Dermoscopy of Benign and Malignant Neoplasms in the Pediatric Population Helen C
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Melanocytes and Their Diseases
Downloaded from http://perspectivesinmedicine.cshlp.org/ on October 2, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Melanocytes and Their Diseases Yuji Yamaguchi1 and Vincent J. Hearing2 1Medical, AbbVie GK, Mita, Tokyo 108-6302, Japan 2Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 Correspondence: [email protected] Human melanocytes are distributed not only in the epidermis and in hair follicles but also in mucosa, cochlea (ear), iris (eye), and mesencephalon (brain) among other tissues. Melano- cytes, which are derived from the neural crest, are unique in that they produce eu-/pheo- melanin pigments in unique membrane-bound organelles termed melanosomes, which can be divided into four stages depending on their degree of maturation. Pigmentation production is determined by three distinct elements: enzymes involved in melanin synthesis, proteins required for melanosome structure, and proteins required for their trafficking and distribution. Many genes are involved in regulating pigmentation at various levels, and mutations in many of them cause pigmentary disorders, which can be classified into three types: hyperpigmen- tation (including melasma), hypopigmentation (including oculocutaneous albinism [OCA]), and mixed hyper-/hypopigmentation (including dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria). We briefly review vitiligo as a representative of an acquired hypopigmentation disorder. igments that determine human skin colors somes can be divided into four stages depend- Pinclude melanin, hemoglobin (red), hemo- ing on their degree of maturation. Early mela- siderin (brown), carotene (yellow), and bilin nosomes, especially stage I melanosomes, are (yellow). Among those, melanins play key roles similar to lysosomes whereas late melanosomes in determining human skin (and hair) pigmen- contain a structured matrix and highly dense tation. -
Critical Evaluation of the So-Called “Junction Nevus”
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE SO-CALLED "JUNCTION NEVUS* S. WILLIAM BECKER, MS., M.D. The serious study of pigmented nevi was undertaken by many workers in the closing years of the 19th Century. All recognized that the microscopic picture of nevi differed from anything seen in other organs. The presence of nevus cells in both the epidermis and dermis led to concepts of origin at one or the other site, or at both sites. Dermal Origin: Demieville (1) believed that the nevus cells arose from adven- titial and endothelial cells of blood vessels. Bauer (2) and vonRecklinghausen (3) thought that the origin was from endothelium of lymph vessels rather than of blood vessels. Epidermal Origin: According to Abesser (4), Duranti, in 1871, was the first to suggest an epidermal origin of nevus cells. Kromayer (5) stated that the endo- thelium-like cells originate in the basal portion of the epidermis as "Bläschen- zellen", migrate to the dermis and develop connective tissue and elastic fibers, a change which he called "desmoplasia". Abesser (4) agreed that the cells origi- ated in the epithelium and lost their intercellular bridges, but migrated into the dermis as epithelium-like cells, and remained such. Unna (6) advanced the concept that the epithelial cells changed by losing their intercellular bridges and multiplied in groups, a process which he called "Ab- sonderung", then migrated as groups to the dermis, which he called "Abtrop- fung", thus forming pigmented nevi. -
Atypical Mole Syndrome and Dysplastic Nevi: Identification of Populations at Risk for Developing Melanoma - Review Article
CLINICS 2011;66(3):493-499 DOI:10.1590/S1807-59322011000300023 REVIEW Atypical mole syndrome and dysplastic nevi: identification of populations at risk for developing melanoma - review article Juliana Hypo´ lito Silva,I Bianca Costa Soares de Sa´,II Alexandre Leon Ribeiro de A´ vila,II Gilles Landman,III Joa˜ o Pedreira Duprat NetoII I Oncology School Celestino Bourroul - Hospital AC Camargo, Sa˜ o Paulo, SP, Brazil. II Skin Oncology Department - Hospital AC Camargo - Sa˜ o Paulo, SP, Brazil. III Pathology Department - Hospital AC Camargo - Sa˜ o Paulo, SP, Brazil. Atypical Mole Syndrome is the most important phenotypic risk factor for developing cutaneous melanoma, a malignancy that accounts for about 80% of deaths from skin cancer. Because the diagnosis of melanoma at an early stage is of great prognostic relevance, the identification of Atypical Mole Syndrome carriers is essential, as well as the creation of recommended preventative measures that must be taken by these patients. KEYWORDS: Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome; dysplastic nevi; melanoma; early diagnosis; Risk Factors. Silva JH, de Sa´ BC, Avila ALR, Landman G, Duprat Neto JP. Atypical mole syndrome and dysplastic nevi: identification of populations at risk for developing melanoma - review article. Clinics. 2011;66(3):493-499. Received for publication on November 23, 2010; First review completed on November 24, 2010; Accepted for publication on November 24, 2010 E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: 55 11 2189-5135 INTRODUCTION Several studies have shown that the presence of dysplas- tic nevi considerably increases the risk of developing The incidence of cutaneous melanoma has increased melanoma, which demonstrates that these lesions, aside rapidly worldwide.1-5 Although it corresponds to only 4% of 4 from being precursors to disease are also important risk all skin cancers, it accounts for 80% of skin cancer deaths. -
Nevus Spilus: Is the Presence of Hair Associated with an Increased Risk for Melanoma?
