List of Investigated Metabolites and Respective Limits of Detection
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The Food Poisoning Toxins of Bacillus Cereus
toxins Review The Food Poisoning Toxins of Bacillus cereus Richard Dietrich 1,†, Nadja Jessberger 1,*,†, Monika Ehling-Schulz 2 , Erwin Märtlbauer 1 and Per Einar Granum 3 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; [email protected] (R.D.); [email protected] (E.M.) 2 Department of Pathobiology, Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] 3 Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003 NMBU, 1432 Ås, Norway; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors have contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous soil bacterium responsible for two types of food-associated gastrointestinal diseases. While the emetic type, a food intoxication, manifests in nausea and vomiting, food infections with enteropathogenic strains cause diarrhea and abdominal pain. Causative toxins are the cyclic dodecadepsipeptide cereulide, and the proteinaceous enterotoxins hemolysin BL (Hbl), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) and cytotoxin K (CytK), respectively. This review covers the current knowledge on distribution and genetic organization of the toxin genes, as well as mechanisms of enterotoxin gene regulation and toxin secretion. In this context, the exceptionally high variability of toxin production between single strains is highlighted. In addition, the mode of action of the pore-forming enterotoxins and their effect on target cells is described in detail. The main focus of this review are the two tripartite enterotoxin complexes Hbl and Nhe, but the latest findings on cereulide and CytK are also presented, as well as methods for toxin detection, and the contribution of further putative virulence factors to the diarrheal disease. -
New Markers in the Mycotox Profile
New Markers in the MycoTOX Profile We are happy to announce the addition of four new mycotoxin markers to our MycoTOX Profile. The test now includes 11 mycotoxins from 40 species of mold, making it by far the most comprehensive and competitively priced mycotoxin test available. It also still more sensitive and accurate than other tests available, because we use LC/MS/MS technology. Here is an overview of the four new mycotoxin markers: Gliotoxin Gliotoxin (GTX) is produced by the mold genus Aspergillus. Aspergillus spreads in the environment by releasing conidia which are capable of infiltrating the small alveolar airways of individuals. In order to evade the body’s defenses Aspergillus releases Gliotoxin to inhibit the immune system. One of the targets of Gliotoxin is PtdIns (3,4,5) P3. This results in the downregulation of phagocytic immune defense, which can lead to the exacerbation of polymicrobial infections. Gliotoxin impairs the activation of T-cells and induces apoptosis in monocytes and in monocyte-derived dendritic cells. These impairments can lead to multiple neurological syndromes. Mycophenolic Acid Mycophenolic Acid (MPA) produced by the Penicillium fungus. MPA is an immunosuppressant which inhibits the proliferation of B and T lymphocytes. MPA exposure can increase the risk of opportunistic infections such as Clostridia and Candida. MPA is associated with miscarriage and congenital malformations when the woman is exposed in pregnancy. Dihydrocitrinone Dihydrocitrinone is a metabolite of Citrinin (CTN), which is a mycotoxin that is produced by the mold species Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Monascus. CTN exposure can lead to nephropathy, because of its ability to increase permeability of mitochondrial membranes in the kidneys. -
Fungal Keratitis: Immune Recognition, Neutrophil-Hyphae Interactions, And
FUNGAL KERATITIS: IMMUNE RECOGNITION, NEUTROPHIL-HYPHAE INTERACTIONS, AND FUNGAL ANTI-OXIDATIVE DEFENSES by SIXTO MANUEL LEAL JR. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Thesis Advisor: Eric Pearlman, Ph.D. Department of Pathology CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY August, 2012 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the dissertation of ______________________________________________________ candidate for the Ph.D. degree *. (signed)_______________________________________________ (chair of the committee) ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ (date) _______________________ *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. Dedication I dedicate this cumulative work to the invisible hand that has blessed my personal and academic life with incredible people, guidance, talent, courage, perseverance, and productivity. 3 Table of Contents List of Figures 7 List of Tables 9 Acknowledgements 10 List of Abbreviations 12 Abstract 14 Chapter 1. Introduction Fungi in their natural environment 16 Fungi and human disease 18 Fungi that cause human corneal infection 21 Fungal keratitis- Clinical characteristics and outcome 22 Anti-microbial Defenses at the Ocular Surface 23 Immune Recognition of Fungi 27 β2 integrins -
Evaluation of the Individual and Combined Toxicity of Fumonisin Mycotoxins in Human Gastric Epithelial Cells
