer reviewed and published in five LME volumes by AAAS, Westview Press, and Blackwell GEF contacted me and asked if I was Science. “the LME Sherman”. 6000 Peer reviewed pages of LME Studies Cumulative pages Introducing GEF 7000 By 1995, the firm scientific foundation of the LME 6000 approach – largely contributed by the ICES scientific 5000 community, along with scientists and resource managers 4000 from developing countries – caught the attention of a newly established international financial institution, 3000 the Global Environment Facility (GEF). The GEF 2000 was established as an independent financial centre 1000 physically located within the World Bank in Washington, DC.
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