Nevus Spilus: Is the Presence of Hair Associated With an Increased Risk for Melanoma? Robert Milton Gathings, MD; Raveena Reddy, MD; Ashish C. Bhatia, MD; Robert T. Brodell, MD PRACTICE POINTS • Nevus spilus (NS) appears as a café au lait macule studded with darker brown “moles.” • Although melanoma has been described in NS, it is rare. • There is no evidence that hairy NS are predisposed to melanoma. copy not Nevus spilus (NS), also known as speckled len- he term nevus spilus (NS), also known as tiginous nevus, is characterized by background speckled lentiginous nevus, was first used café au lait–like lentiginous melanocytic hyperpla- Tin the 19th century to describe lesions with sia speckled with small, 1- to 3-mm, darker foci.Do background café au lait–like lentiginous melanocytic Nevus spilus occurs in 1.3% to 2.3% of the adult hyperplasia speckled with small, 1- to 3-mm, darker population worldwide. Reports of melanoma aris- foci. The dark spots reflect lentigines; junctional, ing within hypertrichotic NS suggest that hyper- compound, and intradermal nevus cell nests; and trichosis may be a marker for the development of more rarely Spitz and blue nevi. Both macular and melanoma. We present a case of a hypertrichotic papular subtypes have been described.1 This birth- NS without melanoma and also provide a review of mark is quite common, occurring in 1.3% to 2.3% previously reported cases of hypertrichosis in NS. of the adult population worldwide.2 Hypertrichosis We believe that NS has aCUTIS lower risk for malignant has been described in NS.3-9 Two subsequent cases degeneration than congenital melanocytic nevi of malignant melanoma in hairy NS suggested that (CMN) of the same size, and it is unlikely that lesions may be particularly prone to malignant hypertrichosis is a marker for melanoma in NS. -
Short Course 11 Pigmented Lesions of the Skin
Rev Esp Patol 1999; Vol. 32, N~ 3: 447-453 © Prous Science, SA. © Sociedad Espafiola de Anatomfa Patol6gica Short Course 11 © Sociedad Espafiola de Citologia Pigmented lesions of the skin Chairperson F Contreras Spain Ca-chairpersons S McNutt USA and P McKee, USA. Problematic melanocytic nevi melanin pigment is often evident. Frequently, however, the lesion is solely intradermal when it may be confused with a fibrohistiocytic RH. McKee and F.R.C. Path tumor, particularly epithelloid cell fibrous histiocytoma (4). It is typi- cally composed of epitheliold nevus cells with abundant eosinophilic Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, cytoplasm and large, round, to oval vesicular nuclei containing pro- USA. minent eosinophilic nucleoli. Intranuclear cytoplasmic pseudoinclu- sions are common and mitotic figures are occasionally present. The nevus cells which are embedded in a dense, sclerotic connective tis- Whether the diagnosis of any particular nevus is problematic or not sue stroma, usually show maturation with depth. Less frequently the nevus is composed solely of spindle cells which may result in confu- depends upon a variety of factors, including the experience and enthusiasm of the pathologist, the nature of the specimen (shave vs. sion with atrophic fibrous histiocytoma. Desmoplastic nevus can be distinguished from epithelloid fibrous histiocytoma by its paucicellu- punch vs. excisional), the quality of the sections (and their staining), larity, absence of even a focal storiform growth pattern and SiQO pro- the hour of the day or day of the week in addition to the problems relating to the ever-increasing range of histological variants that we tein/HMB 45 expression. -
Melasma on the Nape of the Neck in a Man
