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Masterarbeit Marko Markic Mag. Marko Marki ć Der Wirtschaftsstandort Montenegro aus der Sicht österreichischer Unternehmen und Investoren Masterarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Magisters der Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften der Studienrichtung Financial and Industrial Management an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz o. Univ. Prof. Dr. Edwin O. Fischer Institut für Finanzwirtschaft Graz, im Jänner 2012 Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung Ich erkläre ehrenwörtlich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig und ohne fremde Hilfe verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen nicht benutzt und die den Quellen wörtlich oder inhaltlich entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht habe. Die Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form keiner an- deren inländischen oder ausländischen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt und auch noch nicht veröffentlicht. Die vorliegende Fassung entspricht der eingereichten elektro- nischen Version. Datum: Unterschrift: Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis .................................................................................................... I Abbildungs- und Tabellenverzeichnis .................................................................... III Abkürzungsverzeichnis..........................................................................................IV 1. Einleitung............................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Problemstellung ........................................................................................... 1 1.2. Ziel der Arbeit und Methode......................................................................... 3 2. Allgemeine Daten ............................................................................................... 5 2.1. Geographische Lage.................................................................................... 5 2.2. Einwohner.................................................................................................... 6 2.3. Geschichte................................................................................................... 7 2.4. Verwaltung................................................................................................... 8 2.5. Außenpolitik ................................................................................................. 9 2.6. Auswirkung auf Investoren........................................................................... 9 3. Makroökonomische Situation............................................................................ 11 3.1. Transformationsprozess hin zur Marktwirtschaft........................................ 11 3.2. Entwicklung des Bruttoinlandsproduktes.................................................... 14 3.3. ADI als Wachstumsgenerator ............................................................................. 16 3.4. Der Arbeitsmarkt ........................................................................................ 18 3.4.1. Arbeitslosigkeit .................................................................................... 18 3.4.2. Durchschnittslöhne.............................................................................. 18 3.4.3. Ausbildungsstruktur............................................................................. 19 3.5 Sonstige makroökonomische Eckdaten ...................................................... 19 3.5.1. Industrielle Produktion......................................................................... 20 3.5.2. Inflation................................................................................................ 20 3.5.3. Handelsbilanz und Leistungsbilanz ..................................................... 21 3.5.5. Budgetdefizit und Auslandsverschuldung............................................ 22 3.6. Auswirkung auf die ausländischen Investoren ........................................... 22 4. Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen...................................................................... 24 4.1. Bestehende Abkommen mit Österreich...................................................... 24 4.2. Gesetz über Handelsgesellschaften........................................................... 24 4.2.1. Aktiengesellschaft (Teil V, § 17ff des Gesetzes über Handelsgesellschaften) ................................................................................. 25 4.2.2. Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (Teil VI, § 64ff des Gesetzes über Handelsgesellschaften)......................................................................... 26 4.2.3. Kommanditgesellschaft und Offene Handelsgesellschaft (Teil III, § 6f des Gesetzes über Handelsgesellschaften) .................................................. 27 4.2.4. Einzelunternehmen (Teil II, § 5 des Gesetzes über Handelsgesellschaften) ................................................................................. 27 I 4.2.5. Tochtergesellschaft (Teil VII, § 80 des Gesetzes über Handelsgesellschaften) ................................................................................. 27 4.3. Gesetz über Rechnungswesen und Wirtschaftsprüfung ............................ 27 4.4. Steuergesetze............................................................................................ 29 4.4.1. Mehrwertsteuer.................................................................................... 29 4.4.2. Körperschaftssteuer ............................................................................ 30 4.4.3. Einkommenssteuer für natürliche Personen........................................ 32 4.4.4. Sonstige Abgaben ............................................................................... 32 4.5. Zollbestimmungen...................................................................................... 32 4.6. Rechte über Sicherheiten........................................................................... 33 4.7. Insolvenzrecht............................................................................................ 34 4.8. Konzessionen ............................................................................................ 35 4.9. Vertragsverletzungen................................................................................. 36 5. Geschäftstätigkeitn in Montenegro inklusive Branchenanalyse........................ 38 5.1. Doing Business Report der Weltbank ........................................................ 38 5.2. Gründung einer Handelsgesellschaft in Montenegro ................................. 40 5.3. Investitionsmöglichkeiten ........................................................................... 41 5.3.1. Tourismus............................................................................................ 41 5.3.2. Baubranche ......................................................................................... 42 5.3.3. Energiebranche ................................................................................... 43 5.3.4. Industrie............................................................................................... 44 6. Finanzbranche.................................................................................................. 45 6.1. Zahlungsverkehr ........................................................................................ 45 6.2. Bankwesen ................................................................................................ 45 6.3. Leasing und Factoring................................................................................ 48 6.4. Versicherungen.......................................................................................... 49 6.5. Kapitalmarkt ............................................................................................... 51 6.6. Pensionsfonds und Investmentfonds ......................................................... 53 7. Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................... 55 Literaturverzeichnis .............................................................................................. 58 ANHANG .............................................................................................................. 66 II Abbildungs- und Tabellenverzeichnis Abbildung 1: ADI-Zufluss-Struktur .......................................................................... 2 Abbildung 3: Transformationsindikatoren ............................................................. 13 Abbildung 4: BIP-Entwicklung seit 2002 ............................................................... 15 Abbildung 5: BIP-Entwicklung seit 1989 ............................................................... 16 Abbildung 6: Inflation und neue Währung............................................................. 20 Abbildung 7: MwSt – Höchstsätze in ausgewählten Ländern ............................... 29 Abbildung 8: Der Rang Montenegros nach einzelnen Indikatoren........................ 39 Abbildung 9: Anteil der Watchlist-Kredite und der NPL in %................................. 47 Abbildung 10: MONEX 20 im Zeitraum 30/11/10 – 30/11/11................................ 52 Abbildung 11: Marktkapitalisierung von MONEX 20 im Zeitraum 30/11/10 – 30/11/11................................................................................................................ 53 Tabelle 1: Global Competitiveness Index – Veränderung zum Jahr 2010. ........... 12 Tabelle 2: ADI nach Herkunftsland im Zeitraum Anfang 2002 - Ende Juni 2009.. 17 Tabelle 3: Sonstige makroökonomische Eckdaten..............................................
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