Science Diplomacy Review

Vol. 3 | No. 1 | April 2021

EDITORIAL

ARTICLES From Securing the State to Safeguarding the Atom: The Relevance of History to Nuclear Diplomacy Maria Rentetzi The Speedy Transmission of Corona Infections – Rebooting Science Diplomacy Trithesh Nandan A New Generation of Trainings on Science Diplomacy for Global Challenges: Insights from two European Projects Nadia Meyer, Rasmus Gjedssø Bertelsen, Natalia Czajkowska, Elke Dall, Ana Elorza, Maria Josten, Pascal Griset, Izaskun Lacunza, Lorenzo Melchor, Andreas P. Müller, Daniella Palmberg, Claire Mays

PERSPECTIVES Circulation of Science Diplomacy: Exploring the Motion of Ideas Zane Šime 5th Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP) 2021 and United Nations Multilateral Standard-Setting Bodies: A Perspective Basir Ahmed Standing on the Shoulders of Our Giants: Science Diplomacy for the Future Scientific Progress Archana Sharma

Science Diplomacy Beyond Politics M. Anandakrishnan

(Continued on outside back cover) Science Diplomacy Review

Editors Sachin Chaturvedi Director General, RIS Bhaskar Balakrishnan Science Diplomacy Fellow, RIS Krishna Ravi Srinivas Consultant, RIS

Associate Editor Kapil Patil Research Associate, RIS

The editorial correspondence should be addressed to the Editor, Science Diplomacy Review, Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS), Core IV-B, Fourth Floor, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110 003, India. Phone: +91-11-24682177-80, Fax: +91-11-24682173-74. Email: [email protected] and [email protected].

© RIS, 2021.

RNI Registration No. DELENG/2021/79753.

The views expressed in science diplomacy review are those of authors and not necessarily those of the RIS or the organizations they belong to. Science Diplomacy Review

Vol. 3 | No. 1 | April 2021

Science Diplomacy Review

Vol. 3 | No. 1 | April 2021

EDITORIAL 1

ARTICLES From Securing the State to Safeguarding the Atom: The Relevance of History to Nuclear Diplomacy 3 Maria Rentetzi

The Speedy Transmission of Corona Infections – Rebooting Science Diplomacy 13 Trithesh Nandan

A New Generation of Trainings on Science Diplomacy for Global Challenges: Insights from two European Projects 25 Nadia Meyer, Rasmus Gjedssø Bertelsen, Natalia Czajkowska, Elke Dall, Ana Elorza, Maria Josten, Pascal Griset, Izaskun Lacunza, Lorenzo Melchor, Andreas P. Müller, Daniella Palmberg, Claire Mays

PERSPECTIVES Circulation of Science Diplomacy: Exploring the Motion of Ideas 35 Zane Šime

5th Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP) 2021 and United Nations Multilateral Standard-Setting Bodies: A Perspective 43 Basir Ahmed

Standing on the Shoulders of our Giants: Science Diplomacy for the Future Scientific Progress 49 Archana Sharma Science Diplomacy Beyond Politics 57 M. Anandakrishnan

REPORT REVIEW Technology & Innovation Report 2021: Catching the Technological Wave - Innovation with Equity 61 Kapil Patil

EVENT REVIEW Using Future Scenarios of Science Diplomacy 67 for Addressing Global Challenges Elke Dall and Mitchell Young

NOTE ON INSTITUTIONS The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) 73 Sneha Sinha

Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES): Open to International Cooperation 79 Debanjana Dey

WEBINAR REPORT Promoting India-Taiwan Cooperation in Science, Technology & Innovation (STI): Way Forward 83

SYNTHESES Science Diplomacy Events Global Young Academy (GYA) Workshop on Science 89 Diplomacy in South Asia India International Science Festival (IISF-2020) 90 S4D4C Final Networking Meeting 91 editorial

his issue comes at a time when the COVID-19 pandemic, contrary to expectations, is surging again with rising number of new cases across the world. India has been Tparticularly hard hit with a sharp rise in daily new cases reaching record levels, overwhelming the health care system. The crisis has been marked by a shortage of beds, oxygen, and medicines, prompting many countries to send supplies. The plans for an ambitious rollout of vaccines for adults above 18 have run into bottlenecks due to a lack of vaccine supply and distribution. These are formidable challenges to be overcome. This situation has developed despite major global efforts at containing and reducing the spread. Scientific challenges arise due to the mutations in the virus and their impact on the immunity of humans. Restrictions on social interactions, exhortations for responsible behaviour, vaccinations, etc., have not yet succeeded, and may need to be reassessed and stepped up. Access to vaccines remains problematic compounded by a tendency for the economically strong to capture the doses. However, economic recovery is looking more promising and offers the hope that jobs and incomes will pick up. The issue of pandemic control and the future of WHO and international health collaboration remains intensely debated, including a possible new approach based on an international treaty on pandemic control. There is a perception that in the early stage of the pandemic, there were many gaps in information sharing and that stronger measures will be needed in future. A consensus on the need for a ‘One Health’ approach and on ensuring equitable access to health may hopefully emerge into something concrete in future. All this shows the importance of health diplomacy, especially for optimal use of capabilities of all countries through more effective sharing of scientific research and health capability such as vaccines. The pandemic may have indeed taught humanity some valuable lessons. Science, Technology and Innovation cooperation across countries is facing several challenges, including the tensions between the US and China over technology issues, the militarisation of outer space and cyberspace, disruptive technologies such as AI, the vast efforts required to combat climate change and to achieve the sustainable development goals by 2030. These are only a few of the challenges on the horizon. Tackling these will require science diplomacy efforts on a much greater scale. The focus cannot be simply on narrowly defined catchy slogans and goals such as “net zero emissions by 2050” but must go to the fundamental causes and roots of the challenges, with concrete milestones and measurement of progress. During the year-long COVID-19 pandemic, people, institutions and governments have resorted to online working, including the widespread use of webinars, and work from home systems. This has proved to be cost and resource-effective, productive, and generated better participation. UN conferences, including large meetings, have taken

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│1 place with good arrangements for discussions and voting on decisions and resolutions. A new phase of digital diplomacy is emerging which permits interactions between high- level leaders to take place much more easily. Web-based platforms have improved and become familiar to people. Much of this may remain with us even after the pandemic ebbs. Science diplomacy in its online avatar has come into being. However, quality and speed of internet connectivity remain a problem in many countries. In this issue, we present articles covering a wide variety of topics related to science diplomacy. Maria Rentetzi covers the history of nuclear diplomacy and efforts to promote the use of atomic energy while reducing the potential of nuclear weapons. This is a timely article given the forthcoming NPT Review conference in 2021 and the entry into force of the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW). The article by Trithesh Nandan analyses the transmission of COVID-19 infections and enumerates ten commandments for the post-COVID world. The third article by Meyer et. al. surveys the European experience in training in science diplomacy and discusses possibilities for further widening and deepening the New Generation of Trainings on Science Diplomacy for Global Challenges. In the perspective section, Zane Sime’s explores the circulation of scientific ideas. The potential of India’s new Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 2020 is analysed by Basir Ahmed, with a focus on a more effective role in shaping multilateral norms and standards. Archana Sharma’s perspective explores India’s scientific heritage and the future of mega-science diplomacy. We are also re-publishing the article, “Science Diplomacy and Politics” by Late Prof. M. Anandakrishnan, formerly Professor of Engineering at IIT Kanpur and India’s first Science Counsellor at Indian Embassy in Washington DC. The issue includes a report review that covers the UNCTAD report on technology and innovation. This issue presents Elke Dall and Mitchell Young’s event report titled Using Future Scenarios of Science Diplomacy for Addressing Global Challenges. In the institutions’ section, the issue reviews the Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) and the Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES). The webinar report on India Taiwan S&T cooperation held recently is also included. Under the events section, reviews of several recent events are presented, including the Global Young Academy (GYA) workshop, the India International Science Fair (IISF) 2020 and Using Science Diplomacy for tackling Global Challenges (S4D4C)’s Final Networking Meeting. We thank our readers, authors, and stakeholders for their interest and support which is critical for further developing your journal Science Diplomacy Review into a global platform for the exchange of search, ideas, and experiences in the fast-growing world of science diplomacy.

