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Phylogenetic Relationships of Hedgehogs and Gymnures (Mammalia: Insectivora: Erinaceidae)

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Phylogenetic Relationships of Hedgehogs and Gymnures (Mammalia: Insectivora: Erinaceidae) * Phylogenetic Relationships of Hedgehogs and Gymnures (Mammalia: Insectivora: Erinaceidae) DARREL R. FROST, W. CHRIS WOZENCRAFT, and ROBERT S. HOFFMANN I SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 518 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Folklife Studies Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover. Robert McC. Adams Secretary Smithsonian Institution SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 518 Phylogenetic Relationships of Hedgehogs and Gymnures (Mammalia: Insectivora: Erinaceidae) Darrel R. Frost, W. Chris Wozencraft, and Robert S. Hoffmann SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Washington, D.C. 1991 ABSTRACT Frost, Darrel R., W. Chris Wozencraft, and Robert S. Hoffmann. Phylogenetic Relationships of Hedgehogs and Gymnures (Mammalia: Insectivora: Erinaceidae). Smithsonian Contribu- tions to Zoology, number 518, 69 pages, 12 figures, 19 plates, 8 tables, 1991.—Using 81 transformation series containing 172 characters of osteology, dentition, and external morphology, the phylogeny of Recent erinaceids is investigated using standard phylogenetic techniques. For this analysis, we used as the first taxonomic outgroup of Erinaceidae, Soricoidea + Tenrecoidca; and as the second taxonomic outgroup, fLeptictidae. Supraspccific mono- phyletic groups identified from this analysis are Erinaceidae; Hylomyinac; Podogymnura (aureospinula, truei); Echinosorex + Podogymnura; Hylomys (sinensis, suillus, hainanensis); Erinaceinae; Hemiechinus; subgenus Paraechinus {{aethiopicus, micropus), hypomelas) + II. auritus + H. collaris; Mesechinus dauuricus + {Erinaceus + Atelerix); Erinaceus (europaeus, concolor, amurensis); and Atelerix {{albiventris, sclateri), algirus,frontalis). Evidence does not support the monophyly of Hemiechinus (as recognized by Honacki et al., 1982) or of Hemiechinus excluding II. dauuricus. Mesechinus is elevated from subgeneric status (under Hemiechinus) to generic status to contain dauuricus and hughi. Paraechinus is considered a subgenus ofHemiechinus. Neohylomys and Neotetracus are considered synonyms of Hylomys. Diagnoses and taxonomic accounts of genera are presented along with comments on the taxonomy of and variation within species. Hemiechinus aethiopicus, H. deserti, and H. dorsalis are provisionally regarded as subspecies of //. aethiopicus. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Frost, Darrel R. Phylogenetic relationships of hedgehogs and gymnures (Mammalia: Insectivora: Erinaceidae) / Darrel R. Frost, W. Chris Wozencraft, and Robert S. Hoffmann. p. cm.—(Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 518) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Erinaceidac-Classification. 2. Erinaceidae-Morphology. 3. Phylogeny. I. Wozencraft, Wallace Christo- pher. II. Hoffmann, Robert S. III. Title. IV. Series. Qll.S54no. 518 [QL737.I53] 591 s—dc20 91-2767 [599.3'3] CIP © The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48—1984. Contents Page Introduction 1 Acknowledgments 1 Methods and Materials 2 Character Transformation Series 3 Cranial Characters 3 Dentition Characters 10 Post-cranial Characters 12 Non-skeletal Characters 13 Characters Not Utilized in Analysis 15 Results and Discussion 16 Recommended Taxonomy 18 Comparisons with Previous Hypotheses of Relationships 20 Key to the Skulls of the Erinaceidae 21 Taxonomic Accounts, Diagnoses, and Comments on Species Relationships 23 Family ERINACEIDAE 23 Subfamily HYLOMYINAE 23 Genus Echinosorex de Blainville, 1838 24 Genus Podogymnura Meams, 1905 24 Genus Hylomys Muller, 1839 24 Subfamily ERINACEINAE Fischer, 1817 27 Genus Hemiechinus Fitzinger, 1866 27 Subgenus Paraechinus Trouessart, 1879 29 Genus Mesechinus Ognev, 1951 . 