Análisis Constructivo De La Obra De Frank Lloyd Wright Como Referencia De Arquitectura Bioclimática; Transposición a La Arquitectura Actual

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Análisis Constructivo De La Obra De Frank Lloyd Wright Como Referencia De Arquitectura Bioclimática; Transposición a La Arquitectura Actual UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE EDIFICACIÓN Doctorado en Innovación Tecnológica en Edificación ANÁLISIS CONSTRUCTIVO DE LA OBRA DE FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT COMO REFERENCIA DE ARQUITECTURA BIOCLIMÁTICA; TRANSPOSICIÓN A LA ARQUITECTURA ACTUAL Autora: MARÍA ÁNGELES BELTRÁN FERNÁNDEZ Arquitecta Directores: JULIÁN GARCÍA MUÑOZ Doctor por la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. EMMANUEL DUFRASNES Doctor por la Escuela Politécnica de la Universidad de Saboya. Análisis Constructivo de la obra de Frank Lloyd Wright como referencia de Arquitectura Bioclimática; 1 transposición a la Arquitectura actual. UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE EDIFICACIÓN Doctorado en Innovación Tecnológica en Edificación ANÁLISIS CONSTRUCTIVO DE LA OBRA DE FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT COMO REFERENCIA DE ARQUITECTURA BIOCLIMÁTICA; TRANSPOSICIÓN A LA ARQUITECTURA ACTUAL Autora: MARÍA ÁNGELES BELTRÁN FERNÁNDEZ Arquitecta Directores: JULIÁN GARCÍA MUÑOZ Doctor por la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. EMMANUEL DUFRASNES Doctor por la Escuela Politécnica de la Universidad de Saboya. Análisis Constructivo de la obra de Frank Lloyd Wright como referencia de Arquitectura Bioclimática; 2 transposición a la Arquitectura actual. Análisis Constructivo de la obra de Frank Lloyd Wright como referencia de Arquitectura Bioclimática; 3 transposición a la Arquitectura actual. Resumen El impacto negativo del sector de la construcción sobre el cambio climático es debido en buena parte al empleo de sistemas de climatización y calefacción con el objetivo de proporcionar confort en el interior de los edificios. A la vista de este contexto se exige la búsqueda de estrategias constructivas y de diseño arquitectónico con la finalidad de disminuir el consumo energético y las emisiones de CO2, sin detrimento del confort interior. La arquitectura bioclimática, entendida como aquella que responde a las necesidades del hombre ayudándose del clima y del entorno, puede servir como modelo a seguir para la construcción de una arquitectura responsable. Frank Lloyd Wright desarrolló su arquitectura en torno a la relación entre el edificio y la naturaleza. Su trabajo es un buen ejemplo de eficiencia arquitectónica y constructiva, en un sentido clásico. El análisis de la obra de Wright demuestra cómo con frecuencia los elementos arquitectónicos por él empleados buscan resolver problemas medioambientales. Por ejemplo, el voladizo, elemento formal de sistema de protección solar, o las grandes superficies acristaladas que conectan el interior con la naturaleza permitiendo la ventilación y la iluminación natural de los edificios. El modelo de vivienda usoniana, que Wright desarrolla y evoluciona a lo largo de su extensa carrera, pone de manifiesto el empleo de estas estrategias de forma casi sistemática. Para realizar este análisis, en la presente tesis se ha llevado a cabo una investigación de carácter histórico para recrear con fidelidad el modelo arquitectónico de vivienda usoniana, la casa Jacobs I construida en 1937. Este estudio exhaustivo ha tenido como resultado la construcción de la maqueta digital de la vivienda sobre la que experimentar con el fin de demostrar las hipótesis planteadas. Se han realizado simulaciones de diferentes escenarios constructivos de la vivienda. La comparación de los resultados obtenidos, tomando como referencia los datos de temperatura operativa, ha permitido valorar de forma empírica cómo los elementos diseñados por el arquitecto influyen de forma positiva sobre el confort térmico interior. El empleo de las premisas de confort del propio Wright, que consideraba la capacidad de reacción y de adaptación de los usuarios a las condiciones climáticas externas, permite adoptar un rango de confort más flexible, que se traduce en una reducción de los sistemas de acondicionamiento artificiales necesarios para alcanzar el confort, con la consiguiente reducción de consumo energético. Esta tesis propone una transposición de las soluciones arquitectónicas y constructivas de Wright a la arquitectura actual. Pero no una transposición formal, sino ideológica. Una transposición del proceso del diseño, y del tipo de aproximación que Wright hace a la naturaleza en sus edificios, mediante el conocimiento del lugar, del clima y de los materiales. Una transposición que puede, con el soporte de las nuevas tecnologías, despejar el camino hacia una arquitectura que dé solución a los problemas energéticos contemporáneos. Análisis Constructivo de la obra de Frank Lloyd Wright como referencia de Arquitectura Bioclimática; 4 transposición a la Arquitectura