2 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 article

From Securing the State to Safeguarding the Atom: The Relevance of History to Nuclear Diplomacy

Maria Rentetzi*

he humanitarian and financial crisis that strongly hit Europe a couple of years ago forced the European TCommission to assume a more political role for itself and triggered a heated debate on the need for a common foreign policy on issues such as migration and terrorism. If one forgets for a moment the COVID-19 pandemic that has Maria Rentetzi overwhelmed our lives, one realizes that Europe still faces unprecedented security threats including terrorism, lack of energy connectivity, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Traditional forms of diplomacy such as preventive and economic diplomacy along with more systematic engagement in international conflicts have been pointed to as preferred actions. It is indicative that concerning the Iran nuclear deal a few years ago, the EU tried to play a key role by encouraging the United States to maintain its commitment considering, in case of withdrawal, the implications for the security not only of the United States but also of the entire region.1 In a more recent attempt to save the 2015 nuclear deal with Iran, the EU is once again trying to revive the multilateral talks and bring the major players back to the negotiations table.2 Indeed, the EU has set forward the development of scientific and technical cooperation as a new and more effective instrument of security. To a traditional understanding of especially nuclear diplomacy that has

* Professor, Chair for Science Technology and Gender Studies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen- Nürnberg, Germany.

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│3 been predominantly guided by narrow We collectively examine the shift from state interests and arms control agreements thinking about nuclear security within the that sought to circumscribe nuclear risks, context of a state-centred military agenda the EU has envisioned nuclear diplomacy to perceiving it as a pre-condition for the as a multilateral activity and an invaluable development of nuclear industry on a tool to advance its global standing. To global level.6 Overall, we historicize the achieve this goal several initiatives have notion of science diplomacy and explore been pursued, including the funding of its nuances through the second half of the research projects on science diplomacy twentieth century. in general under the EU Horizon 2020 project. Among them, the Inventing of Security and the beginnings a Shared Science Diplomacy for Europe of post-war science diplomacy (InsSciDE) Project, an innovative European On 7th November 1957, President Dwight Union-sponsored research program, was Eisenhower gave a speech on science and designed in 2017 to examine the history, security to the nation. In that speech, he as well as the present state of science affirmed to Americans that “as of now diplomacy and, have promised to deliver the United States is strong.” Enumerating stakeholder-supported strategy and policy missiles, atomic submarines, and carriers 3 recommendations. with nuclear-armed bombers, Eisenhower Unlike the common instrumental hoped to alleviate fears of the Soviet use of history by international relation threat. Clearly, national security was scholars,4 InsSciDE project brings history guaranteed through arms control. The front and centre and explores its relevance speech broadcasted by television had a in understanding current practices in theatrical touch, while Eisenhower sat science diplomacy.5 I coordinate the next to a nose cone of an experimental project’s Work Package on security, missile, which had been into space and bringing in my expertise as a historian back. Americans had indeed the need to and sociologist of nuclear sciences. The demonstrate their country’s supremacy concept of security has been highly over the Soviets in all possible ways, contested and historically conditioned literary through the president’s words and but despite differences in theoretical figuratively via the exhibited missile. approaches, security remains central to Two months earlier, the USSR has our understanding of the world and our launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite, everyday lives. To comprehend the current an event that changed the course of U.S. peculiarities of nuclear security, I analyse international affairs by empowering the key role of the International Atomic the role of science in Eisenhower’s Energy Agency (IAEA) - an international policy decisions. To cover the “missile diplomatic organisation within the United gap”, the president sought the advice of Nations system - focusing on the notion renowned scientists providing them with of security. Scholars in our research the opportunity to directly influence his team focus on the transformation of foreign policy. On the day of Eisenhower’s nuclear diplomacy from a bilateral to a speech, James Killian was named the multilateral and multinational practice. first science adviser to the President and

4 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 War military race. One could argue that there is indeed a subtle difference between science diplomacy as a humane activity that promotes constructive multilateral partnerships based on equality and the instrumental use of ‘science’ in policymaking and international affairs, as Killian was entrusted to pursue. This ideal understanding of science diplomacy, as I have argued elsewhere, is based on assumptions that science is objective and impartial, an international language that could facilitate the diplomatic dialogue.8 Yet, scholars from academic disciplines such as the history of science and science and technology studies (STS) have long emphasised the societal and political role of science and technology that strongly shaped international relations Figure 1. President Dwight Eisenhower especially during the Cold War period.9 giving a television speech in the White As an example, a day before Eisenhower’s House about science and national speech to the nation, Nikita Khrushchev, security next to a nose cone of an addressed the Soviets in a ceremony experimental missile which had been marking the 40th anniversary of the into space and back (Courtesy of Library Bolshevik Revolution. Capitalising on of Congress, control number 2012649173. Sputnik’s launch, Khrushchev focused Retrieved from https://www.loc.gov/ on Russia’s economic and technical item/2012649173/) progress arguing that “this victory of the shortly after he oversaw the establishment Soviet Union caused fear and perplexity” of the President’s Science Advisory to the enemies of socialism. To him, Committee. If one seeks the beginnings of national security could ensue from mutual the institutional establishment of science disarmament and peaceful coexistence diplomacy in the post-war period, Killian’s achieved by “bilateral friendly agreements entrance to the White House might be the in the interest of the consolidation of peace one. As Eisenhower announced, “the very and of agreements on collective security in best thought and advice that the scientific Europe and Asia.”10 community can supply, heretofore provided to me on an informal basis, is The security dilemma now fully organised and formalised so that The two talks - Eisenhower’s and 7 no gap can occur.” Khrushchev’s - stood a day apart and Killian was entrusted to offer scientific despite their differences, they both brought input that would ensure U.S. supremacy, front and centre the security dilemma. This keeping the country ahead in the Cold means that increasing the state’s military

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│5 capacity forces other states to do the same. defined the postwar uneven nuclear order Given the ambiguity over the use of military that left the larger part of the world in capability for protection or conquest, the insecurity. security of one state leads to the insecurity During the years following the war, of another. In the early Cold War, the the discussion about security was directly security dilemma had a direct impact on and emphatically linked to the nuclear nuclear diplomacy, presupposing bilateral arms race. The state was the main object diplomatic negotiations. To enlist allies, the of security and nuclear war the major superpowers intensified the development threat to it. But in 1957 the special Project of nuclear technologies and established Committee on Security Through Arms programmes of technical cooperation Control of the US National Planning with other nations. In short, they used Association issued a policy statement that gift and material-based diplomacy to portrayed nuclear testing more as a major manipulate negotiations and ensure security risk for both the US and Russia 11 support. For example, ‘research bilaterals’ than a national security reassurance. “On were agreements that provided American balance, we conclude that more security assistance in establishing research reactors can be gained from a controlled prohibition and unclassified information on their of tests than from a continuation by an design, construction and experimental increasingly large number of nations.”13 In operation to other nations. By December accordance with national experts’ warnings 1955, a secret progress report of the U.S. and his commitment to promoting the National Security Council stated that establishment of the International Atomic twenty-four agreements of cooperation Energy Agency, Eisenhower concluded his covering research reactors had been 1957 speech by stressing the peaceful uses negotiated, of which eighteenth were in of science as “the most important stones in 12 effect. Hence, within the context of a any defence structure.”14 military agenda, security was understood mainly as the elimination of nuclear Is science impartial? threats and science diplomacy was almost Behind the growing interest of national exclusively associated with bilateral governments in science diplomacy negotiations on nuclear matters. By the lays the use of science as an avenue for end of 1959, the USA had concluded diversifying international dialogue and bilateral agreements with 42 countries solving problems that resist traditional to cooperate on the peaceful application diplomatic avenues. Scientists’ supposed of atomic energy. These agreements impartiality—due to their commitment to required concluding separate safeguards- being objective and unbiased—open doors related agreement. In the meanwhile, and unravel Gordian knots that diplomats’ the United Nations charter of 1945 had negotiating skills often cannot. Think of the already granted permanent membership nuclear deal with Iran where scientists got to five countries, known as P5, to the UN “the negotiations back to track,” according Security Council. As a result, the United to Richard Stone, the international editor States, the United Kingdom, China, France, for Science Magazine when politicians hit a and Russia, all considered nuclear states, dead end.15 The epistemic premise—that