30 Genus Erinaceus Linnaeus, 1758 31 Genus Atelerix Pomel, 1848 31 Appendix 1: List of Specimens Examined 33 Appendix 2: Data Matrix 41 Appendix 3: Apomorphy List by Stems 43 Appendix 4: Changes on Stems by Transformation Series 45 Literature Cited 47 Plates 1-19 51 in Phylogenetic Relationships of Hedgehogs and Gymnures (Mammalia: Insectivora: Erinaceidae) Darrel R. Frost, W. Chris Wozencraft, and Robert S. Hoffmann Introduction of the erinaceine genera. More recently, Corbet (1988) Erinaceomorphs are known from the lower Eocene (Novacek reviewed the taxonomy, phylogeny, ecology, and zoogeogra- el al., 1985) with characteristics of the family already well phy of Erinaceidae. established by the Early Oligocene (Butler, 1948). The What has not been attempted is a rigorous approach to Erinaceidae is a relatively plesiomorphic family of lipotyphlan inferring the phylogenetic relationships of extant taxa of insectivores that has its Recent distribution in the tropical and erinaceids from Recent material. In this paper we attempt such temperate zones of Eurasia and Africa. Current taxonomy a phylogenetic analysis. More specifically, the questions asked divides the Recent members of the family into two nominally are: (1) Are all of the nominal taxa within Erinaceidae monophyletic subfamilies (Butler, 1948,1956,1988; Novacek, monophyletic? (2) What is the most parsimonious hierarchical 1985, 1986; Corbet, 1988), Hylomyinae (= Galericinae = arrangement (= hypothesized historical relationships) of these Echinosoricinae) (with 3-5 genera and 6 species) of the discovered monophyletic taxa? (3) What taxonomy best Southeast Asian tropics, and Erinaceinae (with 3-5 genera and reflects our knowledge of the relationships of these taxa? 14 species), of Africa, Europe, and arid regions of Asia Although the recent paper by Corbet (1988) might be (Honacki et al., 1982; Nowak and Paradiso, 1983; Corbet, considered an example of what we are trying to accomplish, we 1988). For purposes of discussion, we will use the nomencla- have reservations about his phylogenetic methods and taxon- ture of Corbet (1988) (see Table 7), that is, 5 genera of omy. Additionally, we could not verify some of the characters hylomyines and 4 genera of erinaceines. he used (see below). Because comparisons between our study Because of their important position in larger questions of and that of Corbet (1988) are unavoidable, we will highlight insectivore classification, erinaceids have been the object of differences between our approaches, both philosophically and considerable previous investigation. Leche (1902), Butler methodologically. (1948, 1956, 1988), and McDowell (1958) studied the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—We are grateful to the curators and anatomy, and Novacek (1986) reviewed the relationships of the collection managers of the various museums who provided us subfamilies within the framework of larger questions of with access to specimens used in this study; among them are erinaceomorph relationships. In an attempt to resolve the Field Museum of Natural History (R. Izor, B. Patterson, L. controversy surrounding generic distinctions in erinaceines, Heaney); National Museum of Natural History (R. Fisher, A. Robbins and Setzer (1985) evaluated the phenetic similarities Gardner, M. Carleton, L. Gordon, C. Handley, R. Thorington, D. Wilson); American Museum of Natural History (S. Darrel R. Frost, Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 (current address: Department of Anderson, K. Koopman, M. Lawrence, G. Musser); Harvard Herpetology and Ichthyology, American Museum of Natural History, University Museum of Comparative Zoology (J. Kirsch, M. Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024); W. Rutzmoser); Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (C. Chris Wozencraft and Robert S. Hoffmann, National Museum of Smart);
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