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Symborg NATURAL GROWTH Index Symborg NATURAL GROWTH Index - Introduction of Symborg. .': Reasons for the introduction of G. i. tenuihypharum in NZ. A, Characteristics of G. i. tenuihypharum. ;% Mode of Action (MoA) G. i. tenuihypharum. _'; Benefits and adverse effects of introducing G. i. tenuihypharum in NZ. .': Major concerns of introducing G. i. tenuihypharum in NZ. What is Symborg? J4., Symborg is a biotechnological company focused on the development of innovative agricultural technologies to help the farmers to maximise crop yield in a sustainable way. For Symborg, guarantee a sustainable future and improve the soil quality is a key point on the development of new products. J",, It works everyday to promote the research and development of mycorrhizal technologies at international level, as member of the International Mycorrhiza Society (IMS). It is also part of the Biological Product Industry Alliance (BPIA) and International Biocontrol Manufactures Association (IBMA). It works actively to promote the concept of biological control in the sustainable agriculture systems by increasing the awareness about biopesticides as capable products and participating in the improvements in the regulation processes at international level. J"% Symborg works with the exclusive and 100 % patented arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus iranicum var. tenuihypharum and possesses four different product formulations to help farmer in different agricultural systems. Irrigation Seed coating Microgranules Re% Resid. MG HC MycoUp MycoUp Activ Resid HC Resid MG Biological lnoculant Biological lnoculant Biological lnoculant Biological Inoculant Horticultural and woody Cereals and grains www.symborg.com Symborg's distribution in the world #. y y 7 subsidiaries: Spain, France, Turkey, China, USA, Mexico and Chile. Presence in more than 40 countries. www.symborg.com Reasons for the introduction in NZ .~% According to Stats NZ (www.stats.govt.nz): `So' The agricultural land dedicated for crops, grain, nursery, vegetables and fruits has increased between 2012-2017, accounting with 617 000 ha. 181 Cereal crops are the crops with more area dedicated in New Zealand. The irrigable/irrigated land using spray and micro systems increased 25.5 %. 1$1 The irrigable/irrigated land using flood systems decreased 58.4 % in the same period. I Glonins-based products are ideal for drip irrigation, seed coating and microgranules application systems www.symborg.com Reasons for the introduction in NZ .'% Symborg is growing and expanding to new markets, focusing on countries with strong intensive agricultural systems; Our Glomus-products are designed to be applied exclusively in agriculture to: 4l' Maximize the crop yields and reduce the expenses in water and chemical fertilizers; 10' Allow the plants to resist better to abiotic stress (high pH and salinity, drought, etc.); 13' Improve soil's health and characteristics (increase microbial population, soil structure, etc.); `il' Contribute for a sustainable future and reduce the effects of chemical fertilizers in the environment; www.symborg.com Glomus spp. distribution in the world The Glomus spp. is a millennial microorganism (450 million years), naturally found in the soil; The Glomus spp. studies increased during the last decades; Most of the studies are located in Europe, USA and western Asia; J'4. Davidson et al., 2015 indicated that AMF endemism is low and can be found in all continents; .~!. Glomus iranicum was also found in Iran; .~% In Blaszkowski et al., 2010, the author mentioned that most of the undescribed AMF belong to Glomus spp., maybe due to: 181 a lack of or rare sampling of AMF in many terrestrial regions of Earth; `R, the few specialized and experienced I I I I I I I I I I I I I mycologists that study taxonomy of 18OW 15OW 120W 90W 60W 30W 0 30E 60E 90E 120E 150E 180E Glomeromycota; Source: Opik et al., 2013. `R, or to seasonal, rare or lack of sporulation by many AMF in the field. www.symborg.com Characteristics Glomus iranicum var. tenuihypharum is an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF); .~% Creates symbiotic relationships (mycorrhizae) with plant roots; .~% It is an obligate symbiont, depending on their mycorrhizal association with plant roots to complete their life cycle; Propagation is done by contact of the spores, the vesicles or the mycelium with the roots of a new host plant; Cannot be cultured in the laboratory in the absence of a plant host; The dissemination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus is low since they are lacking aerial spores; .'~. Dissemination in the environment is therefore limited to the zone it is applied; This strain is resistant to soils with high salinity (pH 9. 