The Cultural Families of Zhejiang Descendents and The Palace Museum: Focus on The Eminent Families of ‘Three Mas’, ‘Three Shens’ and ‘Three Yus’
Zheng Xinmiao
Abstract: Of the cultural celebrities who were from the same family by origin and had close bonds The article Chinese appears with The Palace Museum over the past 90 years, those who descended from Zhejiang province are the from page 006 to 023. representatives like ‘Three Mas’ (Ma Yuzao, Ma Heng, Ma Yuqing), ‘Three Shens’(Shen Shiyuan, Shen Yinmo, Shen Jianshi), ‘Three Yus’(Yu Danshi, Yu Pingbo, Yu Tongkui) and ‘Four Zhus’(Zhu Wenjun, Zhu Jiaji, Zhu Jialian, Zhu Jiajin). More than one of their family members successively or for the same period engaged in the construction and management of The Palace Museum checking objects, sorting out the historical archives and preserving the cultural heritage. They, who were related as brothers, father and son, uncle and nephew, served for a while, half a lifetime or as long as they lived to greatly contribute to the development of The Palace Museum especially during the period of Republican China.
Keywords: The Palace Museum; the cultural families of Zhejiang descendents; ‘Three Mas’; ‘Three Shens’; ‘Three Yus’; ‘Four Zhus’
Reading Notes on The Collected Measured Drawings of The Historical Buildings along The Central Axis of Beijing City (Běijīngchéng Zhōngzhóuxiàn G jiànzhù Shícè Tújí)
Jin Hongkui
Abstract: The Collected Measured Drawings of The Historical Buildings along The Central Axis of Beijing The article Chinese appears City (Běijīngchéng Zhōngzhóuxiàn G jiànzhù Shícè Tújí) offers important scientific data for study from page 024 to 035. of the former imperial architecture in The Palace Museum. It is a research emphasis to divide the old buildings into different periods. Ever since the Ming dynasty the bucket mouth model system that typically represent the Ming official-styled architecture was popularly applied in the traditional constructions. Mr. Shan Shiyuan and other experts once studied the architectural arrangement of the Forbidden City based on the historical documents, and Mr. Qi Yingtao and other scholars had discussions focusing on the design rules and methods applied for the construction of the official buildings. It is suggested in this essay that the Palace Museum Archaeology Institute should collect the related research results to make the architectural history of the former imperial palace.
Keywords: The Collected Measured Drawings of The Historical Buildings along The Central Axis of Beijing City (Běijīngchéng Zhōngzhóuxiàn G jiànzhù Shícè Tújí); official-styled architecture; bucket mouth model system; arrangement of the Forbidden City; a courtyard with corridors; compound; dating the historical buildings
Study on The Regularity and Control for Giant Timber Construction Scale Included in Treatise on Architectural Mehods (Yíngzào F shì)
Xu Yitao
English abstract of the articles 157 The article Chinese appears Abstract: In the essay are presented the calcultion of scale control for giant timber construction from page 036 to 044. recorded in Treatise on Architectural Methods (Yíngzào F shì) which introduces the laws of architectural design and structure by reference to the rules and regulations for giant timber construction and other laws included in this book as well as cases test of the extant historical buildings of the Tang through Yuan dynasties. What is analyzed above resulted in a series of ideas and reflection upon the architectural module system and approaches to the measurement of Chinese traditional timber construction.
Keywords: Tang through Yuan Dynasties; Treatise on Architectural Methods (Yíngzào F shì); scale; module; giant timber construction
On The Architectural Measurement of The Giant Timber Structure of Qin’an Dian(Hall) of The Imperial Palace
Liu Chang Shang Guohua Qin Yishan
The article Chinese appears Abstract: This essay attempts to retrieve the original measurement of Qin’an Dian(Hall) of the from page 045 to 057. Imperial Palace by summarizing and analyzing all the previous measured data so as to interpret the design methods of ancient architects from the angle of architectural scale. It is therefore deduced that the scale for the giant timber construction of Qin’an Dian (Hall) is 318.5mm, on the basis of which two scale design hypothesis were then raised in this essay.
Keywords: Qin’an Dian(Hall) of the Imperial Palace; giant timber structure; scale design; 3D laser scanning
On The Letters Respectively from Cheng Wenhai and Xu Yan to Yi Zhai
Wang Lianqi
The article Chinese appears Abstract: The two letters which were mounted together into one piece of scroll were the only from page 058 to 073. handed-down writings respectively by Yuan-dynasty Calligraphers Cheng Wenhai (alias Cheng Jufu) and Xu Yan to Yi Zhai. Cheng Jufu was well known as a Yuan official and a writer while Xu Yan was not mentioned at all even in The History of The Yuan Dynasty, so the two letters that were once wrongly identified as the works of the Ming dynasty before the Xinchou year of Qianlong’s ( 乾隆 ) period not only represent their high attainment as calligraphiers but also make the rare valuable historical document. Gu Rujing judged them as the products by Chen and Xu with more evidences but left the identification of Yi Zhai which is the name of the recipient on the letters and other issues unexplained. Therefore this essay analyzes the two letters to ascertain when they each were produced and the related historical events. What’s more, it proved Yi Zhai to be the alternative name of Lu Hou who was an official employed in the Yuan-dynasty Surveillance Commission of Sù Zhèng Lián F ng Sh Sī where Chen Wenhai and Xu Yan worked. More researches about the life story of them three are introduced in the essay.
