'Adolescent Physical Activity Correlates' (APAC) Questionnaires
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Development and Construct Validation of the ‘Adolescent Physical Activity Correlates’ (APAC) Questionnaires by Con Burns BA (Phys Ed), MA. 2012 Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick. Candidate Supervisor: Dr. Ciaran MacDonncha Submitted to the University of Limerick, May 2012 Do mo chlann go léir, gabhaim buíochas daoibh ABSTRACT DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE ‘ADOLESCENT PHYSICAL ACTIVITY CORRELATES’ (APAC) QUESTIONNAIRE Con Burns BA (Phys Ed.), MA. The primary aim of this research was to develop and validate a tool to measure the correlates of physical activity among adolescent males and females. Secondary aims were to investigate the correlate profiles and objectively measured activity levels of Irish adolescents. Correlates of physical activity were measured using the ‘Adolescent Physical Activity Correlate’ (APAC) questionnaire, developed for this research based on previously validated tools. Physical activity levels were assessed using Actigraph triaxial accelerometers. Five separate research studies were undertaken which examined correlates of activity, levels of activity and validity of the questionnaire. Study one which was exploratory in nature, provided some evidence to support the construct validity of the ‘APAC’ questionnaire. Study two used a series of focus groups to further inform key facilitators and barriers to physical activity among Irish adolescents. Study three measured correlate profiles and activity levels among Irish adolescents using a questionnaire which had construct validity. Males reported a higher correlate profile and had higher levels of activity compared to females. Key correlates identified in the research were participation in sport, physical activity stage of change, self-efficacy and peer support. Study four examined activity levels and correlate profiles of sport participants and non-sport participants. Sport participants were found to have higher levels of activity and a more positive physical activity correlate profile than non-sport participants. Study five assessed the validity and reliability of the ‘APAC’ questionnaires. Principal component analysis revealed an interpretable 13 factor solution for males and 14 factor solution for females. Levels of internal consistency reached an acceptable level, and evidence exists of convergent validity. The final ‘APAC’ questionnaires explained between 38 – 42% of the variance in male and female MVPA. In conclusion the ‘APAC’ questionnaires were found to be valid reliable tools to measure correlates of activity among adolescents. i Declaration The substance of this thesis is the original work of the author and due reference and acknowledgement has been made, where necessary, to the work of others. No part of this thesis has already been submitted for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Candidate: Supervisor: ______________________ ______________________ Con Burns Dr. Ciaran MacDonncha Date: Date: ______________________ ______________________ Examination Board Chairman: Dr. Ross Anderson Internal Examiner: Prof. Alan Donnelly External Examiner: Dr. Catherine Woods iii Acknowledgements I would sincerely like to thank the following people for their assistance, help and encouragement in the completion of this work • My supervisor Dr. Ciaran MacDonncha for his guidance, direction and encouragement over the last five years, I greatly appreciate all your help. • Dr. John Murphy for all his help with the statistical analysis in this research. • Dr. Áine MacNamara for her help with the qualitative analysis. • John Vaughan for his time and expertise in developing the data reduction programmes for the accelerometer. • Dr. Ted Vaughan for his assistance in formatting the thesis. • The principals, PE teachers and students in the schools for their assistance throughout the research. • Pat Daly and the GAA for their support throughout the project • Mr. Jim Walsh, Head of Department and other staff members in the Department of Social and General Studies in Cork Institute of Technology, for being so understanding and supportive throughout my research. • Irene Hogan, Tracy Higgins and Jonathon Lerner for their assistance in data collection and analysis. • Recreation and Leisure students from Cork Institute of Technology who helped in the data collection. • Members of staff from Dublin City University for use of the accelerometers. • My parents and family for their support over the last number of years and throughout my life. • To Annmarie, as we embark on our future lives together, thanks for everything. v Table of Contents Declaration iii Acknowledgements v Table of Contents i List of