actual. Análisis Constructivo de la obra de Frank Lloyd Wright como referencia de Arquitectura Bioclimática; 5 transposición a la Arquitectura actual. Abstract The building sector has a negative impact on climate change mainly through its use of HVAC systems to achieve interior comfort. Alternative building strategies and architectural design practices must be developed to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions, with no detriment to interior comfort. Bioclimatic architecture, which responds to human necessities based on the weather and on the environment, could be seen as a model for sustainable architecture. These principles inform the work of Frank Lloyd Wright, who developed his architecture based on the relationship with nature. A constructive analysis of his work shows how the use of architectural elements responds to environmental issues. Examples include the cantilever, a formal element for sun protection, or the large glazed surfaces which connect interior to exterior spaces allowing natural ventilation. The Usonian House, the housing model that Wright developed during his long career, reveals the systematic use of these strategies. An energetic simulation of the Jacobs I house, seen as a representative model of the Usonian House, demonstrates and quantifies the positive impact of these design elements on interior thermal comfort, taking the operative temperature as a reference. In line with Wright’s assumptions, the simulations take into account user reactions and the capacity to adapt to external thermal conditions. These assumptions lead to the definition of a more flexible thermal comfort range, decreasing the use of mechanical HVAC systems and reducing energy consumption. The transposition proposed is not a formal but an ideological transposition of Wright’s design process and natural approach, involving knowledge of materials, weather and environment. Design based on nature and belief in a more engaged society combined with technological progress could be a guide towards an architecture that responds to the current negative context. Análisis Constructivo de la obra de Frank Lloyd Wright como referencia de Arquitectura Bioclimática; 6 transposición a la Arquitectura actual. Análisis Constructivo de la obra de Frank Lloyd Wright como referencia de Arquitectura Bioclimática; 7 transposición a la Arquitectura actual. Agradecimientos y dedicatoria Dedico esta tesis a los compañeros, familiares y amigos que me han ayudado y apoyado durante este largo periodo. A Julián García Muñoz, por su ayuda e implicación a lo largo de todo esto proceso, desde el principio hasta el último día. A Emmanuel Dufrasnes, por su orientación y guía al inicio de esta investigación, que sirvió de gran apoyo para encontrar el camino. Al personal de la ETSEM de Madrid y de la ENSAS de Estrasburgo, que siempre han estado presentes con su ayuda para cualquier necesidad. A mis padres, que me han inculcado el valor del esfuerzo desde niña y, en especial, a mi padre, que fue quien me presentó la obra de Frank Lloyd Wright. A mi abuela María Ángeles, a Susan y Fernando por su incondicional apoyo. Y por supuesto a mi familia, mis hijas Blanca y Sofía, y a mi marido Sergio, que han sabido comprenderme y escucharme con mis estudios e investigaciones, y por su gran apoyo y ayuda. Por último, a Frank Lloyd Wright, protagonista de este trabajo, del que he vuelto a aprender el amor por la Naturaleza y cuyas ideas siguen, 150 años después de su nacimiento, más vigentes que nunca. Análisis Constructivo de la obra de Frank Lloyd Wright como referencia de Arquitectura Bioclimática; 8 transposición a la Arquitectura actual. Análisis Constructivo de la obra de Frank Lloyd Wright como referencia de Arquitectura Bioclimática; 9 transposición a la Arquitectura actual. INDICE GENERAL INDICE GENERAL ....................................................................................................... 10 CAPÍTULO I. Antecedentes .......................................................................................... 14 1. Planteamiento del problema ............................................................................................ 16 2. Interés y justificación del tema elegido. .......................................................................... 17 3. Objetivos ......................................................................................................................... 20 4. Hipótesis .......................................................................................................................... 21 5. Metodología .................................................................................................................... 22 6. Estructura de la tesis ........................................................................................................ 24 CAPITULO II. ANÁLISIS TEMÁTICO ....................................................................... 26 1. Arquitectura Bioclimática
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