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Volume 24, Number 2 PUBLISHER Donna Jacobs ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER Neil Reynolds EDITOR Table of Jennifer Campbell ART DIRECTOR Paul Cavanaugh BOOKS EDITOR CONTENTS George Fetherling CONTRIBUTING EDITOR DIPLOMATICA| Don Cayo Political cartoons from around the world ...... 10 CULTURE EDITOR Margo Roston Fen Hampson and Len Edwards on Asia-Pacific threats ...... 13 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS Harry Sterling on the risk of armed conflict in the Asia-Pacific . . .15 Francisco Javier Barrio Terrazas Debate: Michael Hart on Kyoto’s deserved failure ...... 16 Wolfgang Depner Good deeds: France pitches in for Champlain commemoration . . . 19 Margaret Dickenson Notes from the field: helping girls in Afghanistan ...... 20 Len Edwards Ed Fast Diplomatic Agenda: getting Japan’s economic groove back . . . . 21 Veselko Grubisic Questions Asked: a frank talk with Tunisia’s new ambassador . . . 23 Fen Osler Hampson Trade Winds: Australia and Portugal on their trade ambitions . . . 32 Louise Hand Michael Hart Yes Minister: Ed Fast on Canada’s quest for small-country FTAs . . 34 Kaoru Ishikawa Pedro Moitinho de Almeida Laura Neilson Bonikowsky DISPATCHES| Andrés Rozental SPECIAL REPORT on Mexico Harry Sterling Mexican ambassador says North America can take on the world . . 36 Scott Stewart Pieter Van den Weghe Forging a new relationship between Canada and Mexico . . . . . 41 Anthony Wilson-Smith A brief history of Mexico ...... 46 CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHERS Ulle Baum Drugs: Mexico’s major problem ...... 53 Larry Dickenson Sam Garcia Most wanted Cpl Roxanne Shewchuk Wolfgang Depner’s list of the world’s top fugitives ...... 56 Lois Siegel Dyanne Wilson Canada’s most danerous at-large ...... 60 Business Management Jessie Reynolds in London WEBMASTER An interview with High Commissioner Gordon Campbell ...... 62 Gilles Laberge, www redrocket. ca. Canada House’s extraordinary history ...... 66 Distribution Pierre Pagé and Peixian Han The story of high commissioners past ...... 69 PUBLISHER EMERITUS Lezlee Cribb ADVERTISING INQUIRIES DELIGHTS| Contact Donna Jacobs Canadiana: a Scottish Mohawk named Norton ...... 73 donnajacobs@gmail com. Entertaining: Jamaica’s culinary gems ...... 74 SUBSCRIPTIONS Diplomat & International Canada is published four Residences: Finland’s Frank Lloyd Wright-inspired abode . . . . . 77 times a year . Subscription rates: individual, one year Wine: Tuscany’s treasures ...... 82 $35 70. . For Canadian orders add 13 per cent HSt . U S. . orders please add $15 for postage . All other National days listing ...... 95 orders please add $25 . Envoy’s album ...... 86 SUBMISSIONS Diplomat & International Canada welcomes submissions . Contact Jennifer Campbell, editor, at DIGNITARIES| editor@diplomatonline com. or (613) 231-8476 . New arrivals in the diplomatic corps ...... 84 PRINTER Diplomat & International Canada is printed by Dollco The Lowe Martin Group . DIPLOMATIC LISTINGS ...... 90 DIPLOMAT & INTERNATIONAL CANADA P O. Box 1173, Station B Ottawa, Canada K1P 5R2 destinations| Phone: (613) 422-5262 Croatia’s sensational spots revealed ...... 97 E-mail: info@diplomatonline com. www.diplomatonline.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED . The publisher assumes no responsibility for unsolicited material . Published by Sparrow House No part of this magazine may be reproduced in any form without written permission­ from the pub- Enterprises Inc . lisher . © 2007 ISSN 1190-8343 Publication Mail # 40957514 . Return undeliverable Canadian copies to: Diplomat Magazine, P O. . Box 1173, Station B, Ottawa, ON K1P 5R2 The views expressed in the articles are those of the authors. 7 Character is everything.

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another on the Mexican drug war . CONTRIBUTORS Also in our Dispatches section, we have an article from London, . Our Perrin Beatty books editor, George Fetherling, travelled to the big city to interview Canada’s high commissioner, Gordon Campbell . Mr . Fetherling also wrote a piece on the his- tory of Canada House and the story of the people who’ve been at its helm .

jennifer campbell Feature writer Wolfgang Depner gives us an international take on the long- running program America’s Most Wanted NAFTA - Plus — except Mr . Depner takes us around the Perrin Beatty is president and CEO of ith the rise of countries in the world with his list of fugitives, including the 192,000-member Canadian Cham- East, exporting nations such as mobsters, drug lords and terrorists . ber of Commerce . Prior to joining the WCanada are scrambling to find We have an eye-opening interview with chamber in 2007, he was president more destinations — China, India, the newly arrived Tunisian Ambassador Riadh and CEO of Canadian Manufactur- Asia-Pacific — for their goods . We see an Essid . He tells Diplomat publisher Donna ers & Exporters (CME) . From 1972 to emphasis on trade with pretty much any Jacobs why the Koran (Qu’ran) and Islam 1993, he served as a Progressive Con- country outside North America . But what are compatible with democracy, modern- servative MP and held seven cabinet of our continental relationship? ism and women’s rights And he predicts portfolios: minister of state (treasury In our cover package, we look at the that Tunisia, birthplace of the Arab Spring, board) national revenue, solicitor gen- poorest partner in the NAFTA triumvirate, will triumph in its aspirations for demo- eral, national defence, health and wel- and for good reason . As Mexican Ambas- cratic rule and human rights . fare, communications and secretary sador Francisco Barrio Terrazas argues, Up front, columnist Fen Hampson joins of state for external affairs . From 1995 Canada, the U S. . and Mexico must adapt retired diplomat Leonard Edwards to offer to 1999, he was president and CEO of and strengthen the trade agreement the a cautionary tale on the rise of China and the Canadian Broadcasting Corpora- three signed 20 years ago . “Today,” he countries in the Asia-Pacific while Harry tion . In 2008, Mr . Beatty was named writes in the package’s opening piece, “the Sterling borrows a line from Napoleon chancellor of the University of Ontario challenge is to deepen and expand the in- as he compares China to a sleeping giant Institute of Technology . tegration of our economies, so that we will who, if woken, could “move the world ”. be able to compete at the global level ”. We also have a provocative piece by for- Andrés Rozental Further in our package, Mexican expert mer trade commissioner Michael Hart, Andrés Rozental and Chamber of Com- who argues Kyoto was “the silliest of merce president Perrin Beatty teamed high-minded gestures ”. up to write a Centre for International In our Delights section, Margaret Dick- Governance Innovation report, which enson takes us on a culinary tour of Jamaica we reprint, on how Canada and Mexico while writer Margo Roston and photog- should forge a new relationship . The rea- rapher Dyanne Wilson drop in on newly sons are clear . Manufacturing is returning arrived Finnish Ambassador Charles Murto to North America, with more than a dozen and his wife, Ritva, and get a glimpse of auto companies investing in new plants their architecturally interesting residence . Andrés Rozental is a member of the in Mexico . In addition, half of Mexico’s Wine writer Pieter Van den Weghe revisits Centre for International Governance population is 26 or younger and its wages the place of his recent honeymoon, Tus- Innovation (CIGI), serving on the are competitive . Mining and oil also thrive cany, while Croatian Ambassador Veselko international board of governors and and Mexico’s current population of 110 Grubisic accompanies us on an armchair operating board of directors . A Mexi- million is expected to balloon to 150 mil- excursion to his beautiful country . can diplomat, he’s served as ambas- lion by 2050 . To round out the package, sador to the , deputy we have a piece on Mexico’s history and Jennifer Campbell is Diplomat’s editor . foreign minister, ambassador to Swe- den and permanent representative of Mexico to the UN in Geneva . Since 1994, he’s held the lifetime rank of UP FRONT eminent ambassador of Mexico . Presi- The migration of the Aztecs from the north into dent of the consulting firm Rozental & central Mexico before 1200 fulfilled a tribal prophecy Asociados, he is a senior non-resident that they would build a city where they saw an eagle fellow at The Brookings Institution, with a snake in its beak resting on a cactus . The senior adviser to Chatham House in prophecy was fulfilled at a site that is now Mexico London and board member of the City . The legend lives on as the national symbol of Woodrow Wilson Center’s Mexico Mexico and today, the same Mexican Golden Eagle Institute . adorns its flag and its coat of arms . Our Report on Mexico begins on page 36 .

diplomat and international canada 9 DIPLOMATICA|CARTOONS

Political commentary from around the world

“Thank you for calling” by Olle Johansson,

“Kim Jong Un” by Adam Zyglis, The Buffalo News “Big trouble” by Olle Johansson, Sweden

10 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN CARTOONS|DIPLOMATICA

“Currency war threat” by Paresh Nath, The Khaleej Times, UAE “CANADA Pastagate” by Cameron Cardow, The Ottawa Citizen

“Dialogue with Assad” by Emad Hajjaj, Jordan “Pope Slippers” by Cameron Cardow, The Ottawa Citizen

”Spending cuts” by Luojie, China Daily, China “China Looking Over My Shoulder” by Daryl Cagle, CagleCartoons.com

diplomat and international canada 11 DIPLOMATICA|CARTOONS

Courtesy of CagleCartoons.com

“Cameron and the EU” by Hajo de Reijger, The

“U.S. Military and Sequestration” by Patrick Chappatte, The International Herald Tribune

"China threat theory" by Luojie, China Daily, China

“China on N. Korea” by Paresh Nath, The Khaleej Times, UAE

“Aid to Syrians” by Emad Hajjaj, Jordan “Egypt Revolution” by Emad Hajjaj, Jordan

12 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN asia-pacific|DIPLOMATICA

It’s fear that causes war. Ask Thucydides

In the 1990s, Canada, with its Indonesian partners, conducted “informal diplo- macy” for conflict prevention in the By Fen Osler Hampson South China Sea by and Len Edwards fostering dialogue among East and t is now a matter of official govern- Southeast Asian ment policy that Canada sees itself nations on a wide Ias a nation of the Asia-Pacific in range of issues what many are now calling “the Pa- that included put- cific century”— a century that will be ting some imagi- increasingly dominated by China and native ideas for many of the emerging economies of environmental pro- the Asia-Pacific region such as India, tection and joint resource development on A citizen-soldier of Ancient Greece. Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand and the the table — ideas that were welcomed at Thucydides said the Peloponnesian War be- Philippines . the time by senior Chinese participants in gan from the Spartans’ fear after the rise in The policies of the government of those talks . power of Athens. Prime Minister Stephen Harper are now In the harsh fiscal climate of the late primarily focused on developing and 1990s, our enthusiasm for innovative believe that history is not on the side of strengthening our trading and investment engagement in the region waned . Our a peaceful transition with China’s rise . ties with key countries in the region, in- security commitments today operate on That is because, since the times of ancient cluding Japan, which has long been an ally a much narrower bandwidth that is es- Greece, great power transitions in world and close friend of Canada . sentially limited to those areas where we politics have typically had deeply unset- However, as it courts the different have compelling national interests such as tling consequences . As Thucydides wrote countries of the region, Canada is fast combating the scourge of human smug- about the origins of the Peloponnesian discovering that there is every expectation gling, counterterrorism and nuclear non- War, it was the rise in the power of Athens that our relations will also include a strong proliferation (through our membership in and the fear created in Sparta that led to security dimension . In the Asia-Pacific, the Proliferation Security Initiative — PSI war . Since the origin of the modern West- prosperity and regional security go hand- — that was launched under the adminis- phalian inter-state system, such massive in-hand . Our new partners won’t just let tration of George W . Bush in an attempt to transformations experienced as major and us “do” economics . They want a much thwart North Korea’s nuclear ambitions) . unanticipated shifts in the tides of history broader and deeper set of engagements in The major challenge today is that the have stoked the fires of great power war in our evolving partnerships . security dynamics of the region are chang- five out of the six occasions . In the past, Canada was an energetic ing dramatically with uncertain conse- Those same commentators believe that and deeply committed security partner quences that create their own dilemmas this drama is now being re-enacted in the in the region . This July marks the 60th for our future engagement . U S. 's. relations with China . Like Athens, anniversary of the armistice, that ended In the period 1945-1975, the Asia Pacific which bullied its smaller neighbours in the the Korean War — a war in which our region was the most violent and conflict- Aegean Sea, China is now doing the same navy and army were actively deployed ridden of the globe . It has since become as it asserts its territorial claims in the in a military action against an aggressor one of the most peaceful as the countries South and East China seas . nation and 516 servicemen gave their lives of the region have embraced capitalism To others, there is much more stability in combat . and economic growth with a vengeance . in the international system because of the In the 1980s, under the government of But will the region’s peace and prosperity deep bonds of economic interdependence , Canada’s creative diplo- last? and global production value chains . In macy in Northeast Asia laid the concep- The tectonic plates of the international terms of great power relations, they argue tual foundations for what eventually came system are now shifting with the rise of that the U S. . and China have simply too to be known as the Six Party Talks on China and the unsettling consequences much at stake to re-enact Thucydides’ ac- North Korea, though we were not a party of China’s newfound assertiveness vis-à- count of the origins of the Peloponnesian to that exercise . vis its neighbours . Some commentators War .

diplomat and international canada 13 DIPLOMATICA|asia-pacific

Related to this view is the notion that leaders in these places suggests that — mobile and technologically capable naval China is likely to continue along a path whatever we may think of the likely sce- and air forces . leading to greater integration into the narios — they consider themselves to be Canada will have to decide whether it international system . Despite a revolution- much more vulnerable than previously to wishes to follow the U S. . security pivot to ary period in the early history of the Peo- spontaneous pressures from “below” and Asia, recognizing that as we engage China ple’s Republic, China is now reconciled to may seek to divert popular discontent by economically, our own national interests modern diplomacy and international law; manufacturing foreign policy crises with are not necessarily in complete alignment indeed, it is rapidly becoming more skilful neighbours, especially on territorial issues with the U S. . on all security and economic in employing these practices . about which public sentiment is the most matters . There is, in our opinion, more truth to intense . Those countries in the region that are the second proposition than the first . A careful examination of scenarios that in transition may also need a variety of Nonetheless, however much war has could draw the U S. . and China (or China responses, including help countering been devalued and delegitimized as an and various combinations of neighbours, violent extremism, talking to unpalat- instrument of national policy over the such as Japan, the Philippines, India, or able opponents, strengthening regional decades, it may be unwise to discount the Pakistan) into armed hostilities leads to organizations and their capacity to man- chance that major state rivalry, structural the recognition that peaceful co-existence age conflict and training local police and tests of strength or sheer miscalculation is not inevitable . And it likewise leads to security forces . could trigger outbreaks of inter-state war, a heightened appreciation of the impor- Beyond great power and regional rival- including in the Asia-Pacific . tance of managing and deflecting these ries, there is a wide range of new security We also cannot take continued do- risks through imaginative diplomacy and challenges, such as cybercrime and espio- mestic political stability in the region regional confidence-building measures of nage, natural disaster management, trans- for granted . Writing in 2005, former the kind that reduced tensions between national crime and drug trafficking that U S. . national security adviser Zbigniew East and West during the Cold War and will command policymakers’ attention . Brzezinski foresaw that “the central chal- allowed for a peaceful transition when the There is no shortage of things Canada lenge of our time is posed not by global Soviet Union collapsed and the Cold War can do with the myriad new challenges of terrorism, but rather by the intensifying ended . this fast-changing security environment turbulence caused by the phenomenon of Many western countries, Canada in the Asia-Pacific . But we can’t do every- global political awakening . That awak- among them, are now handicapped by thing and we are going to have to make ening is socially massive and politically deficits, debt and investor pessimism . some tough choices in terms of where we radicalizing ”. This scenario foresaw that Budget cuts and loss of popular support engage, with whom we work, and, more the world’s somnolent would rise into for the wars tightened the schedule for fundamentally, what we do . political awareness and demand change military withdrawal from Iraq and Af- in the relation between rulers and the ghanistan despite the continuing violence Len Edwards retired as a career diplomat ruled . in both countries . after 41 years, the most recent of which Most attention has focused on the roots In the U S. ,. the increased focus on Asia were spent as the prime minister’s G8 of this regional phenomenon and on pre- implies a very different kind of fighting and G20 representative and as deputy dicting the future of this explosion of Arab force than has been produced in the last minister of foreign affairs . Fen Osler street power . However, this awakening 10 years . No matter how the relationship Hampson is Distinguished Fellow and movement is a global phenomenon that is with China is worked out over the next Director of Global Security at the Centre being experienced in places as diverse as decade, from a military point of view, the for International Governance Innovation the post-Soviet states and other autocra- focus will probably pivot from emphasiz- (CIGI) and Chancellor’s Professor at Car- cies, including China . The behaviour of ing large land-based forces toward highly leton University .

14 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN asia-pacific|DIPLOMATICA

China, the awakened giant By Harry Sterling

hina? There lies a sleeping gi- $482 billion in loans to local governments ant . Let him sleep! For when to avoid embarrassing defaults — could “C he wakes he will move the further harden Beijing’s approach to dis- world ”. putes with Japan and other neighbours . Although Napoleon Bonaparte made Recent seemingly pointed comments by his prophecy about the eventual rise of senior Chinese military staff that China China two centuries ago, it turns out he should be better prepared to defend its intuitively understood that one day China national interests haven’t gone unnoticed . would, in fact, become a major force to be One new factor, which could poten- reckoned with on a global basis . tially complicate the situation, is the per- Few would question the dramatic ceived threat posed by the purported rise increase in China’s international trade of nationalism in Japan . In recent times, and economic importance . Last year, it sectors of Japanese society have been eclipsed the U S. . as the world’s largest calling for Japan to be more forceful in trader . Now, 124 countries consider China pursuing policies that reflect its economic their lead trading partner . China’s trade importance and independent identity . and investment policies influence world Many on the right maintain that Japan’s markets — even the prosperity of a num- military expansion in East Asia before and ber of nations — especially resource-rich of land, infrastructure, transport and tourism. ministry Japan’s during the Second World War has been countries such as Canada, which regard Some of the tiny uninhabited islets in a ter- falsified to serve the interests of the victors . exports to China as a top priority . ritorial dispute between China, Japan and One who publicly shares that opinion However, a number of countries, es- Taiwan. is Japan’s newly elected prime minister, pecially in East Asia, are increasingly Shinzo Abe, whose Liberal Democratic concerned about China’s emergence as scale anti-Japanese demonstrations in Party, LDP, won a sweeping victory in an international powerhouse, especially China, plus a boycott of Japanese prod- December . its growing military strength, which some ucts, followed by provocative naval and In the past, Mr . Abe, a former prime regard with trepidation . air moves by the two countries near the minister, infuriated Japan’s neighbours, Such concern has reached the point disputed islands . particularly China and the two Koreas, where, despite Japan’s occupation of the During an address to China’s Com- when he visited the Yasukuni Shrine that Philippines in the Second World War, the munist Party Politburo in January, that honours Japan’s war dead, including Philippines’ foreign minister paradoxi- country’s new leader, Xi Jinping said, “No those executed by an Allied War Crimes cally stated publicly in January that his foreign country should expect us to make Tribunal for committing war crimes . He country would welcome a greater Japa- a deal on our core interests and hope we has also publicly denied that the Japanese nese military role in the East Asian region will swallow the bitter pill that will dam- military forced thousands of women from to bring more balance . age our sovereignty, security and develop- East Asian countries, especially Koreans, In some East Asian states, such con- ment interests ”. into becoming “comfort women” (sex cerns have been reinforced by perceived Some observers regard Xi Jinping’s slaves) for Japanese troops . hardline positions Beijing has adopted remarks as linked to China’s refusal to ac- His return to power, accompanied by regarding territorial disputes with several cept Japan’s claim over the disputed islets a number of ultra-nationalists in his cabi- of its neighbours, some involving tiny — thought to have potential underwater net, plus others who share his right-wing uninhabited islets in the East and South oil and gas deposits — and an intended views, could have an adverse effect on re- China seas . slap on the wrist directed at the Obama lations with China if not handled carefully . In September, one such territorial government for emphasizing Japan had The fact that Mr . Abe wants to revise Ja- dispute resulted in a tense showdown been given the right to administer the pan’s U S. -imposed. constitution commit- between China and Japan, following the islets . ting Japan to pacifism is also a move that Japanese government’s decision to pur- There’s no reason to believe either won’t go unnoticed by Beijing, with un- chase, from a private Japanese citizen, the country wants to see its differences esca- predictable implications for the East Asian only non-state island among the disputed late to armed conflict, though such ter- region as Japan’s new ultra-nationalist islands (Diaoyu Dao to the Chinese and ritorial disputes have, in the past, done government attempts to restore Japan’s Senkakus to the Japanese), which Japan exactly that, as in 1988 when a naval clash once dominant economic clout and promi- has been administering under an arrange- between China and Vietnam over the nent global role . ment with the since 1971, Spratly Islands resulted in the deaths of but which Beijing, as well as Taiwan, claim more than 70 Vietnamese sailors . Harry Sterling, a former diplomat, is an historically belong to them . There is also fear that any significant Ottawa-based commentator who writes Tokyo’s “purchase” of the islands and economic downturn in China — Chinese on East Asian issues . This article first ap- their “nationalization” unleashed large- banks reportedly had to recently roll over peared in The Toronto Star .

diplomat and international canada 15 DIPLOMATICA|DEBATE

Kyoto: ‘The silliest of high-minded gestures’ By Michael Hart limate C

IAR G C The driving force for conferences such as COP18, held in Doha, is the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which was set up to document the human fingerprint of climate change.

ecember 15, 2012 marked the end control climate had been born a decade To the world’s progressives, this is an of what has been a less-than- earlier as activists contemplated the vaga- idea whose time has come: an organizing Dstellar chapter in Canadian dip- ries of the globe’s ever-changing climate . principle for addressing all that threatens lomatic history . No, I am not referring to Untutored in the finer points of physics the environment — too many people, their the fact that Canada has pulled out of one and geology and unmoved by the fact modern technology and their concern of the silliest of the many high-minded that climate change still lacks a convincing with economic growth and rising incomes . gestures that increasingly characterize explanatory theory due to its irreducible Like Thomas Malthus two centuries ear- United Nations diplomacy . Rather, I am complexity, activists had convinced them- lier, they are convinced that the Earth’s taking some satisfaction in Canada’s selves that human activity was fundamen- carrying capacity has long been passed decision to pull out of the Kyoto Climate tally changing global climate for the worse and that further growth is unsustainable . Change Protocol . and that concerted action was needed to Now is the time to act . Major cuts in car- As a former Canadian negotiator of save the planet . bon-based energy usage, the main source international trade agreements, I could This novel idea proved immensely ap- of carbon emissions, have thus become the always take pride in Canada’s long history pealing to the progressive mindset . It fit vehicle for putting the world on a more of honouring its international obligations . in well with its attitude toward nature and sustainable ecological path, at least from Canada may, at times, have been a little the role of humans in corrupting it . From their perspective . too eager to join international organiza- this perspective, the world’s climate has At the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, world tions and regimes, but there was never been stable for centuries until humans leaders duly adopted the UN Convention any doubt that we did this with a serious- began to interfere with it, particularly as on Climate Change (UNFCCC), none more ness of purpose and a full commitment to a result of rising emissions of carbon di- enthusiastically than Canada’s Brian Mul- any treaty’s goals and objectives . oxide from the burning of fossil fuels . To roney . Despite progressives’ general res- This began to change in the 1990s as people of this disposition, a trace gas in ervations about many of Mr . Mulroney’s UN moral grandstanding reached new the atmosphere serves as the planet’s ther- policy preferences, they continue to hold heights, from such laudable but futile mostat, threatening to raise global tem- him in high esteem for his leadership at the goals as banning child soldiers to eliminat- peratures to unprecedented levels unless 1988 Second World Climate Conference in ing poverty by the turn of the century, and steps are taken to control emissions . The Toronto and at the Rio Summit in 1992 . none more so than in the area of environ- lack of real-world evidence to substantiate On its face, the UNFCCC does little mental protection and climate change . this looming threat is irrelevant; computer damage to Canadian interests or Canada’s Earlier generations of Canadian diplo- programs have “proven” the thesis . All reputation for taking its treaty obligations mats would have found UN efforts to gov- the world’s scientists say so, at least those seriously . It is, after all, little more than a ern climate a puzzling development . The who pay little heed to that familiar pro- framework for future action . It contains, idea that the world’s governments could gramming adage: garbage in, garbage out . however, the seeds for continued mischief .

16 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN DEBATE|DIPLOMATICA

It calls for annual Conferences of the Par- periods of both increasing and decreasing agreed to a protocol to the UNFCCC ties (COPs), a process that began in 1995 temperature and an overall rise of about establishing a regime for placing limits in and has continued every year 0 7°C. over that period, within a range of on carbon emissions by industrialized since, including last December’s 18th COP observed temperatures of nearly 150°C . countries to be achieved by such means as in Qatar . Ottawa experiences a temperature range carbon taxes, emission quotas and other The driving force for these conferences of approximately 77°C . The satellite record techniques . In the world of UN climate is the work of the Intergovernmental shows frequent day-to-day and month-to- science, economic reality is but a minor in- Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), set up month changes, but no statistically signifi- convenience, not to be taken too seriously . in 1988 jointly by the UN’s Environmental cant change since 1979 . Development, however, is a serious mat- Program and the World Meteorological Any signs of warming, of course, ter . Emission reductions were a burden to Organization following the Toronto con- wherever they appear on the globe, are be taken on by industrialized countries; ference . It has a mandate to summarize not evidence of anthropogenic warming, developing countries — more than three- the science of human influence on global only of nature’s ever-changing patterns . quarters of the parties to the UNFCCC — climate change . This last point is critical . It Despite billions of dollars spent on finding would not need to take action, but if they was not set up to summarize the science of a human signature in climate change, no did, they could sell emission credits to in- climate change, but to document the hu- physical evidence has yet to be isolated . dustrialized countries that were finding it man fingerprint . From the beginning, its The much-sought-after signature is only difficult to meet their own targets . The UN mandate was more political than scientific, had found a new technique for achieving although it was sold to the public as an one of its main goals — redistributing authoritative scientific body, counting on wealth from the industrialized North to a scientifically illiterate media and a public the developing South, one endorsed en- not appreciating that in science, author- thusiastically by virtually all governments . ity comes from the evidence available to To some, it had become unclear whether substantiate a theory, not from official the exercise was about redistributing pronouncements . wealth or saving the planet . The IPCC’s political nature became The U S. . delegation, led by vice-presi- clear with its first report in 1990 . In addi- dent Al Gore, was among those pushing tion to a generally balanced summary of hardest for a climate regime, but when the scientific literature, it was crowned it became clear that the protocol would with a contentious summary for policy- not distribute the burden among all par- makers (SPM) prepared by government ties, the U S. . Senate, by a vote of 95 to 0, officials, many of them with little or no indicated it would never ratify such an scientific background, but with a keen unbalanced treaty . This should have been eye for advancing their agenda . Three a warning to Canadian officials . Neverthe- subsequent reports, each with its own less, Canada was among the first to sign SPM, have carried the agenda to increas- the protocol in 1998 . ing heights, as traces of dissenting science It took eight years for enough parties

have been scrubbed to make room for the photo united nations to ratify the protocol and bring it into ef- global salvationism that now animates A plenary session in the main hall of the fect, the U S. . and Australia conspicuous much of the UN’s work . Its fifth report Kyoto International Conference Centre in by their absence, but Canada prominent is due in 2014, but leaked drafts have Kyoto, Japan, in 1997. among the ratifiers . Once the EU had dan- already made clear that it will carry alarm- gled enough carrots in front of Russia’s ism to new heights, ignoring the inconve- found in highly controversial models . Vladimir Putin, he overcame his initial nient fact that global temperatures have Similar to other UN-sponsored regimes skepticism and accepted the protocol in failed to rise for 16 years despite steady such as the UN Conference on Trade and 2005, bringing it into force . growth in the world’s emissions of carbon Development, COPs have become the Canada’s ratification at the end of 2002 dioxide . focal point for constant pressure by the had raised considerable eyebrows in the Despite its limitations, the alarmist world’s never-satisfied armies of progres- provinces . Climate and energy policy fall community chose global temperature sives, including its very vocal environ- under provincial jurisdiction, and in prep- as its signature metric . Temperature is mental brigades . Every year in the late aration for Kyoto the provinces had made a spatially and temporally bound phe- fall, environmentalists and officials gather it clear that Canada was in no position nomenon . Calculating an average for in their thousands at some comfortable to accept reductions in emissions . In the thousands of observations may yield an venue — Bangkok, Bali, and Durban, for intervening years, this lack of readiness interesting metric, but one that has no example — to emote about the deteriorat- had become ever more painfully evident . physical meaning . Even then, warmists ing state of the planet and the need for Canada is a large, cold country with an have to face the inconvenient fact that for action . Between gatherings, officials, and energy-intensive economy . No reliable the globe’s 4 5. billion years of geological the inevitable horde of NGOs, meet in substitutes for fossil fuels exist . Emissions history, we only have an imperfect and preparatory meetings to set the stage for had grown even further, and the idea that scandal-marred instrumental record going the main climate fest at the end of the year Canada could reduce them to six percent back 150 years and a better satellite record when, hopefully, governments will agree below the 1990 baseline by 2012, the tar- going back 33 years . The former, based on to advance the agenda a little farther . get Canada had accepted, had become dodgy, highly manipulated data, shows At Kyoto, Japan, in 1997, the parties patently ridiculous . No plans existed even

diplomat and international canada 17 DIPLOMATICA|DEBATE

to make a beginning, let alone reach the Canada would not participate in any ex- investment in these wildly expensive and target . Then-prime minister Jean Chré- tension of Kyoto . He was not alone . Japan inefficient technologies . The EU’s carbon- tien, however, was determined to make a and Russia similarly announced their in- trading scheme has cost consumers $285 legacy statement before his departure, and tentions to withdraw . Brave talk continued billion, and carbon permits are now worth ratifying Kyoto qualified . at Durban, and a year later in Qatar, about virtually nothing . When Canada deposited its instrument the need to negotiate a viable replacement Globally, emissions rose by 50 percent of ratification with the UN secretary gen- for Kyoto . All that could be managed at above 1990 levels, as developing countries eral, few pointed to the hollowness of the Qatar was agreement to extend the Kyoto such as China, India, Indonesia and oth- gesture . Canada had no plans to meet its regime for five years, without any new ers ramped up their energy usage as their target; for Canada, ratification was sym- commitments, while discussions contin- economies grew by as much as 10 per- bolic at best, the solemnity of treaty obli- ued on a successor agreement . At the UN, cent per annum . Coal, the least efficient, gations of little moment to Mr . Chrétien nothing ever dies, but veterans recognize but most available, was the fossil fuel of and his ministers . when a UN regime’s useful life is over . choice throughout the developing world . When Stephen Harper took office in The future points to lots of pious talk but As for Canada, by 2012, emissions had 2006, Canada’s plans had moved no farther little concrete action . And Canada is no grown by 30 percent above 1990 levels, than the rhetorical flourishes of Liberal longer bound by any commitments on and the government has indicated that ministers . Stéphane Dion, Mr . Chrétien’s emission reductions . any future efforts will be determined by last environment minister and Paul Mar- Was anything achieved by Kyoto? EU developments in Washington . Facing a tin’s successor as Liberal leader in 2007, leaders can claim they managed to reduce skeptical, and even hostile Congress on campaigned on the need for a carbon tax EU emissions by 16 percent, double their climate change, U S. . President Barack in the 2008 election and was soundly de- target . Most of this resulted from the Obama has taken a leaf out of the Chrétien feated . For Mr . Harper, the path was clear . absorption and conversion of the dirty playbook: much sterling rhetoric, but little Canada would take such steps as it could and inefficient legacy of Soviet energy useful policy . Welcome to climate change to reduce carbon emissions on a sound and policy in Eastern Europe . Shutting down politics in 2013 . economically sustainable basis, but getting coal plants in favour of gas also helped, out of Kyoto became a critical goal, not as did moving energy-intensive produc- Michael Hart, a former Canadian trade least because Mr . Harper wanted to restore tion to developing countries . Wind and policy official with DFAIT, holds the Si- the integrity of Canada’s treaty obligations . solar made a tiny contribution, providing mon Reisman chair in trade policy at the At the Durban COP in 2011, Environ- Europe with one percent of its primary Norman Paterson School of International ment Minister Peter Kent announced that energy needs as the result of a massive Affairs at Carleton University .