Keywords: Cheng Jufu; Xu Yan; Yi Zhai Lu Hou ; the Yuan-dynasty Surveillance Commission of Sù Zhèng Lián F ng Sh Sī
158 Palace Museum Journal No.6,2015 vol.182 An Analysis of ‘Lyrics in Cursive Writing’ Hand Scroll (Xíngshū Zìshū Cíq ) by Tang Yin
Shan Guolin
Abstract: This essay focuses on Tang Yin’s hand scroll of ‘Lyrics in Cursive Writing’ (Xíngshū The article Chinese appears Zìshū Cíq ) collected in The Palace Museum analyzing the content of the lyrics and Tang Yin’s living from page 074 to 078. experience of his middle ages so as to reveal the context in which the writing was produced and how he felt emotionally at that time. In addition, this works is discussed in areas of its value and influence upon Tang Yin’s progress of calligraphic style.
Keywords: Tang Yin; content of lyrics; emotional experience; calligraphic style
Theme and Function: A Metaphorical Expression in ‘Painting Guan Yu’ (Guān Y Qín Jiàng Tú)
Shao Yan
Abstract: It is studied in this essay that the Ming-dynasty court ‘Painting Guan Yu’, in Chinese The article Chinese appears pinyin named ‘Guān Y Qín Jiàng Tú’ was more likely to be born in the political context of the early from page 079 to 098. period of Emperor Xuande reign, i.e. between the 1st – 4th years of Xuande period during which Zhu Gaoxu rebellion was defeated and he died in prison later. The painting showed Ming Emperor Xuanzong suppressing the revolt led by his uncle Zhu Gaoxu in metaphorical manner in order to avoid arousing people’s associating it with Jingnan Incident in history even though it actually aimed to warn other seigniors of the vassal states like Zhu Gaosui who was the head of Zhou State. The images with the strong visual impact highlighted the absolute control of Guan Yu over Pang De. ‘Zhao Kuangyin Visiting Zhao Pu at A Snowy Night’, or in Chinese pinyin named ‘Xuěyè F ng P Tú’, which was another Ming court painting created later, followed this painting thematically and metaphorically.
Keywords: ‘Painting Guan Yu’(Guān Y Qín Jiàng Tú); Xuande ; revolt led by Zhu Gaoxu; The Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sān Guó Yǎn Yì); cut down the power and land of the vassal state; the court painting of ‘Zhao Kuangyin Visited Zhao Pu at A Snowy Night’ (Xuěyè F ng P Tú); the paintings with the theme of expostulation
The Limited Open Policy in The Early Qing Dynasty: Centering on Qing- Foreign Trade Relations
Zhao Yifeng
Abstract: The world situation was more complicated in the Qing dynasty than in the Ming dynasty. The article Chinese appears The disputes regarding the Sino-foreign relations in the early Qing period remain among the scholars. from page 099 to 115. Analyzing from a different perspective the historical stages that used to be considered to witness the Qing Empire to be self-isolated from the outside world, this essay views it improper that the short- term imperial order that the local people migrate inland away from the coastal areas is thought of as
English abstract of the articles 159 the closed - door policy of the Qing dynasty becaues it was carried out for the sake of military defense rather than prohibition of sea trade. For one and a half centuries after Kangxi’s ( 康 熙 ) open policy, Sino-foreign trade and business of the Qing dynasty was developing more active and standardized than that of the Ming period. The Qing dynasty dealt with tribute and trade in different ways and rejected free trade to guard against the commercial and colonial expansion from Europe. It was true that at that time more than one port were in operation, but by no means so called ‘one port trade’. It was not the etiquette dispute but the Qing government’s refusing their demand which would make Qing Empire colonized that made the Britain ambassador frustrated, but which did not stop Sino-Europe trade going on later. Judging from the main trend of history development, the Qing relations with the foreign countries was limited open, neither closed tightly nor open completely in spite of many regulations that restricted, specified or encouraged the foreign trade.
Keywords: the Qing dynasty; self-isolated from outside world; trade and business; limited open
The Dialectical Analysis of The Historical Records about Oboi’s Criminal Case and The Han and Manchu Historical Documents Used for The Study of Qing History Concurrently
Yang Zhen
The article Chinese appears Abstract: It was a historic point in the course of political development of early Qing dynasty from page 116 to 123. when Oboi was arrested in the 8th year of Emperor Kangxi’s regime (1669), and the four- minister-assisting governance ended. The incident had far-reaching impact upon Kangxi’s administration and the generations after. It is studied in this paper that the historical records in both Han and Manchu languages are of equal significance for the study of Oboi’s Criminal Case for searching, differentiating, analyzing and applying information related to the issues.