Letters to the Editor 181 Melasma on the Nape of the Neck in a Man Ann A. Lonsdale-Eccles and J. A. A. Langtry Sunderland Royal Hospital, Kayll Road, Sunderland SR4 7TP, UK. E-mail: [email protected] Accepted July 19, 2004. Sir, sunlight and photosensitizing agents may be more We report a 47-year-old man with light brown macular relevant. pigmentation on the nape of his neck (Fig. 1). It was The differential diagnosis for pigmentation at this site asymptomatic and had developed gradually over 2 years. includes Riehl’s melanosis, Berloque dermatitis and He worked outdoors as a pipe fitter on an oilrig module; poikiloderma of Civatte. Riehl’s melanosis typically however, he denied exposure at this site because he involves the face with a brownish-grey pigmentation; always wore a shirt with a collar that covered the biopsy might be expected to show interface change and affected area. However, on further questioning it liquefaction basal cell degeneration with a moderate transpired that he spent most of the day with his head lymphohistiocytic infiltrate, melanophages and pigmen- bent forward. This reproducibly exposed the area of tary incontinence in the upper dermis. It is usually pigmentation with a sharp cut off inferiorly at the level associated with cosmetic use and may be considered of his collar. He used various shampoos, aftershaves and synonymous with pigmented allergic contact dermatitis shower gels, but none was applied directly to that area. of the face (6, 7). Berloque dermatitis is considered to be His skin was otherwise normal and there was no family caused by a photoirritant reaction to bergapentin; it history of abnormal pigmentation. -
Optimal Management of Common Acquired Melanocytic Nevi (Moles): Current Perspectives
Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology Dovepress open access to scientific and medical research Open Access Full Text Article REVIEW Optimal management of common acquired melanocytic nevi (moles): current perspectives Kabir Sardana Abstract: Although common acquired melanocytic nevi are largely benign, they are probably Payal Chakravarty one of the most common indications for cosmetic surgery encountered by dermatologists. With Khushbu Goel recent advances, noninvasive tools can largely determine the potential for malignancy, although they cannot supplant histology. Although surgical shave excision with its myriad modifications Department of Dermatology and STD, Maulana Azad Medical College and has been in vogue for decades, the lack of an adequate histological sample, the largely blind Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, Delhi, nature of the procedure, and the possibility of recurrence are persisting issues. Pigment-specific India lasers were initially used in the Q-switched mode, which was based on the thermal relaxation time of the melanocyte (size 7 µm; 1 µsec), which is not the primary target in melanocytic nevus. The cluster of nevus cells (100 µm) probably lends itself to treatment with a millisecond laser rather than a nanosecond laser. Thus, normal mode pigment-specific lasers and pulsed ablative lasers (CO2/erbium [Er]:yttrium aluminum garnet [YAG]) are more suited to treat acquired melanocytic nevi. The complexities of treating this disorder can be overcome by following a structured approach by using lasers that achieve the appropriate depth to treat the three subtypes of nevi: junctional, compound, and dermal. Thus, junctional nevi respond to Q-switched/normal mode pigment lasers, where for the compound and dermal nevi, pulsed ablative laser (CO2/ Er:YAG) may be needed. -
An Unusual Presentation of a Unilateral Asymptomatic Riehl's
ts & C por a e se R S l Michael, Med Rep Case Stud 2018, 3:1 t a u c d i i DOI: 10.4172/2572-5130.1000152 d e s e M + Medical Reports and Case Studies ISSN: 2572-5130 Case Report Open Access An Unusual Presentation of a Unilateral Asymptomatic Riehl’s Melanosis in a 45 Year Old Male Chan Kam Tim Michael* Department of Dermatology, Hong Kong Academy of Medicine, Hong Kong *Corresponding author: Chan Kam Tim Michael, Department of Dermatology, Hong Kong Academy of Medicine, Hong Kong, Tel: +85221282129; E-mail: [email protected] Received Date: Feb 12, 2018; Accepted Date: Mar 12, 2018; Published Date: Mar 21, 2018 Copyright: © 2018 Michael CKT. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Introduction but of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, Acquired unilateral Nevus (Hori’s Nevus), Riehl’s melanosis, Drug-induced Pigmented contact dermatitis (PCD), also known as Riehl’s hyperpigmentation, Lichenoid dermatitis; as well as Melasma and melanosis, is a rare facial hyperpigmentation usually secondary to Ochronosis. cosmetics. There are few documented reports in the literature, and many cases without proven diagnosis may have been treated with pigment lasers, especially in beauty parlour settings. We report a case referred from a private practitioner who has a special interest in dermatology. The patient was diagnosed subsequently as having Riehl’s melanosis and treated with non-tyrosinase inhibitor bleaching agents, sun avoidance and mandatory abstinence from over-the-counter cosmetic products. -
Poikiloderma of Civatte, Slapped Neck Solar Melanosis, Basal Melanin Stores
American Journal of Dermatology and Venereology 2019, 8(1): 8-13 DOI: 10.5923/j.ajdv.20190801.03 Slapped Neck Solar Melanosis: Is It a New Entity or a Variant of Poikiloderma of Civatte?? (Clinical and Histopathological Study) Khalifa E. Sharquie1,*, Adil A. Noaimi2, Ansam B. Kaftan3 1Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad 2Iraqi and Arab Board for Dermatology and Venereology, Dermatology Center, Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq 3Dermatology Center, Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq Abstract Background: Poikiloderma of Civatte although is a common complaint among population, especially European, still it was not reported in dark skin people as in Iraqi population. Objectives: To study all the clinical and histopathological features of Poikiloderma of Civatte in Iraqi population. Patients and Methods: This study is descriptive, clinical and histopathological study. It was carried out at the Dermatology Center, Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq, from September 2017 to October 2018. Thirty-one patients with Poikiloderma of Civatte were included and evaluated by history, physical examination, Wood’s light examination. Lesional skin biopsies were obtained from 9 patients, with histological examination of the sections stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Fontana-Masson stain. Results: Thirty-one patients were included in this study, with mean age +/- SD was 53.32+/-10 years, and all patients were males. Twenty-six patients (84%) were with skin phenotype III&IV, The pigmentation was either mainly erythematous (22.5%), mainly dark brown pigmentation (29%), and mixed type of pigmentation (48.5%). These lesions were distributed on the sides of the neck and the face and the V shaped area of the chest. -
Identification of HRAS Mutations and Absence of GNAQ Or GNA11
Modern Pathology (2013) 26, 1320–1328 1320 & 2013 USCAP, Inc All rights reserved 0893-3952/13 $32.00 Identification of HRAS mutations and absence of GNAQ or GNA11 mutations in deep penetrating nevi Ryan P Bender1, Matthew J McGinniss2, Paula Esmay1, Elsa F Velazquez3,4 and Julie DR Reimann3,4 1Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, AZ, USA; 2Genoptix Medical Laboratory, Carlsbad, CA, USA; 3Dermatopathology Division, Miraca Life Sciences Research Institute, Newton, MA, USA and 4Department of Dermatology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA HRAS is mutated in B15% of Spitz nevi, and GNAQ or GNA11 is mutated in blue nevi (46–83% and B7% respectively). Epithelioid blue nevi and deep penetrating nevi show features of both blue nevi (intradermal location, pigmentation) and Spitz nevi (epithelioid morphology). Epithelioid blue nevi and deep penetrating nevi can also show overlapping features with melanoma, posing a diagnostic challenge. Although epithelioid blue nevi are considered blue nevic variants, no GNAQ or GNA11 mutations have been reported. Classification of deep penetrating nevi as blue nevic variants has also been proposed, however, no GNAQ or GNA11 mutations have been reported and none have been tested for HRAS mutations. To better characterize these tumors, we performed mutational analysis for GNAQ, GNA11, and HRAS, with blue nevi and Spitz nevi as controls. Within deep penetrating nevi, none demonstrated GNAQ or GNA11 mutations (0/38). However, 6% revealed HRAS mutation (2/32). Twenty percent of epithelioid blue nevi contained a GNAQ mutation (2/10), while none displayed GNA11 or HRAS mutation. Eighty-seven percent of blue nevi contained a GNAQ mutation (26/30), 4% a GNA11 mutation (1/28), and none an HRAS mutation. -