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18 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN good deeds|DIPLOMATICA

Celebrating an epic journey, 400 years later

f you know more about Samuel de Champlain come September, you can Ithank the French Embassy . The embassy has been a key player in developing programs commemorating the 400th anniversary of the journey French explorer Samuel de Champlain undertook up the . The embassy wanted to breathe new life into this moment in history and decided to launch a series of cultural- and community-oriented events in Ottawa and Gatineau . To do so, it’s cooperating with 23 community and gov- ernmental organizations . “We are co-ordinating with the national capital commission and we wanted to get as many partners as possible in the national capital region,” said Thomas Mi- Officials gathered at the French Embassy in January for the kickoff of Champlain 2013. From chelon, cultural counsellor at the embassy left, Ottawa Mayor Jim Watson, Gatineau councillor Patrice Martin, Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg of France . Chief Gilbert Whiteduck, French Ambassador Philippe Zeller, NCC CEO Jean-Francois Tré- In addition to hosting the big kickoff panier and Algonquin Chief Kirby Whiteduck. for the celebrations, most of which will take place in September, the embassy is strong, they’ll reach the sky ”. and co-producing the art installation . working on several projects . The first is an The second project is a seminar in Other events planned for the celebration art installation to take place at the Samuel partnership with the University of Ot- include the launching of 100 canoes up de Champlain statue on . tawa, Carleton University and Université the Ottawa River, a series of cultural and Similar to the sound and light show on du Québec en Outaouais . Mr . Michelon heritage activities on Petrie Island and a Parliament Hill, it will be an interactive said it will look at the latest research on variety of exhibitions at the Museum of light installation that people will be able to Champlain and Nouvelle France and the Civilization, the Centre d’interprétation see from Sept . 19 to 29 . embassy is providing funding to bring in du patrimoine de Plaisance and the Na- “It’s a 4-5 minute show and the pub- Champlain experts from France . tional Gallery of Canada . lic will be able to interact with it,” Mr . There will also be an event at the Mu- “We’re involved in every step,” Miche- Michelon said . “For example, they will seum of Civilization and another at Car- lon said . “We want to promote French art, have to say words in English, French and leton that will answer questions about the French creativity and the digital tools it Algonquin, words such as Champlain and significance of Champlain today and how uses . It has to be popular, creative and it Nouvelle France, and those words will ac- to teach this history . The latter will involve has to show off French talent ”. tivate sound and light . I think everyone in school boards from across the region . Ottawa will see it because the lights are so The embassy is co-organizing all events See www.champlain2013.ca for more information. D

diplomat and international canada 19 DIPLOMATICA|NOTES FROM THE FIELD

Helping Afghan women find their place in civil society By Dianne Rummery

he was a small woman in an exqui- sitely embroidered Afghan jacket S— but her message was powerful . When physician and activist Sima Samar came to Ottawa in 2010 to speak at the annual general meeting of the Canadian Federation of University Women, she made a lasting impression . ews

The chairwoman of the Afghan Inde- N pendent Humans Rights Commission and former Afghanistan minister of ostmedia women’s affairs was, that same year — P or/ j and again in 2011 and 2012 — nominated a M for the Norwegian Nobel Peace Prize . Last year, she won Sweden's Alternative John Nobel Prize . The doctor, who has worked The work of Dr. Sima Samar inspired a group of Ottawa women to study the plight of women at Afghan refugee camps in Pakistan, and in Afghanistan and to raise money to help them. opened clinics and schools there, was a refugee during the Soviet occupation example of a group whose members listen To support our girls we have held “mu- of Afghanistan after her husband was to Afghan women and work with Afghan sical lunches” at the National Arts Centre arrested, disappeared and was never partners to build and open schools for to raise funds and talk about this remark- found . girls, train teachers, help develop curricu- able school . Another fundraiser, titled In Canada, Dr . Samar opened our lum, create portable libraries and science Voices from Afghanistan, was held one hearts and minds to the plight of Afghan kits, launch internet cafés and so much June evening in a member’s garden and women and gave us a sense of their re- more . Also exemplary is the dedication of included many guests with an interest in silience against the strictures of a society Ryan Aldred, a military reservist whose the country and a panel of experts giving in which women’s rights are fragile, and work with Afghans has spearheaded the their thoughtful opinions . where in 2010, women were declared “sec- Canadian International Learning Founda- When the International Federation of ondary” by the Karzai government . tion, which brings employment-oriented University Women meets in Turkey this Her passion and courage motivated us education to Afghan girls through dis- summer, we will bring the Afghan wom- to form a study group (University Women tance-learning from Canada . en’s story to the conference . A resolution Helping Afghan Women) dedicated to un- Our study has led to advocacy action . to be forwarded to the UN, a seminar on derstanding the issues facing the women CFUW sent a letter to Prime Minister gender inequalities in education and an of Afghanistan, making others aware of Stephen Harper, encouraging support for associated workshop are being developed their vulnerability and supporting them Afghan women’s participation at the by our members . financially where possible . 11 Conference held in December 2011 . An- Besides heartbreaking tales of brutality, We began by inviting Senator Mobina other letter to Mr . Harper expressed strong we hear inspiring stories of the young, Jaffer to speak to a downtown lunchtime disapproval of the Karzai government who make up more than half of Afghani- session on the new Senate standing com- labeling women as “secondary ”. stan’s population . Young women have mittee report, released in 2010, that prom- We remind our politicians that we are marched against oppression, championed ised to protect and preserve women’s watching where the money they desig- women’s rights and taken every oppor- rights in Afghanistan . We heard from Ca- nate to Afghan women at international tunity to talk to their male peers . These nadian experts, NGOs, diplomats, Afghan conferences goes . And we remind our law- leaders are tech-savvy, with access to the university students and members of the makers that promises made — to include Internet, Facebook and mobile phones . Afghan diaspora now living in the capital . Afghan women at the international peace We hope this demographic influence will We attended lectures at the University table and to push for their full human make the difference when troops with- of Ottawa and at the Aga Khan Founda- rights — must be kept . draw and any gains in health care and tion, which emphasized that grassroots Dr . Samar is still our eyes and ears in education become threatened . strategies work best . We read articles and Kabul . In 2010, she opened the Gawhar- The Canadian Federation of University watched online videos featuring brave shad Institute of Higher Learning to Women has been keeping a wary eye on young activists in Kabul . We kept a book prepare youth, particularly girls, to take government since its founding in 1919 . To- list for members to read . a leading role in civil society . Our Ottawa day, 9,000 members in 110 clubs from coast We discovered the extensive network group sponsors 10 young women to at- to coast continue the task . of already making a difference tend the institute and director Nasima for Afghan women . Members of Canadian Rahmani takes time to send us news of Dianne Rummery has been a member of Women for Women in Afghanistan is an their triumphs and tragedies . the CFUW-Ottawa since 1994 .

20 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN diplomatic agenda|DIPLOMATICA

Abenomics: Revitalizating Japan’s economy

mances in socio- and we have experienced deflation for : economic sectors . more than a decade . As a result of stag- FIRST NAME Kaoru A comprehen- nated incomes, a new generation of Japa- LAST NAME: Ishikawa sive and unbi- nese workers is unable to fully enjoy the ased evaluation feeling of security and optimism that was ZENSHIP: Japanese CITI of the overall taken for granted by their parents . CANADA: bassador TO BECAME am performance of The Abe administration has attached Sept. 23, 2010 Japan’s econ- the highest priority to ending persistent omy over this deflation and fostering growth . To that s postings: Paris, Cairo, previou period should end, “Abe-nomics” will be character- Geneva, Kinshasa. temper the ized by the development and imple- doom and mentation of a three-pronged strategy gloom most consisting of aggressive monetary pol- commentators icy, flexible fiscal policy and a growth have used to strategy that encourages private-sector describe this chapter in Japanese history . investment . In implementing these ollowing last December’s gen- Having said this, there is no denying measures, the Abe administration seeks eral election in Japan, a coalition Japanese economic growth has been low to revitalize the economy by fostering Fgovernment was formed by the Liberal Democratic Party and the New Komeito Party . LDP leader Shinzo Abe was elected as Japan’s prime minister to lead the coalition government . In his policy speech at the Diet (Japan’s national legislature) Jan . 28, 2013, he identified three major tasks for his government . They included revitalizing the Japanese economy, rebuilding after the Great East Japan Earthquake and reshaping Japan’s diplomatic and security environment . New policies pursuant to the stated goal of revitalizing the Japanese economy have attracted world-wide attention and will be the focus of my article . The term “lost decades” is frequently used to describe the Japanese economy since the early 1990s when the bubble surrounding the stock market and the real-estate market burst . I have made no secret of the fact that I believe much of the negative commentary used to describe this period of Japanese economic history has been greatly exaggerated . While some industries clearly faltered, others were resilient and innovative and are flourish- ing, particularly in the area of science and technology, in a rapidly changing inter- national economy . It should also be noted NASA /

that even in these “lost decades,” there A X were 11 Japanese Nobel laureates in phys- A ics, chemistry and physiology/medicine . The New York Times described the exces-

sive negativity as “The Myth of Japan’s courtesy of J Failure” (Jan . 8, 2012), noting, for exam- ple, that most analysis failed to take into Japan and Canada have built a strong relationship in science and technology, including a col- laboration at the International Space Station. account factors such as superior perfor-

diplomat and international canada 21 DIPLOMATICA|diplomatic agenda

sustained growth and creating more With regard to external economic poli- demonstrated by the significant collabo- high-paying jobs . cies, the government will continue to pro- ration at the International Space Station The government and the Bank of Japan mote high-level economic partnerships, (ISS), when Japan’s unmanned transfer jointly unveiled a bold new monetary pol- implement measures to secure energy and vehicle, Kounotori, launched by the Japa- icy strategy on Jan . 22, with the bank set- food, and encourage tourism and internal nese rocket H-2B, successfully docked ting a price-stability target of two percent, investment . three times (to date) with the ISS to de- year-over-year change in the consumer A clear commitment to these pro- liver food and other supplies — thanks in price index . Just days earlier, on Jan . 11, growth policies by the Abe administration no small part to the Canadarm 2 . the administration unveiled its Emergency has already been reflected in financial Other examples of bilateral collabo- Economic Measures for the Revitalization markets, where share prices on the Tokyo ration in science and technology are of the Japanese Economy to provide sup- Stock Exchange have begun to recover . nanotechnology and stem cell research . port for business activity, including the The main pillars of Japan-Canada rela- Both countries are leaders in these fields implementation of public works projects tions are already focused on pro-growth (Japanese scientist Shinya Yamanaka won designed to accelerate post-quake/tsu- areas such as the negotiation of high-level a Nobel Prize in physiology/medicine nami reconstruction and to strengthen the economic partnerships and the enhance- for his stem cell work last year) and have nation’s infrastructure . At the same time ment of bilateral co-operation in the field held workshops and established a joint as it launched these emergency measures, of science, technology and innovation . In funding mechanism to promote future the government has acknowledged the a telephone conversation between Prime research . importance of pursuing fiscal sustainabil- Minister Stephen Harper and Mr . Abe, The Abe administration has clearly in- ity in the medium- to long-term . which took place at the end of January, dicated its determination to inject life into The government is determined to for- both leaders placed emphasis on the a struggling Japanese economy . It has mulate and implement a growth strategy strong partnership that exists between taken short-term measures to stimulate to strengthen the competitiveness of the Canada and Japan . In particular, they growth and intends to introduce long- Japanese economy, to overcome energy pledged to continue to work toward the term structural changes in the months to constraints and to enhance the innovation conclusion of an economic partnership come . Furthermore, all signs indicate that platform, while at the same time accel- agreement . the new administration’s pro-growth phi- erating the removal of domestic institu- In addition to economic ties, Japan and losophy with regard to external relations tional obstacles such as regulation . The Canada have built a strong relationship in will do nothing but positively impact the Abe administration is planning to unveil science and technology . One example is in vital bilateral relationship that currently its new growth strategy in mid-2013 . the field of space co-operation . This was exists between Canada and Japan . D

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22 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN questions asked|DIPLOMATICA

T unisia’s bold gamble on democracy: ‘One day or another, we will win’

In December 2010, the Arab Spring erupted in family planning, in developing tour- through the impervious soil of authori- ism, in making education free for every- tarian rule in the Middle East. The Arab body after independence from France in awakening drove dictatorial and nepotistic 1956 . We gave women the right to vote rulers from power, first in Tunisia and [initially in regional/local elections] . We then Egypt, Libya and Yemen. instituted a Civil Code — a pioneering Popular protests swept the region — thing in the Arab world . Syria, Algeria, Morocco, Bahrain, Iraq, This gave Tunisia a distinction among Kuwait, Jordan, and Sudan, with smaller other countries in the Arab world . And demonstrations in Lebanon, Saudi now it turns out that we are also pioneers Arabia, Mauritania, Djibouti, Oman and in democracy . Western Sahara. It all began with the self-immolation DM: Was the revolution completely un- of Tunisian fruit and vegetable vendor expected, or were conditions building Mohamed Bouazizi, 26, who set towards a revolt? himself afire after Fedia Hamdi, 46, a RE: What happened was surprising for municipal inspector challenged him everybody — including for the Tunisian for operating without a permit. Her people . famous slap, heard around the world, We had some signs two years earlier . and her confiscation of his produce, There were riots in parts of Tunisia, be- are disputed. She was found not guilty cause the government was undemocratic and freed after 111 days in jail. Bouazizi and also because some marginalized areas set himself afire because police would not in [the interior of] Tunisia did not profit return his confiscated cart and a governor from the industrial development . would not hear his protest. The Mediterranean coastal areas have In two years, Tunisians have driven been developed because of investment dictator Zine El Abidine Ben Ali from power and tourism since the early ’60s — infra- (he now lives in Saudi Arabia), set up a structure, roads, hotels, promotion . Out provisional government, held fair elections of a population of 11 million, we used to and are now drawing up a constitution. welcome about 6 million tourists per year The country has also experienced huge [before the 2010 revolution] . This is aston- demonstrations, one assassination and ishing for a small country . harassment of journalists. A national We didn’t think the protests were so election, initially scheduled for June, has important because we were accustomed been delayed. Nevertheless, compared to having a dictator who had a stronghold with countries whose dictators have been on the population . Nobody dared to speak toppled, Tunisia’s post-revolution casualties out . But after 23 years of dictatorship, of have been mercifully light. gagging free expression, something ex- Tunisia’s new ambassador to Canada, ploded in Tunisia . Riadh Essid, who took up his post in We discovered that we could be like December, speaks frankly and passionately any people in the world and we were to Diplomat publisher Donna Jacobs about close to being a developed country . There Tunisia’s difficult assignment — how to be were a lot of demands and expectations at a moderate, modern and Muslim nation — the same time and everybody was pull- and a stable democracy, too. All of these ing for freedom of expression and human goals, he says, are compatible. rights . Democracy is a very good thing . I The following are edited excerpts from am sure that we are going to succeed . But I the wide-ranging conversation. can’t say the exact date .

Diplomat magazine: With so much at DM: How do diplomats from other coun- stake, how confident are you that Tunisia tries regard Tunisia’s revolution? can be a model democracy in the Middle RE: Even diplomats with postings in East? Tunisia are very, very enthusiastic . They yanne wilson yanne Riadh Essid D : We were pioneers in emanci- are attending something historical, not pating women, in abolishing polygamy, only in the Arab world but also in the

diplomat and international canada 23 DIPLOMATICA|diplomatic agenda andoulsi andoulsi L mine A hoto/ P

AP

More than one million Tunisians attended the funeral of slain opposition leader Chokri Belaid in February. The government critic’s assassina- tion plunged the country into one of its deepest political crises since the overthrow of the dictatorship in 2011. world . The internet played a huge and model and, in a way, it is good for us . people were killed . We give thanks for significant role in building up the revolu- We proved that, at least, [the transition to their sacrifice . tion, in pushing people to say “no” to the democracy] can be more peaceful than in dictator . other parts of the Arab world . DM: You moved quickly after the revolu- We are in an Arab and Muslim space . Sometimes revolutions are associated tion . We are under the influence of what is with blood but Tunisia’s revolution was RE: We had fair and transparent elections happening in some parts of the Muslim not . We had martyrs on the ground and on Oct . 23, 2011, observed by many for- world . And you know there is a tendency we revere them . Without them, we may eign people . [in some these countries] towards extrem- not have made this gigantic step towards ism . a democratic state . Between 300 and 350 DM: What was the effect of the Feb . 6 as- After the explosion of the dictator- sassination of Chokri Belaid, a moderate ship, it was easy for some people to come leftist politician and reformer? back to Tunisia and to bring new [radical] RE: It was a shock, because we are a very ideas . Because we had this new freedom stable country . The public emotion, the of expression, everybody had the right, public reaction was fantastic . The people and still has the right, to express himself, said “No, we don’t accept this violence ”. which is a very good thing . But we don’t The popular perception is that Belaid know yet how to respect all the freedoms . was an outspoken opponent of the gov- We have to understand to play by the ernment and had the right to criticize . rules . People who decided to kill him made a mistake . We cannot [allow them] to re- DM: Do other people from the Middle move a person like that . East, looking at what you have done in It could happen in any other part of the Tunisia, want this reform for their coun- world . But it happened in Tunisia and all tries? political parties condemned it . We would RE: We started the revolution but believe like to continue in this democratic pro- me, we didn’t intend to give any lessons Mohamed Bouazizi cess with national consensus because at to anybody . But Tunisia was taken as a least there was the initiative from Prime

24 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN questions asked|DIPLOMATICA

Minister Hamadi Jebali, who proposed to is on track . But it is also important to reas- form [an interim] government composed sure the international community to bring of technocrats . investors back and also to bring back tour- ists . These are interlinked . DM: But he resigned in February . RE: Yes, he resigned because he consulted DM: Has anything beneficial come out of all the parties and failed to get agree- the assassination? ment . The head of government can pro- RE: You see, in other parts of the world, pose to the president . It was not accepted that hundreds of people are killed every by the Troika . day . We had only one person killed — PHOTO

[The Troika consists of a member from and it shook the whole population . UN the three parties with the most seats in the Half of the people who demonstrated Human rights activist Moncef Marzouki is National Assembly . The majority party, were women . This is a good sign . Even interim president. the Islamist Ennahda Party, chose Hamadi if they [assassins] kill someone else, I am Jebali as prime minister, the Ettakatol still optimistic because I know the Tuni- party put forth Mustapha Ben Jaafer as sians . I know they are peaceful . And one president of the National Constituent day or another, we will win . At what cost, Assembly (NCA), and Congress for the I don’t know . But let me tell you what I Republic party chose Moncef Marzouki as saw: 1 4. million people in the streets and president ]. 400,000 at the funeral including women, which is unusual in a Muslim country . D: M There have been newspaper reports This means that Tunisian women felt in- orum that the assassination was government- volved in the process . F driven, that it was political . What can you Women are very afraid of losing their

say about the ongoing investigation? independence . Some segments of Tunisia conomic E RE: The information is not yet complete . would like to restrain women’s rights . orld

It seems that two young people killed But the women are resisting . The Troika W him . Of course, there would have been pledged to reinforce women’s rights . Prime Minister Hamadi Jebali resigned after someone who told them to kill him, some Sometimes from Afghanistan, from failing to get a political consensus. one who resorted to killing an opponent . Iraq, from Saudi Arabia, from Iran, from It was a mistake . It backfired . Syria, preachers are invited by Muslim After the assassination, I said to col- associations of Tunisia to give conferences leagues: “If, in the next two or three days, and lectures . nobody is killed from any party, we will And they are invited by very few be fine ”. There was something else at people who say that the niqab [a face-to- stake: democracy, our tolerance, our stabil- shoulder veil only open across the eyes] ity . is good for women . They say that females These are very important for us . We have to wear the niqab from the child- have to find a way to convince extremists hood . This is not good but you cannot who are Tunisians but who have lived prevent these preachers from entering the abroad and returned with new [radical] country . We don’t want the niqab because ideas . Some of the people who returned it’s not Muslim and it’s not in our tradi- ais67

are peaceful . Some are not . So if they tion . R resort to violence, we have to find them, In my opinion, women’s freedoms Chokri Belaid was assassinated Feb. 6. but not to kill them . Not to torture them . are not going to be touched . They will We don’t use the same means [as the be shaken but, in the end, they will be dictatorship] . We have to show the world [secure] because the Tunisian woman is that we are worthy of democracy . We have an educated woman . She knows about to show that we could be democratic . her rights . She is emancipated . And she Whether you are Muslim or Christian or would like to play a role . Even when the Jewish, you can be democratic . It is not a government organized demonstrations to religion, democracy . protest the assassination, also there were a lot of women — many, but not all — who DM: When are the next elections? were veiled . RE: Before the assassination, the election The people who killed Belaid — they was set for 23rd of June but the indepen- must be biting their fingernails because bdelmoumen

dent body for elections wanted to post- they turned him into a hero, along with A pone it . Maybe the new government, the his wife, Basma, who incarnates modern- amir National Assembly, will decide when we ism . She is a lawyer . She was criticizing S have the elections . and accusing . Nobody talked to her about Mustapha Ben Jaafer is president of the Na- It is very important to reassure the Tu- it because they knew she was emanci- tional Constituent Assembly. nisian people that the democratic process pated .

diplomat and international canada 25 DIPLOMATICA|QUESTIONS Asked

We don’t have proof, but extremism which is not easy for a tiny country like negative aspects . In some parts, yes, there comes from everywhere and [is backed Tunisia . The foreign aid helped but it did are riots . Many, many tourists in the last by] some money, some weapons . Weapons not cover these costs . We lack milk, juice few years did not have any problems . also come from Libya because of prolifera- and diapers . We have a shortage of phar- tion of weapons there . Many things have maceutical products . Do you know where DM: And unemployment? come together to be against the revolution they are going? They are going to Libya . RE: We used to have unemployment, but in Tunisia . Add these problems together — ex- it was not so bad . It became worse be- The people who rule Tunisia now, most tremism, external debt, reduction of cause more than 150,000 Tunisians who of them used to be in prison . They knew tourist numbers, falling industrial and were employed in Libya returned during torture and sometimes they don’t want to agricultural production with unemployed the Libyan revolution and would like to give orders to torture and [seize] people . people going on strike or people striking have jobs . But we cannot distribute jobs And the Salafists [fundamentalist Mus- for higher wages . Small Tunisia couldn’t like bread . This is a very, very painful lims] are profiting from this, which they bear all this . situation for us . see as weakness . And jihadists are coming from abroad . Some Salafists are extremists, some DM: What was your economic situation [They] are used to participating in civil are not . We are not here to judge them . before the unrest and the revolution of wars . These are new notions which were We would like this trend to be under the 2010? not present in daily life in Tunisia . Tuni- control of democracy . We would like to RE: We had quite a prosperous economic sian people are not violent people . They let all people express themselves, whether situation as a country which was relying are not jihadists . So we are going to be- they talk about religious things or not . But more on human resources rather than come another society . If we do not accept we want them to do it peacefully, because natural resources . We had developed [jihadists], there are going to be some it is in accord with our traditions and our tourism and the economy . We even had differences, some conflict, even some religion . an agreement of partnership with the Eu- violence from time to time . They will find ropean Union, which started in 2008 and people are discontented and stir them up . DM: What are the biggest problems you was working well . If you have a national dialogue with have faced? And we discovered there is no differ- them and convince them that they are RE: We helped the Libyans a lot [during ence between a Tunisian and an Italian, outnumbered — and they are outnum- their revolution] . It took from us a lot of or a Frenchman or German and we were bered— they cannot impose anything on energy, a lot of money also, because we aspiring to this . us . They numbered about 3,000 [demon- had to deal with about 900,000 refugees, Tunisia’s image abroad is amplified in strating] the day after the funeral . During

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26 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN QUESTIONS Asked|DIPLOMATICA

the funerals, the demonstrations, there were about 1,400,000 people . It gives you an idea of the [real] picture . We would like to conciliate Islam with modernism . Islam is not against democ- racy . Even the Prophet Mohammad, when he used to take decisions, most of the time, he used to consult the Comité des Sages, the wise people — a form of parlia- ment . In Carthage, about 3,000 years ago, we had a kind of parliament even before Rome was founded . Rome’s senate was inspired by ours . So we have in our DNA this kind of experience . I know the Koran . I know Islam, and it is not against democracy . Extremism doesn’t exist in [the] Koran . Koran says if reamstime you kill someone, whomever this some- D one, you go to Hell, because you don’t Carthage is home to what may be the second-best preserved colosseum in the world. have the right to remove a life . Only God can do it . Jihad is something else . It’s war, maybe Holy War, with certain conditions . Let’s say that you are an Iraqi in Iraq and you are going to put a bomb in a market . This is not a jihad . You are going to kill an Iraqi civilian; you cannot be called martyr or ji- hadist . Islam, Christianity and Judaism are all speaking from the same God: You can- not kill anybody . God gives you permis- sion only if you are defending yourself . These jihadists who are 22 or 23 didn’t even finish high school . They go to school where they are taught precepts . I am sorry, this is not an education . It is a behaviour . I am a Muslim and I am profiting from my state as a Muslim but modern at the reamstime same time . I am living in my century, in D my world . These are backward ideas that Tunisia, with a population of 11 million, welcomed six million tourists in 2010, before its have come to Tunisia and they are facing revolution. The revival of the tourist industry is essential for Tunisia’s economic recovery, and modernism . perhaps, for its democracy. Take the American embassy attack [by some 5,000 protesters who set fires and looted equipment that injured dozens of should maybe turn [more] to some demo- like Canada, the , the people and left four demonstrators dead] cratic countries, like Canada, to know United States, Latin America, Asia and last September . more about the democratic experience . Africa — places that have had a positive What happened that day was the result We have quite a regular exchange of experience with this such as East or Cen- of a long process which started in the Mid- parliamentary delegations but we need tral Europe, Argentina, Brazil and South dle East and involved a response to a film more because Canada can contribute a Africa, where I was a diplomat . about our Prophet Mohammed . The num- lot . During the recent visit of Foreign Af- But we are insisting that ours should be bers of protesters were much bigger than fairs Minister John Baird in December, he a democracy tailored to local criteria . We we expected . And it wasn’t spontaneous . discussed this with the prime minister, are not only Muslim, but we are a North Things got out of hand . Tunisian forces speaker of the house and foreign minister . African country, a Mediterranean country had not faced a threat of that dimension . [Mr . Baird also met with Leila Bouazizi, and an African country . We were very shocked because we never sister of Mohamed who set off the Arab consider Americans or Europeans as en- uprisings, to wish her well during her DM: Amnesty International published a emies . Never . studies in Canada ]. report last year titled One Step Forward, Mr . Baird could see there were very Two Steps Back? One Year since Tunisia’s DM: With your constitution partly positive steps on the way to democracy . Landmark Elections . It documented exces- drafted, what do you need to become a We are learning . Some Tunisians are not sive, sometimes lethal, force used by full-fledged democracy? satisfied with the current process . So we security forces against demonstrators and RE: We are on the right track but we need to be accompanied by our partners, other civilians, suppression of evidence

diplomat and international canada 27 DIPLOMATICA|QUESTIONS Asked reamstime D

Olive oil is Tunisia’s No. 1 agricultural export.

by military courts and anti-democratic RE: I am against this legislation . It is a re- I know my president . Two hours after a articles in the penal code . action because a few people, especially in journalist was arrested, he wanted a press [The Ennahda party proposed a bill the arts, wanted to provoke the extrem- communiqué issued by the presidency with punishments of up to two years in ists and deliberately committed offences against this arrest . He did it for journalists prison or a fine for offences against “the against Islam . who used to insult him . And when they sacred ”. “These articles,” says Amnesty My president [Moncef Marzouki] won were arrested, he objected . International, “date back to the Ben Ali era the 2012 pro-democracy Chatham House [In March, Canadian Journalists for which prescribe punishments for violating prize and was second in Foreign Policy’s Free Expression sent a letter, signed by sacred values, disturbing public order and 100 Global Thinkers in the World award . some 25 international media-freedom morals and have been used to stifle jour- When I served as his diplomatic counsel- organizations, to Ambassador Riadh nalists, bloggers and artists ”]. lor, I met Hillary Clinton, Alan Jupé and and cc`d to Foreign Minister John Baird If Tunisia doesn’t change these, how Lech Walesa, who said every revolution- and Canada’s trade commission office can there be freedom of speech? ary process takes six years . in Tunisia . It cited the ban on journalists DFAIT

Foreign Affairs John Baird, centre, met with Moncef Marzouki in December. They were joined by Sébastien Beaulieu, Canada's ambassador to Tunisia.

28 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN QUESTIONS Asked|DIPLOMATICA

covering the National Constitutional As- for its similar climate and agriculture and sembly, death threats and physical attacks they brought their science, technology and on journalists, anti-media rhetoric in some agricultural skills with them . mosques and during rallies of the ruling We have one of the best-quality olive oil Ennahda party and the granting of broad- in the world and have been cultivating ol- cast licenses to Ennahda party supporters . ives since the Punic Wars . We export olive It called for implementation of the media oil to Europe . In countries like , they laws guaranteeing media freedom ]. take our olive oil and they put it in bottles and that say: “Made in Italy ”. Everybody DM: What are the solutions for Tunisia? in the Mediterranean knows about this . RE: We have in the Arab world, and even in Africa, the biggest proportion of DM: You export textiles, food products, diploma holders and they don’t have a petroleum and chemical products, in- job . We would like to find projects, such cluding phosphates . as factories and companies so people can RE: We are one of the world’s major pro- work . When you work, when you have ducers and exporters of phosphates . And a roof over your head, when you have a we do have problems . People who are car, you don’t make revolution . unemployed are blocking the work of We need investment and we need tour- these kinds of factories because the work- ism . Last year, we had about four million ers there are not from the region . And reamstime tourists but it is not enough . Tourists D after the revolution, people demanded who went there discovered that it is still Last year, Tunisia received four million tour- that they be able to work there . It is their a peaceful country . We have beautiful ists, "but it is not enough," the ambassador right . It is not a state-owned industry, beaches and have developed archeologi- says. but close to it . Since the revolution, we cal tourism . Tunisia has three very famous have recruited a lot of people to ease the stages of history: The first was Carthage, third period was the Muslim stage where, tension . where you’ll find perhaps the world’s for about four or five centuries, Muslims second-best preserved colosseum . were at the forefront of science and po- DM: What investments are you pursuing? The second was the Christian era, etry . When the Moors were expelled from RE: We have called for some countries to which lasted about six centuries . And the southern , they settled in Tunisia come to Tunisia . Delegations from Tur-

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diplomat and international canada 29 DIPLOMATICA|QUESTIONS Asked

key, U S. ,. and France toured the south, the inner part of Tunisia where we had problems . They made feasibil- ity studies to open factories . If they only recruit people from there, it’s enough for us . It can be agriculture, textile factories, phosphates . You invest not only in an economy . The western world has to understand that it is an investment for democracy first . We are ación N residencia de la P

Dictator Zine El Abidine Ben Ali was driven from power.

not asking for money . If we recover our frozen assets from abroad, we won’t need much money from abroad .