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Evaluation of the Individual and Combined Toxicity of Fumonisin Mycotoxins in Human Gastric Epithelial Cells Song Yu, Bingxuan Jia, Na Liu, Dianzhen Yu and Aibo Wu * SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; [email protected] (S.Y.); [email protected] (B.J.); [email protected] (N.L.); [email protected] (D.Y.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-21-54920716 Received: 23 July 2020; Accepted: 14 August 2020; Published: 18 August 2020 Abstract: Fumonisin contaminates food and feed extensively throughout the world, causing chronic and acute toxicity in human and animals. Currently, studies on the toxicology of fumonisins mainly focus on fumonisin B1 (FB1). Considering that FB1, fumonisin B2 (FB2) and fumonisin B3 (FB3) could coexist in food and feed, a study regarding a single toxin, FB1, may not completely reflect the toxicity of fumonisin. The gastrointestinal tract is usually exposed to these dietary toxins. In our study, the human gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1) was used as in vitro model to evaluate the toxicity of fumonisin. Firstly, we found that they could cause a decrease in cell viability, and increase in membrane leakage, cell death and the induction of expression of markers for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Their toxicity potency rank is FB1 > FB2 >> FB3. The results also showed that the synergistic effect appeared in the combinations of FB1 + FB2 and FB1 + FB3. -
PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT and SAFER USE ACTION PLAN(PERSUAP)
PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT and SAFER USE ACTION PLAN(PERSUAP) By the USAID Kenya Agricultural Value Chain Enterprises (USAID-KAVES) Project Revised March 2014 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Fintrac Inc. under contract reference AID-623-C-13-00002 Fintrac Inc. www.fintrac.com [email protected] US Virgin Islands 3077 Kronprindsens Gade 72 St. Thomas, USVI 00802 Tel: (340) 776-7600 Fax: (340) 776-7601 Washington, D.C. 1400 16th Street NW, Suite 400 Washington, D.C. 20036 USA Tel: (202) 462-3304 Fax: (202) 462-8478 USAID-KAVES Karen Office Park 3rd Floor Baobab, Suite H Langata Road, Karen, Nairobi Prepared by Fintrac Inc. USAID-KAVES PERSUAP 3 KENYA AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAIN ENTERPRISES PROJECT (KAVES) PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT and SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (PERSUAP) Revised March 20134 The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States government. Photos by Fintrac Inc. and Real IPM. Prepared by Fintrac Inc. INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION, AMENDMENTPESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT AND SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (PERSUAP) FOR USAID/KENYA’S KENYA AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAIN ENTERPRISES (KAVES) PROJECT CONTRACT NO. AID-623-C-13-00002 PROJECT NAME: Kenya Agricultural Value Chain Enterprises (KAVES) Project REGION/COUNTRY: East Africa/Kenya PROGRAM AREA: 4.5 Agriculture, Feed the Future ORIGINATING OFFICE Agriculture Business and Environment Office CURRENT DATE (as of revisions): March 2014 IEE AMENDMENT: Yes PREPARED BY: Fintrac Inc. IMPLEMENTATION START: January 16, 2013 LOP AMOUNT: $39,810,558 IMPLEMENTATION END: January 15th 2018 Filename & date of original IEE: Kenya_FY09_EconGrowth_IEE_01xx09.doc The purpose of this IEE amendment is to approve the 2013 Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER) and Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP) developed under the KAVES project and which will be used during project implementation. -
Ergot Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Aspergillus Fumigatus : Association with Sporulation and Clustered Genes Common Among Ergot Fungi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2009 Ergot alkaloid biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus : Association with sporulation and clustered genes common among ergot fungi Christine M. Coyle West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Coyle, Christine M., "Ergot alkaloid biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus : Association with sporulation and clustered genes common among ergot fungi" (2009). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 4453. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/4453 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ergot alkaloid biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus: Association with sporulation and clustered genes common among ergot fungi Christine M. Coyle Dissertation submitted to the Davis College of Agriculture, Forestry, and Consumer Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Genetics and Developmental Biology Daniel G. Panaccione, Ph.D., Chair Kenneth P. Blemings, Ph.D. Joseph B. -
Evasion of Adaptive Immune Defenses by the Lethal