6 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 science is international, transparent, and achievement. A recently declassified CIA universal and thus scientists can achieve document affirms that a few minutes what diplomats might not—comes up later the Americans left the reception and often in the recent science diplomacy “reported back to a central point for the literature. In New Frontiers in Science purpose of immediately going to work Diplomacy, what has been perceived as on their scientific computations.”17 The the manifesto of the new era in science scientific value of internationalism ended diplomacy, the assumption about the role at the embassy’s front door. of science in international affairs is obvious: Indeed, throughout the Cold War, “Science provides a non-ideological scientific organisations functioned as environment for the participation and important forums for discussion of nuclear free exchange of ideas between people, issues between the United States and the regardless of cultural, national or religious Soviet Union. But these should not be 16 backgrounds.” History, however, has considered as neutral intellectual spaces of proved us wrong on several occasions. scientific exchanges. Rather, international Take the irony of the events that conferences were opportunities to gather happened on 4th October 1957—a month national security intelligence and thus before Eisenhower’s and Khrushchev’s venues to enhance national security.18 speeches - as an example. On that evening, few American scientists gathered at the Then came the IAEA Soviet Union’s Embassy in Washington, But October 4th was not yet over. Across DC, for a rather informal party that marked the US, in the European continent, the end of a week-long international Sterling Cole, a Republican and member scientific meeting of the Comité Speciale of the US House of Representatives, was de l’Année Geophysique Internationale taking his oath as Director-General of the (CSAGI). A group of scientists from the International Atomic Energy Agency at U.S., the Soviet Union, and five other Vienna’s Konzerthaus. As he later recalled, nations had been discussing their rocket “On October 4 I was elected unanimously and satellite research for over a week. by all of the country members. Also on Sergei M. Poloskov’s talk on the Soviet October 4 was the announcement of the satellite “Sputnik” and hints for an early first successful Sputnik. I chided the launching, provoked wild speculation to Russians for deliberately using this date to the international audience. demonstrate their terrific accomplishments Although American scientists were in science technology, thereby putting anticipating a Soviet move, the news that news of my election as director-general on broke on the evening of 4th October caught the back page.’’19 them by surprise. “It’s up,” Walter Sullivan, The successful launch not only the New York Times correspondent present initiated fears that Americans dawdled to the event, whispered to the American in developing new technologies but also delegates. Acting like a gentleman, the shadowed an international attempt to physicist Lloyd Berkner, official American balance the East-West conflicts. The IAEA delegate to CSAGI, congratulated his “could theoretically take on the entire Soviet colleagues for the extraordinary world burden of developing the atom for

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│7 actions on a global level. In his statement during the conference on IAEA’s Statute, Lewis Straus, the chairman of the U.S. AEC, emphatically argued that “necessary safeguards to health and peace must accompany the development of the atom.”21 The IAEA clearly represented the shift from bilateral to multilateral nuclear diplomacy while nuclear security shifted from being the responsibility of individual states to becoming a key aspect of the agency’s global regulatory role. Numerous nations across the globe welcomed the establishment of the IAEA for diverse political reasons, but almost all shared the same expectation that went beyond the development of nuclear medicine or the training in nuclear science. Figure 2. Sterling Cole, the First Director The aim was to acquire nuclear energy General of the IAEA, shown on the day to bolster industrial development. To of his inauguration, on 4 October 1957. several Member States development went (Courtesy of the IAEA archives, IAEA- hand in hand with the nuclear industry. ARC-AV-PH-01-01-C0184-005) To the IAEA however, the precondition for development was the application of 20 peace,” Bernhard Bechhoefer explained. a centralised safeguards system, which Acting as the key adviser to the U.S. had two main objectives: a) to prevent State Department and the Atomic Energy the diversion of Agency assistance and Commission throughout the negotiations fissile materials to military use; and b) to of the Preparatory Commission for the determine the standards of safe practice establishment of the IAEA, Bechhoefer avoiding health and safety hazards.22 was among those who redefined security Regardless of what collectively and in the context of international cooperation diplomatically the Agency invoked, and argued for the “lessening of East-West countries other than the P5 strongly tensions.” But as IAEA’s later history criticised the perpetuation of safeguards. proves, the tensions between East and For example, the renowned Indian West were rather intensified during the nuclear physicist Homi Bhabha argued, negotiations about the agency’s safeguards the agency’s safeguards system was system and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation “always such as to widen the gap between Treaty (NPT). the developed and underdeveloped Striving to become a centre of global countries... The most that can be said for authority in nuclear matters, the IAEA the Agency’s safeguards system is that devised a comprehensive system to it has a delaying effect on the spread of regulate nuclear threats and standardise nuclear weapons.”23 technical processes, materials, and human During the years following the

8 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 establishment of the IAEA, the safeguards to many national research centres system, which was gradually developed, worldwide, and guard the implementation encompassed both nuclear security and of multinational projects and their safety and brought a radical change in data from beginning to end. Thus, the international affairs; multilateral and approach that perceives nuclear science multinational diplomatic negotiations— and technology as tools being used in necessarily administered by an international bilateral agreements and controlled by big diplomatic organization—replaced the powers to discipline nations and retain the bilateral ones. The shift necessitated the Cold War geopolitical order comes short. mobilisation and interaction of multiple Rather, the shaping of nuclear science and actors including diplomats, scientists and the fashioning of certain technologies has engineers, lawyers, third party liability been part of the kind of multinational, experts, and economists to mention a multilateral diplomatic negotiations that few.24 To create a niche within the United took place within the IAEA after the Nations family, the IAEA broadened the Second World War. security agenda beyond the state and Among the most recent examples is the outside the military context to encompass modernisation of the Safeguards Nuclear the control of radioactive materials in Material Laboratory - IAEA’s laboratory the entire spectrum of nuclear activities used for the analysis of nuclear material worldwide. This move privileged the samples from safeguards inspections. IAEA in forming a unique relationship In 2012, the fifty-sixth regular session with the United Nations sending its of the General Conference, the highest annual reports directly to the UN General policy-making body of the IAEA, urged Assembly, and whenever necessary, to the the Secretariat to develop a strategic Security Council. overarching plan of action for basically modernising science behind safeguards. Nuclear security beyond the The modernisation plan was generously individual state supported by individual member states The IAEA is one of the most striking and the European Union, which provides examples of an international diplomatic significant financial and technical support organisation making a significant difference to the IAEA concerned especially about 25 in international affairs by embracing security. Yet in addition to shaping nuclear diplomacy beyond individual nuclear science, IAEA’s nuclear diplomacy states and nations, despite its inability advanced international law and devised to directly enforce its recommendations. legal instruments such as the Convention The early 1960s marked a unique period on Nuclear Safety (CNS), the Convention in nuclear history and diplomacy. It was on Supplementary Compensation for the first time that an organisation could Nuclear Damage (CSE), and the Convention support - economically, politically, and on the Physical Protection of Nuclear organisationally - large-scale scientific Material (CPPNM), the only legally projects, enlist international experts, have binding agreement for the protection of an in-house production process of the nuclear material, all key in sustaining the required equipment, ensure accessibility agency’s nuclear regulatory role.

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│9 Historians and sociologists of science look at the materiality of diplomatic and technology have made significant negotiations and gestures. Such an analysis contributions in analysing how science will help to fully map the potentials of works and how is related to politics.26 European science and technology in an Yet, it is time to build bridges with increasingly demanding and rapidly other disciplines such as the history of changing international context. diplomacy, legal history, science policy, and studies of international relations. Funding Understanding current nuclear diplomacy Research for this work has been partially demands profound transformations supported by InsSciDe, which has received of our historiographies in many axes. funding under the European Union’s Programmatically, the scope of what I call Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Diplomatic Studies of Science presupposes Programme (grant agreement No. 770523, a perspective from the global south and 2018-2021) and partially funded by the a critical unpacking of IAEA’s history European Research Council (ERC) under and diplomacy away from the East- the European Union’s Horizon 2020 West understanding of global history. research and innovation programme Historiography lacks a more systematic (Grant agreement No. 770548, HRP-IAEA). examination of the historical development of the UN system of international Endnotes organisations and related agencies, of 1 EEAS, 2017. EEAS is the European Union’s their impact on international affairs, and diplomatic service. See also Cronberg, 2017. of the ways they have embraced science 2 Borger, Wintour, 2021. diplomacy throughout the second half 3 InsSciDe was awarded in December th of the 20 century. We, furthermore, 2017, receives funds from the EU under lack a more critical reflection on the role the Horizon 2020 scheme and involves a scientists have played in international consortium of 15 partners. See http:// www.insscide.eu/ security. Historical analysis ought to bring 4 For a detailed analysis of the use of history front and centre the multi-stakeholders in international relations see Lawson, 2010. involved in defining international security. 5 Several science diplomacy studies have Those include diverse teams of diplomats, been recently published as a result of administrators, technical experts, InsSciDE’s initiatives. See https://www. scientists, insurers, and lawyers among insscide.eu/about/library/ 6 others.27 There is also a need to expand Rentetzi and Ito, 2021. 7 our geographical horizons. Moving Anonymous, 1957a, 359. 8 Rentetzi, 2019. outside of the headquarters of Ministries 9 Krige and Barth, 2006. of Foreign Affairs and official diplomatic 10 Anonymous, 1957b, 360. meetings, one should pay attention to 11 Rentetzi, 2021. several diverse sites including diplomatic 12 Progress Report, National Security Council, receptions, international conferences, or 21 December 1955, Disaster File Series, Box exhibition halls where science diplomacy 5, NARA. is taking place. Last, a comprehensive 13 Anonymous, 1958. analysis of the ways science diplomacy 14 On the establishment of the IAEA see could comprehensively demands a closer Fischer 1997; Rentetzi, 2017; Roehrlich, 2016.