DM: How much in assets will you collect? Offering Exclusive RE: We don’t know . In terms of figures these people have assets here [in Canada] Rates For Diplomat- s and in Dubai because those people ruling us unfortunately used to behave like Ma- fia . Why did they steal that money? They At Accu-Rate Corporation our For your personal invested abroad and we cannot regain team of highly experienced currency consultation please call: it because of very harsh judicial proce- traders and foreign banking partners Marie Boivin dures, which we respect . allow us to negotiate currency prices Managing Director lower than any other currency dealer 613-596-5505 ext. 101 DM: Do you know where Ben Ali’s or commercial institution. [email protected] friends and family invested in Canada? RE: I don’t want to give details because it is confidential . Negotiations are going Accu-Rate Corporation World Exchange Plaza Accu-Rate Corporation smoothly . The Canadian government has 2573 Carling Ave. 111 Albert St. already frozen the assets . I was talking Foreign Exchange & International Payment Services to them and it seems that the Canadian www.accu-rate.ca (613) 596-5505 (613) 238-8454 authorities understand the problem very

30 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN QUESTIONS Asked|DIPLOMATICA

well now . It takes a lot of time because some assets were well hidden . DM: Ben Ali’s brother-in-law, Belhassen Trabelsi, fled to Canada and is living here . What is his status? RE: I don’t want to talk about his case because it is under discussion . He came here to stay but his residence permit expired a few months ago . He asked the court to review it and he gained another year . It is one of my missions to expedite things, to recover the assets, but also we don’t want this kind of person to ben- efit from Canadian generosity . Canada is known for its hospitality . Political refugees we can understand as immigrants, but not this kind of person .

DM: What other solutions are you seeking internationally? RE: We would like universities to open their doors to Tunisians because many Tunisians have studied here, or come through immigration or are directly re- cruited by companies . The people I met recently were in high positions and per- fectly suited to their job . I tell you, yes, there are certain things which are not good now in Tunisia . You talked earlier about behaviour of the army . But don’t forget the army was the country’s salvation . Ben Ali ordered the soldiers to shoot people . The last days before the end of the revolution, when they were forced to defend the president, soldiers refused to shoot the people . The army chief of staff could have been killed for rejecting the order, but he refused to fire on the people because, he said, there was no threat to the country . [Contrast this with] what is happening in Syria now, where you may have 300 people dying every day . When Tunisia doesn’t kill 10,000 peo- ple, the media don’t speak about it be- cause it is a small country . Because it is peaceful . Sometimes this is a very bad side of journalism . When you find people dy- ing every day, you become important [to the media] . There are a lot of things to do in Can- ada . I want to change the perception of Tunisia . If you don’t accompany us on this dem- ocratic process, it will be much harder for us because we are being forced by a global tendency in the Middle East to change things in a radical manner . We have to avoid it .

Donna Jacobs is Diplomat's publisher .

diplomat and international canada 31 DIPLOMATICA|TRADE WINDS

Canada and Australia: natural trade partners

By Louise Hand istock Australian High Commissioner An aerial view of the city of Canberra.

he Australia-Canada relationship is to doing business between our two ma- provide well-regulated, long-term, stable very close and works exceptionally ture, open and broadly similar economies . income-producing investments . They also Twell across a wide range of issues . However, business groups, including the provide Canadian investors with exposure We co-operate closely in international af- Canadian Council of Chief Executives to Asia’s high growth rates . fairs, advocating human rights, democracy and the Australian Industry Group, have With a small population, the Australian and freedom around the world, including identified a series of measures that govern- economy has always relied on outside through the United Nations and the Com- ments could take to enhance trade and in- sources of investment to develop our natu- monwealth . Almost daily, our political and vestment flows between the two countries . ral assets and improve our standard of liv- business leaders use one another to bench- These efforts include eliminating remain- ing at a pace that would not be possible on mark policies and the outcomes that they are ing tariffs on goods and improving labour our own . Our resources sector alone cur- achieving on everything from the military mobility through better recognition of each rently has 87 major committed projects and to development assistance, health, science, other’s qualifications . 277 projects in the planning stages, requir- investment, immigration and indigenous is- Australia’s top exports to Canada last ing $277 8. billion in funding . Austrade, the sues . (Find further commentary on Australia year included: nickel ores and concentrates Australian government’s trade and invest- and Canada’s relationship at www y. outube . ($315 million), wine ($237 million), waste ment promotion agency, is working closely com/d fat under “Our Ambassadors” ). and scrap of precious metals ($152 mil- with Canadian investors to help them meet Australia’s and Canada’s economies lion), lead ores and concentrates ($133 mil- this need for investment capital . weathered the global financial crisis well lion) and aluminium oxides ($64 million) . Australia and Canada are also parties in with positive growth rates (Australia 3 1. On the other hand, Canada’s top goods ex- the negotiations for a Trans-Pacific Partner- per cent in 2012) and low unemployment ports to Australia included civil engineer- ship free trade agreement . This agreement (Australia 5 1. per cent) . This reflects our ing equipment and parts ($118 million), could be truly transformative for trade in strong regulatory systems, particularly in waste and scrap of precious metals ($108 the Asia-Pacific region in the future . At the banking sector, our natural resource million), pork ($96 million), sulphur ($96 the APEC meeting in Honolulu in 2011 the endowments and well-educated popula- million) and aircraft ($75 million) . leaders of the TPP countries set the goal of tions supporting a range of high-tech But these trade figures are dwarfed by removing all tariffs between their econo- industries . We are fortunate to be so the bilateral investment relationship . Can- mies . This could unlock as much as US$520 prosperous, and our social indicators such ada is now Australia’s ninth largest source million in gains annually . It could also as life expectancy, education and employ- of foreign investment, with approximately increase trade in services by as much as ment are among the highest in the world . $17 9. billion of direct investment and a 50 per cent between Australia and Canada The fact that Canada sits next to the further $8 billion of portfolio investment (according to Australian Industry Group world’s largest economy, while Australia (shares, bonds, etc ). Similarly, Australian and Canadian Council of Chief Executives is part of the rapidly growing Asia-Pacific companies and superannuation funds have modelling) . My colleagues and I at the region, explains why neither country $24 1. billion in direct investment in Canada Australian high commission will continue features in each other’s top 10 trading and a further $20 billion of portfolio invest- to work closely with the Canadian govern- partners for goods and services . In 2011- ment . It is the similarities — mature, stable ment and industry to highlight the benefits 12, Australian goods exports to Canada economies, with similar regulatory and of a strong, comprehensive agreement . amounted to $1 6. billion and Canadian legal systems and strong growth prospects goods exports to Australia were $2 1. bil- — that have led to such strong investment Louise Hand has been Australia’s high lion . Australian services exports to Canada flows between the two countries . Canadian commissioner in Ottawa since January equalled $829 million and Canadian ser- companies and pension funds have been 2012 . Follow her on Twitter @AusHC- vices exports to Australia were approxi- particularly keen to invest in Australia’s Canada or connect with the Australian mately $874 million over the same period . forestry and mining industries, as well high commission at (613) 236-0841 or There are relatively few remaining barriers as long-term infrastructure assets . These www canada. highcommission. gov. au. .

32 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN trade winds|DIPLOMATICA

Portugal: On the path of recovery

PDAC (Prospectors & Developers Associa- tion of Canada) show in Toronto in March . Within the energy sector, we are excited ureau B about possibilities for oil and natural gas exploration in Central Portugal . A number isitors V of Canadian companies are already part- ners in this venture . Portugal today has a favourable invest- ment environment with new measures onvention and C that include regulations to boost labour

orto flexibility, a simplified administrative P process, reduced corporate tax, location The riverfront in Porto, Portugal’s second- and logistic optimization tools and the By Pedro Moitinho de Almeida largest city. Former ambassador of Portugal recently announced residence permit for investment activities . This measure ortugal is currently undergoing well-established Portuguese-Canadian is complemented by a new tax regime an economic adjustment program, community of more than 500,000 . for non-residents, which offers attractive Pthat is steering the economy on a Trade between the two countries is income-tax advantages for up to a 10-year path of recovery . With assistance from relatively small, but there is potential for period to qualified foreign individuals the IMF, EU and ECB (the Troika), a bal- growth . In 2011, Portugal’s exports of wishing to establish a permanent or tem- anced program has been implemented, goods to Canada reached $357 5. million, porary residence in Portugal. with the goal of promoting reforms to and imports from Canada amounted to We are exploring possibilities in other increase competitiveness and boost eco- $225 4. million . Data for 2012 (January-No- sectors in which Canada is a major im- nomic growth and to achieve fiscal con- vember) show a slight drop, with exports porter . Industrial machinery and equip- solidation, reduce public debt and ensure close to $293 million and imports from ment, plastics and furniture show good financial stability . We are meeting our Canada a little more than $120 million . promise . We are also looking at creating targets and the positive Troika reports on Portugal exports Port and table wines, opportunities for our export-oriented auto our performance attest to the significant iron and steel, mineral fuels and oils, and aerospace clusters . In advanced sec- progress already achieved . It was encour- motor vehicles, cork, footwear, electric/ tors, such as biotechnology, pharmaceutical, aging when Portugal recently success- electronic equipment, machinery and me- ITCs and renewable energy, our companies fully returned to the financial markets chanical equipment, apparel and twine/ are also making excellent inroads . In all and placed 2 5. billion euros of five-year cordage/ropes to Canada . these areas, we are looking to foster part- bonds, primarily to international inves- From Canada, we buy agricultural nerships with Canadian businesses . tors (more than 90 percent), at an average goods, newsprint, aircraft equipment, ma- In terms of services, we see great poten- yield of close to 5 percent . chinery, metal products, pharmaceuticals tial for mutually beneficial developments The EU, for obvious reasons, is our and other goods . in co-operation with our maritime ports . main trading partner, but we also sell Bilateral trade in services has seen The Port of Sines (“The Atlantic Gateway goods to all continents . Much like Canada, growth . According to Portuguese sta- to Europe”) is one of the few open deep- we are committed to diversifying our tistics, in 2011 bilateral trade in services water ports in the world, equipped with markets and trade with non-EU partners amounted to more than $348 million, shelter and berthing infrastructures, ca- is gaining strength . with the tourism sector being the major pable of receiving large-capacity vessels . Portugal’s centuries-old historical con- contributor . Finally, we mustn’t forget tourism . nections with countries in Africa, Asia and On the investment front, the numbers Portugal is a small country on the shores Latin America, and the nearly 300 million are relatively small . Still, the largest par- of the Atlantic . It is beautiful, friendly and people in the Portuguese-speaking world, ticleboard panel manufacturer in North offers wonderful and diverse vacation make my country a gateway to those America, Tafisa, is part of Soane Group, options . Whether you’re looking for his- markets . The soon-to-be-concluded CETA an important company in Portugal . In ad- tory, palaces and castles, sandy beaches or agreement will create even more potential dition, Altitude Software, Martifer Solar, wine tours along a majestic river, Portugal for Canadian companies to explore our EDP Renewables, Logoplaste, ImatosGil offers it all . To experience world-class golf location . By the same token, we look for- and Cotesi have all established local op- courses, charming countryside towns and ward to the Comprehensive Economic and erations in Canada . to escape or recover from the rigours of a Trade Agreement boosting Portuguese Portugal has become an attractive loca- Canadian winter, Portugal is your destina- exports and investments into Canada . tion for Canadian investment, particularly tion, topped off with mouth-watering food Canada and Portugal have a long- in mining . Key Canadian companies have and fabulous wines . Come and visit . established relationship rooted in history, mining operations in Portugal and this after Portuguese navigators came to New- industry could attract additional invest- Pedro Moitinho de Almeida is the former foundland and in the 16th ment . To that end, a mining delegation ambassador of Portugal . Reach the ambas- Century . Today, Canada has a vibrant and will again participated in the prestigious sador’s office at (613) 729-2922 ext . 229 .

diplomat and international canada 33 DIPLOMATICA|trade winds

Canada’s global quest for free trade By Ed Fast

ver the past two years, I have had the privilege of serving as Cana- Oda’s minister of international trade . It has been an incredibly busy and excit- ing time . Guided by the global commerce strategy (GCS) introduced in 2007, Canada has been undertaking the most ambitious trade expansion plan in our country’s his- tory . The strategy is a concerted effort to secure Canada’s growth and prosperity by seizing our advantages in a fiercely com- petitive global marketplace . Focusing on the strategy’s priority markets — large and small — where op- portunities for Canadian businesses and interests have the greatest potential for growth and success, we have intensified our pursuit of new and deeper trading relationships around the world . Since the introduction of the GCS, we have con- cluded and implemented new free-trade agreements with seven countries: Norway, Switzerland, Iceland and Liechtenstein (collectively known as the European Free Trade Association), Peru, Jordan (our first with an Arab country) and Colombia . We have also signed an agreement with Panama (a key regional gateway) and concluded negotiations with Honduras .

Thanks to these actions and my govern- istock ment’s free-trade leadership, Canadian Canada has signed a trade agreement with Panama. Pictured here is Manzanillo International workers and businesses now have pre- Terminal in Colon City, Panama. ferred access and a real competitive edge in more markets than at any time in our history . includes India, a country of more than and investment opportunities within the Yet our effort to expand Canadian 1 2. billion consumers, where we expect a fast-growing Asia-Pacific region . Finally, access to the largest and most dynamic trade agreement would increase Canada’s I would be remiss if I didn’t mention our economies of the world has only just GDP by somewhere in the order of $6 ongoing efforts to bolster our commercial begun . Altogether, Canada is currently billion per year . We’ve just completed relationship with the world’s second larg- engaged in 19 free-trade initiatives, cover- the first round of trade negotiations with est economy, China . ing 74 countries . This number includes Japan, the world’s third-largest economy There is no doubt that the United States the European Union, the world’s largest on a country-by-country basis . Canada has and Mexico will continue to be Canada’s trading block, representing 27 countries, also recently joined negotiations with the most important trading partners . Indeed, 500 million people and annual economic Trans-Pacific Partnership, an alliance of 11 our trilateral trade is now more than $1 activity of more than $17 trillion . It also countries looking to leverage new trade trillion a year . That said, we all know that

34 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN TRADE WINDS|DIPLOMATICA

as Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Tunisia and Zambia and have re- cently concluded negotiations with Benin, Madagascar, Mali, Senegal and Tanzania . Canada is also currently in free-trade ne- gotiations with Morocco, and I led a trade mission to Nigeria and Ghana in February to help deepen our commercial relation- ships with these countries . History has shown that free and open trade is one of the key drivers of a coun- try’s growth and prosperity . Indeed, the Canada we know today was largely shaped by our proud trading history . But trade is by no means a relic of that history . ROBINS Our refreshed global commerce strategy EOFF

G will provide a roadmap to guide Canada’s Karel De Gucht, European commissioner for trade, visited Ottawa during negotiations for future trade activities . It will help re- the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement. focus our efforts on proven partners and emerging powerhouses around the world this continues to be a tumultuous time for nomic interests by focusing on the markets to help Canadian companies, investors, the global economy . Traditional economic that hold the greatest promise for Cana- importers and exporters alike to become giants are seeing new challengers emerge dian businesses — nations such as Thai- more successful in today’s increasingly from all around the world . To retain land and Brazil, where economic growth competitive global economy . These efforts and protect the fragile gains Canada’s rates are well above the global average . reflect our firm belief that when a Cana- economy has made in recent months, our We’re also looking to the continent of dian company succeeds abroad, jobs and government is in the process of updating Africa, where we have recently taken a prosperity are created right here at home . the GCS to reflect these shifting global eco- number of steps to build a firm foundation nomic realities . We’re targeting dynamic, for more intense engagement . For exam- Ed Fast is the minister of international high-growth markets around the world ple, we’re negotiating foreign investment trade and minister for the Asia-Pacific and working to diversify Canada’s eco- protection agreements with countries such Gateway .

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diplomat and international canada 35 Di spatches|report on mexico Mexico on the rise Why Canada regards deeper partnership as ‘tremendously important’

anadian Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird, in his mid-February tour of Latin American countries, succinctly explained Canada’s strategic interest in a more economically integrated Cpartnership of the Three Amigos in the NAFTA free-trade agreement — and most urgently with Mexico, the poorest of them all . “Mexico, in our lifetime, is going to be a Top-10 world economy,” Mr . Baird said . “Potentially, it will be a Top-Five world economy . “It’s tremendously important that we look at Mexico through our trilateral relationship with the United States but bilaterally, too, on security, on jobs and on values ”. The Three Amigo numbers speak just as succinctly — in demographic terms, in economic terms, in social terms . But many Canadians employ stereotypical assumptions to keep Mexico in its pre- sumed place . In an editorial last year, The Globe and Mail resisted: “Mexicans are not southern trash ”. The newspaper noted that the UN Human Development Index, which measures standards of living, ranks Mexico comparably with Canada, Britain and the United States .

Population U S. . population now: 315 million; U S. . population projected to 2050, 440 million . Canada population now: 35 million; Canada population projected to 2050, 40 million . Mexico population now: 110 million; Mexico population projected to 2050, 150 million . From a population base of 460 million now, in other words, “America” could become a continental trade alliance with a combined population of more than 630 million .

Gross Domestic Product Goldman Sachs has predicted Mexico will become one of the world’s five biggest economies by 2050 with GDP of US$9 3. trillion — a four-fold expansion of GDP per capita . The investment firm pre- dicts that Canada will grow at a much slower pace: a doubling of GDP, rising from $1 4. trillion to $3 trillion . With $3 trillion GDP, Canada would marginally exceed the Philippines . Taken together, the NAFTA economy would exceed $50 trillion, an economy exceeded only by China (GDP: $70 trillion in 2050) .

This photo illustration, which combines Canada's Peace Tower and Mexico's National Palace (the seat of the Mexican president and the federal executive), was produced by CIGI for its report, Forging a New Strategic Partnership Between Canada and Mexico which we reproduce on page 41.

36 Mexico on the rise Why Canada regards deeper partnership as ‘tremendously important’

diplomat and international canada 37 Di spatches|report on mexico From the Arctic to the Usumacinta am Garcia S

Even before Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto was inaugurated, he visited Prime Minister Stephen Harper in Canada.

Mexican Ambassador Francisco J. Barrio By Francisco Javier Barrio Terrazas The results achieved during the lifetime Terrazas celebrates the astonishing suc- of the treaty speak to its success: more cesses of the North American Free Trade exico and Canada have en- than 40 million jobs created; trade flows Agreement, now approaching its 20th year. joyed an immensely stable and tripled (surpassing $1 trillion per year); a But he finds the world’s most vibrant free- Mfriendly relationship for nearly combined Gross National Product that has trade agreement has now “fallen short” 70 years, although during the first 50 more than doubled; and the development of meeting the next-generation needs of years, relations were characterized by of some of the most competitive produc- the Mexican, Canadian and U.S. peoples. extremely limited exchanges . It was a cor- tion supply chains in the world . Here, Ambassador Barrio Terrazas calls for dial relationship, but not a significant one . The United States is the top market for fundamental reform of NAFTA — ranging That changed in 1992 when Mexico Canada and Mexico . Canada and Mexico from much deeper economic integration to and Canada signed, along with the United are the No . 1 and 2 markets for American a more profound sense of the three-country States, what would for several years be products . Since NAFTA came into ef- North America in which (as he once put the world’s largest free trade agreement: fect, trade between Mexico and Canada it) the common border “crosses the Rio NAFTA . has multiplied by nine times, to exceed Grande and the Great Lakes and runs from The great incentive to signing the agree- $35 billion in 2012 . In summary, NAFTA the Usumacinta River to the Arctic.” The ment? By gaining preferential access to continues to be, even today, the most im- Usumacinta River marks Mexico’s southern the markets of the other two countries, we portant international trade instrument for boundary with Guatemala. strengthened our own economies . each of our three countries .

38 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN report on mexico|Di spatches reamstime D

The World Trade Centre building in Mexico City.

By eliminating tariffs and multiplying hundreds of millions of available workers order, in which emerging economies will trade exchanges, our political leaders of and extremely low wage scales, embarked lead growth, have diverted our focus as the time had the vision and courage to on aggressive programs to reform their a single, integrated block . Canada has place our three nations on a very success- economic systems, bolstering to an aston- evolved . The U S. . has changed . Mexico ful path of integration and growth . ishing degree their huge competitive ad- has transformed . Contrary to the spirit of There have been, nevertheless, factors vantages and becoming, in the short space NAFTA, though, the new dynamic emerg- that have impeded a deeper, more com- of two decades, some of the world’s most ing in North America seems to run in the plete integration . In Mexico and Canada, thriving economic engines . opposite direction . there are some who think that agreements These developments took place during Those factors, among others, explain aligning the economic policies of the three an offshore and outsourcing boom . The how North America’s share of global mar- countries could jeopardize economic and large corporations of the West, in a frenetic kets has dropped from 19 percent in 2000 political sovereignty, while fears have avalanche, leapt to relocate or subcontract to 12 9. percent in 2010 — while the market arisen in the U S. . and Canada that greater manufacturing and service operations share of the Asia-Pacific region (including aperture could result in a more marked in developing countries . Millions of jobs India) rose from 29 6. percent to 35 4. per- flow of migrants from Mexico . Thus, in were transferred from the three North cent over the same period . terms of regional integration, NAFTA has American countries to other parts of the Today, new economic realities are tak- seen far more modest advances than the world, at the same time, transferring sig- ing shape: the wage gap is closing, shale European Union . In fact, NAFTA does not nificant portions of our region’s economic gas exploitation is decreasing energy costs have free movement of the labour force, activity, competitiveness and growth . in North America and high oil prices are common external tariffs, a Customs Union This trend urges us to move faster by increasing the impact of freight charges or a common market — all attributes of adapting our strengths and experiences to on the price of certain products . Together, the EU . the new global conditions and challenges . these factors are showing the importance But, while trade among our three coun- Unfortunately, our response in the face of of manufacturing location and proximity tries has grown rapidly, other countries this changing scenario has fallen short of to consumer markets over labour costs did not sit still . Since NAFTA’s launch, 500 meeting the true needs of our industries and availability . other FTAs have been negotiated around and citizens; our leadership in the interna- We see, then, that the trend has begun the world . tional context has faded . to reverse and that many manufacturing At the same time, some of the most The emergence of security as a top operations are returning to North America . populated countries on the planet, with priority and the new economic global In the last 24 months, more than a dozen

diplomat and international canada 39 Di spatches|report on mexico

net energy exporter, paving the way for other promising possibilities . But, as is often the case in the changing economic dynamics of the 21st Century, the windows of opportunity can be fleet- ing . Right now, we are fully immersed in negotiations over the Trans Pacific Part- nership, the most ambitious free-trade agreement of all time . This alliance, of course, offers huge possibilities, but the obligations we will assume with our new partners will very likely limit our ability to act as a region . Thus, the opportunity to benefit from our status as a vigorous regional hub could find itself reduced, or even eliminated, in just a few years . If the three NAFTA partners fail to act with the speed and assertiveness the moment requires, it will be other coun- tries, through their companies, that ben- efit . Japanese, European and even Chinese companies are already investing in new plants in Mexico — to sell to consumers throughout North America . Twenty years ago, our three countries signed NAFTA to give market access to the entire region . Today, the challenge is to deepen and expand the integration of our eer T economies so we will be able to compete had

C at the global level . Oil and gas are big business in Mexico. This rig is in the Gulf of Mexico. The most renowned economic research- ers have recognized Mexico as one of the largest economies in the coming years . We American, European and Asian auto as- This allows us to create products that can supply the U S. . and Canadian mar- sembly companies have invested in new not only compete in North American mar- kets in shorter times and we can jointly plants in Mexico and some have done so kets, but can also be successfully exported produce efficiently under competitive cost in the U S. ,. in a clear “inshore” movement . to other regions of the world . As if that conditions . These realities must be recog- Operations that sought cheap labour in were not enough, advances in shale oil nized by our North American partners . It Asia now find that their total costs can be and shale gas exploitation could make the is imperative that we urgently mobilize to competitive, upon re-assessing proximity North American region, in a few years, a work together in a streamlined approach to North American markets . In this new aimed at recovering our global presence trend toward regional hubs, North Amer- and influence . ica has an exceptional opportunity . The three countries share borders and Today, the three North American econ- an entrepreneurial culture that obliges us omies complement one another wonder- to co-operate and recoup our joint posi- fully . In Mexico, half the population is tion . Canada, Mexico and the U S. . must age 26 or under and wages are highly work together, transforming institutions, competitive . Canada and the United States creating common strategies and renewing have abundant capital and sophisticated trilateral dialogue mechanisms . technologies . We are also geographically In 2013, as two decades ago, the cur- close, we enjoy good communication and rent situation demands that we take the we’re trading partners . same bold steps, with the same clear This has led such sectors as the automo- vision and the same courage that led us tive and aerospace industries to integrate to sign NAFTA . This is a defining mo- in such a way that production chains ment in which the region’s future could have become clearly regional . A car as- clearly take incredible turns . Our position

sembled in any of our countries comprises reamstime through the first half of the 21st Century D thousands of components that, in the may depend on the skill and resolve with production process, have crossed the bor- Ancient installations of the mine La Ojuela, which we act in the very short term . ders between our countries several times, in Mapimi Durango, Mexico. Mining con- incorporating further elements of added tinues to be an economic engine in the Francisco Javier Barrio Terrazas is country. value at each new crossing . Mexico’s ambassador to Canada .

40 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN report on mexico|Di spatches Forging a new strategic partnership By Perrin Beatty and Andrés Rozental

anada and Mexico, living along- side and often in the shadow of Cthe colossus of the 20th Century, have long seen their place in the world as deeply coloured by the reality that they are of the Americas, but not Americans . The two countries have benefited from their proximity to the largest economy on Earth and shelter under its security shield, but have been equally determined to maintain their separate identities and values . As a result, they have honed the skills of idea shapers, coalition brokers and bridge builders . Unlike Americans, they have had to learn how to speak softly, but convincingly, in the full knowl- edge that they do not carry a big stick . What surprises is that Canada and Mexico have accomplished so little to- gether, given their similar interests in learning how to live in harmony with, but remaining distinct from, the United States, and their analogous experiences as middle-level powers . While they can celebrate nearly 70 years of diplomatic relations, those years have not been dis- tinguished by many major achievements . Relations have been cordial and harmoni- ous, but they cannot be said to have been productive . The potential for more has always been there, but until recently, that potential never seemed capable of being translated into concrete results . The 1994 NAFTA provided the oppor- tunity to redefine the bilateral relation- ship . While Canada may have joined the NAFTA talks to preserve the gains from the 1988 Canada-U S. . Free Trade Agree- e ment, this “reluctant” decision proved g

to be remarkably rewarding (Bugailiskis aber L and Dosma, 2012) . Canada not only suc- ceeded in protecting its primary market Gilles with its most important trading partner — the United States — but it also found a new partner in Mexico . Since NAFTA, but has picked up speed over the past now vying with China as the manufactur- Canada’s trade with Mexico has grown decade as Mexico put the peso crisis of ing hub of choice for U S. ,. [Canadian], nearly six-fold . Today, Mexico is Canada’s the mid-1990s behind it and learned to and other multinational companies — it third-largest trading partner, with two- take advantage of NAFTA’s opportuni- is as economically integrated with the way trade reaching $34 4. billion in 2011 . ties . Increasingly, Mexico has become an U S. . [and Canada] as any two members of Canada’s exports to Mexico reflect the integral part of North American-based the euro-zone are to each other . Much of breadth of the Canadian economy and run supply chains, and much of its trade with this is driven by the rise in the cost of oil, the gamut — from pulses to airplanes . its NAFTA partners is inter-corporate . As which makes transport costs increasingly Growth in bilateral trade started slowly, the Financial Times points out: Mexico is pricey for U S. . companies to make goods

diplomat and international canada 41 the centRe FoR inteRnational goveRnance innovation | the canadian chaMBeR oF coMMeRce

compared to those of China and India (Chart 7). aPPendix However, comparing the total share of Mexico’s trade for each country, it becomes clear that India is still a minor The first nine charts compare the growth in Canada- partner. After the United States and China, Canada is Mexico trade with some of Canada and Mexico’s other now Mexico’s largest trading partner (Charts 8 and 9). trading partners. Four of the charts show the relative growth of the share of various partner countries Canada’s business investments in Mexico have not compared to the baseline year of 1980 (Charts 1–3). The grown at the same pace as its trade flows. Canada’s United States, still by far Canada’s single-largest trading foreign direct investments are highly concentrated in the partner, is not included in any of the Canadian charts. United States. A little over 0.5 percent of Canada’s FDI The charts show that Mexico has become a crucial is in Mexico, a figure about on par with Canada’s FDI in trading partner, with growth in Canada-Mexico trade China, but much smaller than Canada’s investments in outstripping all other partners except China. Traditional Brazil (Chart 10). In the long-run, Canadian prosperity industrialized trading partners, such as Germany, the will mean trading with and investing in the world’s United Kingdom, Japan and France trade less with demographically young, fast-growing economies. Canada than they did in 1980 as a proportion of our total trade, while Mexico’s share of Canada’s trade has Canada has become Mexico’s fourth- or fifth-largest grown sixfold since the 1980s. The growth charts are all supplier of FDI. Data on FDI inflows to Mexico are very normalized to a base year of 1980, so they show relative noisy, so the national origin of FDI flows into Mexico in growth, rather than absolute trade volume. Charts 4 1989 and 2009 are shown in Charts 11 and 12. The most and 5 also compare Mexico’s share of Canadian trade notable feature of the last 20 years has been the relative to other nations as a percentage of Canada’s total trade. decline of FDI from traditional economic powerhouses Again, the same story emerges: since NAFTA, Mexico such as the United States, Japan and Germany, and has become one of Canada’s leading trading partners. diversification towards the Netherlands, Spain and Canada. Overall, these figures suggest that there may be The Mexico-focused charts seem to tell a somewhat some room to grow: Canada is, after all, relatively capital different story. Canada’s trade growth with Mexico abundant compared to Mexico. has been strong, while Japan, Spain, Germany and the United States’ shares of Mexico’sre tradep haveor allt declined on meChartxi 13co shows the composition of Canada’s goods sinceDi sthepa 1980st (Chartch 6).e Ons |the other hand, the growth exports to Mexico, providing a snapshot of the sectors in Canada’s share of Mexican trade seems insignificant of the Canadian economy that currently have the largest interests in the Mexican economy.