Figures xv List of Tables xvii Chapter 1 Introduction and Objectives 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Overview of the Research 3 1.3 Aims and Hypotheses of the Research 4 Chapter 2 Literature Review 7 2.1 Introduction and Overview 7 2.2 Theoretical Models Explaining Physical Activity 8 2.2.1 Definition and explanation of key terms 8 2.2.2 Theoretical Background 11 2.2.3 Health Belief Model 13 2.2.4 Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behaviour 15 2.2.5 Transtheoretical Model 18 2.2.6 Social Cognitive Theory 21 2.2.7 Social Ecological Model 23 2.2.8 Strengths and Limitations of Models of Behaviour Change 27 2.2.9 Role of cross- sectional correlate studies 28 2.2.10 Review of theoretical models: Implications for current research 29 2.3 Review of the Reviews on Correlates of Activity 31 2.4 Psychological Influences on Physical Activity 37 2.4.1 Self-Efficacy and Change Strategies 38 2.4.2 Physical Activity Stage of Change 42 2.4.3 Physical Self-Perception 43 2.4.4 Enjoyment 45 2.4.5 Enjoyment of PE 48 2.4.6 Perceived Benefits/ Outcome Expectancy Value 50 2.4.7 Perceived School Climate 51 2.4.8 Perceived Barriers to Physical Activity 51 vii Table of Contents 2.4.9 Psychological correlates literature; implications for current research 53 2.5 Social Influences on Physical Activity 55 2.5.1 Family Influences 57 2.5.2 Peer Influence 59 2.5.3 Family and Peer Influence 60 2.5.4 Social correlates literature; implications for current research 61 2.6 Environmental Influences on Physical Activity 62 2.6.1 Access to Facilities 68 2.6.2 Perceived Environment 70 2.6.3 Transportation barriers 72 2.6.4 Weather 73 2.6.5 Environmental correlates literature; implications for current research 73 2.7 Behavioural Influences on Physical Activity 75 2.7.1 Screen Time Inactivity/ Sedentary Leisure Habits 76 2.7.2 Participation in Organized Sport 79 2.7.3 Correlates of Sport Participation 80 2.7.4 Barriers to Sport Participation 82 2.7.5 Behavioural correlates literature; implications for current research 83 2.8 Personal and Biological Influences on Physical Activity 84 2.8.1 Gender 85 2.8.2 Age 87 2.8.3 Social Class and Socio Economic Status 89 2.8.4 Overweight/ Obesity 91 2.8.5 Personal/ biological literature; implications for current research 96 2.9 Explained Variance in Physical Activity 97 2.10 Physical Activity 99 2.10.1 Recommended Level of Physical Activity 99 2.10.2 Levels of Physical Activity 102 2.10.3 Levels of Active Transportation 105 2.10.4 Tracking of Physical Activity 106 2.10.5 Physical Activity literature: Implications for current research 107 2.11 Measuring Physical Activity 107 2.11.1 Self-Report Questionnaires 107 2.11.2 Heart -rate Monitors 109 2.11.3 Doubly Labelled Water 109 2.11.4 Measuring physical activity: implications for current research 110 2.12 Measuring Physical Activity using Accelerometers 111 2.12.1 Accelerometer Validation Studies 112 2.12.2 Epoch 114 2.12.3 Number of Monitoring Days 115 2.12.4 What Constitutes a Day? 116 2.12.5 Non-wear Time 117 2.12.6 Spurious Data 118 2.12.7 Measured Aspects of Physical Activity 118 viii Table of Contents 2.12.8 Procedural Issues 119 2.12.9 Field-based Protocol 120 2.12.10 Data Analysis 120 2.12.11 Promotion of Compliance 120 2.12.12 Accelerometer literature; implications for current research 122 2.13 Factor Analysis 126 2.13.1 Historical Overview 127 2.13.2 Approaches to Factor Analysis 127 2.13.3 Factor Analysis Procedure 129 2.13.4 Suitability of Data for Factor Analysis 129 2.13.5 Generation of the Correlation Matrix 130 2.13.6 Factor Extraction 131 2.13.7 Factor Rotation and Interpretation 132 2.13.8 Scale Development from Factor Analysis 133 2.13.9 Validity and Reliability using Factor Analysis 134 2.13.10 Factor Analysis and Correlates of Physical Activity 135 2.13.11 Factor Analysis; implications for current research 136 2.14 Measures of the Correlates of Physical Activity 142 2.14.1 Measures of Psychological Correlates of Physical Activity 142 2.14.2 Measures of social correlates of physical activity 147 2.14.3 Measures of Environmental Correlates of Physical Activity 147 2.14.4 Measurement of the Correlates of Physical Activity; implications for the current research 149 2.15 Conclusion 150 Chapter 3 Correlates of Physical Activity among Adolescent Females: Influence of Year in School and Physical Activity Stage of Change 151 3.1 Abstract 151 3.2 Introduction 152 3.3 Methods 154 3.3.1 Subjects 154 3.3.2 Instruments and Procedure 155 3.3.3 Data Analysis 156 3.4 Results 157 3.4.1 Influence of Year in School on Correlates of Physical Activity 157 3.4.2 Influence of Stage Physical Activity Change on Correlates of Physical Activity 162 3.5 Discussion 168 3.6 Conclusion 171 3.6.1 Implications for School Health 172 ix Table of Contents Chapter