10 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 15 Wolfe, 2015. See also Stone, 2015. Bulkeley, R. 2008. “Aspects of the Soviet IGY” 16 The Royal Society. 2010. Russian Journal of Earth Sciences 10(103):1- 17 Announcement of Earth Satellite launching 17. at Soviet Embassy Reception on 4 October Cronberg, T. 2017. Nuclear Multilateralism and 1957, Collection: Intelligence Warning Iran: Inside EU Negotiations. New York: of the 1957 Launch of Sputnik, CIA, no. Routledge. 0000124275, NARA archives, https:// Dixit, A. 2018. “IAEA Director General Speaks www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/ at Brussels Conference, Meets EU and docs/DOC_0000124275.pdf Belgian Officials,” 21 March 2018. 18 Bulkeley, 2008. Retrieved from https://www.iaea.org/ 19 newscenter/news/iaea-director-general- Interview with S. Cole conducted by C. speaks-at-brussels-conference-meets-eu- Morrissey on August 24, 1978. W. Sterling and-belgian-officials on April 20, 2021. Cole papers, col. No. 2081, Division of European External Action Service. 2017. Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell “Remarks by High Representative/Vice- University Library, page 11. President Federica Mogherini on the 20 Bechhoefer, 1958, 148. implementation of the Joint Comprehensive 21 Conference on the Statute of the IAEA, Plan of Action (Iran nuclear deal),” United Nations Headquarters, 1956, October 16. Retrieved fromhttps:// Verbatim Record of the First Plenary eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/ Meeting, IAEA/CS/OR1, 20 September headquarters-homepage/33997/remarks- 1956, IAEA Archives. federicamogherini-implementation-joint- 22 Anonymous, 1959. comprehensive-plan-action-iran-nuclear- 23 Mazari, 1979, 53. deal_en on April 20, 2021. 24 Kyrtsis, and Rentetzi, 2021. Fischer, D. 1997. History of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Vienna: IAEA. 25 Rentetzi, 2017; Dixit, 2018. Krige, J. and Barth, K. (eds). 2006. Global Power 26 For example: John Krige. American Knowledge: Science and Technology in Hegemony and the Postwar Reconstruction of International Affairs, Osiris 21. Science in Europe. (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2006). Krige. J. 2006. American Hegemony and the Postwar Reconstruction of Science in Europe. 27 Kyrtsis and Rentetzi, 2021. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Kyrtsis, A. and Rentetzi, M. 2021. “From Lobbyists References to Backstage Diplomats: How Insurers in Anonymous. 1957a. “Eisenhower Speaks on the Field of Third-Party Nuclear Liability Science and Security,” Bulletin of the Atomic Shaped Science Diplomacy,” History and Scientists, 10(xiii), December: 359. Technology, published online April 15, 2021. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/ Anonymous. 1957b. “Khrushchev Speaks on Economic 07341512.2021.1893999 on April 20, 2021. and Technical Progress,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, December, xiii(10): 360. Lawson, G. 2010. “The Eternal Divide? History and International Relations,” European Anonymous. 1958. “Establishing International Journal of International Relations 18: 203–236. Control of Nuclear Explosions,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, September, xiv (7): Mazari, S. 1979. “India’s Nuclear Development: 262-269. An Appraisal.” Strategic Studies. 2(4), 45-59. Anonymous. 1959. “Safeguards for the Atom” Rentetzi, M. 2017. “Determining Nuclear Bulletin of the IAEA, October 1959: 17-18. Fingerprints: Glove Boxes, Radiation Protection, and the International Atomic Bechhoefer, B. 1958. “The International Atomic Energy Agency”. Endeavour, 41(2): 39-50. Energy Agency” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, April, xiv(4): 147-150. Rentetzi, M. 2019. “Diplomatic Studies of Science: The Nuclear Diplomacies Workshop Borger, J. and Wintour, P. 2021. “Iran nuclear deal: in Japan and Greece.” HSS Newsletter, US agrees to join talks brokered by EU,” January. Retrieved fromhttps:// The Guardian. February 9. hssonline.org/resources/publications/ newsletter/january-2019-newsletter/

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│11 diplomatic-studies-of-science-the-nuclear- The Royal Society. New Frontiers in Science diplomacies-workshop-in-japan-and- Diplomacy. London: Science Policy Centre, greece/on April 20, 2021. The Royal Society, 2010. Retrieved Rentetzi, M. 2021. “With strings attached: gift- fromhttps://royalsociety.org/~/ giving to the International Atomic Energy media/Royal_Society_Content/policy/ Agency and US Foreign Policy,” Endeavor, publications/2010/4294969468.pdfon 45(1-2), Available: doi.org/10.1016/j. April 20, 2021). endeavour.2021.100754. Wolfe, Audra. 2015. “When Scientists Do What Rentetzi, M. and Ito, K. (eds). 2021. Nuclear Diplomats Can’t: The scientific world’s Diplomacies: Their Past, Present and Future, quiet influence over foreign policy” special issue in History and Technology. 37. The Atlantic, September 26. Retrieved Roehrlich, E. 2016. “The Cold War, the Developing fromhttps://www.theatlantic.com/ World, and the Creation of the International science/archive/2015/09/science- Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 1953– diplomacy/407455/ on April 20, 2021. 1957,” Cold War History, 16, 195-212. Stone, Richard. 2015. “Iran’s atomic czar describes the art of the deal,” Science, August 14, 349(6249): 674-675. article

The Speedy Transmission of Corona Infections - Rebooting Science Diplomacy

Trithesh Nandan*

Introduction – ‘Multiplicity of Infection’ and Deficit in Diplomacy isease outbreaks on a pandemic scale are as ancient as humankind. Written history has several Dexamples of past pandemics and the colossal Trithesh Nandan scale of human suffering induced by them. In 2019, the Global Health Security (GHS) report, an index that maps health security and related capabilities, assigned low scores on globally catastrophic biological risks (GCBRs) to 75 per cent of the 195 countries that it ranked.1 The report mentioned, “If left unchecked, high-consequence biological events can become GCBRs, leading to enormous suffering; loss of life; and sustained damage to national governments, international relationships, economies, societal stability, and global security.”2 A year later, in 2020, more than 90 million people were infected with symptoms of the coronavirus in 219 countries and lost more than two million lives. True to the GHS prophecy, most countries were ill-equipped to handle a crisis like this and the scale of corona infections has ravaged the world; the economy plummeted beyond imagination, unemployment created shock waves and the confinement during the lockdown led to mental trauma – all in a single year. The ‘global lockdown’, a countermeasure to contain the virus disrupted diplomatic activities, limited human contact,

