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Traducciones / Translations 206 RA 21 Traducciones / Translations P. 207 Editorial Pedro Ignacio Alonso Arquitectura para los museos P. 209 01. Reto Geiser La vida después de la muestra: John Hejduk y “La formación del arquitecto”. P. 214 02. Patricio Mardones Notes half a century (and several exhibitions) later. P. 217 03. Carlos Mínguez Background: When Architecture Became Art (1975-1977). P. 219 04. Alejandra Celedón Stadium and Museum: A Mapping of Narrative. Impulses. P. 222 05. María Álvarez “The Beautiful Drawing”. Exhibitions and Architectural Education in Spain, 197x-199x. P. 228 06. Iñaki Bergera, Enrique Jerez Exhibited architecture. Artistic transitions on architectural photographic representation. P. 235 07. Aurora Fernández Interventions in the Rijksmuseum: the reinvention of the museum. P. 239 08. Carolina B. García-Estévez … Let us take an excursion around the world! Monument and copy as curatorial practice in the international exhibitions and their museums of collections, 1854-1929. P. 244 09. Rafael Guridi A museum on the moon? The Moon Museum, exhibition space off limits. P. 244 10. Jorge Ramos Jular, Fernando Zaparaín, Pablo Llamazares Blanco Oteiza and Oíza: the Exhibition Space as temporal Perception. P. 254 11. Fernando Moral-Andrés The definition of an urban and global icon. Public-private strategies for the regeneration of the Museum “Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana, Rome”. P. 260 12. Francisco Muñoz About architecture (in the Barcelona Pavilion). Exhibition as a form of research. P. 264 13. Jaime Ramos, Ana Santolaria The museum of innocence: the construction of a story. P. 269 14. Laura Sánchez 3 exhibitions, 2 curators, and 1 museum: Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo and Associates through the MoMA, NYC. P. 273 15. Nuria Ortigosa Building the “Archive”. 856 Architecture Exhibitions in Barcelona. RA 21 207 Editorial Rossi como su alter ego, Cézanne conecta lo intuitivo con lo racional: “… aquello que su ojo descubría primero, pero que la razón, de mane- Arquitectura para los museos ra inmediata y espontánea, quería confirmar desde la lógica de una composición, de un proyecto, de una arquitectura”9. Podría decirse, Pedro Ignacio Alonso por lo tanto, que el objetivo de Rossi era el mismo que el de Cézanne con la pintura: faire de l’architecture quelque chose de solide et de durable comme l’art des musées, mediante la eliminación de todos sus elementos efímeros y accesorios para sustituirlos por fórmulas armoniosas y perdurables que satisficieran sus afinidades clásicas. Pero el peso de la eternidad implícita en lo sólido y lo duradero no era todo lo que Cézanne tenía que decir de estas insti- tuciones. Al final de su conversación con Gasquet, afirmaría también que “los museos son cavernas de Platón”10. Casi contradiciendo el ferviente platonismo de Rossi, Cézanne pensaba que además de un escaparate de fórmulas perdurables, los museos son un inmenso repositorio de meras sombras. Y continúa: “Yo mandaría grabar en la puerta: “Prohibida la entrada a los pintores. El sol está fuera”. […]. Después que [el pintor] vuelva a esos cementerios simplemente para descansar y meditar sobre su impotencia y su muerte. […] Los museos son lugares odiosos, apestan a democracia y a colegio”11. Estas declaraciones no provienen de un anciano pintor que pretenda aconsejar a las jóvenes generaciones. En un momento muy tem- Hace ya cincuenta años, Aldo Rossi propuso la necesi- prano de su carrera, con veinticinco años de edad, “con una salud dad de pensar una arquitectura para los museos, dando una inter- admirable, un corazón y una sangre cálidos y una abundancia de pretación personal a la célebre frase que, según él, pronunciaba Paul ideas”, un día gritó a Huot: “Hay que quemar el Louvre”12. Cézanne desde el ámbito del arte: “Yo pinto solo para los museos”1. Las evidentes omisiones y alteraciones de Rossi nos Para el arquitecto italiano, en esa frase Cézanne se refería sin lugar ofrecen un ejemplo bastante claro del estatus ambivalente que a dudas a un tipo de pintura que seguía un proceso riguroso y que se pueden representar los museos en el arte y la arquitectura, y ponen enmarcaba en la lógica de unas obras cuyas cualidades únicamente de manifiesto conceptos aparentemente opuestos que siguen podían verificarse en el espacio de los museos. vigentes en nuestra época. Por supuesto, los museos de hoy en En el contexto del racionalismo italiano de la época, es día no tienen mucho que ver con los de finales del siglo xix, cuando en los museos donde, de acuerdo con Rossi, puede apreciarse la Cézanne pronunció aquellas palabras. Y la concepción encorsetada formalización más elevada y autónoma de la arquitectura. Según su de Rossi, que no reconoce explícitamente que los museos no son definición, en términos platónicos, la arquitectura crea piezas de mu- espacios neutrales, desdeña el hecho de que en un sentido contem- seo que solo posteriormente serán retomadas por los