Chart 1: Canada’s Trade with Mexico and Traditional Economic Partners: Relative Growth source of younger workers upon which to draw . The earlier flood of illegal migration across the Mexico-U S. . border has slowed to a trickle, while many older Mexicans are now returning home to pursue new 700 opportunities closer to their families . Agreed labour mobility programs have Mexico 600 become much more attractive . Mexicans 700 Japan 500 are also studying abroad in increasingly United Mexico Kingdom 400 600 large numbers, yet Canada attracts only Germany Japan 300 500 five percent of this market . Despite these growing levels of eco- France United Kingdom 200 400 nomic interaction, most Canadians and 300 USA Germany 100 Mexicans still hold largely stereotypical France 200 0 images of each other . Many Canadians see USA 100 Mexico as sun, sand and margaritas, while Share of Total Canadian Trade, 1980 = 100 others focus on criminality, corruption and 0 FoRging a new StRategic paRtneRShip Between canada and Mexico drugs (Jiménez, 2012) . Mexicans, mean-

Share of Total Canadian Trade, 1980 = 100 while, when polled, often reply that Can- 10 www.cigionline.o1200 Rg | www.cCharthaMBeR 2:.ca Canada’s Trade with Mexico and the BRICs: Relative Growth ada is their favourite foreign country, but as the editor of the Mexican daily Excélsior 1000 1200 puts it, “we know nothing about Canada and that may be the reason we like it” (Carreño Figueras, 2012) .In short, the two 1000 800 Mexico countries have much to learn about one another, and there is a tremendous oppor- Brazil 600 800 tunity to increase that knowledge by, for Mexico Russia example, increasing exchanges between Brazil Mexicans and Canadians through labour 400 600 India Russia and student mobility agreements and China initiatives . 200 400 India The election of Mexico’s new president

Share of Canada's Total Trade, 1980 = 100 China presents an opportunity to recalibrate 200 0 bilateral relations and look for ways to

Share of Canada's Total Trade, 1980 = 100 upgrade and change those relations to a strategic partnership . The ongoing shift

0 in global economic power from Western Europe and North America to the emerg-

ing economies of Asia and Latin America Chart 3: Canada’s Trade with Mexico and the European Union: Relative Growth and their burgeoning middle classes pro- vides a compelling reason to strengthen for domestic consumption as far away as and Apotex, have used their Mexican Canada’s engagement with Mexico . Ev- 700 East Asia . And most of the rest is driven operations as launch pads to reach other eryone, including Canada, may be preoc- by Chinese600 wage inflation . In 2000, the markets in Central and South America . cupied with the fast-growing economies average Chinese worker was paid 35 cents Mexican firms such as Cemex, Grupo of China, India and Brazil, but the success an hour500 versus US$1 .72 in Mexico, accord- Bimbo and Univision have begun to make of these economies remains a mixed bag ing to HSBC . Now the Mexican gets paid significant inroads into the United States, for Canada . On one hand, they offer new US$2 11. 400 an hour and the Chinese US$1 63. . but to date have not shown much interest investment and trade opportunities . On Pretty soon Mexico will have the lower in expanding to Canada . European the other, multinational firms from these labour costs300 . (Luce, 2012 ). After the United States,Union Mexico is economies increasingly do not “play by The growth in the bilateral economic now the largest foreign destination for conventional, market-based rules,” and relationship200 has not been limited to trade . Canadians . The majority of these are their governments are unafraid to guide Mexico Canadian investments in Mexico have short-term visitors, but there are also a these firms to act in the state’s interest . more than100 doubled since the late 1980s, growing number of business, student (Burney et al ,. 2012) . as Canada has become one of Mexico’s and other long-term residents living in As global competition becomes more 0 largest sources of foreign direct invest- Mexico . In the other direction, Mexico is intense, Canada and Mexico could each Share of Canada's Total Trade, 1980 = 100

ment (FDI) . More1980 1982 than1984 1986 2,6001988 1990 Canadian1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 the2002 second-largest2004 2006 2008 2010 source of temporary benefit from taking a broader view of

companies have offices and operations foreign workers for Canada, boosting North American relations and from think- in Mexico, including major firms such as the productivity of Canada’s agricultural ing about how to strengthen regional Bombardier,8 Goldcorp and Linamar . Com- sector through the Seasonal Agricultural economies . The three North American panies in industries ranging from finance Workers Program . As Canada’s labour economies enjoy enormous complemen- to pharmaceuticals,7 such as Scotiabank force continues to age, Mexico offers a rich tary potential . Canada and the United

6 peRRin Beatty and andRÉS Rozental 11 42 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN

5 Mexico

Brazil 4 Russia

3 India

% of Canada's Total Trade China 2

1

0

700

Mexico 600 Japan 500 United Kingdom 400 Germany 300 France 200 USA 100 0 FoRging a new StRategic paRtneRShip Between canada and Mexico Share of Total Canadian Trade, 1980 = 100 Chart 2: Canada’s Trade with Mexico and the BRICs: Relative Growth

1200

1000

800 Mexico

Brazil 600 Russia

400 India China 200 Share of Canada's Total Trade, 1980 = 100

0 reporFotRging on a new meStRategicxi paRcotneRShip Between canada and Mexico |Di spatches Chart 5: Canada’s Trade with Mexico and Traditional Economic Partners: Share of Total Canadian Trade

Chart 3: Canada’s Trade with Mexico and the European Union: Relative Growth States are rich in skilled labour and value- 7 added industries, Mexico boasts a young 7 700 and growing workforce, and all three are 6 rich in natural resources . An enhanced 6 600 economic partnership among Canada, 5 Mexico and the United States will make 5 500 North America as productive and com- Mexico 4 petitive as any other major economic area . 400 Mexico Japan 4 To make such an enhanced partnership European Japan United Kingdom a reality, Canada and Mexico must first 3 300 Union United Kingdom strengthen their bilateral bonds . 3 Germany 200

To that end, the two countries should % of Canada's Total Trade Germany 2 France Mexico realize that despite growth in bilateral % of Canada's Total Trade 2 France trade and investment, they may be leaving 100 economic opportunities lying on the table . 1 0 Today, Canada’s economy is larger than 1 Share of Canada's Total Trade, 1980 = 100

Mexico’s, but within a few decades the 0 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 relative position of the two countries will 0 switch . PricewaterhouseCoopers projects that, on a purchasing power parity basis, 8 Chart 6: Mexico’s Trade with Canada and Traditional Economic Partners: Relative Growth Mexico’s GDP will be US$6 6. trillion by 300 7 2050 — the seventh-largest economy in the 300 world — twice Canada’s projected GDP of $3 3. trillion (Elliot, 2011) . Additionally, 250 6 peRRin Beatty and andRÉS Rozental 11 by 2050, one in six Americans will be of 250 Mexican ancestry (Zubieta, 2012) . In short, 200 5 Mexico Canada the Mexican economy and the Mexican 200 Brazil Canada diaspora will provide new and compelling 4 Spain 150 Russia opportunities for trade and investment far Spain 150 Germany 3 India too large for Canadians to ignore . Germany 100 Japan The Canada-Mexico relationship may % of Canada's Total Trade China also become progressively more impor- 100 2 Japan USA tant as a result of demographic factors . In 50 USA 1 many of Canada’s traditional developed- Share of Mexico's Total Trade, 1980 = 100 50

world trading partners, population and Share of Mexico's Total Trade, 1980 = 100 economic growth have slowed; Mexico, on 0 0 the other hand, enjoys the economic divi- 0 dends that come from having a relatively young population and a growing middle class . Not surprisingly, while trade with Mexico has grown six-fold since 1980, Canada’s trade with its traditional eco- Canada may also become an increas- there may be mutuallypeRRin Beattyprofitable and andRÉS invest Rozental- 13 nomic partners such as Japan, Germany, ingly important source of capital for ment opportunities waiting to be pursued . the United Kingdom and France has Mexico . The United States has tradition- In the immediate future, there are use- remained flat or declined . Even Canada’s ally been Mexico’s principal investment ful opportunities for Canada and Mexico trade with the United States has declined partner, supplying more than 70 percent to collaborate on regional and interna- as a proportion of total trade since the of foreign direct investment in Mexico in tional issues . Both boast large hydrocar- early 2000s . v the early 2000s . The global financial crisis bon industries and both have relatively

The two economies complement one highlighted Mexico’s need to diversify its carbon-intensive economies . It may be in another: Canada’s older, relatively skilled FDI sources: as the United States fell into both states’ interests, for example, to co-or- workforce can provide research and de- recession in 2009, Mexico’s FDI inflows dinate their planning for a carbon-pricing sign services, while Mexico’s abundance collapsed to 60 percent of their 2008 levels scheme that will eventually involve the of lower-skilled younger workers are (Laudicina, Gott and Pohl, 2010) . Cana- United States . Given the gross inequality ideal for manufacturing and resource dian FDI in Mexico has doubled since in power between the United States and extraction . Both countries also have large NAFTA, and Canada is now Mexico’s Canada or Mexico alone, Mexican-Cana- reserves of natural gas, oil and mineral fourth-largest source of FDi . While this dian co-ordination on some continental resources that are being developed to their growth is important for boosting Mexican issues could help even the playing field . maximum potential . Additionally, Mexico productivity and lessening its reliance on This applies, for example, to pursuing is not just a lucrative market for Canadian American capital, it is a modest increase greater alignment in regulatory regimes . businesses: it also offers a gateway to the when compared with trade growth . It also At the same time, it is important not to U S. . Spanish-speaking market and the rest represents less than one percent of Cana- lose sight of the significant transnational of Spanish-speaking Latin America . da’s overseas FDI stocks, suggesting that crime challenges confronting the govern-

diplomat and international canada 43 Di spatches|report on mexico

ment of President Peña Nieto . Mexico has suffered 55,000 drug-related deaths since former president Felipe Calderon launched the “war on drugs” in 2006, although Mexico’s drug-related murder rate is still lower than that of Colombia, Venezuela, Honduras, Guatemala and other parts of Central America and the Caribbean . The cartels have responded to the war on drugs by spreading their busi- ness throughout Latin America and the Caribbean . Mexico’s drug violence may be largely confined to the border areas with the United States, but the continued violence and corruption that accompanies the drug trade corrodes public confidence in Mexico’s security services and its poten- tial as a strategic partner . Canada already assists Mexican efforts to train and up- grade the skills of Mexico’s judiciary and police, but increasing assistance would be a natural complement to Canada’s own anti-drug efforts . In the long run, strength- ening the relationship will require Canada to continue to support Mexico’s efforts at reamstime

D governance and security sector reform . Ultimately, turning the bilateral re- Tourism is one of Mexico's major industries. lationship into a strategic partnership will mean realizing that what is good for Mexico can also be good for Canada . Further strengthening Mexico’s economy will not only help the 52 million Mexicans who live in poverty, but will also enhance Canada’s ability to service Mexico’s grow- ing middle class . A concerted effort by both parties to build and improve upon the existing relationship could multiply existing benefits several-fold . From a Canadian perspective, several policy initiatives should contribute to strengthening the bilateral relationship . To that end, the recommendations take two views of what needs to be done: In the short-run, Canada and Mexico should strive, wherever possible, to reduce barri- ers to the movement of goods and people between the two countries . Longer-term, Canada should support Mexican efforts to further reform the Mexican economy and to deal with organized crime . A stronger, wealthier, less-violent Mexico will, ulti- mately, make for a stronger, more prosper- ous Canada-Mexico relationship .

This report, a joint effort by The Centre for International Governance Innovation

reamstime (CIGI) and the Canadian Chamber of D Commerce, is published with permis- Agave, the plant used to make tequila, is another of Mexico's resources. sion . It is available online http://www . cigionline .org/publications/2012/11/ forging-new-strategic-partnership-be- tween-canada-and-mexico .

44 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN report on mexico|Di spatches

That’s no way to treat a friend! Laura Neilson Bonikowsky

Trade between Mexico and Canada is significant and includes a wide range of products — from airplane and auto parts to crude oil and tequila. In NAFTA’s first decade, trade between the two countries more than doubled from $6.5 billion to exceed $15 billion. Mexico now ranks fifth among Canada’s trading partners. Goods do not comprise the only movement between our countries; 1.3 million Canadian tourists visit Mexico each year and more than 10,000 of the 26,000 seasonal agricultural workers who come to Canada each year come from Mexico. By all measures, Canada and Mexico have a friendly relationship. Until 2009, that is, when Canada imposed a visa require- ment on Mexican tourists and visitors entering the country. The Harper government’s rationale was that visas were necessary because refugee claims from Mexico nearly tripled from 3,400 in 2005 to 9,400 in 2008. The “Mexodus” included a mass withdrawal of well-off Mexicans Citizenship and Immigration Minister Jason Kenney whose wealth made them extortion targets for narco-gangs such as Los Zetas, a notorious cartel infamous throughout Mexico. The visa restric- tion greatly reduced the number of asylum claims; in 2011, there were only 651 applications. The visa requirements disturbed Canada’s association with Mexico and checked tourism. In late 2012, Canada began working with Mexico’s new president, Enrique Pena Nieto, to restore the relationship between the two countries. By February 2013, Canada had added Mexico to its list of designated countries (those that do not normally produce refugees). Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird observed that NAFTA “has proven there is an immense value in knocking down barriers to trade.” As of early March, however, Mexicans travelling to Canada still required visas. And while Mexico is still struggling to deal with drug gangs, still has a questionable justice system and its human rights record remains spotty, it could be a linchpin in talks concern- ing Pacific trade. In short, Canada needs Mexico again.

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Le Cordon Bleu half page.indd 1 06/03/2013 12:54:23 PM diplomat and international canada 45 Di spatches|report on mexico The people of the sun A brief history of Mexico

Laura Neilson Bonikowsky celan E

A Diego Rivera mural from the Palacio Nacional in Mexico City, titled Exploitation of Mexico by Spanish Conquistadors.

o many, Mexico is merely a holiday Mexico’s earliest inhabitants can be people as Mexico’s “mother culture,” the destination, a place of sun, sand and traced back to at least 11,000 BC . Although political, social, economic and religious Tcerveza, its people represented by the best-known early civilizations were models of subsequent civilizations . Their the smiling members of the service in- the Maya of the Yucatan Peninsula and culture flourished between 1200 and 400 dustry at resorts, shops and tourist traps . southern Mexico, and the Aztecs of cen- BC near southern Veracruz and western Outside the perfectly landscaped resorts tral Mexico, there were many significant Tabasco . Although trade and conquest are intriguing Mayan and Aztec ruins, indigenous civilizations with different so- were significant, religion spread Olmec as well as drug cartels and the rampant cial and economic systems . Among them culture . Their two cults, the jaguar and the corruption within the police and govern- were the Chichimecs, Toltecs, Zapotecs, serpent, influenced succeeding religious ment . Officially Estados Unidos Mexicanos Tlaxcalans and Tarascans . Many early thought . (United Mexican States), Mexico is a com- groups developed high civilizations with plex country that feels the weight of its elaborate urban centres that served reli- The Maya authoritarian history . It has been shaped gious, political and commercial purposes, Mayan civilization arose circa 2600 BC . by revolution, violence and assassinations including the Mayan city Chichén Itzá and (Tourists know the Yucatan Peninsula as — so says author Jaime Suchlicki, From the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan, both now the Mexican Riviera ). Montezuma to NAFTA and Beyond — but must-see tourist destinations . The Maya gained prominence by AD its history also includes high levels of 250; their territory covered what is now culture, learning and innovations of tre- Mexico’s “Mother Culture” southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and mendous magnitude . Anthropologists consider the Olmec parts of Honduras and El Salvador . The

46 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN report on mexico|Di spatches

Maya developed astronomy, hieroglyphic The Aztec empire was shaped by the res . Each Aztec city had a pyramid topped writing and systems of calendars, includ- reign of Montezuma I, who waged war with a temple where priests honoured ing the Long Count (52-year) calendar . for two decades to conquer the Valley of Huitzilopochtli, the god of sun and war . They are also noted for elaborate architec- Mexico and beyond to the rich fields of ture that included pyramids, palaces and the Gulf coast . The Maya and Toltecs in- The Spanish Conquest observatories . Farming required clearing fluenced the Aztec calendar, mathematics, Hernán Cortés reached Cozumel in 1519, large sections of rainforest and construct- writing, art and architecture . The Aztecs’ lured by the vast wealth reported by ing underground reservoirs for rainwater . most significant innovation was their Hernández de Córdoba, who reached the The Maya cleared routes through jungles irrigated agriculture, which supported Yucatan in 1517 . Spain’s conquest of Mex- and the swamps of the coastal wetlands Tenochtitlan’s population . ico marks the rise of the modern nation to establish extensive trade networks for Religion was significant in Aztec soci- of combined indigenous and European agricultural products, including cacao, ety, which placed priests among the top cultures . cotton, salt and honey and handicrafts . In social classes . They saw the sun as the pri- Montezuma II ruled the Aztec em- the interior Yucatan, where the landscape mary source of life and worshipped ani- pire when Cortés arrived in his ships changes to arid scrub, they found hen- mistic spirits symbolizing natural forces . with a few hundred soldiers and their equen, a native agave plant they used to The rhythms of life and death encouraged horses, war dogs, armour, gunpowder make ropes, nets, fabric, hammocks and Aztec acceptance of the Toltec belief that and firearms, all of which were unknown other items of everyday use and trade . the gods required human sacrifice, a prac- and therefore intimidating . Uncertain, Mayan civilization mysteriously de- tice much exaggerated by the conquistado- Montezuma hesitated to face the enemy clined around 900 when the southern Maya abandoned their cities . By 1200, the northern Maya had been assimilated into Toltec society, which derived from the Chichimecs . The Mayan dynasty ended, although some peripheral centres contin- ued until the Spanish Conquest .

The Aztecs “They came in battle array, as conquerors, and the dust rose in whirlwinds on the roads, their spears glinted in the sun, and their pennons fluttered like bats. They made a loud clamor as they marched, for their coats of mail and their weapons clashed and rattled … they ter- rified everyone who saw them.” This Aztec account, which was translated by Miguel León-Portilla and appears in A Brief His- tory of Mexico by Lynn V . Foster, clearly describes the strength and intensity of the Aztecs . However their history before the 14th Century is unclear . They prob- ably migrated from the north into central Mexico before 1200 and were, for a time, dominated by other peoples, including the Toltecs . Their migration fulfilled a tribal prophecy when they established a city where an eagle with a snake in its beak rested on a cactus . This became Mexico’s national symbol and today adorns the flag and official seal . Tenochtitlan, which was built about 1325 at what is now Mexico City, was the centre of an empire that controlled most of the central region through a system that extracted tributes — taxes — and po- litical allegiance from conquered groups . Built on an island accessed by causeways, the city featured avenues, temples and osemania religious monuments symbolizing Aztec R power . Larger than any European city, An Aztec statue of Coatlicue, the earth goddess. It resides at the Museo Nacional de Antro- it was a wondrous sight to the Spanish pología in Mexico City. when they arrived to destroy it .

diplomat and international canada 47 Di spatches|report on mexico

and sent shamans and magicians to cast spells . When they failed, and receiving news that Cortés wanted to meet the great ruler, Montezuma stalled by sending gifts of gold and jewels, whetting the Spanish appetite further . Cortés and his army jour- neyed to Tenochtitlan . They were driven out on the Noche Triste (sad night), June 30, 1520, when the Aztecs overwhelmed the Spanish as Cortés led their retreat . Among the casualties was Montezuma . Cortés rebuilt his army and returned, taking the city on Aug . 13 . Between 1519 and 1521, aided by large armies made up of the Aztecs’ enemies, Cortés and his conquistadores conquered the Aztecs . Over the next 10 years, they subjugated most of the other indigenous people and erected the capital of New Spain on the ruins of Tenochtitlan . Cortés’ activity was largely illegal; he was authorized to trade, not colonize, but he assumed that Spain’s king, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, would not ob- ject to a wealthy conquered kingdom . He assumed correctly and ultimately became A painting by Emanuel Leutze depicting the storming of the Teocalli pyramid by Cortés and one of the richest men in Spain . Mexico his troops. remained a Spanish colony until 1821; the Spanish empire profoundly marked every aspect of Mexican society .

Mexican independence On Sept . 16, 1810, the priest Miguel Hidalgo called for independence, exhort- ing Mexicans to rise up against the hated Spanish, and led a poorly organized rebel- lion on what is now marked as Mexican Independence Day . Hidalgo was hanged and another priest, José Morelos, took up the cause with a more methodical move- ment . He advocated equal rights and the end of the caste system, laying the founda- tion for a unified Mexican nation . Spain executed him in 1815 . The Spanish defeated the revolution- aries and independence was eventually won by conservative landowners . Mexico suffered a series of nearly catastrophic political and military defeats . Between 1836 and 1854, the United States acquired nearly half of Mexico’s territory through the annexation of Texas and the Mexican- American War . Achieving independence left Mexico without a political centre and with a damaged economy and social sys- tem that would hold it back for decades .

Benito Juárez In 1857, a civil war pitted liberals, un- Hernán Fernando Cortés der reformist Benito Juárez in Veracruz, against conservatives led by Félix Zuloaga in Mexico City . In 1861, Juárez’ forces cap-

48 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN report on mexico|Di spatches

tured Mexico City, but the conflict coin- cided with growing foreign debt . Mexico was insolvent and Juárez had to suspend payments on its debts . Spain, France and Great Britain oc- cupied Veracruz to recover money owed to them . Napoleon III, wanting to revive France’s global ambitions, set out to capture Mexico City; Spain and Britain withdrew when his plans became clear . Mexican armies won a major battle against the French on May 5, 1862, despite being severely outgunned; that victory is cele- brated as Cinco de Mayo . France overthrew the Mexican government and installed Maximilian, Archduke of Austria, as em- peror of Mexico in 1864 . The American government disap- proved, but because of its own Civil War, was unable to enforce the Monroe Doc- trine prohibiting European involvement in the Americas . Additionally, president Abraham Lincoln was wary of antagoniz- ing Napoleon, fearing he would support the Confederacy . The American Civil War ended in 1865 as Juárez began to make headway against Maximilian . By then, the Mexican intervention had become Women making cigarettes in the El Buen Tono factory in Mexico City. unpopular in France and a burden on the French treasury . Napoleon withdrew and Maximilian was unable to retain power . His execution on June 19, 1867, marked the end of Europe’s direct intervention in Mexico . Porfirio Díaz, who had fought for the liberal side, became president in 1876 and ruled as an absolute dictator until 1911 . He encouraged foreign investment, increased the GDP and implemented a program of industrial modernization . He also ap- propriated public money and gave land to friends and speculators until property had been expropriated from virtually all rural families . The economy boomed, but the lower classes laboured in abject condi- tions . Offering Exclusive - The Mexican Revolution Rates For Diplomats In 1910, Díaz announced a fair and free election, certain he would win . Reformist At Accu-Rate Corporation our For your personal Francisco Madero opposed him . When team of highly experienced currency consultation please call: it became apparent Madero would win, traders and foreign banking partners Marie Boivin Díaz imprisoned him on false charges of allow us to negotiate currency prices Managing Director insurrection . Madero escaped to Texas, de- lower than any other currency dealer 613-596-5505 ext. 101 clared himself victorious, and urged Mexi- or commercial institution. [email protected] cans to revolt . Central to the revolution’s demands was land for the peasantry . Armed revolutionary groups were led Accu-Rate Corporation World Exchange Plaza in the north by bandits-cum-revolutionar- Accu-Rate Corporation 2573 Carling Ave. 111 Albert St. ies Pancho Villa and Pascual Orozco and Foreign Exchange & International Payment Services in the south by Emiliano Zapata . Villa and www.accu-rate.ca (613) 596-5505 (613) 238-8454 Orozco’s armies attacked federal garri-

diplomat and international canada 49 Meet our friendly staff working with over 100 embassies: Welcome to Ottawa! Diplomacy at its best.

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50 Spring613-737-7827 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN Meet our friendly staff working with over 100 embassies: Welcome to Ottawa! Diplomacy at its best.

Yves Laberge John Malcolm Kass Moussa Adam Asiri Phil Brown Star Motors of Ottawa is proud to serve the diplomatic community. General Manager Sales Manager Used Financial Services Sales and Leasing The dealership was founded in 1957, making it Canada’s oldest Car Manager Consultant Import Dealer. The dealership also has the distinction of being the oldest independent Mercedes-Benz franchise retained under the same ownership in Canada. Our success is directly attributable to STAR DPS our devotion in providing complete customer satisfaction.

Gordon Smith Liang Liu Miles Broughton Paul Lavigne Zel Lazovic Sales and Leasing Sales and Leasing Sales and Leasing Sales and Leasing Sales and Leasing Consultant Consultant Consultant Consultant Consultant

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613-737-7827 diplomat and international canada 51 Di spatches|report on mexico

uprising spread across Mexico, including the capital, challenged national stability into the late 1990s and killed more than 300 people . In March 1994, PRI nominee Luis Don- aldo Colosio was assassinated . Ernesto Zedillo replaced him and in December, weeks into his first term, stunned Mexico and threw the economy into chaos by de- valuing the peso because his predecessor, Carlos Salinas de Gortari, had depleted Mexico’s foreign exchange holdings . Stocks fell; Mexico’s importance was evident in global efforts to support its cur- orquez j rency . In 1997, the long reign of the PRI ended cesar bo when it lost its majority in the lower house Sub-comandante Marcos, spokesman for the Zapatista Army of National Liberation, and Co- of the Mexican Congress . Political analysts mandante Tacho in Chiapas in 1999. declared it a sign that Mexico’s political system was moving toward an authentic sons, attracting recruits and building their stitution that remains the basis of today’s multiparty system and predicted the PRI arsenals . Villa believed in a reformed and Mexican constitution . It sought to destroy would lose the 2000 election . Vicente Fox, less corrupt Mexico; Orozco was an op- feudalism and to guarantee national of the National Action Party (Partido de portunist siding with the force he thought ownership of mineral rights, social rights Acción Nacional, or PAN), was elected on would win . Zapata and his followers, the and distribution of land to the peasantry . a platform of ending government corrup- Zapatistas, attacked haciendas and re- Carranza was assassinated in 1920 by sup- tion and strengthening the economy . He turned land to the peasants . Early in 1911, porters of Obregón, who replaced him . was president until 2006 and focused on Madero joined the three generals as they Obregón was re-elected in 1928, but improving trade with the United States neared the capital . By May, Díaz realized was assassinated, the last of the Big Four . and addressing corruption, crime and the he was beaten and went into exile . Gen . Plutarco Calles filled the office of in- drug trade . Madero’s presidency was short-lived; terim president with three successive pup- Mr . Fox was succeeded by PAN’s Felipe he was idealistic, but inept, and had no pet presidents and founded the National Calderón, who promised to be the “jobs real plan . He betrayed his supporters, who Revolutionary Party, which became the president ”. He worked to reform Mexico’s took up arms against him . By mid-1912, Mexican Revolutionary Party and then the judicial system, increase employment and only Villa supported him . His biggest Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido fight crime and drug cartels . The country opponent was Gen . Victoriano Huerta, Revolucionario Institucional, or PRI), which remained in a recession with high unem- a ruthless leftover of the Díaz regime dominated Mexican politics for seven ployment and escalating cartel violence . with presidential ambitions . He attacked decades . Enrique Peña Nieto brought the PRI Madero during a standoff with Díaz loyal- Because Obregón served a full term as back to power in 2012, assuming the presi- ists, executed him and declared himself president, many historians fix the end of dency on Dec . 1 . He was soon beset by president . the Mexican Revolution in 1920, but the protests, criticism and accusations that the Huerta was opposed by Venustiano country suffered terrible violence until party’s repression would return . Carranza and Alvaro Obregón, who were Lázaro Cárdenas took office in 1934 . Life in Mexico today is unbalanced . united with Zapata and Villa . The only Standards of living are higher in the north thing the “Big Four” agreed on was driv- Post-revolutionary reforms and the contem- than the rural south . Although Mexico’s ing out Huerta . Before long, they were porary state economy is the world’s 14th largest, 40 fighting each other . Huerta had Orozco’s Cardenas expelled Calles, advanced land percent of the population lives in pov- support, but it was insufficient . After Villa redistribution, built schools, supported erty . The rates of infant mortality and of crushed them at the Battle of Zacatecas, labour unions and nationalized the oil in- nutritional and infectious diseases are Huerta and Orozco fled to the United dustry . Four decades of industrial growth high . The proportion of the GDP spent on States . The following years were chaotic . followed, but in 1982, despite Mexico’s oil health services has increased, but it is still Zapata was killed, but his ideal of agrar- wealth, the economy collapsed under a lower than in 1960 . The country opened ian reform became the foundation of the mountain of debt . its economy when it joined the General revolution . Carranza overthrew Huerta On Jan . 1, 1994, the North American Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1985 and sent Obregón to defeat Villa, who Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) went into and since, NAFTA has established agree- retreated to Chihuahua and raided bor- effect . In Canada and the United States, ments with other markets including the der towns in New Mexico, killing several critics and supporters predicted the pact’s European Union and Japan . However, Americans . Gen . John Pershing was sent success or failure . In Mexico, the agree- Mexico still has many internal problems unsuccessfully to capture him . Villa was ment was upstaged by an uprising in to address . assassinated in 1924 . Chiapas by the Zapatista National Army Carranza became president in 1917 . His (EZLN) protesting the government’s treat- Laura Neilson Bonikowsky is a writer major accomplishment was drafting a con- ment of its indigenous population . The from .