* Research Editor, ABP News. He holds a Ph.D. in American Studies from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021 │13 and reduced multilateral and bilateral diplomacy. This raises the question: why visits by the country’s leaders, ministers, countries around the world can converge and bureaucrats. The beginning of 2021 on military threats or other crises but there has not put a brake on the rising infections is no country-to-country link to address and governments across the world still the pandemic? The failure of international face challenges of a mutated version of coordination and inventory management the virus that brought the world to a of life-saving equipment, laboratory standstill. New waves are being reported testing kits, ventilators, personal protective from different parts of the world and the equipment (PPE), surgical masks, N-95 ‘new normal’ is still elusive. Worldwide masks, respirators, hand sanitisers, gloves, infections have reached more than 120 face shields, disposable gowns and so on million by March 2021. in the early phase of the pandemic despite The Coronavirus pandemic has put having modern diplomatic networks several question-marks on international remains perplexing. relations, diplomacy and the functioning of Secondly, the failure of the international multilateral institutions across the world. organisations to anticipate the crisis and In a globalised and better-connected share real-time threat information as a part world of the 21st century that appears far of collective defence against the outbreak more prepared to handle a pandemic as is also astonishing because we are living compared to the past, the unchecked and in the information age. According to the ever magnifying rise of Covid-19 points to Yearbook of International Organisations, the lapses in global healthcare governance. there are around 73,000 international On a broad basis, there can be three major organisations throughout the world, out aspects where the world failed in handling of which 41,000 are active.4 Nevertheless, this crisis. it failed to control the spread of the virus, Firstly, the lack of concerted initial the rise in deaths and disrupted the response at a global scale which could have applecart of the world order. The United curbed the outbreak in the early phase. Nations and its subsidiaries including the There are more than seven thousand Geneva-based World Health Organisation diplomatic posts in the world with a total of (WHO) are part of more than forty 4,849 embassies/high commissions, 1,887 thousand international active international consulates and 373 permanent missions organisations. The capacity of the United and 211 other diplomatic posts.3 Despite Nations system to respond to pandemics the presence of such a huge diplomatic has been questioned. The WHO has network among countries which unlike been under scrutiny due to the alleged the last pandemic is powered by modern mismanagement of coronavirus infections technology and fast communication, and delayed response to Covid-19. As the there was a lacklustre global response pandemic enters the second year and into in the early phase of the outbreak. Most a significant phase of vaccine deployment, countries initially responded individually there is still a lack of consensus at the to ‘invisible threats’ and remained in World Trade Organisation on the waiver national silos, except for some countries, of intellectual property (IP) for Covid-19 eroding the effectiveness of international drugs and vaccines which has divided

14 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 rich and poor countries. The coronavirus or underdeveloped countries. It also pandemic brought to light the weakness highlighted the lack of preparedness in of the international system and raised both rich and poor countries. Even the a question mark about the role global world’s largest economy and biggest institutions play in the resolution of the military powers were subdued by the health crisis. Yet the very scale and expense virus as the world watched how over of the tasks faced, the continuing suspicion a hundred thousand infections and among states and the tendency of great- thousands of deaths were being reported power disagreements to be dragged into from the United States daily. The fault lines such organisations make them unable exposed by the virus certainly necessitate to assume overall responsibility for the need to focus on healthcare and managing pandemics.5 Even the G20 and scientific partnerships instead of securing international organisations have not been military cooperation during bilateral and able to establish a united global front multilateral visits of country heads. against the pandemic. Thirdly, the absence of global Science the solution – ‘Science solidarity and a guiding force that many Diplomacy’ in times of countries might have abided with is COVID-19 also startling. The UN Secretary-General Science has provided society with long- Antonio Guterres said in October 2020 standing cures from time immemorial. a divided world has failed the Covid-19 Scientific findings have emancipated test. “The Covid-19 pandemic is a major human lives from the dark ages into global challenge for the entire international the modern world - theory of gravity, community… Unfortunately, it is a test the concept of evolution, the discovery that, so far, the international community of penicillin, electric current, airplanes, is failing,” Guterres expressed concern at computers, mobile phones, and vaccines the lack of coordinated efforts, even after – are a few of the many inventions that ten-month of the crisis.6 Before Guterres, have not only eased our lives but have also announcing an independent evaluation of made the world healthier, prosperous, and the global Covid-19 response on 9th July, better connected than it was ever before. the WHO Director-General Ghebreyesus For the sustained development of an warned, “The greatest threat we face now individual country as well as the world, is not the virus itself. Rather, it is the lack scientific research and innovations form of leadership and solidarity at the global an important thread. Science diplomacy, and national levels.”7 through sharing of knowledge and Since the end of the Second World War, technology, gives a healing touch in hard there has been no crisis until the covid-19 times like this. The need to link science and outbreak that had inflicted such hardship diplomacy seems to be the need of the hour on individuals, nations, and international in these taxing times. systems - all at one go and that too at The International Health Regulations this scale. The pandemic also exposed (IHRs) were adopted by the United the lack of healthcare resources across Nations more than a decade ago, countries- be it advanced, developing, immediately after the outbreak of severe

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│15 acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), to cases, many countries resorted to hoarding expedite the international coordination of such products to meet the critical during public health emergencies.8 demand. According to the World Trade However, coronavirus pandemic has Organizations’ export prohibitions exposed diplomatic networks and and restrictions note on 23 April 2020, cooperation among countries especially “Eighty countries and separate customs in the community-centred care policy territories introduced export prohibitions during the pandemic in the initial months or restrictions as a result of the COVID-19 of corona infections, as the frontline pandemic.”10 When healthcare workers healthcare workers lacked pandemic rely on personal protective equipment preparedness including shortage of to protect themselves and their patients equipment, as well as the limited ability from being infected and infecting others, for virus testing and monitoring. The these items like facemasks, shields and approach of traditional healthcare systems ventilators came under export prohibitions to disaster preparedness and prevention and restrictions category list of countries. has demonstrated intrinsic problems, such Face and eye protection, protective as failure to detect early the spread of the garments and gloves were the three of the virus, public hospitals being overwhelmed, most restricted items by countries in the a dire shortage of personal protective world (Table 1). In addition, when there equipment, and exhaustion of healthcare was a genuine demand for these items workers.9 from the most infected countries, stocks By April 2020, when the world frequently sold to the highest bidder. needed a steady supply of medicines, As the import-reliant countries medical supplies and personal protection desperately needed medical products equipment with rising corona infection for their citizens, the lack of global

Table 1 - Export prohibitions and restrictions by categories of products because of COVID-19 No. of countries introduced export Categories of products restrictions Face and eye protection 73 countries Protective garments 50 countries Gloves 47 countries Sanitisers & Disinfectants 28 countries Pharmaceuticals 20 countries Foodstuffs 17 countries Medical devices including ventilators 10 countries Other medical supplies 10 countries Covid-19 test kits 6 countries Soap 3 countries Toilet paper 2 countries Source: WTO data published on April 23, 2020

16 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 cooperation became more apparent. It’s no change agreement, etc. Similarly, in 1996, exaggeration to say that illness does not see the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty race, religion, and material possession and (CTBT), advocating a global ban on nuclear a virus-like this doesn’t consider historical, testing for military purpose was well cultural, and economic differences among received by most of the countries. In recent countries before transcending international years, among the major initiatives taken by boundaries. Scientific innovations in health Group of Twenty (G20) - the largest forum and swift international coordination for international cooperation in terms of through diplomatic channels are capable combined GDP and population, was to of dramatically reducing the risks for develop a coordinated response to handle human life and might have given hope to the 2008 global financial crisis. There millions of people during these dark times. have been various degrees of consensus Scientists follow the path of invention among 195 signatories of the 2015 Paris and discovery to eradicate disease, but Agreement on measures to combat global its fruits can be made available for a warming as well as climate change. larger audience through international However, similar commitments at the coordination enabled by diplomatic global level are missing when it comes to negotiations. This is only possible if public health issues like disease control the scientific community, universities, and providing access to basic healthcare for researchers, pharmaceutical companies, most of the global population. Historically, and diplomats come together to eradicate/ the world has only engaged in science control diseases like COVID-19, as well diplomacy in times of need. In today’s as make internationally accepted plans foreign policy doctrines, a country’s to handle similar situations in the future. interest is mainly safeguarded in foreign Beyond increasing the supply for their lands by emphasising defence, economic, domestic needs, a crucial role for countries and cultural exchanges and hence attaché/ during the pandemic is also to coordinate counsellors in foreign missions – embassies international efforts to prioritise supplies and high commissions largely promote for the regions that are the worst hit. these aspects of a country’s national The focal points of typical bilateral as interest. Expect few advanced countries, well as multilateral diplomatic negotiations the diplomatic positions of most countries largely revolved around pressing issues have no space for scientific wings/science such as climate change, arms control, attaché and counsellors. The presence of humanitarian aid, etc., while the scientific a science attaché might have served as a exchange in the field of health through valuable conduit to an embassy’s urgent diplomatic negotiations has remained need for medical equipment during the mostly at the bottom of the agenda. Despite initial months of the covid-19 pandemic. being at loggerheads during the Cold War, It’s important to mention that despite the United States, and the former Soviet the ongoing pandemic, there are no talks Union (now Russia) agreed on series of about a global treaty to control health arms control agreements. The international outbreaks of this scale. In February 2021, community negotiated key conventions on the European Council on COVID-19 and chemical and biological weapons, climate health demanded an action towards an

