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Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies Ethical Dilemmas As Seen Through the Major Characters Reflected in the D RAINBOW Vol. 8 (2) (2019) Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/rainbow Ethical Dilemmas as Seen Through the Major Characters Reflected in The Danish Girl Movie Screenplay Written by Lucinda Coxon Kemala Putri Anggraeni, Maria Johana Ari Widayanti English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Universitas Negeri Semarang Article Info Abstract ________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Article History: An ethical dilemma is an interesting topic to discuss since it always occurs to us in Received 15 October our daily lives whether we realise it or not. The study is aimed to explain the ethical 2019 Approved 29 November dilemmas of the major characters in The Danish Girl movie screenplay by Lucinda 2019 Coxon. This study used psychoanalytic theory of the tripartite model theory by Published 30 November Sigmund Freud and employed qualitative method. The result was the ethical 2019 dilemmas of the major characters occurred before they made a decision in their ________________ actions. This study revealed that the ethical dilemma happened to them because they Keywords: Characters, Ethical Dilemma, Movie needed to think about the impact of their actions on other people or themselves. It Screenplay, could prevent them from doing or saying inappropriate things which could hurt Psychoanalytic Theory, someone's feelings or harm themselves. Another result in this study was that the The Danish Girl, ethical dilemmas that happened to the major characters mostly represent ego more ____________________ than the other two parts of psyche. They could control what they wanted to say or do since they thought about the possible things that could happen to each choice before they made the decision. © 2019 Universitas Negeri Semarang E-mail: [email protected] ISSN : 2252-6323 75 Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies, Vol. 8 (2) (2019) INTRODUCTION conflicts can be solved by applying the hierarchy and priority rules which are incorporated in the Every human being in everyday life is procedure and, in particular, in the strategy for faced with choices that require them to choose solving the ethical dilemmas. one of the choices. The need to choose one of the According to Laine (2000), an ethical choices often leaves them in a dilemma situation. dilemma may be described as a problem for A dilemma can occur anywhere and anytime, which no course of action seems satisfactory; it both in business and personal terms. This can exists because there are ‘good’ but contradictory happen because humans want to choose the best ethical reasons to take conflicting and from the choices. But the problem is that every incompatible courses of action. Ethical decision human being must have different the best criteria. making includes being consciously aware of one’s According to Figar & Đorđević (2017), basically, values, principles and allegiance to ethical codes, every dilemma contains an ethical dilemma intuition and feelings, within a context that is (ED), i.e. whether the decision is good/bad, characterized by professional and power fair/unfair, moral/immoral. Every human being relationships. It means that ethical dilemmas are has to think of other things before making a situations in which there is no ‘right’ decision, decision, such as whether the decision chosen is ‘only a decision that is thoughtfully made and good, fair and appropriate for themselves and perhaps ‘‘more right’’ than the alternatives’. others. This is done to avoid making wrong An ethical dilemma refers to a situation decisions which can be detrimental to themselves that often involves complex and conflicting and others. principles of ethical behaviour because no clear According to White (1998), ethics is the guideline is available on how to act and respond branch of philosophy that explores the nature of to a specific problem (Kitchener, 1984). In moral virtue and evaluates human actions. addition, it is important for an individual to Generally speaking, there are two traditions in recognize the presence of an ethical dilemma modern philosophical ethics regarding how to since ethical dilemma acts as a catalyst for the determine the ethical character of actions. One entire decision-making process (Hunt & Vasquez- argues that actions have no intrinsic ethical Parraga, 1993). It occurs because ethical decision- character but acquire their moral status from the making criteria will not be employed if the consequences that flow from them. The other existence of an ethical dilemma is unrecognized tradition claims that actions are inherently right (Jones, 1991). That makes ethical dilemma vital or wrong, e.g, lying, cheating, and stealing. The to study since it will consequently lead to ethical former is called a teleological approach to ethics, actions. the latter. The movie screenplay, itself, has an Figar & Đorđević (2017) said an ethical interesting plot since it is based on a true story. dilemma