52 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN report on mexico|Di spatches Mexico’s drug problem By Scott Stewart reamstime D

A quiet protest for peace: This man’s message is that “In Juarez even dogs live in fear.”

exico’s new president, Enrique half by the end of his six-year term, to in- tigation into the attack has been front-page Peña Nieto, takes office at a crease the number of federal police officers news in Mexico . Mvery interesting point in Mexi- and to create a new gendarmerie to use in Of course, there are also commentators can history . Mexico is experiencing an place of military troops to combat heavily who note that Mr . Peña Nieto’s election economic upturn that may become even armed criminals in Mexico’s most violent is a return to power for the Institutional more pronounced if Mr . Peña Nieto’s locations . Revolutionary Party, which held power in Institutional Revolutionary Party admin- According to Mexico’s El Universal Mexico for 70 years prior to the election of istration is able to work with its rivals in newspaper, Mr . Peña Nieto is also propos- Vicente Fox of the National Action Party the National Action Party to enact needed ing to eliminate the Secretariat of Public in 2000, and Felipe Calderón in 2006 . This reforms to Mexico’s labour, financial and Security and consolidate its functions, narrative claims that Mr . Peña Nieto will energy laws . including the federal police, under the quickly return to the Institutional Revolu- Another arrestor to further expanding Secretariat of the Interior . This move is tionary Party policy of negotiating with, Mexico’s economy has been the cartel intended to increase co-ordination of fed- and accommodating, the cartel organiza- violence in Mexico and the dampening eral efforts against the cartels and to fight tions, which will solve Mexico’s violence effect it has had on outside investment corruption . The federal police are under problem . and tourism . Mr . Peña Nieto realizes that heavy scrutiny for the involvement of 19 Unfortunately for Mexico, neither law Mexico’s economy would be doing even officers in the Aug . 24 attack against a U S. . enforcement reforms nor a deal with the better were it not for the chilling effect diplomatic vehicle in Tres Marias, Morelos cartels will quickly end the violence . The of the violence . During his campaign, he state . This incident has long faded from at- nature of the Mexican drug cartels and the pledged to cut Mexico’s murder rate in tention in the United States, but the inves- dynamic between them has changed con-

diplomat and international canada 53 Di spatches|report on mexico

siderably since Mr . Peña Nieto’s party lost the presidency, and the same constraints that have faced his two most recent pre- decessors, Mr . Fox and Mr . Calderón, will also dictate his policy options as he at- tempts to reduce cartel violence . As Stratfor chairman George Friedman noted about the U S. . presidential election, candidates frequently aspire to institute particular policies when elected, but once in office, presidents often find that their policy choices are heavily constrained by outside forces . This same concept holds true for the president of Mexico . Mr . Fox and Mr . Calderón each came into office with plans to reform Mexico’s law enforcement agencies, and yet each of those attempts has failed . Indeed, recent Mexican history is replete with police agencies dissolved or rolled into another agency due to charges of corruption . The Federal Investigative Agency, established in 2001 by the Fox administration, is a prime example of a “new” Mexican law enforcement agency that was established to fight — and subsequently dissolved because of — corruption . Mr . Peña Nieto’s plans for law enforcement reform will be heavily constrained by this history — and

reamstime by Mexican culture . Institutions tend to D reflect the culture that surrounds them, The Mexican military has a presence, even at cruise ship ports. and it is very difficult to establish an insti- tution that is resistant to corruption if the culture surrounding the institution is not supportive of such efforts . Another important constraint on the Peña Nieto administration is that the flow of narcotics from South America to the United States has changed over the past two decades . Due to enforcement ef- forts by the U S. . government, the routes through the Caribbean have been largely curtailed, shifting the flow increasingly toward Mexico . At the same time, the Co- lombian and U S. . authorities have made considerable headway in their campaign to dismantle the largest of the Colombian cartels . This has resulted in the Mexican cartels becoming increasingly powerful . In fact, Mexican cartels have expanded their power over the global cocaine trade and now control a good deal of cocaine traf- ficking to Europe and Australia . While the Mexican cartels have always been involved in the smuggling of mari- juana to the United States, in recent years they have also increased their involve- ment in the manufacturing of metham- reamstime phetamine and black-tar heroin for U S. . D sale while increasing their involvement in The cocaine market has declined slightly but the use of prescription drugs such as oxycodone the trafficking of prescription medications is up, creating a lucrative profit pool for the Mexican cartels. such as oxycodone . While the cocaine

54 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN report on mexico|Di spatches

market in the United States has declined the decapitation strategy and order the Finally, most of the cartels have slightly in recent years, use of these other Mexican military and federal police to branched out into other criminal endeav- drugs has increased, creating a lucrative stand down in their operations against the ours, such as kidnapping, extortion, alien profit pool for the Mexican cartels . Un- cartels, the war between the cartels would smuggling and cargo theft, in addition like cocaine, which the Mexicans have to continue to rage in cities such as Monter- to narcotics smuggling . Los Zetas, for ex- buy from South American producers, the rey, Nuevo Laredo, Guadalajara and Aca- ample, makes a considerable amount of Mexican cartels can exact greater profit pulco . Because of this, Mr . Peña Nieto will money stealing oil from Mexico’s state-run margins from the narcotics they produce have little choice but to continue the use of oil company and pirating CDs and DVDs . themselves . Project1_Layout 1 12-12-10 8:42 AMthe Page military 1 against the cartels for the fore- This change has been reflected in law en- This change in drug routes and the type seeable future . The proposed gendarmerie forcement acronyms . They are no longer of drugs moved means the smuggling will be able to shoulder some of that bur- referred to as DTOs — drug trafficking routes through Mexico have become more den once it is created, but it will take years organizations — but rather TCOs — trans- lucrative then ever, and the increased before enough paramilitary police officers national criminal organizations . value of these corridors has intensified are recruited and trained to replace the ap- With the changes in Mexico since the the competition to control them . This proximately 30,000 Mexican soldiers and 1990s in terms of smuggling patterns, inter-cartel competition has translated into marines currently dedicated to keeping the types of drugs smuggled and the significant violence, not only in cities that the peace in Mexico’s most violent areas . organizations smuggling them, it will be directly border on the United States, like One other way the cartels have changed extremely difficult for the incoming ad- Juarez or Nuevo Laredo, but also in port is that many are now allied with local ministration to ignore their activities and cities such as Veracruz and Acapulco and street gangs and pay their gang allies adopt a hands-off approach . This means regional transportation hubs such as Gua- with product — meaning street-level sales that Mr . Peña Nieto will not have the lati- dalajara and Monterrey . and drug abuse are increasing in Mexico . tude to deviate very far from the policies The nature of the Mexican cartels them- Narcotics are no longer commodities that of the Calderón administration . selves has also changed . Gone are the merely pass through Mexico on their way days when a powerful individual such as to plague the Americans . This increase Scott Stewart is vice-president of analy- Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo could preside in local distribution has brought with it a sis for Stratfor Global Intelligence . This over a single powerful organization such second tier of violence as street gangs fight article is republished with permission of as the Guadalajara cartel that could con- over retail distribution turf in Mexican Stratfor . www stratfor. com/weekly/con. - trol most of the drug trafficking through cities . straints-facing-next-mexican-president Mexico and resolve disputes between subordinate trafficking organizations . The post-Guadalajara cartel climate in Mexico has been one of vicious competition be- tween competing cartels — competition that has become increasingly militarized as cartel groups recruited first, former police officers and then former special operations soldiers into their enforcer units . Today’s Mexican cartels commonly engage in armed confrontations with rival cartels and the government, using military ord- nance such as automatic weapons, hand grenades and rocket-propelled grenades . It is also important to realize that gov- ernment operations are not the main cause of violence in Mexico today . Rather, the primary cause of the death and mayhem in Mexico is cartel-on-cartel violence . The Calderón administration has been criticized for its policy of decapitating the cartel groups, which has in recent years resulted in the fragmenting of some cartels such as the Beltran Leyva Organization, La Familia Michoacana and the Gulf car- tel — and thus an increase in intra-cartel violence . But such violence began in the 1990s, long before the decapitation strat- egy was implemented . Because the struggle for control of lu- crative smuggling routes is the primary driver for the violence, even if the Peña Nieto administration were to abandon

diplomat and international canada 55 Di spatches|Most wanted The world’s most wanted Wolfgang Depner lists the fugitives authorities would most like to apprehend and take to court.

his list of the world’s most wanted fugitives speaks of men who have Temployed their talents in the pur- suit of criminal ends . There is the risk of upsetting some by giving a platform to Wanted people who seemingly deserve none, but such a response would deny the benefit of insights into the intricacy of human nature and the complexity of societies . The familiar tones of vanity, lust, greed, corruption, violence and religious fervour paint these portraits . The list itself draws on a wide range of sources, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Interpol and the me- dia, including the Forbes’ list of the world’s most wanted fugitives . It has also drawn on national most-wanted lists, the mod- ern-day equivalents of the Wild West’s Wanted or Wanted Dead or Alive signs . Regionally and thematically diverse, the list acknowledges that these individu- als garner disgust or fear or adulation . But whatever we might think of these men, their ambitions and their actions, to be so successful, they are dangerously effective Ayman al-Zawahiri in organizing and inspiring others, as foul and fleeting as their respective causes . Their presence on this list says as much . $25,000,000 reward 1. Ayman al-Zawahiri (born June 19, 1951) If bin Laden was the ideological leader of al-Qaeda, Ayman al-Zawahiri is its tactical leader. He remains at large. Be it catharsis, catastrophic despair or something in between, the death of Osama millions, an icon to be smashed or hon- during the first few months of the Arab bin Laden at the hands of U S. . special oured . Spring . That said, Zawahiri is the guard- forces triggered a wide range of reactions Zawahiri, however, underwhelms . ian of al-Qaeda’s institutional memory . A around the world two years ago . Devoid of bin Laden’s charisma and field trained surgeon of great intellect and di- Indeed, the recent release of Kathryn experiences, he possesses a prickly per- verse interests, Zawahiri has already taken Bigelow’s controversial Zero Dark Thirty sonality that has antagonized subordinate steps to make al-Qaeda relevant again . He has forced us to relive the entire emotional leaders . Al-Qaeda’s muddled messag- has condemned the military intervention experience of the bin Laden era, from the ing during the Arab Spring also speaks of France in Mali and, more important, collapse of the Twin Towers, arguably to the drift that has besieged the group . sent money and troops into Syria, where the apex of al-Qaeda’s influence, to the Yes, bin Laden was still in charge when the al-Qaeda-sponsored Nusra Front apparent triumph of American arms . The youthful protesters toppled Egypt’s Hosni has arguably become the most effective eventual death of bin Laden’s successor, Mubarek, one of Zawahiri‘s long-held group in the fight against Syrian President Ayman al-Zawahiri — be it by remote- ambitions dating back to his days with Bashar al-Assad . controlled drone or in some other manner Egyptian Islamic Jihad . But if bin Laden The organizational mastermind behind — will likely trigger a much more muted was the ideological leader of al-Qaeda, 9/11 might not be able to pull off a similar reaction around the world . Bin Laden was Zawahiri was its tactical leader . attack any time soon, but his far-flung not just the leader of al-Qaeda . He was In this sense, he deserves a good deal contacts, organizational skills and deep- a vessel for the revulsion or reverence of of the blame for the absence of al-Qaeda seated hatred of the West more than justify

56 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN Most wanted|Di spatches

the $25-million reward the United States passes without reports of Guzmán being moments when they materialize . One has placed on his head . seen in public . According to one account, occurred when he was just 20 years old . he is hiding in the Mexican highlands . With Indian police cracking down on the Guzmán (who recently fathered twins established crime syndicates of Mumbai, with a former model) has also developed Ibrahim filled the sudden vacuum by a reputation for effective relief work and establishing his syndicate, which now many Mexicans, including members of reaches across the Indian sub continent the elite, revere him . Does he really share into the Middle East and the United his bed with a golden AK-47 as some say? States . Ibrahim controls his far-flung oper- Only his lady friends know for sure . ations with an iron fist, but also possesses a flamboyant touch, favouring designer suits and aviator shades .

2. Joaquín Guzmán (born Dec. 25, 1954) More myth than man, Joaquín Guzmán is the Phantom of the Opiates, arguably the most notorious figure in Mexico’s drug war, which has claimed 50,000 lives in the last five years (as of 2012) . Short of stature, schooling and scruples, 3. Dawood Ibrahim Guzmán has survived more than three (born Dec. 27, 1955) decades in the murderous underworld 4.Nasser al-Wuhayshi of the Mexican drug trade to become its Long is the list of grievances that sour (born Oct. 1, 1976) undisputed ruler as head of the Sinaloa relations between India and Pakistan and Cartel, historically the most important of Dawood Ibrahim being at large is near Timing is everything . U S. . President the four major Mexican cartels . Its tenta- its very top . His syndicate, known as D- Barack Obama had taken his inaugural cles have strangled every part of Mexican Company, stands accused of destabilizing oath of office just days earlier when al- society and are now reaching far beyond the Indian government through acts of Qaeda released a video on Jan . 23, 2009, its shores . So Guzmán is no less a player terrorism (including the 2008 Mumbai at- ,that showed four men . Two of them were in the world than its most important poli- tacks) and New Delhi suspects that Islam- former inmates of Guantanamo Bay, the ticians and CEOs, a fact that has earned abad has offered Ibrahim a safe sanctuary, controversial detention facility Obama him multiple appearances on Forbes’ Most a charge Pakistan has denied . was promising to close . The other two Powerful People list, despite protests from Recent events, however, have, shall we were Qassim al-Raymi and Nasser al- the Mexican government . say, diminished the credibility of such de- Wuhayshi, the men’s leaders . The video Notwithstanding this critique, Guzmán nials . Indeed, U S. . officials claim Ibrahim — the very appearance of which reminded deserves to be called a visionary, however had a working relationship with Osama the world that al-Qaeda was still a force dark, for his ability to anticipate new bin Laden during the 1990s when D-Com- — had a rather corporate message . Al- revenue streams and overcome obstacles . pany supposedly shared smuggling routes Qaeda would merge its Saudi and Yemeni His cartel long ago broadened its palette with al-Qaeda . This symbiosis, if not kin- branches into a single unit: al-Qaeda in the of products and diversified its activities ship, has earned Ibrahim the requisite at- Arabian Peninsula . — many of which are perfectly legal . This tention from Washington, which considers Four years later, the group around Wu- acumen has earned a personal fortune of him one of the world’s foremost terrorists . hayshi is still a long way from its goal of an estimated $1 billion . He certainly ranks among the wealthi- turning Saudi Arabia and its into a single Adaptability has also characterized est criminals . D-Company (like so many theocratic state . Yet there is little doubt Guzmán’s personal biography . During other organizations of this sort) has diver- that Wuhayshi has emerged as a lead- the 1990s, he stayed as a “guest” of the sified its activities and assets . They range ing light within al-Qaeda following the Mexican government at a maximum se- from the shadowy worlds of drugs, prosti- elimination of Osama bin Laden, whom curity prison, where his status earned him tution and gambling through real estate to he served as personal secretary . Still, Wu- special favours: fine meals, drugs, prosti- the garish glitz of Bollywood . hayshi appears to be an unlikely leader- tutes and so on . Tiring of such treatment, Details about Ibrahim (as with all of ship figure . In sharp contrast to his former he escaped by hiding in a cart of dirty these men) are sparse . The son of a cor- employer and fallen idol, Wuhayshi laundry . Or so the legend goes . Other rupt Indian constable, Ibrahim grew up in stands less than five feet tall with ordinary parts of his personal life and his current poverty with nine siblings . Few expected features . His video taped appearances lack hiding place are equally mysterious, if he would amount to anything . Yet Ibra- a minimum level of animation, bordering not subject to speculation . Rarely a week him has always shown an ability to seize on the catatonic . Yet his followers vener-

diplomat and international canada 57 Di spatches|Most wanted

ate him, partly because of his knowledge to the extreme as head of the Cosa Nos- marks an end to the pursuit of Ngirabat- of Koranic verses, partly because of his tra, the best-known branch of the Italian ware’s father-in-law, Félicien Kabuga, cunning and courage in the face of dan- mafia . The scion of a powerful Italian boss Rwanda’s most-wanted man . If Ngirabat- gerous circumstances, such as the 2001 who joined the family business at an early ware had a hand in the genocide by equip- Battle of Tora Bora . While other Mujahi- age, Denaro supposedly killed his first ping Hutu militias with the machetes they deen ran, Wuhayshi remained at the side victim at the age of 18 . Italian officials now eventually wielded against Tutsis, Kabuga of bin Laden, earning his trust . Perhaps hold him responsible for at least 20 deaths . supposedly paid for the same with his for- Wuhayshi’s most persuasive trait is his One contested account even accuses him tune, made in part through cash crops . On ability to manipulate public opinion — or of having strangled his pregnant girlfriend the run since 1994, Kabuga has reportedly at least the opinions of those who matter with his bare hands . sought sanctuary in several European and in Yemen, a complex eco system of tribal This level of brutality is, of course, African countries, including Kenya, whose loyalties, religious tensions and foreign only one of the reasons Denaro ranks government stands accused of sheltering interference . among the most-sought criminals in the him and his business interests . Al-Qaeda on the Arabian Peninsula world . As head of the most notorious No less than then-U S. . senator Barack frequently releases audio-visual material crime oligarchy, Denaro’s bloody hands Obama levelled this charge, when he of good quality and publishes an online reach far beyond the shores of Sicily . This claimed the Kenyan government was “al- magazine whose slickness belies the rug- influence has also required a premium of lowing him to purchase safe haven for a gedness of Yemen, the poorest country personal security and safety . Denaro has time and robbing all humanity of the op- in the Arab world whose deeply conser- been on the run since 1993, so images of portunity to bring the criminal to justice” vative Muslim population of 23 million him are rare . One shows a youthful punk while visiting the birthplace of his father possesses neither means nor inclination to with small lips and sharp features hiding in 2006 . Kenya, naturally, has denied this surf the Internet . It does speak, though, to behind dark glasses, another depicts a explosive charge . Kabuga is among nine the ambition of Wuhayshi . His audience middle-aged man with a drooping, even at-large accused still wanted by the ICTR lives beyond Yemen, among the dispos- defeated demeanour . Perhaps the most and its chief prosecutor, Justice Hassan sessed and disaffected of the Muslim unusual image of Denaro is also the most B . Jallow, has vowed the tribunal will world, a vast reservoir of discontentment . indelible — a Warholian pop-art mural continue its work, even after its formal While most of them reject Wuhayshi’s ap- that propels Denaro into a perverse, myth- end . “(The) search for these fugitives will proach, he may be just powerful enough ical world in which vicious villains are continue and will not cease until they are to inspire the radical few in reviving the cherished folk heroes . Denaro is indeed found and until they are brought to ac- premier franchise of global terror . Diabolik incarnate . count,” Jallow told Reuters . Good . Kabu- ga’s personal freedom mocks his victims with privileged impunity .

5. Matteo Messina 6. Félicien Kabuga Denaro (born April 26, (born 1935) 7. Semion Mogilevich 1962) It appeared as if the full force of the law (born June 30, 1946) had run its course on Dec . 20, 2012, when Most of the men on this list possess a the International Criminal Tribunal for With his bald head, thick neck and bulg- moniker, a nickname if you will, that says Rwanda (ICTR) sentenced Augustin Ngi- ing girth, Simon Mogilevich practically something about their past or personality . rabatware to 35 years in prison for his caricatures the post-communist Russian Denaro has not one, but two — Rolex and role in the Rwandan genocide . A former mobster . But his beefy appearance belies Diabolik . While the first acknowledges government minister, Ngirabatware was the nimbleness of his mind . The man Denaro’s taste for expensive time-keeping found guilty of genocide, direct and public many have called the most dangerous accessories, the second is more revealing . incitement to commit genocide and rape gangster in Russia was born in Ukraine, It references an Italian comic character, as a crime against humanity . With this rul- where he completed a degree in econom- a violent anti-hero whose viciousness only ing, the ICTR completed its last trial case ics, a feat that earned him his nickname: exceeds his ability to disguise himself . since its inception in 1994 . Brainy Don . Denaro has displayed both of these traits But this procedural milestone hardly A self-confessed, instinctual capital-

58 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN Most wanted|Di spatches

ist, Mogilevich’s criminal career reached China will be able to combat corruption in an early climax in the 1970s when he any meaningful manner, as long as its offi- was jailed twice for currency manipula- cials continue to coddle figures such as tions . While minor, these offences helped Chang An-lo, one of the most powerful Mogilevich develop a large network of Asian crime lords . Chang currently counts contacts, which he leverages to this very himself as a fugitive from Taiwanese law day in running his far-flung criminal for his former leadership role in the Bam- enterprise . Spanning Russia, Ukraine, boo Union Gang, the largest of Central Europe, the United Kingdom, the United States and Israel, its activities in- clude prostitution, money laundering and drugs . Mogilevich’s reach also extends into the world of politics, where reports have linked him to the illegal trading of oil, arms and nuclear material . 9. Isnilon Totoni Hapilon Mogilevich’s criminal reputation (born March 18, 1966) among North Americans rests on his role in a fraudulent stock scheme that robbed “Is Southeast Asia the Second Front?” American and Canadian investors of some Foreign Affairs asked this question in the $150 million in the mid-1990s . Russian summer of 2002 after Washington had officials actually arrested Mogilevich on sent 600 troops into the southern Philip- unrelated tax evasion charges in 2008, but pines on the false premise that this highly released him in 2009 because the charges unstable and inaccessible region centred were “not of a particularly grave nature But it is not very likely that on the Island of Mindanao could attract al- so investigators had no particular reason Communist China will be Qaeda and its allies . Notwithstanding this to keep (him) imprisoned,” according to able to combat corruption questionable deployment, developments a Russian government official . American elsewhere eventually relegated the Philip- in any meaningful man- efforts to extradite Mogilevich have so far pines to a secondary theatre in the “War fallen short, because the Russian constitu- ner, as long as its officials on Terror” — if it ever truly was one . tion prevents Moscow from extraditing continue to coddle figures Groups such as the leading Moro citizens . such as Chang An-lo, one Islamic Liberation Front (MNLF) were Mogilevich, for his part, continues to largely fighting for independence from live unbothered in Russia . His sheltered of the most powerful Asian Manila, not for a global caliphate centered existence deftly demonstrates the corrupt crime lords. on Mecca . This, however, should not symbiosis between politics and crime that blind us to the fact that this conflict has eats away at Russian society . If Russia claimed 150,000 lives over four decades . were truly committed to the rule of law, if the three Taiwanese triads, a mafia-like or- Exhausted, both sides recently signed a it were truly interested in improved rela- ganization that claims 15,000 members . framework agreement that grants Mind- tions with the western world generally His alleged place of exile? Shenzhen in anao a good measure of political auton- and the United States specifically, it would Guangdong province, just north of Hong omy . This said, not all Islamist insurgents move heaven and earth to find some tech- Kong, where he has been seen sharing are prepared to put down their arms . nicality to apprehend Mogilevich . Alas, sumptuous meals with senior Communist One such group is Abu Sayyaf, under he remains a free man, living comfortably officials, while supervising operations out- the leadership of Isnilon Totoni Hapilon . in the shadow of a corrupt regime, which side and inside the region . While this ac- A trained engineer, Hapilon is one of Abu sees the line between the legal and the il- tivity has not gone unnoticed, “Big Sayyah’s founders . The group, which refer- legal as a fluid suggestion . Brother Chang” remains a popular figure ences an Islamist scholar who fought the with the political leadership in Beijing be- Soviets in Afghanistan, first made major cause of his politics . international headlines in 2000 when it ab- 8. Chang An-lo Born in Nanjing, Chang favours Tai- ducted and held several foreigners for ran- (born 1948) wan’s reunification with China . He is even som, its primary source of revenue . (The willing to lend a hand . In his spare time, group has also apparently received fund- Former Communist Chinese president he has apparently designed a logo that ing from al-Qaeda ). Far more radical than Hu Jintao could not have chosen clearer combines the respective flags of the two ri- the relatively tolerant MNLF from which words for his farewell address last No- vals . “One country, two systems is a great it split, Abu Sayyaf staged several deadly vember . Speaking at the opening of the idea,” Chang told the Washington Post. attacks on civilian targets throughout 18th Communist Party Congress, he “It is the way forward for Taiwan ”. This the region during the 2000s . This activity warned his comrades about the cancer of long-term perspective however assumes eventually encouraged the aforementioned corruption . “If we fail to handle this issue that the Communist system will survive deployment of American troops in the well, it could prove fatal to the party, and in its current form and people such as the region . The group — which claims up to even cause the collapse of the party and White Wolf (as Chang is known) are doing 400 members — remains active, but has the fall of the state,” Hu said . Indeed . plenty to undermine it through the very suffered setbacks . Hapilon, for his part, has But it is not very likely that Communist sort of corruption Hu Jintao has lamented . apparently suffered a stroke .

diplomat and international canada 59 Di spatches|Most wanted

the 9/11 attacks . of Manitoba . Said to be a well-liked mem- Samuel Huntington’s theory about ber of the community with no criminal re- clashing civilizations had an epic scope . cord, Imam eventually left Canada in 2007 The journey of Gadahn, now the first for Pakistan, where he trained would-be THIS IS EXTRAORDINARY. American wanted for treason since the terrorists at a camp linked aftermath of the Second World War, sug- to al-Qaeda . According gests the scale of this conflict is far more to the RCMP, he was last personal and private . seen in the town of Mi- THIS IS RLX. ran Shah, Pakistan . He Canadian fugitives is not out, however, out of the public spotlight . Omid Tahvili Imam stands accused of training Adis Born in Tehran, Tahvili’s Medunjanin, a would-be suicide bomber criminal career began who was born in Bosnia and grew up 10. Adam Yahiye Gadahn early in life and reached in Queen’s, New York . He was recently (born Sept 1, 1978) a climax in 2008 when sentenced to life for his role in the plot to he cracked Forbes’ list of stage suicide attacks in 2009 in the sub- The personal story of “Azzam the Ameri- the Top 10 Most Wanted ways of New York . can” mirrors, in many ways, some of the Criminals for his illegal broader themes of our millennial era . They activities, which have Salman An-noor Hossain include the search for some form of cer- ranged from mail fraud, wire fraud and A former student at the tainty in an age of cultural diversity that telemarketing fraud to drugs . Tahvili in is bound to cause confusion; the asym- — who apparently arrived in Canada Mississauga, Hossain fled metrical struggle of the Muslim world (or in 1994 — is also known as the “Tony the country after Ontario corners thereof) against the perceived ills Soprano of ” for his leadership Provincial Police charged of western modernity as symbolized by in the Iranian-Canadian mafia . On Nov . him with two counts of the United States; and the powerful influ- 15, 2007, Tahvili escaped from a British advocating genocide and ence of the media . Columbia prison, where he had been in three counts of promoting Born in Oregon as Adam Pearlman, custody since July 2005 on an unrelated hatred in 2010 . Police believe he is hid- Gadahn received a Christian home-school kidnapping and assault charge . Dressed ing in Uganda or his native Bangladesh . education on an isolated goat farm in Cali- as a janitor, he received help from prison The charges against him relate to a web- fornia, from parents with religious roots in guard Edwin Ticne, who was offered a site that called for the mass execution of Christianity and Judaism, including Zion- $50,000 bribe . The guard subsequently Canadian Jews . The site accused Israel’s ism . Outside his studies, Gadahn played received a prison sentence of three years Mossad of creating terrorist groups, such baseball and death metal music, hardly and three months in 2008 . According to as the Toronto 18, in an attempt to dis- unusual passions for a teenager . Yet he B .C . Corrections, it was the first time in the credit Muslims . Hossain is also alleged to also complained about a spiritual empti- history of the organization that a guard have blogged that “he would cheer the ness, a condition that eventually lead him has been charged with helping an inmate death of Canadian soldiers in Afghani- into the charge of Islamic fundamentalists, escape . Tahvilin remains at large and may stan ”. first in the United States, then in Pakistan, have fled to Germany or his native Iran . where his sympathies soon swung toward Jean Judes Faucher the Jihadist cause . Maiwand Yar Known as “le Flo,” Fau- Gadahn produced videos for Osama A former student of me- cher appears on Interpol’s bin Laden — as a committed and compe- chanical engineering at list of fugitives for drug- tent comrade-in-arms whose familiarity the University of Man- related and international Ottawa 1475 Carling Ave. with American culture and mass media itoba, Maiwand Yar is crimes stemming from his 613.728.8888 Camco Acura CamcoAcura.com allowed al-Qaeda to cater its appeals currently wanted for par- long-time involvement towards American audiences, appropri- ticipating in the activity with the Chapter ate accent included . He has called on of a terrorist group and of the Hell’s Angels . Po- Gatineau 7 Casino Blvd. Muslims to carry out attacks in Detroit, conspiracy to participate lice are looking for Faucher under the aus- 819.777.1771 London and Paris . Incitement by Gadahn, in the activity of a terrorist group . 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Canada’s high commissioner to Britain, Gordon Campbell, re-creates the Beatles’ famous Abbey Road photo.

In 2011, after a decade in the position, collective mind. In June 2011, Mr. Campbell time in the United Kingdom, and cer- Gordon Campbell resigned as the Liberal was appointed Canada’s high commissioner tainly we anticipated there would be a premier of British Columbia. His departure in London. Diplomat books editor George referendum call from Mr . Cameron and followed a stunning loss of popularity Fetherling recently interviewed him there, the Conservative Party . How the Labour resulting from his government’s introduc- at his office in Grosvenor Square. Edited Party or the Liberal Democratic Party tion of the harmonized sales tax (HST). But excerpts of the conversation follow. would respond was another issue . I think he was ending on a high note as well — a he crafted a very good balance by say- very high one indeed. The Winter Olympics, George Fetherling: Prime Minister David ing that he wanted to be in the European held in Vancouver and Whistler in February Cameron’s announcement that his gov- Union, that there were certainly benefits, 2010, were innovative in their organization, ernment, assuming it wins the election in but that he wished the British people to and were executed with few of the major 2015, will hold a referendum on Britain’s have a say in what the role would be . problems, and none of the big scandals, role in the European Union was a star- There wasn’t too much that was unex- that so often plague Olympiads. They tling one in many quarters . What was the pected in his speech . I think the British brought Mr. Campbell praise and respect. extent of Canada’s foreknowledge of it? need to have a discussion of the chal- Even the British press, so skeptical, not to Gordon Campbell: [The idea had] been a lenges they face in the European Union say insulting, at the outset, changed its subject of ongoing discussion for some and the benefits they enjoy as part of the

62 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN canada house|Di spatches im ross j

High Commissioner Campbell says the British people need to have a “fulsome” discussion about the pros and cons of European Union mem- bership, which will be the subject of a referendum if Prime Minister David Cameron wins the 2015 election.

European Union . It’s important that it be that have already emerged and are hav- been stalled since 2008 . a fulsome discussion . None of these deci- ing an enormous impact on the global GC: I’m not sure the Doha talks are going sions is without consequences . Europe it- economy . You can’t suggest that India to pick up momentum, but the CETA be- self is evolving right now, going through doesn’t have a huge impact on the world tween [Canada the entire EU as a whole, a significant transition phase . I think he’s economy or that China doesn’t or that the with the U K. . as part of the package] is saying “We’re going to protect the City ASEAN countries don’t . It’s a big shift one of the most ambitious trade agree- and our other strengths ”. In a federated away from a Eurocentric — or Atlantic- ments that either side has done . It’s part union such as this, it’s important that no centric — world . of the new world, part of recognizing member thinks it’s giving up what’s most In British Columbia, I talked constantly how much a bigger flow of people, goods important to its own well-being in order about how the world had shifted to the and services can actually add to the to satisfy the group . Pacific . There’s a tendency for us to look at various economies . So, in Canada, we’re all the old-world structures and suddenly expecting significant additional economic GF: Taken as a whole, yet giving full say they’re in a state of flux . They were benefits, with thousands of new jobs and weight to the exceptions, the EU’s econ- always in a state of flux . Now we have an economic lift . omy has been precarious for a long time . all this uncertainty . For example, is there If a country like Canada, so vast and so How would a dramatic further worsen- going to be a two-tier euro or a three-tier rich in human as well as natural resources, ing of its prospects affect Canada? euro or a north euro and a south euro? doesn’t have an open trade agreement, G: C Hard to say . What we know right The challenge is knowing how to deal then our quality of life is gradually re- now is that Europe is going to stay to- with such big questions in open, demo- duced . An example: B .C . itself can consume gether . They’re struggling with how cratic societies . the production of only one of its many to maintain their focus . But there are sawmills; it’s only by Canada’s being the challenges [to all of us] in how things GF: One hears less than one might expect world’s biggest exporter of softwood lum- fit together as we go through this very concerning Canada’s role in helping to ber that we maximize the benefits of our significant period of change . Since 2008, forge a Canada-EU free trade deal: the forests . Our country’s mineral and energy there have been substantial changes, but Canadian-European Economic Trade resources are in demand all over the world . there were changes going on way before Agreement, or CETA . One does, however, Europe is a $17-trillion marketplace . This 2008 that are coming to the fore . hear conflicting indications from the trade agreement will be very positive for It’s common parlance to talk about Harper government about the possible Canada and for Europe . And, of course, emerging markets, but typically what we timetable . The so-called Doha round of we’re looking to open up trade with the mean by “emerging markets” is markets talks that began in 2001 seems to have Transpacific Trade Partnership as well .