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│17 international treaty on pandemics within But during corona outbreak, and now its framework.11 A pandemic treaty under during the vaccination phase, experts have the joint auspices of WHO and the UN pointed to vaccine nationalism. Vaccine seems the most viable way forward nationalism denotes how a country given the urgency and the implications ensures maximum supply of vaccines to its of the current pandemic beyond health to citizens, thereby depriving citizens of other livelihoods, economies, security, solidarity, countries of the right to the vaccine. Who and human rights.12 benefits from such vaccine nationalism? It It’s now obvious that there is a is the wealthy countries that usually obtain significant economic benefit for countries the right to be vaccinated by hoarding to invest in public health and eradication the coronavirus vaccine. Who is suffering of diseases. According to the study done from colonisation of the vaccine? Poor by the magazine Vaccine, the global polio countries will have to wait until high- eradication initiative (GPEI) by 2035 is income and middle-income countries approximately $50 billion.13 Unilateralism vaccinate all their people, which will have does not work in health care, nor does it grave consequences for their citizens. In work in government health policymaking. its study, the International Chamber of Governments cannot tackle most challenges Commerce (ICC) Research found that the of global health working entirely on their world is at risk of losing trillions of dollars own. It took a series of global meetings and if the vaccine is not supplied. It found that resolutions to put an end to diseases such the global economy will lose as much as as chickenpox, plague, cholera, and highly $9.2 trillion if governments fail to ensure contagious polio. developing economy access to COVID-19 vaccines, while the rich countries stand to Curing the pandemic – ‘Vaccine lose $4.5 trillion.16 Multilateralism’ and ‘Open Vaccine nationalism comes with a Science’ cost for the rich nations, as the ICC report mentions, “The economic costs borne Vaccines are an effective means of by wealthy countries in the absence of preventing disease. If vaccinated, the body multilateral coordination guaranteeing trains the immune system for antibody vaccine access and distribution range formation, when exposed to a disease. between $203 billion and $5 trillion, Immunisation not only protects lives but depending on the strength of trade also protects the economy. The vaccines and international production network are important because modern vaccines relations.17 So, equitable distribution have saved more lives than those that were is not only the need of the hour, but lost in the World Wars during the 20th collaboration to ensure a smooth supply 14 century. To cure the corona pandemic, for all countries of the world needs a strong scientists around the world took a speedy diplomatic effort. However, the Global effort to launch a vaccine within a year Vaccine Alliance – Gavi has risen to assist of the pandemic. The fastest any vaccine in vaccinating poor countries. The vaccine had previously been developed, from viral nationalism can be stopped through sampling to approval, was four years, for multilateralism where global institutions mumps in the 1960s.15

18 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 like the UN and WHO can play a key open access, open-source, open data and role by bringing nations on a common open peer-review. UNESCO has described platform to tackle vaccine nationalism. Open Science as a “true game-changer”: These institutions must create a financing by making information widely available, mechanism, so the poor nations don’t turn more people can benefit from scientific and down the vaccine for their citizens. technological innovation.21 Another concern during the pandemic is the fragmented scientific and policy Filling the leadership void – environment in different countries posing India and science diplomacy a challenge for ‘open science’. Any strategy As few rich countries around the world to fight the pandemic should also be promote the agenda of vaccine nationalism, based on ‘open science’ when there is India has taken the lead in ‘vaccine maitri’ a greater openness to science and data to counter vaccine nationalism, as a key sharing. In October 2020, the heads of diplomatic initiative. By mid-March 2021, three UN agencies - Audrey Azoulay, the India has supplied 58 million vaccines to Director-General of the UNESCO, Tedros 71 countries, according to a statement by Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of the WHO and Michelle Bachelet, UN in a written reply to the Rajya Sabha.22 Of human rights chief (OHCHR) appealed the 71 countries, at least 37 have got the for a global push towards “open science” vaccines free, considered by many as a to save humanity from the current healing touch at the time of the pandemic. 18 pandemic. Until COVID-19, only 25 per As India is the largest vaccine producer cent of scientific publications were openly in the world, this is a natural extension accessible and a minority of peers used of the country’s pivotal role in the global to use the resources. Science Diplomacy pharmaceutical industry. India has the is needed to build the necessary bridges third-highest number of corona cases in between states, science, and the industrial the world till mid-March 2021, after the sector, so that urgently needed knowledge United States and Brazil. Despite this, the and robust, high-quality data can be country has never been hesitant to take 19 generated and sustainably exchanged. global leadership during the pandemic. During the pandemic period, open India has supplied vaccines to at least 50 resources are likely to bring out more per cent of the Least Developed Countries information and provide early analysis (LDC) and one-third of the Small Island to fight the disease. There has been a Developing (SID) countries. concerning adoption of “Open Access” Today, India is considered as the – some publishers gave free access to centre of the vaccine revolution, just like COVID-19 research but neglected to give it led the software revolution in the 1990s access to older articles in virology, serology and 2000s. As with the software revolution, or vaccination, for instance, which would India’s information technologists (IT) have made knowledge more accessible ruled the world, the country’s corona and resulted in a more holistic research vaccine initiative will heal humankind. 20 approach. There are more ways the world The software industry in India has not only can work together - open science practices, provided cost-effective administrative

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│19 support but also advanced the digital vaccine multilateralism, it is also transformation agenda in global business. advocating for cheap pharmaceutical The global software revolution brought products. In October 2020, India and South India to the map of the world and its Africa led 40-countries that expressed pursuit of vaccine diplomacy is likely to concern at the World Trade Organization bring the country on the health map. (WTO) on intellectual property (IP) rights As India produces a broad range of related to COVID-19. New Delhi argued vaccines, an increased number of satellite that Intellectual property could be a barrier launches, more scientific papers published to access to the corona vaccine by many and breakthrough in scientific innovations poor countries as they cannot get the at low cost, the world is turning to the vaccine because of the high cost. Although country for a solution at this crucial time. IP drives innovation, pharmaceutical India’s vaccine initiative has got a boost firms tend to increase costs by introducing from four Quad countries — the United new products. India fears that when the States, India, Japan, and Australia. “With world has been facing a pandemic, major Indian manufacturing, U.S. technology, pharmaceutical companies and rich Japanese and American financing, and countries may benefit from innovations to Australian logistics capability, the Quad combat the coronavirus pandemic. committed to delivering up to 1 billion At the WTO Council meeting on doses to ASEAN, the Indo-Pacific, and Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual beyond by the end of 2022,” according to Property (TRIPS), the proposal for waiver the press briefing by the White House after of the patent was submitted. India argued the Quad meet.23 for avoiding barriers to the timely access Prime Minister Narendra Modi to affordable medical products including discussed making medicines accessible vaccines and medicines or scaling-up of to the whole of humanity. During the research, development, manufacturing, 25 initial month of corona infections, India and supply of essential medical products. even carried out medical diplomacy. Since independence, India has consistently India engaged with the world by sending raised the concerns of poor nations in the life-saving drugs and medicines far and multilateral forum. In the WTO meeting wide. First, India commercially supplied on TRIPS that followed in October 2020, 560 million tablets of Hydroxychloroquine New Delhi continued to raise the issue. (HCQ) and 53.13 metric tonnes of the active Its statement said, “On one hand, these pharmaceutical ingredient (API) of HCQ countries are buying up as much of the to 82 countries and it also commercially limited supply as they can, leaving no supplied 154 million units of paracetamol vaccines in the pie for developing and and 1605 metric tonnes of API to 96 least-developed countries. On the other countries to counter the coronavirus.24 hand, and very strangely, these are the Second, despite the burden of COVID-19 same countries who are arguing against cases at home, India managed to send the need for the waiver that can help medical teams to the Maldives, Mauritius, increase the global manufacturing and Madagascar, Comoros and Seychelles. supply to achieve not just equitable, but also timely and affordable access to such Not only, India has been championing vaccines for all countries.”26 The WTO