5); .': It is not a genetically modified organism; www.symborg.com MoA The G. i. var. tenuihypharum forms a symbiotic relationships that allows the plant to access through the extraradicular hyphae of the fungus to nutrients in exchange of C-based compounds from photosynthesis, and water. It secrete phosphatase to hydrolyse phosphate from organic P compounds and thus improve the crop productivity under P-deficient conditions. The mycorrhizal hyphae also increase the uptake of ammonium, immobile micronutrients (such as Cu and Zn), and other soil-derived mineral cations (K+, Ca'-+, Mg'-+, and Fe'+). These are able to explore a great volume of soil, 1000 times higher than roots. The water absorption also directly improves due to a function of the mycorrhiza on the stomata's mechanisms. The hyphae access the most intrinsic parts of the soil and the mycorrhizal formation increases considerably the ramification of the radicular system, making a better use of this resource. Allows the penetration in the soil of the CO, fixed by vegetables and the aggregation of fine particles by the release of glomalin (a glycoprotein in the rhizosphere), stabilising the soil's structure and promoting it's quality. Also, provides resistance to abiotic stress by increasing the tolerance of the vegetables to heavy metals and salts. www.symborg.com qF11l AN) i e MYCORRHIZAL SOIL SYMBIOTIC FUNGUS • '.~Ilti Utv Lipids r • tru-i— lI Trehalose Sut 10 W • CARBON Nexose A Ammonium IS Nitrate NrttatB/Ammonium E Amino acids ♦ Urea F Phosphate * Phosphates PHOSPHORUS Polyphosphate 1 4 .'% The fungus receives carbohydrates (sugars) and growth factors from the plant; The plants receives N- and P-based nutrients, improving growth and productivity; Benefits of symbiotic relationship .~% Extramatricial mycelium increases the roots systems; Tolerance to soils with inadequate plant growth conditions (high pH, heavy metals, etc....) increases; .': Reduces the drought stress, water and fertiliser needs; www.symborg.com 10 Benefits Adverse effects .~% Environmental: .~: Environment: 1$1 Improve plant growth and performance; `k," Possible displacement of native AMF; 1$1 Resistance to abiotic stress; ti3' Possible association with invasive plant species; Environmental sustainability of farms; Erosion control; 18,Boost soil ecosystems through improved nutrient uptake by organisms; 11 Minor and could potentially be medium in effect. .~% Economic: Economic: %$1 Long term benefits; No adverse effects were found. 181 Reduced farming input costs associated with fertilisers and water; `W Greater productivity through crop yield; `0, Shorter period of plant maturation for harvesting; `8, Estimated net benefit of approx. $114 M per year for maize silage and maize grain; 19,Minor at national scale but moderate on a local to regional scale. www.symborg.com 11 Major Cause any significant displacement of any native species within its natural habitat concerns `S~' For a significant effect to occur to a native species in its natural habitat, G. i. var. tenuihypharum spores would need to disperse, germinate, and form a relationship with the roots of a plant before it could cause displacement of native AMF or other microorganisms living in the rhizosphere as it is an obligate symbiont incapable of living without a host. Further, multiple new relationships with plant hosts would need to be established in order to generate more than localized effects. Also, competence between species do not guarantee the full dominance of our AMF over the native species. Cause any significant deterioration of natural habitats Significant deterioration of natural habitats is considered unlikely as the intended application areas will be agricultural land and glasshouses. It must be considered that these areas are usually deteriorated, and microbial populations tends to be low. Furthermore, due to the type of application of the Glomus-based products, the affected area is minimal. There are also several abiotic and biotic factors that contribute to a species becoming invasive which further reduces the probability of significant deteriorations to natural habitats occurring from the use of this organism in agricultural soils. Cause significant adverse effects on human health and safety Glomus iranicum var. tenuihypharum has been used in research and applied to agricultural plants to boost their growth and development for the purposes of consumption. There are no known mechanisms of interaction between humans and G. i. var. tenuihypharum and there are no adverse effects to human health and safety. According to OCDE (1992) report on safety of microorganisms used as biofertilizers states that mycorrhizal fungi are not pathogenic and do not pose any evidential threat to animals or human beings. www.symborg.com 12 .'; Cause significant effects on New Zealand's inherent genetic diversity Major It is difficult to quantify if the catalogued
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