técnicos para poráneo, al menos en lo referente a la arquitectura, la eternidad solo “transformarlas y adaptarlas a las múltiples funciones y exigencias es alcanzable en la medida en que los museos se han convertido en en que deben ser aplicadas”2. archivos. Este es precisamente el caso de Rossi, cuyas colecciones Dada la fecundidad para la arquitectura de este plan- están guardadas en el Canadian Centre of Architecture (CCA) de teamiento que propone Rossi a partir de la aseveración de Cézanne, Montreal, una institución internacional dedicada a la investigación resulta desalentador que no sea más explícito acerca de la fuente que cuenta con archivo, biblioteca y galería. y el contexto de una afirmación cuyo origen es difícil de determinar. Aun con todo, una parte del debate de Cézanne sigue Podemos encontrar una expresión similar en las conversaciones de viva en la actualidad. Los museos y los archivos, así como las Joachim Gasquet con el pintor, publicadas en 1921, donde puede galerías, las bienales y las trienales, mantienen hoy la autoridad de leerse: “Pero quise hacer del impresionismo algo sólido y duradero decidir qué debe incluirse y qué debe quedarse fuera. La voluntad de como el arte de los museos”3. Michael Doran, sin embargo, explica Cézanne de grabar en las puertas nos remite a esos umbrales, esos que en el libro de Gasquet los diálogos mezclan fragmentos reales puntos por los que, literal y simbólicamente, las obras de arte pueden con otros especulativos, e introducen –aunque imitando una conver- acceder a un exclusivo reino: el tránsito permanente, cuando no la sación fluida– citas de la correspondencia entre Cézanne y Camoin, transacción, que desplaza los objetos desde un exterior a un interior e incluso pasajes de los Recueils de Bernard y extractos de un y los vuelve a llevar desde dentro hacia fuera. El fortalecimiento –o la artículo de 1907 sobre Cézanne redactado por Maurice Denis y pu- difuminación– de estas puertas y líneas divisorias se convierte así en blicado tiempo después en sus Théories 1890-19104. Es precisamen- el locus de un buen número de polémicas actuales. te este último quien, supuestamente, escuchó de Cézanne la frase Es evidente que, así expuestas, puede parecer que “J’ai voulu faire de l’impressionnisme quelque chose de solide et de estas ideas simplifican excesivamente unos procesos más comple- durable comme l’art des Musées»5. Parece que Denis es la única jos e intrincados, pero gracias a ellas podemos discutir acerca de fuente fiable de estas conocidas palabras, aunque pudo haberlas re- algunos temas y ejemplos históricos y contemporáneos que pueden producido a partir de notas6. Podría decirse, entonces, que Gasquet aportar mucho al debate crítico sobre las prácticas arquitectónicas las tomó prestadas para elaborar sus propios diálogos y que quizá, y expositivas que conciben los museos como lugares de trabajo unas décadas más tarde, Rossi las reformuló para incorporarlas a su donde explorar, como espacios donde la obra del arquitecto puede propio discurso arquitectónico. alcanzar su máximo grado de profundidad. El objetivo del presente La fascinación de Rossi hacia Cézanne es compren- número de Ra, Revista de Arquitectura es poner sobre la mesa este sible. Al fin y al cabo, se trata del pintor cuya “pura sensibilidad debate y ampliar sus horizontes. moderna” eliminaría “todos los elementos efímeros y accesorios […] para sustituirlos por fórmulas armoniosas y perdurables que satisficieran sus afinidades clásicas”7. Y gracias a su capacidad de Imagen: Oslo Architecture Triennale 2016. After Belonging: A Triennale In Residence, On Residence and the Ways We Stay in Transit. Comisariada por Lluís Alexandre Casanovas abstracción consigue reducir todas las formas a aquellas que le Blanco, Ignacio González Galán, Carlos Mínguez Carrasco, Alejandra Navarrete Llopis, Mari- resultan comprensibles: la esfera, el cono y el cilindro8. Escogido por na Otero Verzier. (Fotografía Istvan Virag). 208 RA 21 Notas nisme quelque chose de solide “la esfera, el cono y el cilindro”. 01. ROSSI, Aldo, “Architettura et de durable comme l’art des Todas las formas se reducen a per i musei”, en Scritti scelti musées». Traducido al español aquellas que le resultan com- sull’architettura e la città 1956- por Carlos Manzano como Cé- prensibles”. 1972, Milán: CLUP, 1975, p. 337: zanne: lo que vi y lo que me dijo, “E ancora potremmo avere per 2005, Madrid: Gadir, p. 177. 09. DENIS, Théories, op. cit., divisa la celebre frase di Cézan- p. 242: “…que son œil découvrait ne, “io dipingo solo per i musei”. 04. DORAN, P. M. (ed.), Conver- d’abord mais que sa raison Con questa frase Cézanne, in sations avec Cézanne, 2006, voulait aussitôt et spontané- modo chiarissimo, dichiara la París: Macula D.L., p. 166 y ss. ment appuyer sur le support necessità di una pittura che Traducido al español por Pablo logique d’une composition, d’un prosegue un suo sviluppo logico Ariel Ires como Conversacio- plan, d’une architecture”.
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