Republic of Rome and Early Empire

509 BCE – 27 BCE Model of the city of Rome during the early fourth century CE. Museo della Civiltà Romana. 1) Temple of Portunus,, 2) Circus Maximus. 3) Palatine Hill, 4) Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, 5) Pantheon, 6) Column of Trajan, 7) Forum of Trajan, 8) Markets of Trajan, 9) Forum of Julius Ceasar, 10) Forum of Augustus, 11) Forum Romanum, 12) Basilica Nova, 13) Arch of Titus, 14) Temple of Venus and Roma, 15) Arch of Constantine, 16) Colossus of Nero, 17) Colosseum. 2 Temple of Portunus (Temple of “Fortuna Virilis”), Rome, Italy, ca. 75 BCE.

3

Temple of Vesta (?), Tivoli, Italy, early first century BCE.

5 Temple of Vesta in Tivoli

Restored view of the Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Palestrina, Italy, late second century BCE (John Burge). Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia at Palestrina Roman concrete construction. (a) barrel vault, (b) groin vault, (c) fenestrated sequence of groin vaults, (d) hemispherical dome with oculus (John Burge). Imperial Rome Portrait of Augustus as general, from Primaporta, copy of bronze original, ca. 20 BCE

Remember This?

Supposedly, Aeneas left Troy and established a settlement in Italy (at Alba Longa). He is often credited as the founder of Rome. He is also supposedly the son of Venus.

The cute little boy is also supposed to remind you of Cupid and thus Venus.

Gemma Augustea, early 1st C. CE Augustus (probably) being crowned by Oikoumene – the personification of the inhabited world. Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace)

Aeneas Sacrificing

Details of the Panathenaic Festival procession frieze, from the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 447–438 BCE. Marble, 3’ 6” high. Horsemen of north frieze (top), British Museum, London; seated gods and goddesses (Poseidon, Apollo, and Artemis) of east frieze (center), Acropolis Museum, Athens; and elders and maidens of east frieze (bottom), Louvre, Paris. Procession of the imperial family, detail of the south frieze of the Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome, Italy, 13–9 BCE. Marble, 5’ 3” high.

AP Question: In whose honor was this monument erected? How do the style and content reflect the culture’s social and political values? Pont du Gard Aqueduct Pont-du-Gard, Nîmes, France, ca. 16 BCE.

40

Porta Maggiore, Rome, Italy, ca. 50 CE. Maison Carrée, Nîmes, France, ca. 1–10 CE. Maison Carre – Nimes France

• Emperor Nero • Built Domus Aurea after large fire in Rome • Last emperor of the Julio-Claudian line Domus Aurea

SEVERUS and CELER, section (left) and plan (right) of the octagonal hall of the Domus Aurea (Golden House) of Nero, Rome, Italy, 64–68 CE.

50 Vespasian: Founder of Flavian dynasty

• General under Claudius and Nero • Began construction of Flavian Amphitheater (COLOSSEUM) Flavian Amphitheater & Colossus of Nero Theater at Epidauros (Greek)

• Used for plays on special holidays Aerial view of the Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater), Rome, Italy, ca. 70–80 CE.

54

The Colosseum

Column Orders

Groin Vaulting

Roman engineers took the basic round arch and developed a range of structural systems from it. These structural systems all allowed for larger, stronger structures able to carry far more mass than earlier structures based on the post and lintel system.

-barrel vault - barrel vaults are essentially extended arches

-groin vaults are barrel vaults that intersect at a right angle

- groin vaults used in series and supported by buttresses allow for immense interior spaces

Colosseum Subterranean

Gladiators Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81 CE.

74 Arch of Titus

Spoils of Jerusalem, relief panel from the Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81 CE. Marble, 7’ 10” high.

Opposite side of Arch of Titus

Triumph of Titus, relief panel from the Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81 CE. Marble, 7’ 10” high.