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Wolfe and Montcalm flank an entrance to the historic “High Comissioner’s Room.” This plaque explains the building’s history.

As we move forward, the U S. . will be actively involved in the Commonwealth on the Commonwealth in the same way as watching what’s taking place . Of course including Commonwealth reform and they used to . Senator [Hugh] Segal, who is there’s been a net shrinkage in [global] revitalization . You have to recognize that our special envoy for the Commonwealth, trade as we went through 2008, 2009 and one of the strengths of the Common- is a very articulate spokesman for Cana- even into 2010 . But as I look out at the wealth is the variety of the membership . da’s place in the organization . I hope we square there [he points to the window] It goes from India to St . Lucia, to take two can have more discussion of the Common- and at the American Embassy across from extremes . Uniformity is not the strength . wealth in Canada because it’s a way for us, I see the trees . Right now they’re in- We must look for the areas where we’ll us to have a positive impact on, literally, teresting natural sculptures . When spring find agreement rather than disagree- hundreds of millions of people around the comes, the leaves will begin to sprout ment . If you don’t do that, you typically world . Yet the Commonwealth has a lim- and there will be different colours, and discover, in today’s world, that you run ited budget and we have to consider how in the summertime, we’ll have a wonder- out of resources before you run out of we can use it to do the most good for most ful shaded area . That’s [a symbol of] the agreement . of the people most of the time . U S. -U. K. . relationship . But the roots under Part of the glue that holds us together is the ground — that’s the Canada-U K. . rela- Her Majesty and her commitment to dem- GF: As you know, a large segment of tionship . We’re their third-largest investor, ocratic reform, human rights and the rule the Canadian population is more than they’re our third-largest investor . This of law — as a foundation for economic comfortable with — even delighted with relationship will continue to grow . There’s and social development as we go forward . — the country’s rising militarism, while real interest here in Canadian enterprise . But there are different approaches in dif- another big portion mourns — perhaps ferent parts of the Commonwealth, dif- even grieves over — the end of the era GF: What about the Commonwealth? ferent approaches, such as those between when our military focus was on peace- Many of the countries in the group are, of the Caribbean and the South Pacific, for keeping . How important, or dangerous, course, minor economic players, yet an- example, or between New Zealand and is this division? nual trade among members is $4 trillion . Singapore, say . I think that, potentially, the GC: Canada-U K. . security agreements And whatever happened to the quaintly Commonwealth has a very strong role to form a very strong partnership, and Can- named Eminent Persons Group, which play . Consider that we have the Rwandans ada is an important player in security and some of the members established in 2009 asking to be a part of the Commonwealth an advocate in protecting human rights with a view toward improving the status because they see the principles on which and democratic governments around the of the Commonwealth and their own in- we stand as ones on which they wish to world and for helping various groups, as dividual places within it? stand as well [Rwanda joined the Com- in Syria right now . We have to remember GC: The Eminent Persons Group reported monwealth in 2009, one of only two mem- that when we were peacekeepers we out, as they say, at a Commonwealth ber countries that do not have historic ties were also putting our people in harm’s heads-of-government meeting . The with the U K. ]. way . We’ve been in very difficult places, overwhelming majority of their recom- I think the Commonwealth is still an and our forces do Canada proud across mendations were accepted, and a new important force in the world, and Canada the board . You can talk about Canadians Commonwealth charter was written is both an active and engaged member, in Afghanistan, but consider this: Are and signed very late in 2012 . Canada is though I’m not sure that Canadians look there vexing problems there? Sure there

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are . But there are individuals there whose lives have completely changed because of the interaction they’ve had with Canadi- ans on the ground . We are international participants who stand on principle and do so in partnership with such coun- tries as the United Kingdom, the United States, France and others .

GF: Canadian artists of all kinds, more and more of them each year, are ac- 2 knowledged throughout the world and 1 recognized as Canadians . But Canada has never had an equivalent of the British Council, the Alliance Française or the Ja- pan Foundation: a not-quite-arm’s-length institution for the purpose of promoting eports.com Canadian culture and Canadian values R overseas . In recent years, there have actu- oliday ally been severe cuts in such individual H eal programs as did exist for something like R this purpose . Why doesn’t Canada do more cultural outreach, what I sometimes 1 Canada House like to call “cultural peacekeeping”? 2 Macdonald House GC: During the London Olympics there ap compliments of were 24,000 people coming through M Canada House for sports and cultural activities . The first major event I went to missioner in the late ’90s, is really the foggy idea of what Canada’s high com- as a diplomat was a show of the Group one [who prevented Canada House from missioner in London actually does . On an of Seven at the Dulwich Picture Gallery being closed] . He did everyone a great imaginary pie chart, how do you divide — pictures that hadn’t been here for 95 service . Canada House is the best diplo- your time? years, a phenomenal show, hugely suc- matic address in the world, right in the GC: It’s probably easier for me to think cessful; people loved it . Now there’s talk heart of one of the great international of an ordinary week or month . We try to of a big Emily Carr exhibition . The other cities, perhaps the greatest . It’s a fabulous have an ongoing, consistent voice on Eu- night at Canada House, we had a great piece of real estate but, more importantly, rope . We work on things that raise Can- evening with Margaret Atwood speak- it’s a place that Canadians think of as ada’s head . We’re about to take on the ing to maybe 300 people . Then we had home . I can’t tell you the number of times chair of the Arctic Council, for example . Michael Ondaatje come in . The ballet is I’ve had Canadians tell me, “Oh, I met I would say that about 50 percent of my coming in the spring . So we’re looking at my future husband there!” It’s “Canada time concerns commercial partnerships, ways of doing such things and making a House” this and “Canada House” that . investments, those sorts of things . Then, place where [the artists] can be identified Its presence, its proximity to obviously, there are international [politi- as Canadian . As high commissioner here, and , are exceptional . It’s cal] issues that show up; I’m occasionally I’d like us to be [culturally] assertive, but across from the and at part of those . Then there’s welcoming Ca- not aggressive; confident, but not cocky . the other end of the street is Buckingham nadians . One of the things I say to people We’re Canadians . I used to be an elected Palace . It’s the second-oldest property in is: “You’re already paying my salary, you official, as you know . [Smiles shyly ]. , after St . Martin-in-the- might as well tell me what to do ”. We When you’re elected there’s no end of Field . It’s a huge asset that you couldn’t have an immense network of Canadians people who come to you and say, “With put a price on . living throughout the United Kingdom . my brains and the government’s money Many, many young people . we can do great things ”. [Laughs ]. I GF: Since the earliest days of the Ameri- When I became high commissioner, I think we should go to the artists and say, can republic, the most important U S. . thought I’d lie low for a while and learn “What can we do for you?” I think that diplomatic posting has been that of am- how things fit together . After a couple of our culture defines us . bassador to the Court of St . James’s . For months, I thought: “I know what I want at least a century and probably much to do . I want Canada to be out there, to be GF: So, in effect, the Canadian govern- longer, the most important posting in the more recognizable ”. Later, I learned that ment isn’t sending Canadian culture out foreign office in Whitehall has been the every high commissioner who’s ever been into the world so much as it is asking position of British ambassador in Wash- here has said exactly the same thing! the world to come see for themselves, at ington . Thus, Canada makes up the third such places as Canada House in Trafalgar side of a great diplomatic triangle . But George Fetherling's book, The Writing Square — which a previous government because the triangle is an isosceles one Life: Journals 1975-2005, was published seriously considered selling off . rather than an equilateral, many people in April by McGill-Queen's University GC: Roy MacLaren, who was high com- who should know better have only a Press .

diplomat and international canada 65 Di spatches|canada house How Salada Tea built Canada House By George Fetherling dfait

Canada House, situated on the west side of Trafalgar Square, is one of London’s most prestigious addresses. It will be renovated with the proceeds from the sale of Macdonald House. The latter houses offices and also the residence of the high commissioner.

or the first 50 years or so, Canada all such functions under one roof, and personally . conducted its diplomatic, consular sent High Commissioner Peter Larkin to His pockets stuffed with money, Larkin Fand trade affairs in London from a carry out the task . Larkin, nearly 70, had engineered the purchase of a century-old variety of rented addresses ranging from made himself stupendously rich as the building in Trafalgar Square whose ar- the Strand to Road . In the founder of the Salada Tea Company and chitect had also designed the British Mu- 1920s, however, prime minister Macken- had given financial support not only to seum . Before the structure became Canada zie King launched a plan to consolidate the Liberal Party, but to Mackenzie King House, one part of it was being used as

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a private gentlemen’s club, whose early members had included the Duke of Wel- lington . (The remaining portion, which served as the home of the Royal College of Physicians, was acquired much later in a separate transaction ). Restored, reconfig- ured and polished for the official opening by King George V and Queen Mary in 1925, Canada House was a showplace as well as a workplace . Using his own funds, Larkin furnished the building top to bottom to the great benefit of high-end antique and art deal- ers in Bond Street . One bit of furniture was a cabinet with many drawers and, on its top, an elaborate mosaic of the type known as pieta dura, dating from the Renaissance . The piece seemed to have disappeared when High Commissioner Roy MacLaren, the author of Commissions High: Canada in London, 1870-1971 and other historical works, arrived to take up his duties 17 years ago . He finally tracked it down to the bedroom of the naval at- taché’s teenage son, who had been using it for his socks and underwear . Gentle cleaning by conservators from the Victo- ria and Albert Museum revealed that the cabinet was once owned by a member of the Medici family . It is valued at hundreds of thousands of dollars and is now in safe im ross storage . j The dynamic of Canada House Prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King called Canada House, shown under the pro- changed when the government once tection of Mounties here, “the finest site in London and, being in London, the finest in the again required more space and found an world.” additional (not a replacement) home in Grosvenor Square . For years, the phrase “Grosvenor Square” has been a metonym for the U S. . Embassy there, in the same way that “Bay Street,” for instance, is a metonym for the Toronto Stock Ex- change . From 1938 to 1940, Joseph P . Kennedy Sr . was the first American am- bassador to reside there (accompanied some of the time by his son Jack, the future U S. . president) . During the Second World War, when occu- pied the enormous High Commissioner’s Room at Canada House — a room that Charles Ritchie (who served from 1967- 71) once compared to Benito Mussolini’s office — Grosvenor Square acquired even more of an American presence . Gen . Dwight Eisenhower’s headquarters were there; so was the U S. . Navy’s European operations centre . In 1960, the United States built a far larger and more demonstrative embassy im ross on the other side of the square, recogniz- j able at a great distance because of its High Commissioner Gordon Campbell and his wife, Nancy, stand with Gov. Gen. David gilded aluminum eagle with a wingspan Johnston and his wife, Sharon, in front of a portrait by Paul Glen, given to the Queen on her of more than 11 metres, not to mention the diamond jubilee in 2012.

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nearby statue of president Ronald Reagan . Because of growing security concerns, the U S. . announced in 2008 that it will be abandoning Grosvenor Square altogether and constructing a new, even more heavily defended embassy on the South Bank of the Thames . When the Americans moved to the embassy that’s still in use now, Canada bought the previous property, designated Nos . 1 to 3 Grosvenor Square . It was virtu- ally gutted and, in 1961, christened Mac- donald House, in honour of Sir John A . Part of it is the official residence of the high commissioner and isn’t seen by the public . The rest of it, behind the grace- ful 1930s faux-Georgian façade, is much like any other federal government office, with telephones ringing and people go- ing swiftly from room to room and floor to floor, carrying armsful of documents . Presumably, the activity must be at least a little less frantic than it was in 2010-2012 . That’s when, post-Vancouver Olympics, the consular and notarial duties carried out at Canada House were moved tem- porarily to Macdonald House so that the Trafalgar Square property — which Mack- enzie King called “the finest site in Lon- don, and being in London, the finest in the world”— was renovated and restored to its present dignified opulence, with its grand staircase (it really is grand), enor- mous crystal chandeliers and all the rest . The latest twist in the story of Canada’s London real estate became public during im ross j Question Period on Feb . 8 this year . John Dechert, the parliamentary secretary to Canada House has been renovated and restored to its present “dignified opulence, with its Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird an- grand staircase, enormous crystal chandeliers and all the rest.” nounced that Macdonald House (worth an estimated $500 million) will be sold and the proceeds used to renovate Canada House and to buy an adjacent building for about $100 million to create office space for the high commission’s staff . So, once again, all Canada’s business will be consolidated, neatly and permanently, in one location . The timetable for the move isn’t yet clear . The newly added property, built in 1929, was originally the office of Sun Life Assurance Company of Canada . Later, during the Second World War, it was Canadian army headquarters in Lon- don . At the moment, Canada House and Macdonald House combined employ ap- proximately 250 people, both Canadian and British citizens . The latest realign- ment, when it comes, probably won’t change that figure . im ross j – GF

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Canada’s 26 men and one woman in London ondon L h commission g all photos canadian hi

High Commissioner , left, joined Mackenzie King when the prime minister was attending the Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference in 1944.

anada didn’t leap to send a dip- at insinuating himself into British society South Africa in 1911 . lomat to Britain immediately fol- that he became the financial adviser to the One result of the Great War (1914-18) Clowing Confederation . After all, Prince of Wales (the eventual Edward VII) . was that many such states, having fought communicating with Ottawa and London By 1880, both countries felt their re- beside the Mother Country, grew increas- on matters affecting the new Dominion lationship needed to be put on a more ingly nationalistic and demanded greater was the job of the governor general . But sophisticated footing, and Macdonald say in their own international relations . in 1869, Sir John A . Macdonald picked Sir appointed Sir Galt, The Balfour Declaration of 1926 estab- John Rose, a banker and railway another railway man and one of Macdon- lished, among other things, that governors magnate, to be, not an orthodox diplomat, ald’s fellow , to general were not representing the British but what his new hosts tactfully called run his London-based diplomatic com- government, but rather the monarch . “a Gentleman enjoying the confidence of mission . There arose the question of what This led Britain to start appointing high the Canadian Government ”. Later, he was the new institution should be called . As commissioners of its own — to Canada given the title “financial commissioner ”. Canada wasn’t a foreign country, “em- in 1928, South Africa in 1930, Australia in As was common among diplomats in the bassy” was out of the question, as was “le- 1930, New Zealand in 1936 . Since 1938, 19th Century, he conducted his own pri- gation ”. The two sides came up the more when South Africa sent a high commis- vate and highly profitable dealings while familial-sounding “high commission” and sioner of its own to Canada, such diplo- also negotiating various agreements and the other dominions followed suit: New matic reciprocity has prevailed in many, promoting emigration . So skilled was he Zealand in 1905, Australia in 1910, and but not all, the countries of the Common-

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As was common among diplomats in the 19th Century, Sir John Rose conducted his own private and highly profitable dealings while also negotiating various agreements and promoting emigration.

wealth, which now has 54 members . Canada has had between 26 and 28 high commissioners in London, depend- ing on how you count one who was “acting,” but never confirmed and an- other, Norman Robertson, who held the cap position twice . Some, such as Robertson and Charles Ritchie, were career foreign service officers; diplomacy was their profession . Most high commissioners, however, have been former federal or provincial politicians, though not always members of the same party as the prime ministers who selected them . Sr . (served 1974-79) is an instance of one drawn from the national stage; Roy Mc- Murtry of Ontario (1985-88) an example of one from the provincial . To a remarkable degree, all of them faced many of the same hurdles, though that’s not to deny that times changed . Early commissioners were often busy convincing rich individuals to help fi- nance construction of Canada’s railways and enticing poor ones to fill up the immense areas of the Prairies and West that the railways had made accessible . (Galt, to his credit, arranged for the arrival of thousands of Jews from Russia where they were miserably mistreated ). Trade Montreal banker and railway magnate Sir John Rose was chosen by John A. Macdonald to matters were the other abiding concern . represent Canada in London, first with no title and later as “financial commissioner.” What Canada had to sell, other than hard

70 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN canada house|Di spatches ress g library of con library US Donald Smith, the driver of the CPR’s last spike, was high commissioner from 1896 to 1914.

commodities, was food . For generations, however, Britain banned the importation of, for example, Canadian beef, a fact that led Galt’s successor, Sir (1883-96), a financier and former cabi- net minister, to fight back in an unusual fashion . When the British denied entry to yet another herd of Canadian cattle, claiming the creatures were diseased, Tupper, who was an MD as well as an MP, personally and publicly autopsied some of the animals to prove that they carried no pathogens . (Brilliant publicity, but the dispute remained unresolved for several more years ). The length of the high commissioners’ tenures varies considerably; one recent holder of the office, , a Sir Charles Tupper, a financier and former cabinet minister, was also a medical doctor and career diplomat, presided only from 2000 when the British denied entry to Canadian cattle under his watch, claiming they were dis- to 2002 . Far and away the longest-serving eased, Tupper himself autopsied some of the animals to prove them free of pathogens. was the redoubtable Donald Smith, the driver of the CPR’s Last Spike . He started out as a Hudson’s Bay Company fur trader and became a capitalist extraordi- naire . “It was a great advantage to have a rich man in the post,” a biographer wrote when Sir Donald, as he then was, became commissioner in 1896 (two years before being elevated to the peerage as Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal) . He was the staunchest of imperialists, fearsome-look- ing and close-mouthed, without Tupper’s subtlety or flair . Instead, he had longev- ity, professionally and literally . Born the year George III died, he lived to the eve of the First World War . In the last period of his life, back in his Montreal mansion, he entertained, by his own count, 21 earls, half a dozen viscounts, eight dukes, seven marquises, a royal prince and princess and one future king and queen . His fellow barons were evidently too numerous or humble to tabulate . The names of some high commissioners Queen Mary, Peter Larkin and King George at the opening of Canada House, 1925.

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of recent years will stir an assortment of memories . The late Jean Casselman Wadds (1980-83) was only the third woman to be elected to the House of Commons and remains Canada’s only female high commissioner to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, to use the formal job title . Her successor, the late Donald Jamieson (1983-85), was a Newfoundland broadcaster . He served in ’s cabinet — as did (1988-91), Liberal MP for Rosedale . Fredrik Stefan Eaton (1991- 94) was the president, chairman and CEO of the soon-to-be-bankrupt t . Eaton & Co ,. the firm founded by his great-grand- father . He preceded the late (1994-96), another Trudeau-era Liberal, no. 4014030 renowned for his charm and bonhomie,

MIKAN who became high commissioner after his time as minority leader of the Senate . Mel ondon

L Cappe was a diplomatic professional with wide experience who served in London nion, U from 2002-06 and is now the CEO of the Canadian Institute for Research on Public hoto P Policy . His place was assumed by James r . Wright (2006-11), diplomat and civil ser- Graphic vant — the predecessor of the current high Princess Elizabeth and Prince Philip in Canada House, 1951. commissioner, Gordon Campbell . – GF

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The war of 1812: A native hero named Norton By Anthony Wilson-Smith

anada is a country so vast that too often, it seems, our history is lost Cinside our geography . A striking example is our country’s First Nations, whose long, rich history is well-preserved by them, but seldom gets the same atten- tion on a broader scale, even when their stories affect us all . Consider Mohawk chief John Norton’s role in the pivotal Battle of Queenston Heights during the War of 1812 . As we prepare for National Aboriginal Month in June and National Aboriginal Day on June 21, it is a particularly appropriate time to do so . It is also why the Historica-Domin- ion Institute has prepared a new Heritage Minute for release in June commemorat- ing the heroism of Norton and other First Nations warriors . Without the efforts of Norton and about 80 Grand River war- riors in repelling more than 1,000 Ameri- can soldiers, the battle might have been lost, and the tide of war turned . Norton was, by any measure, unique . Born in Scotland around 1760 to a Scottish mother and Cherokee father taken from North America by British soldiers, he en- listed with the British army in 1784, was posted to North America in 1785, and de- uson Jr.

serted the army two years later while serv- g er ing in Niagara (he was later pardoned and F ob received an official discharge) . He became R involved with the Six Nations of Grand Mohawk chief John Norton was born in Scotland to a Scottish mother and a Cherokee fa- River, and learned the Mohawk language ther. He went on to play a significant role in the War of 1812. and culture under its chief, Joseph Brant (Thayendanegea), who adopted him as his nephew . That gave Norton the status of day, was killed leading a counter-attack . After the war, Norton was given the chief, and the name “Teyoninhokarawen,” With British troops in potential disar- brevet rank of major . Overall, First Na- which in Mohawk means “open door ”. ray, Norton, John Brant, and about 80 tions people made up as much as 10 Despite his desertion, he kept close contact other Aboriginal warriors stepped in, and percent of British forces in the war . Last with the British, remained a devout An- stepped up . Outnumbered more than 10 year, Prime Minister Stephen Harper an- glican, and was considered an ally by the to one, they held back the Americans for nounced the creation of the Canadian administration . hours — long enough for reinforcements Forces War of 1812 Commemorative Ban- With the outbreak of war, Norton (now to arrive so that the British could retain the ner and Medals to be given to successor in his early 50s) was made a captain by the crucial outpost . First Nations and Métis communities . British, and began recruiting Grand River That effort by Norton and First Nations As the prime minister said: “Canada’s Mohawk and others to fight . They had warriors was a remarkable contribution to Aboriginal People were, in every sense, a reputation as fierce warriors and soon the war effort, but it was far from their only key to the victory that firmly established had a chance to prove it . On Oct . 13, 1812, one . In the following year, as recounted in Canada as a distinct country in North more than 1,000 American troops crossed The Canadian Encyclopedia, Norton and his America ”. So, as we observe National the Niagara, seeking to take control of warriors covered the British retreat to Bur- Aboriginal Month, we also pay tribute to Queenston Heights . Part of the force lington Heights after the Americans took efforts that shaped not only our past, but reached the top, circled the British artillery Fort Niagara, provided scouts before a suc- also the nation that we are today . position and forced the Redcoats from the cessful night attack at the Battle of Stoney Heights . Gen . Isaac Brock, one of the most Creek and contributed to the rout of the Anthony Wilson-Smith is the president of respected British military leaders of his Americans at the Battle of Beaver Dams . the Historica-Dominion Institute .

diplomat and international canada 73 DELIGHTS|ENTERTAINING

Jamaican cuisine: A delightful tangle of cultures

bean (after Cuba and the island shared However in 1494, Christopher Columbus by Haiti and the Dominican Republic), laid claim (for himself and for Spain) to Jamaica has extensive agriculture, which “the fairest land ever eyes beheld ”. The makes it self-sufficient in foodstuffs, while Arawaks were forced into hard labour, offering variety to the island’s cuisine . ni - which along with European infections deed, the vast tracts of tillable land have such as the common cold, wiped out the played a significant role in the unusual entire Arawak population within 50 years . and ever-broadening ethnic makeup of Despite the introduction of sugar cane and Jamaica’s population and thus its food his- African slaves to do the cultivation, the tory and culture . To better understand it, Spanish allowed the island to sink into Margaret Dickenson one must first consider the origins of each poverty for more than 150 years . Finally, ethnic group . in 1655, frightened by the arrival of British In about AD 1000, the Arawaks — Am- sailors and soldiers, the Spanish made a oyfully vibrating to the beat of reg- erindians from South America’s Orinoco hasty departure . gae, Jamaica is a lush tropical island region on the eastern coast of Venezu- The British ruled the island for the next Jparadise and, understandably, a ela — paddled to the island they named three centuries and Jamaica flourished . popular tourist destination . While explor- “Xaymaca” meaning “wood and water,” British sugar barons prospered thanks to ing the culinary history and culture of both of which featured prominently in slaves they brought from Africa to work the island, I also learned of its uniqueness the lives of these settlers . Indeed much of the plantations, and Jamaica became the and delighted in the evolving historical Jamaica is limestone, providing a safe and world’s largest sugar-producing colony . puzzle that became more complex with natural filtration of drinking water that so The slaves were harshly treated, provok- each wave of new arrivals to its shores . impressed the Arawaks . ing slave uprisings that were inspired The result? A lively mix of cultures and For nearly 500 years, the Arawaks by the Maroons, descendants of escaped traditions . hunted, fished, farmed and revelled slaves from Spanish times . The Maroons The third largest island in the Carib- through an annual series of festivals . lived in the mountains, defying and out- ickenson D arry arry L

Grilled jerk chicken

74 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN ENTERTAINING|DELIGHTS

smarting the British authorities until they morning cup of coffee or tea before a received some autonomy in 1739, which breakfast usually consisting of saltfish and still exists today . When slavery itself was callaloo (the leaves of taro root, similar to abolished in 1838, former slaves no longer collard greens) or saltfish and ackee, plus wanted to work on plantations, prompting yams, roasted breadfruit, boiled green ba- waves of cheap “immigrant” labour (first nanas or fried dumplings . from Germany and Ireland, then India Lunch generally features national and China) . As one ethnic group advanced dishes such as stewed peas, curried goat, from the lowest level of society, another oxtail, escovitched fish, brown stewed followed . fish (pan-fried before simmering in brown Jamaica’s cuisine is a product of this sauce flavoured with spices and hot pep- cultural heritage, with food portraying the per), steamed fish or a satisfying “one-pot story of its people . As High Commissioner meal” type of soup . Sheila Sealy-Monteith acknowledges, “Ja- Jerk meat, stewed beef, fish, fricasséed maican cuisine, which is vibrant in colour chicken or oxtail and beans are on the and bold in taste, is an integral part of the dinner menu . Rice, yams, green bananas, expression of our culture ”. It’s a mixture plantain and avocado are among the ac- of flavours, spices, cooking techniques istock companiments . For dessert, favourites and influences from the Arawaks and An old oil barrel, fired with hardwood include fried sweet dumplings, ice cream those who followed . Other dishes are a charcoal, for making Jamaican jerk fish and (mango and soursop), puddings (sweet fusion of tradition and techniques, using chicken. potato, bread and Christmas), cakes (often ingredients native to Jamaica and those toto and grater coconut cakes) and tarts that have been introduced . As such, the Rastafarian approach to (plantain and coconut gizzada), banana The Spanish brought pigs to the island preparing food, cooking and eating, has fritters, duckoono (a mixture of cassava along with a number of dishes including introduced unique vegetarian dishes and and coconut milk poached in banana the vinegary escovitched (marinated in has richly contributed to Jamaican cuisine . leaves) as well as an array of tropical fruits lime juice) fish . To provide a cheap food Particularly tasty are their crisp, raw vege- including otaheiti apples . The high com- for the slaves, ackee (a favourite breakfast table rolls, green beans glazed with honey, missioner adds, “and no Jamaican meal fruit) arrived on slave ships from West mustard and sesame seeds, and Irie salad is complete without the world-renowned Africa as did yams, breadfruit and several consisting of sweet potatoes, corn, apples, Blue Mountain Coffee . Of course, the root vegetables . Citrus fruits and bananas onion and the juice of grated kola nuts . crowning glory for many is the Appleton were introduced by Europeans . The Irish The Maroons, meanwhile, brought Jamaican rum . How much better can it not only introduced Jamaican Guinness the island their “jerk” technique of pork get?” Stout Punch, but also the notorious drink, preservation, which has been elevated Recently, Jamaica is experiencing yet Irish Moss, prepared from a Jamaican to the status of a national treasure and another phase in its ever-evolving culi- seaweed that originally was found in Ire- has inspired cooks around the world . nary scene as exciting new fusions are land . Mostly men consume both drinks to Originally, to avoid smoke being seen by being created by island chefs determined increase their vigour (libido) . New arrivals British authorities, the meat was pierced to marry traditional flavours with new from India contributed spicy curries for with small holes, stuffed with a highly ingredients . which their British masters had already flavoured mixture of peppers and spices, Now, for a taste of Jamaica, please developed a passion . The Chinese added wrapped in plantain leaves and buried enjoy my “not too spicy” version of jerk their own culinary specialties, such as in a pit filled with hot stones . Recipes chicken . Bon Appétit! sweet and sour pork . And so, the evolu- and techniques have been modified over tion of a dynamic Jamaican cuisine took time from using pit fires to old oil barrels Grilled Jerk Chicken hold . fired with hardwood charcoal to enhance Integral to the diversity of Jamaican cui- the spicy, smoky flavour . However, today Makes 4 servings sine is the Rastafarian influence . Most Ja- many cooks simply rub chicken, pork, maicans classify themselves as Christians; fish, shrimp and even lobster with a jerk 1 tsp (5 mL) each of dried thyme however, Jews, Hindus, Muslims and seasoning (or marinade) and grill it . High (crushed), ground allspice, minced fresh other religions also comprise significant Commissioner Sealy-Monteith gently garlic and grated fresh gingerroot (peeled) portions of the population . Rastafarianism, warns: “It is not for the faint of heart, 1/2 tsp (3 mL) of cayenne pepper and a religion created in Jamaica, has a serious rather, it is for the palate that desires a crushed black peppercorns following . In brief, the Rastas consider taste that is rich, spicy and unforgettable ”. 1/3 tsp (2 mL) each of ground cinnamon, themselves one of the tribes of Israel and In terms of meals, eating traditions ground nutmeg and kosher salt believe late Ethiopian emperor, Haile Se- established during British control saw the 2 tsp (10 mL) brown sugar lassie, is the Messiah . They are strict veg- day begin with a cup of coffee, chocolate 2 tsp (10 mL) lime juice etarians and eat only food grown locally or tea (an infusion of some sort of local 1 1/2 tbsp (23 mL) each of olive oil, red without commercial fertilizers . (Although herb), with breakfast served later in the wine vinegar and soya sauce most Rastas do not eat meat, some do eat morning . A “second breakfast” was served 3 tbsp (45 mL) orange juice fish and chicken ). No salt, sugar or oil at noon and dinner in the late afternoon or 1 tsp (5 mL) finely chopped Scotch bonnet is used in cooking; manufactured food is evening . pepper (seeded) avoided; pork and alcohol are forbidden . Today, Jamaicans still enjoy their early 1/4 cup (60 mL) finely sliced green onions

diplomat and international canada 75 DELIGHTS|ENTERTAINING

4 boneless chicken breasts, skin on (each: 6 oz or 175 g) 2 cups (500 mL) Black Bean Mango Salsa* (optional) The brand chosen by 1/3 cup (80 mL) sour cream (optional) leading chefs worldwide. 1 . To make jerk marinade, in a medium- sized bowl, combine thyme, allspice, gar- lic, gingerroot, cayenne pepper, crushed black peppercorns, cinnamon, nutmeg, salt and brown sugar . Whisk in lime juice, olive oil, vinegar, soya sauce and orange juice . Mix in Scotch bonnet pepper and green onion . 2 . Place chicken breasts in a glass baking dish, bathe with marinade and refrigerate for at least a few hours or up to 24, turning breasts occasionally . 3 . Allow chicken to come close to room temperature before placing it (skin side down) over indirect medium heat on a well-oiled preheated grill **. (Keep hood down ***). 4 . After 10 minutes, baste as required with remaining marinade from chicken and discard the rest . Turn chicken over and continue cooking . For the last 5 or 10 min- utes, grill chicken (skin side down) over direct medium heat until an instant meat thermometer placed in thickest part of the breast registers 170°F or 77°C and juices run clear when pierced with a fork . (Total time: 20 to 25 minutes ). 5 . Serve with black bean salsa, rice and vegetables of choice (e g. ,. baked squash) and a generous dollop of sour cream to balance the spicy flavours .