is a situation of making a choice According to IMDb (2015), The Danish Girl tells between two or more alternatives. An agent is in real-life renowned painter artist Einar Wegener unpleasant and difficult situation because he/she shares a strongly-bonded and filled with love often needs to make a choice between ethical and marriage with his less recognised portraitist wife, unethical alternatives, and when it comes to the Gerda. Although they are different, the very ethical alternatives, he/she should choose the foundation of their relationship is about to be best one. The selection reflects to a large number compromised, when one day, Gerda will of principals, so this situation causes conflicts playfully ask of Einar to fill in for one of her between different levels of ethical dilemmas, but female models and pose for her painting dressed also the conflicts within the same level. These in a marvellous dress. Unobtrusively, this life- ISSN : 2252-6323 76 Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies, Vol. 8 (2) (2019) changing experience will trigger a subtle meaning occurs in literature (Bressler, 1999:148). transformation inside Einar, who will begin to According to Bressler (1999:150), Freud realise that, in reality, he is Lili, a woman trapped separated the human psyche into three parts in a man's body, and that his real, true self should which called the tripartite model. This model start living as a proper woman. As more and more consists of three parts: the id, the ego, and the it will become evident that this is not an superego. ephemeral caprice, Einar determined to live his The first object of this study was the new life to the full, will boldly attempt amidst material object that was a movie screenplay prejudice, discrimination, social dictations, and written by Lucinda Coxon entitled The Danish of course, public outcry, to fight for the right to be Girl hosted by Focus Features which contained 90 different and undergo a highly experimental sex pages. It was an adaption from the novel with the reassignment surgery that would eventually make same title by David Ebershoff. The second object Lili a notable transgender pioneer. was the formal object that was the study of the Thus, based on the explanations above, screenplay seen from the study question which the studyer will explain how such ethical was the major characters of the screenplay those dilemma of the major characters are explained in were Einar Wegener and Gerda Wegener. It The Danish Girl by using quotations of the movie would limit the study so the study would not screenplay. The studyer will explain it using the come out of the topic. tripartite model theory by Sigmund Freud. The data were collected by reading, identifying, classifying, and inventorying. The METHODS collected data were analysed by explaining the ethical dilemmas of the major characters of This study is a descriptive qualitative study Lucinda Coxon’s The Danish Girl movie since it explained about the ethical dilemmas of screenplay. The data were also analysed by the major characters in form of words, clauses, explaining the ethical dilemmas based on Freud’s sentences, and dialogues. Burns and Grove tripartite model theory of psyche (id, ego, and (2003:19) describe a qualitative approach as “a superego). systematic subjective approach used to describe life experiences and situations to give them RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS meaning”. Studyers used the qualitative approach to explore the behaviour, perspectives, Ethical Dilemmas of The Major Characters In experiences and feelings of people and emphasize The Danish Girl Movie Screenplay the understanding of these elements. The studyer Figar & Đorđević (2017) explained that focused on the experiences from the participants’ when someone is in a situation where he/she has perspective. In order to achieve the emic to make a choice between two or more perspective, the studyer became involved and alternatives, it means he/she is experiencing an immersed in the study. ethical dilemma. Experiencing ethical dilemmas This study applied the tripartite model of often leaves a person in an uncomfortable and psyche of Sigmund Freud. The theories and difficult situation because he/she needs to make practice of Sigmund Freud provide the a choice between ethical and unethical foundation for psychoanalytic criticism (Bressler, alternatives. When it comes to ethical 1999:149). This approach attempts to explain the alternatives, he/she must choose the best one. hows and whys of human actions without Since the choice reflects a large number of developing an aesthetic theory – a systematic, principals, this situation causes conflicts between philosophical body of beliefs concerning how ISSN : 2252-6323 77 Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies, Vol. 8 (2) (2019) different levels of ethical dilemmas, but also the wear the dress since he thought a dress was not conflicts within the same level. clothing worn by men. In the end, he decided to The analysis of the ethical dilemmas wear the dress.
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