EVASION OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNE DEFENSES BY THE LETHAL CHYTRID FUNGUS BATRACHOCHYTRIUM DENDROBATIDIS By Jeffrey Scott Fites Jr. Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Biological Sciences May, 2014 Nashville, TN Approved: Katherine Friedman, Ph. D., chair Clint Carter, Ph. D. Julián Hillyer, Ph. D. D. Borden Lacy, Ph. D. Louise Rollins-Smith, Ph. D., thesis advisor DEDICATION To my family, My loving wife Meg, My newborn son Peter, My parents Jeff and Robin, And my sister Kateri. ii ACKNOWLEGMENTS I have many people to acknowledge for the achievements I have made in graduate school both personal and academic. I could not have accomplished a paper in Science or completed my Ph. D. thesis work without their assistance and support. I practiced karate for eight years from elementary school through high school. At every promotion to a higher rank, my karate instructor would remind all the students that they did not make achievements alone and that they must “put all their ducks in a row” to thank all the people responsible helping us along our way. He would say that we should start by thanking the oldest living members of our families, our parents, grandparents, and great-grandparents because, “if it wasn’t for our great-grandparents, our grandparents wouldn’t be here; and if it wasn’t for our grandparents, our parents wouldn’t be here; and if it wasn’t for our parents, we wouldn’t be here.” In such fashion, I will begin by thanking my oldest living relatives, my grandparents, Jack and Pauline Fites. -
Occurrence and Significance of Mycotoxins in Forage Crops And
J Sci Food Agric 1998, 77,1È17 Occurrence and Signiücance of Mycotoxins in Forage Crops and Silage: a Review Keith A Scudamore1* and Christopher T Livesey2 1 Central Science Laboratory, London Road, Slough, Berks, SL3 7HJ, UK 2 Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK (Received 5 December 1996; revised version received 29 May 1997; accepted 4 September 1997) Abstract: Study of mycotoxins in animal feeding stu†s has concentrated on the occurrence of aÑatoxins and, to a lesser extent, other mycotoxins in cereals, raw materials and concentrate feeds. However, ruminant diets contain a high propor- tion of forage crops such as grass or maize silage, hay and straw. Under adverse growing, production or storage conditions, fungal spoilage is likely to occur with some degree of mycotoxin contamination. The mould Ñora of forage crops is likely to di†er signiÐcantly from that of cereals and mycotoxin contamination, should it occur, could di†er qualitatively and quantitatively. Information relating to forage crops as a potential source of mycotoxins is reviewed. Some Ðeld inci- dents and animal disease which may be mycotoxin related are discussed and analytical methods are reviewed. Information on dose and e†ect of candidate mycotoxins is given where available. The review suggests areas which the authors consider merit further study. Crown Copyright 1998. J Sci Food Agric 77,1È17 (1998) Key words: mycotoxins; fungi; moulds; silage; forage crops; hay; straw; occurrence; analysis; risk assessment; animal disease INTRODUCTION access, silage will be at risk from storage moulds such as Penicillium and Aspergillus. However, moulds may be During growth, forage crops are at risk in the Ðeld from aerobic or anaerobic and this means that, even if infection by a number of di†erent fungi, some of which oxygen is excluded, some moulds may be able to may produce mycotoxins. -
Risk Assessment of Argyreia Nervosa
Risk assessment of Argyreia nervosa RIVM letter report 2019-0210 W. Chen | L. de Wit-Bos Risk assessment of Argyreia nervosa RIVM letter report 2019-0210 W. Chen | L. de Wit-Bos RIVM letter report 2019-0210 Colophon © RIVM 2020 Parts of this publication may be reproduced, provided acknowledgement is given to the: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, and the title and year of publication are cited. DOI 10.21945/RIVM-2019-0210 W. Chen (author), RIVM L. de Wit-Bos (author), RIVM Contact: Lianne de Wit Department of Food Safety (VVH) [email protected] This investigation was performed by order of NVWA, within the framework of 9.4.46 Published by: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM P.O. Box1 | 3720 BA Bilthoven The Netherlands www.rivm.nl/en Page 2 of 42 RIVM letter report 2019-0210 Synopsis Risk assessment of Argyreia nervosa In the Netherlands, seeds from the plant Hawaiian Baby Woodrose (Argyreia nervosa) are being sold as a so-called ‘legal high’ in smart shops and by internet retailers. The use of these seeds is unsafe. They can cause hallucinogenic effects, nausea, vomiting, elevated heart rate, elevated blood pressure, (severe) fatigue and lethargy. These health effects can occur even when the seeds are consumed at the recommended dose. This is the conclusion of a risk assessment performed by RIVM. Hawaiian Baby Woodrose seeds are sold as raw seeds or in capsules. The raw seeds can be eaten as such, or after being crushed and dissolved in liquid (generally hot water). -
Rope Parasite” the Rope Parasite Parasites: Nearly Every Au S C Child I Ever Treated Proved to Carry a Significant Parasite Burden