20 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 meeting attended by 164 members in not have that kind of infrastructure. A January 2021 failed to achieve consensus, complete redesign of the system costs a opposed principally by the European great deal of money. The conclusion of an Union, the United States, Switzerland, the international agreement on vaccination United Kingdom and Japan. logistics will assist poor and low-income countries. Conclusion – The ‘ten Third - In 2015, the world signed the commandments’ for a better Paris Agreement, a globally binding treaty world on climate change. It was an agreement to address the rapidly escalating climate and The obstacle to safe and effective vaccines at reduce global warming. Since the end of affordable prices because of the Intellectual the Second World War, there have been Property Rights keep vaccines out of other international agreements aimed at reach for most low-and middle-income securing humanity. The 2019 Global Risks countries. The fairness of the distribution Report cautions that infectious diseases of the vaccines has been questioned while have been identified as one of the top ten the world is not in normal times. How risks in terms of impact for the next 10 should the supply of corona vaccine be years. To be prepared for such a health allocated geographically throughout hazard situation, the world needs a ‘global the world? WHO Director-General pandemic treaty’ to deal with future Ghebreyesus termed that the world is outbreaks. on the “brink of a catastrophic moral Fourth - Many countries have set up failure” due to inequitable vaccination an Early Warning System (EWS) to deal programme. In the Biblical text, the with potential disasters (floods, drought, ‘Ten Commandments‘were intended to fire and tsunamis) that threaten peoples’ provide protection, guidance and wisdom. lives. The Public Health Emergency of Ordinary people suffered immeasurably in International Concern (PHEIC) under the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis and the International Health Regulations was the post-COVID world needs ‘Scientific established in 2005. A PHEIC is meant to Commandments’ to resurrect. mobilize an international response to an First - An affordable vaccine is urgently outbreak. The WHO fell under criticism required, especially in low-income over the delay in announcing a PHEIC countries. There is no way to maintain after the cases of corona infections came good health without access to affordable into the picture. A new warning system pharmaceutical products. The world needs exclusively for the disease outbreak is the an international agreement on a vaccine for need for the time that can be used to carry fair distribution in all countries to combat out surveillance and predict it. the coronavirus pandemic. Fifth - During World War II, there was Second - There is considerable logistics a great demand for a strong international involved in deploying the vaccine. For organisation to create a more stable and instance, corona vaccines from Moderna peaceful world. In 1942, US President and Pfizer can only be stored at minus Franklin D. Roosevelt coined the term 70-degree Celsius. It is an enormous cost ‘United Nations’ and it came into existence to any country, for example, India does three years later in 1945. Seventy-five

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│21 years later, as the pandemic devastates is to develop the ‘open science’ policy the world, a global science monitored as an important element in bilateral and institution on the model of the UN is multilateral discussions. To do so, science the need of the day. The new institution diplomacy needs a helping hand that can should be tasked with responding to be accomplished by appointing science future pandemics and epidemics, as many diplomats to foreign missions. The world experts believe that the WHO has exceeded needs to embrace science and its benefits its usefulness. through diplomacy sooner and an inter- Sixth - According to Oxfam report, the disciplinary approach to global health to Covid-19 has caused an additional $11.7 prevent, detect, and respond to a high- trillion costs to the world economy. It is a impact biological threat. tremendous loss that has largely destroyed the economic conditions of the poor and Endnotes low-income countries. A dedicated global 1 GHS Index, United States. 2019.Global Health fund to address such a global pandemic is Security Index: Building Collective Action and one way to treat future disease outbreaks. Accountability. Retrieved from https:// There should be a requirement that www.ghsindex.org/. countries contribute to the budget. 2 GHS Index, United States. 2019. Global Catastrophic Biological Risks: Index Finds Weak Seventh - Another point is to ensure the Global Capacity. Retrieved from https:// international fund for scientific innovation www.ghsindex.org/data-stories/global- that has the potential to improve the lives catastrophic-biological-risks-index-finds- of the world’s poorest people. All countries weak-global-capacity/. 3 should part of the innovation fund, which Lowy Institute, Australia. 2019. Global Diplomacy Index 2019. Retrieved can play an active role in the response to from https://globaldiplomacyindex. post-pandemics and other such issues. lowyinstitute.org/#. Eighth - In a post-COVID world, 4 UIA, Belgium. 2020. The Yearbook of International Organizations. Retrieved from foreign policy should prioritise the need https://uia.org/yearbook. for healthcare and hospitals agreements 5 Roberts, Adam. 2020. Pandemics and and greater pharmaceutical collaborations. Politics. Survival, 62(5). Oct–Nov 2020, Ninth - In the 1960s, the Green pp. 7–40. Retrieved from https://www. iiss.org/blogs/survival-blog/2020/09/ Revolution tackled food challenges in pandemics-and-politics. developing countries. Therefore, many 6 Goncalves, S. 2020. ‘Divided world is developing countries, like India, have failing COVID-19 test, says frustrated enough food to feed their population. UN chief.’ Reuters, 17 October. Retrieved The overall burden of illness, too, has from https://www.reuters.com/article/ us-health-coronavirus-un/divided-world- tremendous economic costs. On the lines of is-failing-covid-19-test-says-frustrated-un- ‘Green Revolution’ a ‘Health Revolution’ chief-idUKKBN2720JB?edition-redirect=uk. should be initiated to meet the health 7 WHO Director-General opening remarks standards across the globe. at the Member State Briefing on the COVID-19 pandemic evaluation - 9 July Tenth - A crucial task for the world 2020. Retrieved from https://www.who. in the post-COVID world is to enhance int/director-general/speeches/detail/ the interaction between science and who-director-general-opening-remarks- foreign policymakers. Another key issue at-the-member-state-briefing-on-the- covid-19-pandemic-evaluation---9-july-

22 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 2020#:~:text=The%20greatest%20threat%20 17 International Chamber of Commerce. 2021. we%20face,friends%20and%20lose%20 18 UN News. 2020. UN agency chiefs appeal many%20lives. for ‘open science’ beyond COVID-19. 8 Javed, S. and Chattu V.K. 2020. Strengthening Retrieved from https://news.un.org/en/ the COVID-19 pandemic response, global story/2020/10/1076292. leadership, and international cooperation 19 Mayer, K. 2020. Open Science Diplomacy through global healthdiplomacy. Health to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Using Promot Perspect. 2020; 10(4): 300–305. Science For/in Diplomacy for Addressing Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. Global Challenges, 17 April, Retrieved gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723006/. from https://www.s4d4c.eu/open- 9 Sun, S., Xie, Z., Yu, K. etal. 2021. COVID-19 science-diplomacy-to-tackle-the-covid-19- and healthcare System in China: Challenges pandemic/. and Progression for a sustainable future. 20 Besançon, Lonni. 2020. The COVID-19 Global Health 17, 14. Retrieved from https:// Pandemic Illustrates the Need for Open doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00665-9. Science. International Science Council. 10 WTO. 2020. Export Prohibitions and Retrieved from https://council.science/ Restrictions. Retrieved from https://www. current/blog/open-science-covid/. wto.org/english/tratop_e/covid19_e/ 21 UN News. 2020. Can ‘Open Science’ speedup export_prohibitions_report_e.pdf. the search for a COVID-19 vaccine? 5 things 11 European Council. 2021. Statement of the you need to know. Retrieved from https:// members of the European Council on COVID-19 news.un.org/en/story/2020/11/1077162. and health, Retrieved from https://www. 22 Ministry of Health and FamilyWelfare. consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press- 2021. Retrieved from https://pib.gov.in/ releases/2021/02/25/statement-of-the- PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1705064. members-of-the-european-council-on- 23 White House press briefing. 2021. covid-19-and-health-25-february-2021/. Retrieved from https://www. 12 Nikogosian, H. and Kickbusch I. 2021. whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/press- The case for aninternational pandemic briefings/2021/03/12/press-briefing-by- treaty. BMJ 2021; 372: n527, Retrieved from press-secretary-jen-psaki-march-12-2021/. https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj. 24 Gupta, S. 2020. “Virtualsummits’: PM Modi n527. set the template, then nudged the world/ 13 Tebbens, et. al. 2011. Economic analysis of the Analysis”. Hindustan Times. Retrieved from global polio eradication initiative, Vaccine, https://www.hindustantimes.com/india- vol. 29, pp. 334-343. Retrieved from https:// news/virtual-summits-pm-modi-set-the- www.who.int/immunization/sage/10_ template-then-nudged-the-world-analysis/ eonomic_analysis_gpei_DuintjerTebbens_ story-pUCusfoAyksoy6y9WAFkaI.html. Vaccine_2010_10_26_apr_2011.pdf. 25 WTO TRIPS’ Meet. 2020. “Members discuss 14 Hotez, P. J. 2017. Russian–United States intellectual property response to the vaccine science diplomacy: Preserving the COVID-19 pandemic”. October 20, 2021. legacy. NCBI, Published online May 25. Retrieved from https://www.wto.org/ Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. english/news_e/news20_e/trip_20oct20_e. gov/pmc/articles/PMC5444589/. htm. 15 Ball, P. 2020. The lightning-fast quest for 26 Usher, A. D. 2020. South Africa and India COVID vaccines — and what it means for push for COVID-19 patents ban. The Lancet, other diseases. Nature 589, 16-18 (2021). Vol. 396. Retrieved from https://www. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/ thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/ articles/d41586-020-03626-1. PIIS0140-6736(20)32581-2/fulltext. 16 International Chamber of Commerce. 2021. Study shows vaccine nationalism could cost rich countries US$4.5 trillion. Retrieved from https://iccwbo.org/media-wall/ news-speeches/study-shows-vaccine- nationalism-could-cost-rich-countries-us4- 5-trillion/.