* To make the Black Bean Salsa, combine 1 cup (250 mL) each of fresh diced mango PROFESSIONAL SERIES 750 The all-new shorter, and canned black beans (rinsed and well quieter, high-powered drained), 1/4 cup (60 mL) of each of blender with 5 built-in minced onion and chopped fresh corian- der leaves, 2 tsp (10 mL) lime juice, 1 tsp (5 presets. mL) liquid honey, 1/2 tsp (3 mL) minced Scotch bonnet pepper, as well as salt and crushed black peppercorns to taste .

** Alternatively, grill chicken on a well- Since 1921 oiled preheated grill pan (or skillet) over medium heat . If desired, increase the crispness of the cooked chicken by placing it (skin side up) under a preheated broiler Chef’s Paradise element for 1 or 2 minutes . A division of C.A.Paradis Inc. *** If using a “hoodless” grill, cooking will 1314 , Ottawa take a little longer . ChefsParadise.ca Margaret Dickenson wrote the award- winning cookbook, Margaret's Table — OPEN 8AM - 5PM — MONDAY TO SATURDAY Easy Cooking & Inspiring Entertaining . (www .margaretstable .ca)

76 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN residences|DELIGHTS

A little Frank Lloyd Wright in Rockcliffe By Margo Roston ilson W yanne yanne D ll photos by A

The entranceway of the Finnish Ambassador’s residence is immediately inviting and leads directly into a casual living room with 18-foot ceilings.

lthough their house wasn’t built ing today as it was 60 years ago . along with the wood finishes and brick to be their official residence, the Abundant trees may have grown big walls, speak of a casual style extremely Afeeling that they are home in enough to obscure the original view, but close to that of their homeland . Finland permeates the atmosphere for the Frank Lloyd Wright-style residence “We love it,” says the ambassador to Ambassador Charles Murto and his wife, is still as impressive and elegant as if the Canada . Ritva . They are completely comfortable in great architect had built it himself . “It is natural and the proportions are the California redwood house overlook- For the diplomatic couple, the sunlight beautiful,” adds his wife . “It’s a home, not ing McKay Lake in Rockcliffe, a house that pours into the house from its many a ceremonial house ”. actually built in 1953, but as modern-look- large windows to warm the slate floors, A student of Frank Lloyd Wright,

diplomat and international canada 77 DELIGHTS|RESIDENCES

The residence has an essential Finnish fixture: A sauna in the basement. Ambassador Charles Murto and his wife, Ritva. ilson W yanne yanne D photo by

The dining room, with redwood beams on the ceiling and limestone and redwood planks on the wall, features a modern Finnish table.

78 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN residences|DELIGHTS

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Finnish furniture and art are prominently Accu-Rate Corporation World Exchange Plaza displayed in the home. Accu-Rate Corporation 2573 Carling Ave. 111 Albert St. architect William More designed the Foreign Exchange & International Payment Services www.accu-rate.ca (613) 596-5505 (613) 238-8454 house for his brother, Francis, and his wife, in the “Usonian” style, a smaller version of Wright’s famous Midwest man- sions . These types of houses were created to be affordable, with open plans, soaring angled ceilings and generous windows . The Finnish government acquired the residence in 1975, and since then, has made two major changes to the original design . The first was an addition, to make it more suitable for entertaining, and in 2001, the government added three bed- rooms and an office . The entranceway is immediately wel- coming, with slate floors warmed by radi- ant heating and a skylight to brighten up the wood-panelled walls . The foyer leads directly into the 18-foot-wide living room decorated simply with white sofas and a colourful area rug, all highlighted by a stunning stone hearth, another centrepiece of Frank Lloyd Wright’s Usonian homes . The hearth was seen by Wright to be the focal point of the house and designed to enclose spaces with a natural palette of stone and wood . A high-sloped wooden ceiling rises two-and-a-half feet from the northwest side to the sunny southeast façade where a wall of glass-panelled doors opens onto the slate-floored balcony . Modernistic Finnish art complements the style of the room . Soft creams and oranges round out

diplomat and international canada 79

residences|DELIGHTS

the colour palette . Among the paintings are lovely watercolours by Finnish painter and graphic artist Inari Krohn . The bright dining room, with redwood beams on the ceiling and limestone and redwood planks on the wall, is separated from the living room by a wood screen partition . The modern Finnish dining room table, with strips of glass down the middle, was made especially for the resi- dence . The room seems warm and simple, enhanced by the light from floor-to-ceiling windows . The windows are covered with modern wooden blinds instead of heavy drapes . When guests come for dinner, they can expect to dine on Finnish specialties . But Ms Murto laughs as she adds that other Scandinavian countries also take credit for many of the same dishes as the Finns . To ensure the food at the residence reflects the country of origin, their Canadian cook went to Finland and learned the tech- niques for cooking dishes such as salmon your style, your personality, our expertise. soup and pastries filled with wild mush- rooms and berries . Cured fish and fish roe as well as crayfish, wild duck, elk and COMMITTED TO QUALITY reindeer are also Finnish favourites . INSPIRED BY DESIGN 1134 Bank street (near sunnyside) 613.730.9090 Finnish-Canadian architect Harry Ala- www.elitedraperies.ca Kantti added a large reception area to the house by removing the interior walls of a second-storey bedroom wing, creating a generous space with another large stone fireplace that fits in so well, it seems part of the original design . It is decorated with the same colours as the living room and is home to a piano, which has been the cen- trepiece for many concerts — both classi- cal and — in recent years . During the construction, a third level was added for a private family area . “We didn’t need to bring anything,” says Ms Murto . “The house doesn’t need anything . But everyone has a favourite spot and on the ambassador’s list is the slate-cov- ered, wraparound terrace surrounding the lake side of the house . And of course, there is the sauna, lo- cated in the basement along with a guest bedroom and a plaque in Finnish and Swedish . Finland is a bilingual country — more than five per cent of its citizens speak Swedish . Every Finnish embassy comes with a sauna, for the comfort of the ambassador and his family . The reindeer may be hard to come by, but for the well-travelled diplomatic couple, home is definitely where the heart is, even in Ottawa .

Margo Roston is Diplomat’s culture editor .

diplomat and international canada 81 DELIGHTS|wine

W ine from under the Tuscan sun

Pieter Van den Weghe

or most of us, the mere mention of dreamstime Tuscany easily stirs up romantic Fimagery . We see the rolling hills . proved cultivation methods while yields, the Ontario wine drinker . We feel the warmth of the Mediterranean alcohol content and aging all have to be An excellent starting point to ex- sun . We walk the narrow streets of an- within specified parameters . plore IGT wines is the 2009 Vignemastre cient fortified towns . However, besides In the 1970s, wine producers, especially Dardo . This great wine speaks clearly inspiring daydreams, the true power of those in Tuscany’s Chianti region, saw the and strongly about both varietal charac- Tuscany is its strong sense of authentic- status quo as too restrictive, and they grew ter and point of origin . As such, Dardo is ity . This is particularly seductive to wine restless . Limitations, particularly involv- fermented in stainless steel and sees no drinkers . Few other wine-producing ar- ing grape-blending restrictions, helped oak aging . Composed of 85 percent San- eas, even elsewhere in Europe and other spur the birth of wines made outside the giovese, 10 percent Syrah and 5 percent parts of Italy, can bring such an influence scope of regulations . Made either solely Merlot, this wine has an exuberant and to bear on wine drinkers . of Sangiovese (a then-forbidden proposal fresh character with flavours of red berry, Much of our awareness of Tuscan for Chianti) or including international leather and anise . It’s tremendous value wines exists due to the reputations of such grape varietals such as Merlot, Cabernet for $16 89. a bottle and is available in On- traditional wine appellations as Chianti, Sauvignon and Syrah, these wines had to tario from the Le Sommelier wine agency Brunello di Montalcino and Vino Nobile be classified as Vino da Tavola (table wine), (www lesommelier. com). . di Montepulciano . However, the last two the lowest and most base category of wine Another interesting IGT is Tenuta di decades have seen more and more wines in Italy . However, because of their produc- Ghizzano’s 2009 “Veneroso ”. The winery created outside the parameters of the more tion quality and popularity, the prices of is passionate about their organic practices classical categories . As we explore them, these wines soon rose above their esteemed and strives to maintain harmony with we get to experience the serious and ex- regulation-laden brethren . By the 1980s, the nature . The 2009 Veneroso has a huge citing shift taking place in the identity of this “Super-Tuscan” movement was well- expression of plum and berry and amaz- Tuscan wines . established, and a change had begun in the ing weight and balance . It will benefit Thanks to a wine history reaching appreciation of Italian and Tuscan wines . from a little time in the cellar . You can find back thousands of years, wine is deeply This shift was so profound that, in 1992, it at the LCBO for $29 95. . entrenched in the Italian identity and, a new wine classification was created to Tua Rita is a fantastic, family-run win- as such, production literally covers the allow for these Vino da Tavola wines to be ery that focuses on IGT wines . Their wines whole country . Much of the structure considered more legitimate . This new cat- have received extensive accolades — their of Italy’s modern wine identity results egory was Indicazione Geografica Tipica 2000 Redigaffi was the first Italian wine from wine laws enacted in 1963 . These (typical geographic indication) or igt . to receive 100 points from critic Robert laws quantified the wine-making tradi- Falling between Vino da Tavola and DOC, Parker . Currently, one of their most capti- tions, which created and defined Italy’s IGT was intended to provide an outlet for vating wines is the 2010 Perlato del Bosco . classic wines . Every aspect of viticulture the existing wines and allow for a continu- Consisting of 60 percent Sangiovese and viniculture was regulated, including ing movement of experimentation . and 40 percent Cabernet Sauvignon, it is permitted grape varietals, how they were Over the past 20 years, many excel- dense but beautifully textured with gen- converted to wine and how the wine was lent examples of IGTs have appeared in erous dark fruit and aspects of leather, aged . The same wine laws established the Canada and their numbers continue to smoke and anise . While certainly capable Denominazione di Origine Controllata increase, particularly at an entry-level of aging, it is very delicious now . The 2010 (Denomination of Controlled Origin) or price . Various factors of late have played Perlato del Bosco is available in Ontario DOC classification of wine, and the even a part in this: a weakened Euro, lessened for $45 75. through The Small Winemakers more stringent wine designation Denomi- demand in other markets due to economic Collection consignment agency (www . nazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita difficulties, and even the lower cost of smallwinemakers ca. ) . (Denomination of Controlled and Guar- having wines classified as IGT versus anteed Origin) or DOCg . Wines bearing DOC or DOCg . The greater variety and Pieter Van den Weghe is sommelier at these appellations must be the result of ap- choice of Tuscan IGTs has been a boon to Beckta dining & wine .

82 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN

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New heads of mission Riadh Essid Vadym Prystaiko Nicolas Lloreda-Ricaurte Ambassador of Tunisia Ambassador of Ukraine Ambassador of Colombia Mr . Essid began his ca- For Mr . Prystaiko, his Mr . Lloreda comes to reer as a French posting to Canada is diplomacy from the teacher in 1984 but déjà vu . He was here field of law . Between joined the foreign min- from 2003 to 2006 as 2001 and 2010, he was istry’s Asia desk chargé d’affaires . senior counsel on in- within a year . He at- Mr . Prystaiko be- ternational business tended a nine-month gan his career in the transactions, trade and training course in di- private sector as co- investment policy and plomacy in Madrid before being posted to founder of the IT company Electronni international dispute resolution at Crowell Jakarta as first secretary . On his return, he Visti . He joined the foreign ministry in & Moring . took over the directorate general for Asia 1994 as deputy head of trade and eco- For him, diplomacy started when he and the Americas before being posted as nomic relations . Three years later, he was appointed to serve as deputy chief-of- deputy-head-of-mission in South Africa . became deputy head of the Asia Pacific mission in Washington . He returned as deputy director of the Af- desk and then consul general in Sydney, Prior to law, he served as director rica desk before being appointed head-of- Australia . general of the Andean Community (1997- mission in Cameroon . He returned to the ministry as the pres- 2000), the Free Trade area comprising He served as assistant to the secretary ident’s foreign policy consultant before his Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and of state for the Maghreb, Arab and African first posting to Canada . On his return, he Venezuela . In that capacity, he supervised countries before being appointed diplo- was deputy director of the NATO section the legal department, ensured compliance matic counsellor to acting president Fouad before becoming minister-counsellor in by member states and prosecuted and Mebazaa in 2011 . Washington . defended cases before the Andean Court Mr . Essid has a master’s degree in Mr . Prystaiko has a master’s degree in of Justice . He also has experience in trade translation . He is married and has two foreign trade . He is married and has two — he spent four years with the Colombian children . sons . trade bureau in Washington . Tuncay Babali Nirmal Verma Ambassador of Turkey High Commissioner for India Dr . Babali joined the Admiral Verma (Ret’d) foreign ministry in joined the Indian navy 1995 and, one year in 1970 and became the later, paused for mili- 20th chief of the naval tary service for eight staff in 2009 . He retired months . He returned Siegel Entertainment from service after com- to the ministry as an manding three ships, attaché and soon after For All Occassions including an aircraft took a posting as third secretary in Bul- O ttawa/Montreal/Toronto carrier . garia . Over the following 15 years, he has Musicians, Magicians, Photographers Over his career, he served on vessels served as vice-consul in Houston, counsel- in the former Soviet Union and studied lor in London, counsellor in Washington, www.siegelentertainment.com at the Royal Naval Staff College in Green- as a fellow at Weatherhead Centre for In- Contact: Lois Siegel wich (United Kingdom) and in Rhode Is- ternational Affairs at Harvard University (613) 830-2509 land . He completed post-graduate defence and in various postings at headquarters, studies at a university in Chennai, India . including head of human resources, minis- He is a recipient of the Param Vishisht ter and deputy director general for trea- Seva Medal and the Ati Vishisht Seva ties . Medal, awarded to him by the govern- Dr . Babali, who has a PhD in political ment of India for his meritorious service . science from the University of Houston, Admiral Verma is married to Madhu- speaks English, Bulgarian and Russian . lika and they have two sons . He has authored numerous academic papers and a book about Caspian energy The Lyon Street Celtic Band diplomacy . He is married and has three children . Jack Surch (mandolin) Lois Siegel (bodhran) Steve McCarthy (fiddle) Marie Déziel (accordion) Dan Perkins (guitar)

84 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN NEW ARRIVALS|dignitaries

Non-heads of mission

Afghanistan Haiti TI, Cho Najibullah Safi Maria Alexandra Georges Attaché Second Secretary ́ Second Secretary Portugal Angola Wedlyne Pierre Joao Paulo Marques Sabido Domingas Pedro Jose de C. Second Secretary Costa Teixeira Minister-counsellor Attaché India Mahesh Kumar Russia Australia Attaché Oleg Zhiganov Geraldine Anne Taylor First secretary Second Secretary Iraq Shireen Taher Shhbaz Ivan Valov Australia Al-Haideri Attaché Toy Johnson Attaché Second Secretary Saudi Arabia Japan Samia Muhsen H. Al Jabri Bangladesh Yosuke Yamamoto Attaché Muhammed Muksud Khan Attaché First secretary Falah Abdullah M. Kenya Alqahtani Bulgaria Anne Nyambura Mbugua Attaché Desislava Petrova First counsellor Dragneva Abdullah Khalid Abdullah Second secretary Korea, Republic Bin Khamis Changseob Han Attaché Cameroon Minister-counsellor Elie Banbara Abdulaziz Saud A. Defence attaché Kuwait Almasoud Fahad Abdulrahman H. Attaché China Alnaser Xinxin Kong Attaché Emad Abdullah A Second secretary Alhoushan. Libya Attaché Boyong Wang Khalifa Alghuwel First secretary First secretary Mansour Mohammed M. Bin Khithaila Cuba Hakim Sherif Attaché Adrian Betancourt Maden Attaché Attaché Sudan Nouria Bensaleh Osman Abufatima Adam Egypt Attaché Mohammed Maher A. Mohamed Deputy head-of-mission Elkholy Mexico Attaché Jose Manuel Guido Romero Sweden Naval attaché Annika Maria White European Union First secretary Manfred Edgar G. Auster Mongolia Minister-counsellor Zorigtbaatar Tserenchimed Ukraine First secretary Oleksandr Bunisevych France First secretary Christelle Diane T. Sarnelli Morocco First secretary Ahmed Alaoui-Benhachem United States of America Attache Paul Douglas Yeskoo Germany First secretary Pietro Ambrogio Merlo Amina Rabhi Counsellor Minister Donna Marie Garcia Assistant attaché Ghana Myanmar Joseph Kennedy T. Odoom Than Htwe Scott Richard Reynolds First Secretary Attaché Minister-counsellor

diplomat and international canada 85 DELIGHTS|envoy’s album

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4. From left: 1. The Ottawa Diplomatic Association elected a new executive at its AGM. From left, Hikmat Moeljawan, of Indonesia (member); Cindy Shavani, of Trinidad and Tobago (deputy secretary gen- eral); Macedonian Ambassador Ljuben Tevdovski (member); Haitian Ambassador Frantz Liautaud (first vice-president); Bob Dechert, parliamentary secretary to the minister of foreign affairs; Zambian High Commissioner Bobby Samakai (president); Habiba Chakir (second vice-president); Palestinian head-of- mission Said Hamad (member); Australian deputy high commissioner Bruce Soar (treasurer). (Photo: ODA) 2. The French and German embassies hosted a reception to mark the 50th anniversary of the Elysée Treaty. From left, Madeleine Brinkmann (EU), Federica Lehner (Switzerland), Claudette Hamad (Palestine) and Florence Liautaud (Haiti). (Photo: Bill Blackstone) 3. At right, Chih-Kung Liu, represen- tative for the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office, and his wife, Huey-Pyng Liu, hosted Taiwan Night at the Château Laurier. MP John Weston, chairman of the Canada-Taiwan Parliamentary Friendship Group, attended with his wife, Donna. (Photo: Sam Garcia) 4. Dominican Republic Ambassador Jose Urena attended Elmwood School's father-daughter dinner and dance with his daughter, Aya Yoshizawa. 5. The Ottawa Diplomatic Association’s annual ball took place at the Chateau Laurier. GM Claude Sauvé and his wife, Deborah, attended. 6. Zimbabwean Ambassador Florence Chideya and Michaëlle Jean at- tended the ODA Ball. (Photos: Sam Garcia) 7. Igor Girenko, counsellor at the embassy of Russia, speaks on behalf of the embassy at the opening of Moscow in Evidence at the now-closed Michael Gennis Gallery.

86 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN envoy’s album|DELIGHTS

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5. 1. Several diplomats took in Ottawa Fashion Week. From left, Cicilia Rusdiharini (Indonesia), Ottawa Fashion Week director Bruno Racine, Indonesian Ambassador Dienne Moehario and Lois Lee of Rogers TV. (Photo: Ulle Baum) 2. Peruvian Ambassador José Bellina spoke at Carleton University as part of the Ambassadors Speakers Series. (Photo: Larry Lederman) 3. Qatar Ambassador Salem Mubarak Al-Shafi hosted a national day event at the Casino Lac-Leamy. He’s shown with Kazakhstan Ambassador Kon- stantin Zhigalov. (Photo: Sam Garcia) 4. Angolan Ambassador Agostinho Tavares da Silva Neto hosted a national day reception at the Château Laurier. He’s shown with Guyanan High Commissioner Harry Narine Nawbatt. (Photo: Sam Garcia) 5. Trade Minister Ed Fast travelled to Nigeria with 29 Canadian investors on a trade mission. He met with counterpart Olusegun Aganga. 6. The diplomatic hospital- ity group toured . From left, Vladka Bartonova (Slovakia), her daughter, Hana, Miguel Luis Moreno (Philippines), Boenaflor Cruz (Philippines), Joice Tamayo (Philippines) and Cicilia Rusdiharini (Indonesia) with the Korean lanterns in . (Photo: Ulle Baum)

diplomat and international canada 87 DELIGHTS|envoy’s album

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4. 1. Several MPs attended Japan’s national day event and were invited to join Ambassador Kaoru Ishikawa for a ceremonial "opening" of the sake. (Photo: Sam Garcia) 2. Swedish Ambassador Teppo Tauriainen hosted a Music to Dine For event, put on by the Friends of the NAC. From left, Mikael Marin, Olov Johansson, Mr. Tauriainen, Anna Morena and Roger Tallroth (Photo: Lois Siegel) 3. The Canada Korea Society held a Winterlude event at the Korean Palace restaurant. From left, Song Oh, minister at the Korean embassy, Guy Laflamme, senior vice-president of the NCC, Chang-Hee Lee, mayor of Jinju City in Korea, Young-Hae Lee, president, Canada Korea Society, and Gye Hyeon Yu, chairman of Jinju city council. 4. Ashley Lawrence and Isla MacIntosh, both children who received wishes from the Children’s Wish Foundation, receive gifts from Inna Prystaiko, wife of the Ukrainian ambassador and Marta Grubisic, wife of the Croatian ambassador. The Head of Mission Spouses As- sociation hosted an information session and collected donations for the charity. 5. U.S. Ambassador David Jacobson, and his wife, Julie, centre, hosted a holiday party. At left, Finance Minister Jim Fla- herty. (Photo: Sam Garcia) 6. Thai Ambassador Udomphol Ninnad hosted a national day reception at the Château Laurier. He greets Sri Lankan High Commissioner Chitranganee Wagiswara. (Photo: Sam Garcia) 7. Masako Ishikawa, of Japan, took part in the RA Centre Curling Club’s second annual fun with curling event at the RA Centre. The event was organized by the Ottawa diplomatic hospitality group. (Photo: Ulle Baum)

88 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN envoy's album|DELIGHTS

WELCOME TO OTTAWA FEEL AT HOME

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3. • Excellent location, steps from great shopping, fine dining, entertainment 1. Southern African Development Community Day was held at City Hall. From left, Zimbabwean • Easy access to embassies, government Ambassador Florence Chideya, Angolan Ambassador Agostinho Tavares da Silva Neto, Lesotho High offices and the business district Commissioner Mathabo Tsepa and Mozambique High Commissioner Amelia Matos Sumbana. (Photo: • Complimentary WiFi throughout hotel Sam Garcia) 2. Egyptian Ambassador Wael Aboul Magd and his wife, Hanan Abdel Kader, hosted a Music to Dine For event. From left, Ms. Abdel Kader, Irene Layton, Robert and Louise Lafleur. (Photo: • Free local calls • Free daily newspaper Lois Siegel). 3. Benin President Thomas Yayi Boni came to Ottawa to meet with Prime Minister Ste- • Indoor pool, 24-hr fitness facility phen Harper. (Photo: Sam Garcia) Extended Stay Rates Available

130 Besserer Street, Ottawa 1-800-267-1989 • 613-232-2000 www.les-suites.com

diplomat and international canada 89 ts

c AFGHANISTAN AUSTRIA BENIN BURUNDI His Ex . Barna Karimi His Ex . Arno Riedel His Ex . Honoré Ahimakin Mrs . Else Nizigama Ntamagiro Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Embassy of the Republic of Austria Embassy of the Republic of Benin Chargé d'Affaires ta Afghanistan 445 Wilbrod Street 58 Glebe Avenue Embassy of the Republic of Burundi 240 Argyle Street Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6M7 Ottawa, Ontario K1S 2C3 325 Dalhousie Street, Suite 815 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1B9 TEL 789-1444 FAX 789-3431 TEL 233-4429 FAX 233-8952 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 7G2 TEL 563-4223 FAX 563-4962 ottawa-ob@bmeia .gv at. ambaben@benin .ca TEL 789-0414 FAX 789-9537 contact@afghanemb-canada .net info@ambabucanada com. www .afghanemb-canada net. AZERBAIJAN BOLIVIA www .ambabucanada com.

con His Ex . Farid Shafiyev His Ex . Edgar Torrez Mosqueira ALBANIA Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan Embassy of the Republic of Bolivia CAMEROON Her Ex . Elida Petoshati 275 Slater Street, Suite 904-C 130 Albert Street, Suite 416 His Ex . Solomon Azoh-Mbi Anu’a- c Embassy of the Republic of Albania Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H9 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 Gheyle 130 Albert Street, Suite 302 TEL 288-0497 FAX 230-8089 TEL 236-5730 FAX 236-8237 High Commission for the Republic ti Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 azerbaijan@azembassy ca. bolivianembassy@bellnet ca. of Cameroon TEL 236-4114 FAX 236-0804 www .azembassy .ca www .emboliviacanada com. 170 Clemow Avenue embassy .ottawa@mfa gov. .al Ottawa, Ontario K1S 2B4 BAHAMAS BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA TEL 236-1522 FAX 236-3885 ALGERIA His Ex . Michael D . Smith Her Ex . Biljana Gutic-Bjelica cameroon@rogers .com His Ex . Smail Benamara Bahamas High Commission Embassy of Bosnia and Herzegovina www .hc-cameroon-ottawa .org Embassy of the People’s Democratic 50 O’Connor Street, Suite 1313 130 Albert Street, Suite 805 Republic of Algeria Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 CHILE 500 Wilbrod Street TEL . 232-1724 FAX 232-0097 TEL 236-0028 FAX 236-1139 His Ex . Roberto Ibarra García ploma Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N2 ottawa-mission@bahighco com. embassyofbih@bellnet ca. Embassy of the Republic of Chile i TEL 789-8505 FAX 789-1406 http://bahamas .com www bhembassy. ca. 50 O’Connor Street, Suite 1413 www embassyalgeria. .ca/eng .htm Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2 d info@embassyalgeria .ca BANGLADESH BRAZIL TEL 235-9940 FAX 235-1176 His Ex . Kamrul Ahsan His Ex . Piragibe dos Santos Tarrago www .chile ca. ANGOLA High Commission for the People’s Embassy of the Federative Republic His Ex . Agostinho Tavares da Silva Republic of Bangladesh of Brazil CHINA Neto 340 Albert St ,. Suite 1250 450 Wilbrod Street His Ex . Junsai Zhang Embassy of the Republic of Angola Ottawa, Ontario, K1R 7Y6 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6M8 Embassy of the People’s Republic 189 Laurier Avenue East TEL 236-0138 FAX 567-3213 TEL 237-1090 FAX 237-6144 of China Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6P1 bangla@rogers .com mailbox@brasembottawa .org 515 St . Patrick Street TEL 234-1152 FAX 234-1179 www .bdhc .org Ottawa, Ontario K1N 5H3 info@embangola-can .org BRUNEI DARUSSALAM TEL . 789-3434 FAX 789-1911 www .embangola-can .org BARBADOS Ms Nadiah Ahmad Rafie chinaemb_ca@mfa .gov .cn His Ex . Edward Evelyn Greaves Acting High Commissioner http://ca china-embassy. .org ARGENTINA High Commission for Barbados High Commission for Brunei His Ex . Jose n . Ureta 55 Metcalfe St ,. Suite 470 Darussalam COLOMBIA Charge’ D’Affaires a i. . Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6L5 395 Laurier Avenue East His Ex . Nicolas Lloreda-Ricaurte Embassy of the Argentine Republic TEL 236-9517 FAX 230-4362 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6R4 Embassy of the Republic of Colombia 81 Metcalfe Street 7th Floor ottawa@foreign .gov bb. TEL 234-5656 FAX 234-4397 360 Albert Street, Suite 1002 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6K7 bhco@bellnet .ca Ottawa, Ontario K1R 7X7 TEL 236-2351 FAX 235-2659 BELARUS TEL 230-3760 FAX 230-4416 ecana@mrecic .gov ar. Embassy of the Republic of Belarus BULGARIA embajada@embajadacolombia .ca www ecana. .mrecic .gob .ar 130 Albert Street, Suite 600 His Ex . Evgueni Stoytchev www embajadacolombia. ca. Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 Embassy of the Republic of Bulgaria ARMENIA TEL 233-9994 FAX 233-8500 325 Stewart Street CONGO (ZAIRE) His Ex . Armen Yeganian belamb@igs .net Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6K5 His Ex . Dominique Kilufya Kamfwa Embassy of the Republic of Armenia TEL 789-3215 FAX 789-3524 Embassy of the Democratic Republic 7 Delaware Avenue BELGIUM embgottawa@hotmail com. of the Congo Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0Z2 His Ex . Bruno van der Pluijm 18 Range Road TEL 234-3710 FAX 234-3444 Embassy of Belgium BURKINA FASO Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J3 armcanadaembassy@mfa .am 360 Albert Street, Suite 820 His Ex . Amadou Adrien Koné TEL 230-6391 FAX 230-1945 www .armembassycanada .ca Ottawa, Ontario K1R 7X7 Embassy of Burkina Faso info@ambassadesrdcongo .org TEL 236-7267 FAX 236-7882 48 Range Road AUSTRALIA ottawa@diplobel .fed .be Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J4 COSTA RICA Her Ex . Louise Hand www diplomatie. be/ottawa. TEL 238-4796 FAX 238-3812 His Ex . Luis Carlos Delgado Murillo Australian High Commission burkina .faso@sympatico .ca Embassy of the Republic of Costa Rica 50 O’Connor, Suite 710 www ambaburkina-canada. org. 325 Dalhousie Street, Suite 407 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 7G2 TEL 236-0841 FAX 216-1321 TEL . 562-2855 FAX 562-2582 www canada. .embassy gov. au. embcr@costaricaembassy com. www costaricaembassy. com.

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CÔTE D’IVOIRE ESTONIA GUATEMALA IRAN c His Ex . N'Goran Kouame Mr . Riho Kruuv His Ex . Georges de La Roche Embassy of the Islamic Embassy of the Republic of Chargé d’Affaires Embassy of the Republic of Republic of Iran

Côte d’Ivoire Embassy of the Republic of Estonia Guatemala 245 Metcalfe Street ta 9 Marlborough Avenue 260 Dalhousie Street, Suite 210 130 Albert Street, Suite 1010 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 2K2 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8E6 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 7E4 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 TEL . 235-4726 FAX 232-5712 TEL . 236-9919 FAX 563-8287 TEL . 789-4222 FAX 789-9555 TEL . 233-7237 FAX 233-0135 executive@iranembassy ca. acica@ambaci-ottawa .org embassy .ottawa@mfa .ee embassy1@embaguate-canada .com www .salamiran .org www .ambaci-ottawa .org www .estemb .ca www .embaguate-canada com.