Keywords: Emperor Kangxi ( 康熙 ); assisting the government; Oboi; historical records in Manchu language; historical records in Han language; The Memoir of The Qing Dynasty
On The Theme of (Pián Qìng) in The Painting Scroll ‘Birthday Festival for Empress Dowager Chongqing’ (Wànshòu Tú)
Liu Lu
The article Chinese appears Abstract: The giant painting scroll named ‘Birthday Festival for Empress Dowager Chongqing’ from page 124 to 135. (Wànshòu Tú) which comprises four sections showing a series of occasions for the 60th birthday celebration of Empress Dowager Chóngqìng who was the mother of Emperor Qianlong , in the front of which was entitled each by Emperor Qianlong with (Sōng Hū Jiè J ng) for the first section that landscapes from outside east palace gate next to longevity hill to the east of Maizhuang Bridge crossing the long river, (Chuān Zhì Yíng Cháng) for the second covering the Longevity Temple by the long river through Gaoliang Bridge, (Kāng Qú Pián Qìng) for the third presenting the scenes along Xizhimen Gate to Xi’anmen Gate, and (Lán Diàn Yán Xǐ) for the last section which depicts the sights from Xi’anmen Gate to the Palace of Longevity and Peace. It goes without saying that all the subtitles share the theme that wishes Empress Dowager
160 Palace Museum Journal No.6,2015 vol.182 Chóngqìng health and longevity, but the phrase of (Pián Qìng) for the third section which literally means double happiness or two congratulations is somewhat puzzling because the giant scroll thematically just focuses on the birthday celebration without any other shared subject. However, the analysis of the composition and historical materials came to the conclusion that Emperor Qianlong wrote ‘two congratulations’ as the title intentionally to express the congratulations for both his mother on the 60th birthday and his first inspection tour to the south via such splendid and luxurious ceremonial occasions in the picture.
Keywords: Empress Dowager Chóngqìng; the 60th birthday festival; Emperor Qianlong ; double congratulations; inspection tour to the south
Looking Back into The ‘Japanese Lacquerware’ and ‘Imitation of Japanese Lacquerware’ Collected in The Palace Museum
Xia Gengqi
Abstract: In the collection of The Palace Museum are there a great number of lacquer objects The article Chinese appears including Japanese lacqureware and imitation of Japanese lacquerware together. What is called Maki-e from page 136 to 150. in Japanese is equivalent to the lacquer objects with gold pattern in Chinese. Since few systematic researches have been carried out into them, this essay analyzes the collected objects and historical records trying to get comprehensive knowledge about them especially regarding the process of Japanese gold lacquer techniques entering the Qing imperial court in history and the production of the imitation of Japanese lacquerware in the imperial workshop of the Qing dynasty. As is recorded historically, many a local workshop processed the imitative Japanese lacquer objects as the tributes to the Qing imperial court which take up a certain proportion of the total collection of the imitative Japanese lacquerware in the Palace Museum now.
Keywords: Maki-e; imitation of foreign lacquerware; lacquer objects with gold pattern; techniques
English abstract of the articles 161 Contents
Palace Museum Journal NO.6, 2015 vol.182
006 The Cultural Families of Zhejiang 079 Theme and Function: A Metaphorical Descendents and The Palace Museum: Expression in ‘Painting Guan Yu’ (Guān Focus on The Eminent Families of ‘Three Y Qín Jiàng Tú) Mas’, ‘Three Shens’ and ‘Three Yus’ Shao Yan Zheng Xinmiao 099 The Limited Open Policy in The Early 024 Reading Notes on The Collected Measured Qing Dynasty: Centering on Qing- Drawings of The Historical Buildings Foreign Trade Relations along The Central Axis of Beijing City Zhao Yifeng (Běijīngchéng Zhōngzhóuxiàn G jiànzhù Shícè Tújí) 116 The Dialectical Analysis of The Jin Hongkui Historical Records about Oboi’s Criminal Case and The Han and Manchu 036 Study on The Regularity and Control Historical Documents Used for The for Giant Timber Construction Scale Study of Qing History Concurrently Included in Treatise on Architectural Yang Zhen Methods (Yíngzào F shì) Xu Yitao 124 On The Theme of 骈庆 (Pián Qìng) in The Painting Scroll ‘Birthady Festival for 045 On The Architectural Measurement of Empress Dowager Chongqing’ (Wànshòu The Giant Timber Structure of Qinan Tú) Dian(Hall) of The Imperial Palace Liu Lu Liu Chang Shang Guohua Qin Yishan 136 Looking Back into The ‘Japanese 058 On The Letters Respectively from Cheng Lacquerware’ and ‘Imitation of Japanese Wenhai and Xu Yan to Yi Zhai Lacquerware’ Collected in The Palace Wang Lianqi Museum Xia Gengqi 074 An Analysis of ‘Lyrics in Cursive Writing’ Hand Scroll (Xíngshū Zìshū 151 A Few Comments on The Essay by Cíq ) by Tang Yin Huangjin Shan Guolin Yu Jian
162 Palace Museum Journal No.6,2015 vol.182 English contents