Nonpigmented Metastatic Melanoma in a Two-Year-Old Girl: a Serious Diagnostic Dilemma
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Case Reports in Oncological Medicine Volume 2015, Article ID 298273, 3 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/298273 Case Report Nonpigmented Metastatic Melanoma in a Two-Year-Old Girl: A Serious Diagnostic Dilemma Gulden Diniz,1 Hulya Tosun Yildirim,2 Selcen Yamaci,2 and Nur Olgun3 1 Izmir Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, Pathology Laboratory, Turkey 2Izmir Dr. Behcet Uz Children’s Hospital, Pathology Laboratory and Dermatology Clinics, Turkey 3Pediatric Oncology Clinics, Izmir Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey Correspondence should be addressed to Gulden Diniz; [email protected] Received 23 July 2014; Revised 20 January 2015; Accepted 21 January 2015 Academic Editor: Francesca Micci Copyright © 2015 Gulden Diniz et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Although rare, malignant melanoma may occur in children. Childhood melanomas account for only 0.3–3% of all melanomas. In particular the presence of congenital melanocytic nevi is associated with an increased risk of development of melanoma. We herein report a case of malignant melanoma that developed on a giant congenital melanocytic nevus and made a metastasis to the subcutaneous tissue of neck in a two-year-old girl. The patient was hospitalized for differential diagnosis and treatment of cervical mass with a suspicion of hematological malignancy, because the malignant transformation of congenital nevus was not noticed before. In this case, we found out a nonpigmented malignant tumor of pleomorphic cells after the microscopic examination of subcutaneous lesion. -
Pigmented Vulvar Lesions. Dermatoscopy. Is It Advisable?
"ISSVD - International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease " PIGMENTED VULVAR LESIONS. DERMATOSCOPY. IS IT ADVISABLE? Damian Ferrario MD. Dermatology Department. Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires Without Conflic Interest PIGMENTED VULVAR LESIONS • Pigmented skin lesions in the vulvar area include nevi, melanoma, melanotic macules (lentiginosis, melanosis), angiokeratomas, seborrheic keratosis, SeborrHeic keratosis AMNGT squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC). • Atypical melanocytic nevi of the genital type (AMNGT) and vulvar melanomas usually affect postmenopausal women and the prognosis is poor. Melanosis Melanoma Pigmented lesions of the vulva are present in 20% of the women who Have Had gynecological examination. Even thougH vulvar pigmented lesions Has a benign prognosis, it causes concern to the patient and to the pHysician, owing to its melanoma-liKe presentation. Vulvar melanosis is the most frequent lesion among these pigmented disorders... but COLPOSCOPY You examine a 40-year-old patient and detect a nevus in the upper labia majora. According to Her, she Has it since childHood. She does not remember whether it grew or not. It is asymptomatic. WHAT IS YOUR BEHAVIOR? A. Do nothing and continue the examination. B. Urgently refer the patient to a dermatologist telling her it may be a melanoma. C. Performing radical You examine a 40-year-old patient and detect a nevus in the region of the labia surgery for suspected majora. According to Her, she Has it since childHood. He does not remember melanoma. whether He grew up. It is asymptomatic. D. Take a biopsy. A. Do nothing and continue the examination. B. Urgently refer the patient to a dermatologist telling her it may be a melanoma.