IRAQ con

CROATIA European Union GUINEA His Ex . Abdulrahman Hamid His Ex. Veselko Grubišić His Ex . Matthias Brinkmann Embassy of the Republic of Guinea Al-Hussaini Embassy of the Republic of Croatia Delegation of the European Union 483 Wilbrod Street Embassy of the Republic of Iraq c 229 Chapel Street to Canada Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N1 215 McLeod Street

Ottawa, Ontario K1N 7Y6 150 Metcalfe St . Suite 1900 TEL . 789-8444 FAX 789-7560 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0Z8 ti TEL . 562-7820 FAX 562-7821 Ottawa, ON K2P1P1 ambassadedeguinee@bellnet ca. TEL . 236-9177 FAX 236-9641 croemb .ottawa@mvep .hr TEL . 238-6464 FAX 238-5191 www iqemb. .ca www .croatiaemb .net Delegation-Canada@eeas .europa .eu GUYANA media@iqemb ca. www .eeas .europa .eu/delegations/ His Ex . Harry Narine Nawbatt CUBA canada High Commission for the Republic IRELAND Her Ex . Teresita de Jesús Vicente of Guyana His Ex . John Raymond Bassett Sotolongo FINLAND 151 Slater Street, Suite 800 Embassy of Ireland Embassy of the Republic of Cuba His Ex . Kaarlo (Charles) Murto Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3 130 Albert Street, Suite 1105

388 Main Street Embassy of the Republic of Finland TEL . 235-7249 FAX 235-1447 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 ploma

Ottawa, Ontario K1S 1E3 55 Metcalfe Street, Suite 850 guyanahcott@rogers com. TEL . 233-6281 FAX 233-5835 i TEL . 563-0141 FAX 563-0068 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L5 Ottawaembassy@dfa ie. embacuba@embacubacanada .net TEL . 288-2233 FAX 288-2244 HAITI www .embassyofireland .ca d www .cubadiplomatica .cu/canada embassy@finland .ca His Ex . Frantz Liautaud Embassy of the Republic of Haiti ISRAEL CZECH REPUBLIC FRANCE 85 Albert Street, Suite 1110, Her Ex . Miriam Ziv His Ex. Karel Žebrakovský His Ex . Philippe Zeller Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5G4 Embassy of Israel Embassy of the Czech Republic Embassy of France TEL . 238-1628 FAX 238-2986 50 O’Connor Street, Suite 1005 251 Cooper Street 42 Sussex Drive bohio@sympatico ca. Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0G2 Ottawa, Ontario K1M 2C9 TEL . 567-6450 FAX 567-9878 TEL . 562-3875 FAX 562-3878 TEL . 789-1795 FAX 562-3735 HOLY SEE info@ottawa .mfa .gov il. ottawa@embassy .mzv .cz www ambafrance-ca. .org His Ex . Pedro Lopez Quintana www .embassyofIsreal .ca Apostolic Nunciature DENMARK GABON 724 Manor Avenue ITALY His Ex . Erik Vilstrup Lorenzen Embassy of the Gabonese Republic Ottawa, Ontario K1M 0E3 His Ex . Andrea Meloni Royal Danish Embassy 4 Range Road, P O. . Box 368 TEL . 746-4914 FAX 746-4786 Embassy of the Italian Republic 47 Clarence Street, Suite 450 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J5 275 Slater Street, 21st Floor Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9K1 TEL . 232-5301 FAX 232-6916 HONDURAS Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H9 TEL . 562-1811 FAX 562-1812 ambgabon2000@yahoo .fr Her Ex . Sofia Lastenia Cerrato TEL . 232-2401 FAX 233-1484 ottamb@um .dk Rodriguez ambasciata .ottawa@esteri .it canada .um .dk Embassy of the Republic of www ambottawa. .esteri it. His Ex . Alexander Latsabidze Honduras DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Embassy of Georgia 151 Slater Street, Suite 805 JAMAICA His Ex . Jose Del Carmen Urena 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 2101 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3 Her Ex . Sheila Ivoline Sealy- Embassy of the Dominican Republic Ottawa, ON K2P 1P1 TEL . 233-8900 FAX 232-0193 Monteith 130 Albert Street, Suite 418 Tel . 421-0460 Fax 680-0394 Jamaican High Commission Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 ottawa .emb@mfa .gov .ge 151 Slater Street, Suite 1000 TEL . 569-9893 FAX 569-8673 His Ex . László Pordány Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5H3 www .drembassy org. GERMANY Embassy of the Republic of Hungary TEL . 233-9311 FAX 233-0611 His Ex . Werner Wnendt 299 Waverley Street hc@jhcottawa .ca ECUADOR Embassy of the Federal Republic of Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0V9 His Ex . Andrés Teran Parral Germany TEL . 230-2717 FAX 230-7560 JAPAN Embassy of the Republic of Ecuador 1 Waverley Street www .mfa .gov .hu/emb/ottawa His Ex . Kaoru Ishikawa 50 O’Connor Street, Suite 316 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0T8 mission ott@kum. .hu Embassy of Japan Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2 TEL . 232-1101 FAX 594-9330 255 Sussex Drive TEL . 563-4286 FAX 235-5776 info@otta .diplo .de ICELAND Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9E6 embassy@embassyecuador .com http:/www ottawa. .diplo .de His Ex . Thordur Aegir Oskarsson TEL . 241-8541 FAX 241-2232 Embassy of Iceland infocul@ot .mofa .go jp. EGYPT GHANA 360 Albert Street, Suite 710 www ca. .emb-japan go. .jp His Ex . Wael Ahmed Kamal Aboul His Ex . Samuel Valis-Akyianu Ottawa, Ontario K1R 7X7 Magd High Commission for the Republic TEL . 482-1944 FAX 482-1945 JORDAN Embassy of the Arab Republic of Egypt of Ghana icemb .ottawa@utn .stjr is. His Ex . Basheer Fawwaz Zoubi 454 Laurier Avenue East 1 Clemow Ave . www .iceland .org .ca Embassy of the Hashemite Kingdom Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6R3 Ottawa, Ontario K1S 2A9 of Jordan TEL . 234-4931 FAX 234-4398 TEL . 236-0871 FAX 236-0874 INDIA 100 Bronson Avenue, Suite 701 egyptemb@sympatico .ca ghanacom@ghc-ca .com His Ex . Nirmal Verma Ottawa, Ontario K1R 6G8 www .mfa .gov .eg www .ghc-ca .com High Commission for the Republic TEL . 238-8090 FAX 232-3341 of India www embassyofjordan. .ca EL SALVADOR GREECE 10 Springfield Road ottawa@fm gov. jo. (embassy) His Ex . Oscar Mauricio Duarte His Ex . Eleftherios Anghelopoulos Ottawa, Ontario K1M 1C9 ottawa-consular@fm .gov .jo (consular) Granados Embassy of the Hellenic Republic TEL . 744-3751 FAX 744-0913 Embassy of the Republic of El Salvador 80 MacLaren Street, Suite 76 hicomind@hciottawa ca. KAZAKHSTAN 209 Kent Street Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0K6 www hciottawa. .ca His Ex . Konstantin Zhigalov Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1Z8 TEL . 238-6271 FAX 238-5676 Embassy of the Republic of TEL . 238-2939 FAX 238-6940 embassy@greekembassy .ca INDONESIA Kazakhstan embajada@elsalvador-ca .org www greekembassy. ca. Her Ex . Dienne h . Moehario 56 Hawthorne Avenue Embassy of the Republic of Ottawa, ON K1S 0B1 Indonesia TEL 788-3704 FAX 788-3702 55 Parkdale Avenue Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 1E5 TEL . 724-1100 FAX 724-1105 info@indonesia-ottawa .org www indonesia-ottawa. .org

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c KENYA MADAGASCAR NEW ZEALAND PERU His Ex . Simon Wanyonyi Nabukwesi His . Ex . Simon Constant Horace Mr . Winton Holmes His Ex . José Antonio Bellina High Commission for the Republic Embassy of the Republic of Acting High Commissioner Embassy of the Republic of Peru ta of Kenya Madagascar 99 Bank Street, Suite 727 130 Albert Street, Suite 1901 415 Laurier Avenue East 3 Raymond Street Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6G3 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6R4 Ottawa, Ontario K1R 1A3 TEL . 238-5991 FAX 238-5707 TEL . 238-1777 FAX 232-3062 TEL . 563-1773 FAX 233-6599 TEL: 567-0505 FAX 567-2882 info@nzhcottawa org. emperuca@bellnet ca. kenyahighcommission@rogers .com ambamadcanada@bellnet .ca www .nzembassy com/canada. www .kenyahighcommission .ca www .madagascar-embassy .ca PHILIPPINES

con NIGER His Ex . Leslie B . Gatan KOREA, REPUBLIC MALAYSIA Her Ex . Fadjimata Maman Sidibe Embassy of the Republic of the His Ex . Cho Hee-yong Her Ex . Dato’ Hayati Ismail Embassy of the Republic of the Niger Philippines c Embassy of the Republic of Korea High Commission for Malaysia 38 Blackburn Avenue 130 Albert Street, Suite 900 150 Boteler Street 60 Boteler Street Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8A3 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 ti Ottawa, Ontario K1N 5A6 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8Y7 TEL . 232-4291 FAX 230-9808 TEL . 233-1121 FAX 233-4165 TEL . 244-5010 FAX 244-5034 TEL . 241-5182 FAX 241-5214 ambanigeracanada@rogers .com embassyofphilippines@rogers com. canada@mofat .go .kr malottawa@kln .gov .my www .ambanigeracanada .ca www emb-korea. .ottawa .on .ca POLAND MALI NIGERIA His Ex . Zenon Kosiniak-Kamysz KUWAIT Her Ex . Traoré Ami Diallo His Ex . Ojo Uma Maduekwe Embassy of the Republic of Poland His Ex . Ali Al-Sammak Embassy of the Republic of Mali High Commission for the Federal 443 Daly Avenue Embassy of the State of Kuwait 50 Goulburn Avenue Republic of Nigeria Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6H3 333 Sussex Drive Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8C8 295 Metcalfe Street TEL . 789-0468 FAX 789-1218 ploma Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 1J9 TEL . 232-1501 FAX 232-7429 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1R9 ottawa info@msz. .gov .pl i TEL . 780-9999 FAX 780-9905 ambassadedumali@rogers .com Tel . 236-0521 Fax 236-0529 www .polishembassy .ca www embassyofkuwait. .ca www ambamalicanada. .org www nigeriahcottawa. .ca d PORTUGAL LATVIA MEXICO NORWAY His Ex . Pedro Moitinho de Almeida His Ex . Juris Audarins His Ex . Francisco Javier Barrio Her Ex . Mona Elisabeth Brøther Embassy of Portugal Embassy of the Republic of Latvia Terrazas Royal Norwegian Embassy 645 Island Park Drive 350 Sparks Street, Suite 1200 Embassy of the United Mexican 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 1300 Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 0B8 Ottawa, Ontario, K1R 7S8 States Ottawa, ON K2P 1P1 TEL . 729-0883 FAX 729-4236 TEL . 238-6014 FAX 238-7044 45 O’Connor Street, Suite 1000 TEL . 238-6571 FAX 238-2765 embportugal@embportugal/ottawa org. embassy .canada@mfa .gov .lv Ottawa, Ontario K1P 1A4 emb ottawa@mfa. no. www .ottawa .mfa .gov .lv TEL . 233-8988 FAX 235-9123 www emb-norway. .ca QATAR info@embamexcan .com His Ex . Salem Moubarak Al-Shafi LEBANON www embamexcan. .com O/OF EASTERN CARIBBEAN Embassy of the State of Qatar Embassy of Lebanon STATES 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 800 640 Lyon Street MONGOLIA His Ex . Brendon Browne Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1P1 Ottawa, Ontario K1S 3Z5 His Ex . Zalaa Uul Tundevdorj High Commission for the Countries TEL: 241-4917 FAX: 241-3304 TEL . 236-5825 FAX 232-1609 Embassy of Mongolia of the Organization of Eastern amb .office@qatarembassy ca. info@lebanonembassy .ca 151 Slater Street, Suite 503 Caribbean States www lebanonembassy. ca. Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3 130 Albert Street, Suite 700 ROMANIA TEL . 569-3830 FAX 569-3916 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 Her Ex . Elena Stefoi LESOTHO TEL . 236-8952 FAX 236-3042 Embassy of Romania Her Ex . Mathabo Theresia Tsepa MOROCCO echcc@oecs org. 655 Rideau Street High Commission for the Kingdom Her Ex . Nouzha Chekrouni Embassy Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6A3 of Lesotho of the Kingdom of Morocco PAKISTAN TEL . 789-3709 FAX 789-4365 130 Albert Street, Suite 1820 38 Range Road His Ex . Akbar Zeb Romania@romanian-embassy .com Ottawa, ON K1P 5G4 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J4 High Commission for the Islamic http://ottawa .mae ro. Tel: 234-0770 Fax: 234-5665 TEL . 236-7391 FAX 236-6164 Republic of Pakistan lesotho .ottawa@bellnet .ca www ambamaroc. .ca/Nouveau/ 10 Range Road RUSSIA siteAmba .html Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J3 His Ex . Georgiy Mamedov LIBYA TEL . 238-7881 FAX 238-7296 Embassy of the Russian Federation Mr . Sulaiman Amer Mohamed MYANMAR parepottawa@rogers com. 285 Charlotte Street Charge’ d’Affaires Mr . Than Htwe Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8L5 Suite 1000, 81 Metcalfe Street Chargé d'Affaires PALESTINE TEL . 235-4341 FAX 236-6342 Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6K7 336 Island Park Drive His Ex . Said M . Hamad info@rusembassy .ca TEL . 842-7519 FAX: 842-8627 Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y OA7 Head of the General Delegation www rusembassy. ca. info@libyanembassy .ca TEL . 232-9990 18 The Driveway http://www .libyanembassy ca. FAX . 232-6999 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 9C6 RWANDA meottawa@rogers .com TEL: 736-0053 Her Ex . Edda Mukabagwiza LITHUANIA FAX: 736-0535 High Commission for the Republic His Ex . Vytautus Zalys nepal palestinegd@gmail .com of Rwanda Embassy of the Republic of His Ex . Bhoj Raj Ghimire 294 Albert Street, Suite 404 Lithuania Chargé d'Affaires PANAMA Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6E6 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 1600 Embassy of Nepal His Ex . Jorge Hernan Miranda Phone: 569-5420/22/24 Ottawa, ON K2P 1P1 408 Queen Street Corona Fax : 569-5421/5423 TEL . 567-5458 FAX 567-5315 Ottawa, ON K1R 5A7 Embassy of the Republic of Panama ambaottawa@minaffet .gov .rw ottawa@lithuanianembassy ca. TEL 680-5513 FAX 422-5149 130 Albert Street, Suite 300 canada .embassy gov. rw. www lithuanianembassy. ca. secretary_nepalembassy@rogers .com Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 TEL . 236-7177 FAX 236-5775 SAUDI ARABIA MACEDONIA (REPUBLIC OF)­­­­­­­ NETHERLANDS embassyofpanama@gmail com. His Ex . Osamah Bin Ahmad Al His Ex . Ljuben Tevdovski His Ex . Wilhelmus J . P . Geerts Sanosi Ahmad Embassy of the Republic Embassy of the Kingdom of the PARAGUAY Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia of Macedonia Netherlands His Ex . Manuel Schaerer 201 Sussex Drive 130 Albert Street, Suite 1006 350 Albert Street, Suite 2020 Kanonnikoff Ottawa, ON K1N 1K6 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 Ottawa, Ontario K1R 1A4 Embassy of the Republic of Paraguay Tel 237-4100 Fax 237-0567 TEL . 234-3882 FAX 233-1852 TEL . 237-5030 FAX 237-6471 151 Slater Street, Suite 501 amboffice .ott@mofa .gov sa. ottawa@mfa gov. mk. Ott-cdp@minbuza .nl Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3 TEL . 567-1283 FAX 567-1679 embassy@embassyofparaguay ca.

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SENEGAL SUDAN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Fax: 613-230-1855 c His . Ex . Amadou Tidiane Wone Embassy of the Republic of the Sudan His Ex . Philip Buxo www .unhcr .ca Embassy of the Republic of Senegal 354 Stewart Street High Commission for the Republic

57 Marlborough Avenue Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6K8 of Trinidad and Tobago UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ta Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8E8 TEL . 235-4000 FAX 235-6880 200 First Avenue, Third Level His Ex . David Cary Jacobson TEL . 238-6392 FAX 238-2695 sudanembassy-canada@rogers com. Ottawa, Ontario K1S 2G6 Embassy of the United States of Info@ambsencanada .org www .sudanembassy .ca/ TEL . 232-2418 FAX 232-4349 America ottawa@ttmissions .com 490 Sussex Drive SERBIA SWEDEN Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8

His Ex . Zoran Veljic His Ex . Teppo Markus Tauriainen TUNISIA TEL . 238-5335 FAX 688-3088 con

Embassy of the Republic of Serbia Embassy of Sweden His Ex . Riadh Essid www .usembassycanada .gov 17 Blackburn Avenue 377 Dalhousie Street Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8A2 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9N8 515 O’Connor Street URUGUAY c TEL . 233-6289 FAX 233-7850 TEL . 244-8200 FAX 241-2277 Ottawa, Ontario K1S 3P8 His Ex . Elbio Oscar Rosselli Frieri

generalinfo@serbianembassy .ca Sweden .ottawa@foreign .ministry .se TEL . 237-0330 FAX 237-7939 Embassy of the Oriental Republic of ti www .serbianembassy .ca www swedishembassy. ca. atottawa@comnet ca. Uruguay 130 Albert Street, Suite 1905 SLOVAK REPUBLIC SWITZERLAND TURKEY Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 His Ex. H.E. Milan Kollár His Ex . Ulrich Lehner His Ex . Tuncay Babali TEL . 234-2727 FAX 233-4670 Embassy of the Slovak Republic Embassy of Switzerland Embassy of the Republic of Turkey embassy@embassyofuruguay ca. 50 Rideau Terrace 5 Marlborough Avenue 197 Wurtemburg Street Ottawa, Ontario K1M 2A1 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8E6 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8L9v VENEZUELA TEL . 749-4442 FAX 749-4989 TEL . 235-1837 FAX 563-1394 TEL 244-2470 FAX 789-3442 Ana Caroliana Rodriguez

emb .ottawa@mzv .sk ott .vertretung@eda .admin ch. embassy .ottawa@mfa gov. .tr Charge’ D’Affaires a i. . ploma www .mzv .sk/ottawa www turkishembassy. com. Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic i SYRIA of Venezuela

SLOVENIA Embassy of the Syrian Arab Republic UGANDA 32 Range Road d Embassy of the Republic of Slovenia 46 Cartier Street His Ex . George Marino Abola Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J4 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 2200 Ottawa, ON K2P 1J3 High Commission for the Republic TEL . 235-5151 FAX 235-3205 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 1P1 TEL . 569-5556 FAX 569-3800 of Uganda embve .caotw@mppre .gob .ve TEL . 565-5781 FAX 565-5783 culture@syrianembassy .ca 231 Cobourg Street www misionvenezuela. .org vot@gov .si www .syrianembassy .ca Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J2 http://ottawa .veleposlanistvo .si/ TEL . 789-7797 FAX 789-8909 VIETNAM TAIPEI Economic & Cultural office uhc@ugandahighcommission .com His Ex . Sy Vuong Ha Le SOUTH AFRICA Dr . Chih-Kung Liu www ugandahighcommission. ca. Embassy of the Socialist Republic of His Ex . Membathisi Shepherd 45 O’Connor Street, Suite 1960 Vietnam Mdladlana Ottawa, Ontario K1P 1A4 UKRAINE 470 Wilbrod Street High Commission for the Republic TEL . 231-5080 FAX 231-7112 His Ex . Vadym Prystaiko Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6M8 of South Africa publicaffairs@on .aibn .com Chargé d’Affaires TEL . 236-0772 FAX 236-2704 15 Sussex Drive Embassy of Ukraine vietnamembassy@rogers .com Ottawa, Ontario K1M 1M8 TANZANIA 310 Somerset Street, West, TEL . 744-0330 FAX 741-1639 His Ex . Alex Crescent Massinda Ottawa, Ontario, K2P 0J9 YEMEN rsafrica@southafrica-canada .ca High Commission for the United TeL . 230-2961 Fax 230-2400 His Ex . Khaled Mahfoodh Bahah www .southafrica-canada .ca Republic of Tanzania emb_ca@ukremb ca. Embassy of the Republic of Yemen 50 Range Road www ukremb. ca. 54 Chamberlain Avenue SPAIN Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J4 Ottawa, Ontario K1S 1V9 His Ex . Carlos Gómez-Múgica TEL . 232-1509 FAX 232-5184 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES TEL . 729-6627 FAX 729-8915 Embassy of the Kingdom of Spain tzottawa@synapse .ca Mohammed Saif Helal Mohammed yeminfo@yemenembassy ca. 74 Stanley Avenue www .tanzaniahighcommission .ca Alshehhi www yemenembassy. .ca Ottawa, Ontario K1M 1P4 125 Boteler Street TEL . 747-2252 FAX 744-1224 THAILAND Ottawa, Ontario K1N 0A4 ZAMBIA embespca@mail .mae .es His Ex . Udomphol Ninnad TEL . 565-7272 FAX 565-8007 His Ex . Bobby Mbunji Samakai www .embaspain .ca The Royal Thai Embassy Consulate FAX: 565-1444 High Commission for the Republic 180 Island Park Drive reception@uae-embassy .com of Zambia SRI LANKA Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 0A2 www uae-embassy. .ae/ca 151 Slater St ,. Suite 205 Her Ex . Chitranganee Wagiswara TEL . 722-4444 FAX 722-6624 Ottawa, Ontario High Commission for the contact@thaiembassy .ca UNITED KINGDOM K1B 5H3 Democratic Socialist Republic www .thaiembassy .ca His Ex . Andrew Pocock TEL . 232-4400 FAX 232-4410 of Sri Lanka British High Commission zhc .ottawa@bellnet .ca 333 Laurier Avenue West, Suite 1204 TOGO 80 Elgin Street Ottawa, Ontario K1P 1C1 Embassy of the Togolese Republic Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5K7 ZIMBABWE TEL . 233-8449 FAX 238-8448 12 Range Road TEL . 237-1530 FAX 237-7980 Her Ex . Florence Zano Chideya slhcit@rogers .com Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J3 www ukincanada. fco. gov. .uk Embassy of the Republic of www .srilankahcottawa .org TEL . 238-5916 FAX 235-6425 Zimbabwe ambatogoca@hotmail .com UN Refugee agency 332 Somerset Street West Furio de Angelis Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0J9 UNHCR Representative in Canada TEL . 421-2824 FAX 422-7403 280 Albert Street, Suite 401 info@zimottawa .com Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G8 visa@zimottawa com. Tel: 613-232-0909 www zimottawa. .com

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Celebration time A listing of the national and independence days marked by countries

April

4 Senegal Independence Day

16 Denmark Birthday of Her Majesty Queen Margrethe II

17 Syria National Day

18 Zimbabwe Independence Day

19 Holy See Election of the Pope

26 Tanzania Union Day

27 Sierra Leone Republic Day

27 South Africa Freedom Day

27 Togo National Day

30 Netherlands Birthday of Her Majesty Queen Beatrix

May

1 Marshall Islands National Day

3 Poland National Day

7 Israel National Day

9 European Union Schuman Day

15 Paraguay Independence Day

17 Norway Constitution Day

20 Cameroon National Day

22 Yemen National Day

24 Eritrea Independence Day

25 Argentina May Revolution

25 Jordan National Day

26 Georgia Independence Day

28 Azerbaijan Republic Day

28 Ethiopia Downfall of the Dergue

June

1 Samoa Independence Day

2 Italy Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic

4 Tonga Independence Day

6 Sweden National Day

10 Portugal National Day

12 Philippines National Day

12 Russia National Day

17 United Kingdom Her Majesty the Queen’s Birthday

17 Iceland Proclamation of the Republic

18 O/of Eastern Caribbean States OECS Day

18 Seychelles Constitution Day

Official Celebration of the Birthday of His Royal Highness 23 Luxembourg Grand Duke Henri

25 Croatia National Day

25 Slovenia National Day

25 Mozambique Independence Day

26 Madagascar Independence Day

27 Djibouti National Day

29 Holy See National Day

30 Congo, Democratic Republic Independence Day

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96 Spring 2013 | APR-MAY-JUN destinations|DIPLOMATICA

Croatia: See, Feel, Enjoy oard oard B ourist T ational ational N roatian roatian C erzotti/ V nte A

Split is a Mediterranean city on the eastern shores of the Adriatic. A well-known song says the Roman emperor Diocletian built his palace, pictured above, in “the most beautiful part of the world, in the heart of Split.”

By Veselko Grubišić comes to my country’s beauty, but this is lion inhabitants . It has no fewer than 1,244 Ambassador of Croatia why I chose the words of Mr . Shaw to help islands, and 6,278 kilometres of coastline me convince you to visit . — surely impressive figures . “On the last day of the Creation, God desired Less poetically, Croatia is a central Eu- Some of you may not know Croatia’s to crown His work, and thus created the Kor- ropean and Mediterranean country that cultural and natural heritage as well as nati Islands out of tears, stars and breath.” extends from the easterly edges of the that of some larger countries, perhaps Alps in the northwest, through the Panno- because we only regained our statehood hen describing my country, I nian lowlands to the banks of the Danube in 1991 . Since then, Croatia has been often borrow this famous quo- in the east . The Dinara mountain range involved in the process of Euro-Atlantic Wtation made by Irish playwright extends over its central region (its high- integration . My country became a NATO George Bernard Shaw when he visited est peak is 1,831 metres above sea level), ally in 2009, and will be joining the EU as the Kornati archipelago off the Dalma- while the southern region ends on the a full-fledged member in July 2013 . The tian coast . One could suggest that as a Adriatic coast . Croatia has a surface area fact that it coincides with is Croatian ambassador, I am biased when it of 56,594 square kilometres and 4 4. mil- another big reason to celebrate together .

diplomat and international canada 97 DELIGHTS|destinations oard B ourist T ational ational N roatian roatian C osinožić/ K enco R Pula is the largest town in the region of Istria. Visitors will be impressed by the Roman amphitheatre, the sixth largest in the world. oard B ourist T ational ational N roatian roatian C ić/ g ra K oris B

Bol is renowned for its most popular beach, the Zlatni Rat or golden cape.

98 SPRING 2013 | JAN-FEB-MAR destinations|DELIGHTS

Croatia is becoming increasingly note- worthy, especially as an attractive tourist destination . Only last year, more than 12 million tourists visited my country, among them 60,000 Canadians . I often joke that in Canada, I have encountered only two groups of people — those who have been to Croatia and those who are eager to go . My country is characterized by excep- tional diversity in its cultural heritage . It boasts monuments from all periods of civilization — ancient history to recent times . There are ancient Roman and Greek monuments and medieval Christian and Renaissance monuments as well as those of the middle European baroque and mod- ern secessionist eras . The six most important places that showcase Croatia’s cultural heritage are: the Old City of Dubrovnik, a historic complex in Split with Diocletian’s palace, the historic town of Trogir, Euphrasius’ ba- silica in Poreč, the Cathedral of St. James in Šibenik and Starigradsko polje on the island of Hvar . Each is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . You can imagine how hard it is for me to begin with one region, or with a specific monument, so instead, I shall simply begin with the capital — Zagreb . Zagreb is a modern capital city with The Old City of Dubrovnik is one of the six most important places showcasing Croatia's a preserved medieval heritage . It ranks cultural heritage. among the oldest cities in Central Europe, a fact borne out by documents from 1079, go north of Zagreb, and in less than an when a diocese was established . Its old hour by car, you will find yourself in the core is comprised of the medieval Gradec small, well-preserved Baroque town of — today the seat of the Croatian govern- Varaždin (Croatia’s 18th-Century capital). Sam Garcia ment and parliament — and Kaptol, the Don’t miss orehnjača or makovnjača (walnut Freelance Photographer seat of the archbishop . Following the ad- loaf, or poppy seed loaf) and cheese or ministrative unification of the two entities fruit strudel . 20 years experience working with the Diplomatic Corps in the 19th Century, the city experienced Most visitors go to the Croatian coast a surge in the construction of prestigious — to Istria, our biggest peninsula, located Diplomatic functions buildings, squares and fountains, as well on the north coast, or Dalmatia, the central Presidential visits as the establishment of beautiful parks coastal region, or Dubrovnik in the south . Ministerial visits that make it one of the greenest cities in You can take a short flight from the capital Corporate events Europe . Zagreb attracts visitors with its with Croatia Airlines to the major cities on Cultural events Private parties lively streets of coffee shops, restaurants the coast or you can easily reach the area Social events and shopping . It is worth visiting at least via our new motorways . On your way to one of its numerous museums and galler- the south, don’t miss Plitvice Lakes Na- ies and tasting some of its culinary special- tional Park, another UNESCO World Heri- ties . Try the prized roast turkey with mlinci tage Site, blessed with the natural beauty (boiled rolled pastry), roast lamb, roast of a string of lakes and waterfalls . suckling pig and boiled and baked štrukli Istria is often described as Croatia’s (thinly rolled pastry, stuffed with fresh cot- Tuscany . It is separated from the rest of tage cheese and cream) . Croatia by the massive mountain, Učka. From Zagreb, you can easily reach the Cultural richness and heritage abound on historical region of Slavonia, in the east, this magical peninsula and are perhaps known for its wide plains, oak forests, most apparent in the town of Rovinj . Is- picturesque vineyards and old cellars . tria’s largest town, however, is Pula, where Slavonia has a couple of natural parks, visitors will be immediately impressed by the most famous being the Kopački rit. You the Roman amphitheatre, the sixth largest (613) 733-8761 must try unique culinary delicacies, such in the world, and also one of the best pre- as Slavonski kulen (a spicy cured pork) . Or served . Going inland is equally breathtak- [email protected]

diplomat and international canada 99 DELIGHTS|destinations oard B ourist T ational ational oard N B ourist T roatian roatian C ational ational adinec/ N č r K ko j roatian roatian el C Z

A solar-panelled sculpture that greets the sun and emits colours and patterns. It sits next The cathedral in Zagreb, the largest city to the sea organ, which you can hear from this vantage point. and capital of Croatia.

ing . Don’t miss the romantic hilltop town on the sea organ, the first of its kind in the For souvenirs, track down some licitar- of Motovun . Truffle hunting is a must world . It produces sounds using only the sko srce. A gingerbread biscuit made from while in Istria . power of wind and sea waves . Younger honey pastry, dyed bright red and colour- Dalmatia is the largest and most fa- visitors will probably go to the island of fully decorated, it is traditionally presented mous historic region of Croatia . It is also Hvar, known for its superb beaches and to one’s beloved or to a dear friend . Or you culturally the richest part of Croatia . Here parties . For a more quiet vacation, one can can buy a cravat . Croatia became known as you’ll find five of the six previously men- go to the island of Vis, or visit the island the “homeland of the cravat” after the look tioned UNESCO World Heritage sites . The of Korčula, the birthplace of Marco Polo. was embraced by 17th-Century soldiers . largest city in Dalmatia is Split, the heart While in Dalmatia, indulge yourself with In 1667, during the reign of Louis XIV of of the Mediterranean . From here, the main dishes based on fish and other seafood, France, a special regiment was formed and Dalmatian islands are easily reached by or meat dishes such as pašticada (a stewed named after Croats: the “Royal Cravates ”. ferry . A well-known song says the Roman beef dish) or Dalmatian prosciutto . The new fashion attribute, worn à la Croate Emperor Diocletian built his palace in “the Dubrovnik, “the pearl of the Adriatic,” was adopted by the people of Paris and most beautiful part of the world, in the according to UNESCO, hardly needs an soon the expression became the root of the heart of Split,” and believe me, it is not far introduction . It is one of the most attrac- new French word, “cravate ”. from the truth . In Zadar, where my family tive and best known cities in the Medi- has a summer residence, you can enjoy terranean, with the preserved state of its Veselko Grubišić is Croatia’s ambassador the most beautiful sunsets (so said film rich heritage inside of the famous Gothic- to Canada . Reach him at croemb ot. - director Alfred Hitchcock), while sitting Renaissance town walls . tawa@mvep hr. or (613) 562-7820 .

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