Au#sm: 2015 Dietrich Klinghardt MD, PhD Infec4ons and Infestaons Chronic Infecons, Infesta#ons and ASD Infec4ons affect us in 3 ways: 1. Immune reac,on against the microbes or their metabolic products Treatment: low dose immunotherapy (LDI, LDA, EPD) 2. Effects of their secreted endo- and exotoxins and metabolic waste Treatment: colon hydrotherapy, sauna, intes4nal binders (Enterosgel, MicroSilica, chlorella, zeolite), detoxificaon with herbs and medical drugs, ac4vaon of detox pathways by solving underlying blocKages (methylaon, etc.) 3. Compe,,on for our micronutrients Treatment: decrease microbial load, consider vitamin/mineral protocol Lyme, Toxins and Epigene#cs • In 2000 I examined 10 au4s4c children with no Known history of Lyme disease (age 3-10), with the IgeneX Western Blot test – aer successful treatment. 5 children were IgM posi4ve, 3 children IgG, 2 children were negave. That is 80% of the children had clinical Lyme disease, none the history of a 4cK bite! • Why is it taking so long for au4sm-literate prac44oners to embrace the fact, that many au4s4c children have contracted Lyme or several co-infec4ons in the womb from an oVen asymptomac mother? Why not become Lyme literate also? • Infec4ons can be treated without the use of an4bio4cs, using liposomal ozonated essen4al oils, herbs, ozone, Rife devices, PEMF, colloidal silver, regular s.c injecons of artesunate, the Klinghardt co-infec4on cocKtail and more. • Symptomac infec4ons and infestaons are almost always the result of a high body burden of glyphosate, mercury and aluminum - against the bacKdrop of epigene4c injuries (epimutaons) suffered in the womb or from our ancestors( trauma, vaccine adjuvants, worK place related lead, aluminum, herbicides etc., electromagne4c radiaon exposures etc.) • Most symptoms are caused by a confused upregulated immune system (molecular mimicry) Toxins from a toxic environment enter our system through damaged boundaries and membranes (gut barrier, blood brain barrier, damaged endothelium, etc.). -
Phoretic Analysis of Ergot Alkaloids. Relations Mobility in the Cle Vine
Acta Pharm, Suecica 2, 357 (1965) Thin-layer chromatographic and thin-layer electro- phoretic analysis of ergot alkaloids.Relations between structure, RM value and electrophoretic mobility in the cle vine series STIG AGUREll DepartMent of PharmacOgnosy, Kunql, Farmaceuliska Insiitutei, StockhOLM, Sweden SUMMARY A thin-layer chromatographic and electrophoretic study of the ergot alkaloids has been made, to find rapid methods for the separation and identification of the known ergot alkaloids. The mobilities of ergot alkaloids in several useful chromatographic and electrophore- tic systems are recorded. Relations have been observed between structure and R" value in methanol-chloroform on Silica Gel G. A simple, rapid thin-layer electrophoretic technique has been de- vised for separation of ergot alkaloids, and a relation between structure and electrophoretic mobility is evident. Two-dimensional combinations of thin-layer chromatography and thin-layer electro- phoresis and chromatography are described. Numerous paper chromatographic procedures have been published for separation of the ergot alkaloids and their derivatives. Hofmann (1) and Genest & Farmilio (2) have recently listed these systems. The general advantages of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) over paper partition chromatography are well known: shorter time of equilibration and devel- opment, generally better resolution, smaller amounts of substance rc- quired, and wider choice of reagents. Several reports of TLC of ergot alkaloids have been published. In gene- ral, these investigations (2-6 and others) have dealt 'with limited groups of alkaloids, or with a specific problem involving at most a dozen of the 40 now known naturally occurring ergot alkaloids. Some paper chromate- .357 graphic systems using Iorrnamide-treated papers have also been adopted for thin-layer chromatographic use (7, 8). -
Toxic Effects of Mycotoxins in Humans M
Research Toxic effects of mycotoxins in humans M. Peraica,1 B. RadicÂ,2 A. LucicÂ,3 & M. Pavlovic 4 Mycotoxicoses are diseases caused by mycotoxins, i.e. secondary metabolites of moulds. Although they occur more frequently in areas with a hot and humid climate, favourable for the growth of moulds, they can also be found in temperate zones. Exposure to mycotoxins is mostly by ingestion, but also occurs by the dermal and inhalation routes. Mycotoxicoses often remain unrecognized by medical professionals, except when large numbers of people are involved. The present article reviews outbreaks of mycotoxicoses where the mycotoxic etiology of the disease is supported by mycotoxin analysis or identification of mycotoxin-producing fungi. Epidemiological, clinical and histological findings (when available) in outbreaks of mycotoxicoses resulting from exposure to aflatoxins, ergot, trichothecenes, ochratoxins, 3-nitropropionic acid, zearalenone and fumonisins are discussed. Voir page 763 le reÂsume en francËais. En la pa gina 763 figura un resumen en espanÄ ol. Introduction baking of bread made with ergot-contaminated wheat, as well as to other ergot toxins and Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of moulds that hallucinogens, as well as belladonna alkaloids from exert toxic effects on animals and humans. The toxic mandragora apple, which was used to treat ergotism effect of mycotoxins on animal and human health is (3). While ergotism no longer has such important referred to as mycotoxicosis, the severity of which implications for public health, recent reports indicate depends on the toxicity of the mycotoxin, the extent that outbreaks of human mycotoxicoses are still of exposure, age and nutritional status of the possible (4).