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A New Generation of Trainings on Science Diplomacy for Global Challenges: Insights from two European Projects

Nadia Meyeri, Rasmus Gjedssø Bertelsenii, Natalia Czajkowskaiii, Elke Dalliv, Ana Elorzav, Maria Jostenvi, Pascal Grisetvii, Izaskun Lacunzaviii, Lorenzo Melchorix, Andreas P. Müllerx, Daniella Palmbergxi, Claire Maysxii

Introduction The connection between global health and science diplomacy (SD) is anything but new. The intensification of world trade from the mid- 19th century may have increased the international risk of epidemics, but it also fostered a greater exchange of scientific information. Nadia Meyer Efforts to collect, mutualize and standardize epidemiological Corresponding Author information across states, especially between diplomatic and health administrations, proved that science diplomacy could de facto fight global crises (Paillette, 2012). Lo Tempio et al (2020) have shown that the COVID-19 pandemic emphasized the need for better scientific data collection and dissemination for policymakers. We argue that the same holds for diplomats. The pandemic made obvious as well how valuable scientific and diplomatic relations are when they are built on trust and that merit must be attributed to trust in science-based knowledge networks, too (GualSoler and Oni, 2020; Melchor et al, 2020; Allegra and Calkins, 2020; Aukes, 2020). While Science Diplomacy (SD) confirmed its importance for transnational coordination and action, the crisis has nonetheless exposed a lack of interactive spaces for exchange among stakeholders from policy, diplomacy, society, and science (Young, 2020) - in this paper, the notion of ‘science’ is used in its broadest sense, including natural, social, and human sciences. Specifically, the crisis has revealed weaknesses in the interface between scientific research and international relations (Colglazier, 2020). Thus, it has shed a clear light on the need for the development of specific training activities that are meant to improve this interface.

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│25 Two European research and picture. As an example, we can point to training projects were dedicated to this the São Paulo School of Advanced Science development, funded by the European on Science Diplomacy and Innovation Commission (EC), namely Using Science Diplomacy (cf. InnSciD SP, 2020) and for/in Diplomacy for Addressing Global to the initiative of the Indian Research Challenges (cf. S4D4C, 2020a) and Inventing and Information System for Developing a Shared Science Diplomacy for Europe (cf. Countries (RIS) which together with the InsSciDE, 2020a). They were established National Institute of Advanced Studies based on the understanding that SD is a (NIAS) launched a project for SD in 2018, major tool to deploy in national, regional, funded by the Indian Department of or transnational actions addressing global Science and Technology with a dedicated challenges, and that additional research capacity-building focus, the Forum for was required to grasp its limits and Indian Science Diplomacy (cf. FISD, opportunities. In this paper, we share 2020). These initiatives purposefully the experiences we made in these two and fruitfully broaden the scope of the projects in designing and executing SD global SD discourse by engaging in the training, most recently in completely development of training design and by virtual formats. In Table 1, we highlight involving additional trainers and experts stakeholder needs, outline the forms and from their national contexts and from all targets of our recent training actions, and over the world. discuss insights to be applied in future A needs assessment survey from 2019 iterations of training programs that may (cf. Degelsegger-Márquez et al., 2019) reinforce SD capacity and quality. documented strong individual demand for training from the side of SD actors, Needs related to SD trainings including a desire for better awareness of Currently, SD trainings are multiplying, the SD stakeholder landscape, of formal and hundreds of requests are typically Science, Technology, and Innovation received for only a few dozen seats. A (STI) agreements, and local STI activities. vast number of SD trainings are developed Proficiency in negotiation, science by science-related organisations, such as communication and networking is in the Center for Science Diplomacy of the considerable demand as well. Respondents American Association for the Advancement are interested in improving their knowledge of Science (AAAS) and The World of both the concept of SD itself and of how Academy of Sciences (TWAS) (Mauduit international relations and science are and GualSoler, 2020). As most trainings linked. Are those needs currently met by are organised by the U.S. and European the trainings on the market? institutions, a somewhat circumscribed SD approach might result despite their The EU science diplomacy ambitions of global reach. However, the trainings emerging of new players in this field The trainings offered by S4D4C and of action, which are rapidly growing InsSciDE are described in Table 1. They in strength and becoming increasingly are based on the socio-scientific and important actors, gradually changes the historical research activities of the projects,

26 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 Table 1: Overview of S4D4C and InsSciDE Science Diplomacy (SD) Trainings

Training Objectives Training format Target group and Teaching format and Content participants design S4D4C Raise awareness of Series of consecutive Early-career researchers Networking events. SD concepts. Open Doors SD in the scientific meetings in different from Europe interested in SD Field trips to embassies Career Development. Programme community. settings (Madrid, and related policymaking. and other SD bodies Skills. (December Enhance networking Brussels, London, Bonn, (research ministry, Exchange on the mode 2018-April with SD stakeholders Berlin). Applications: 126 (plus research funding of operation in SD with 2019) and policymakers. 62 not eligible due to not agencies, European diplomats. targeted countries). Space Agency). Participants: 5 Workshops. Participation in SD events (as speakers). S4D4C Understand the state-of- 3-day in-person An adequate mix of Theoretical and case Science Communication. workshops the-art of SD in Europe. trainings. early-, mid-, and senior- study related input. International science system. in Trieste Convey SD skills to career scientists and Simulation exercises. Negotiation skills. (August 2019) work in the field. diplomats from EU and Group work. Case Studies: Water and Vienna Neighbourhood countries Networking. Diplomacy, Open Science and (November Visit an international Global Health. 2019) Applications: 400 (Trieste, research facility. Career Development. 300 were not eligible due to Social activities. not targeted countries) and 200 (Vienna, 110 were not eligible due to not targeted countries) Participants: 25 (for each training)

Table 1 continued... Table 1 continued...

S4D4C Meet the growing 15-hour online training Professionals with an Readings. SD conceptual frameworks. European demand. as a Massive Open interest in SD and a Recorded video SD stakeholders and networks. Science Raise awareness and Online Course (MOOC). diplomatic or scientific interviews of experts. European Union approach to Diplomacy improve understanding Free of charge. background: career Self-assessment and SD. Online Course of SD. Registered users manage diplomats, embassy staff, quizzes. National, regional, and (starting June Share results of case their own time. counsellors/attachés, career thematic SD approaches. 2020) study research and Completion of the scientists, policymakers, Required skills to operate in conceptual work. course is rewarded by an graduate and undergraduate SD. S4D4C official certificate. students. Overview of some S4D4C and InsSciDE empirical case Participants: Some 5000 studies. (registered users from all over the world) S4D4C Foster interaction and Series of six interactive Registered users having Panel discussion. Same as in the online course interactive networking. 2-hour online seminars. completedS4D4C European Interactive chat. above. online-seminar Provide opportunities SD Online Course and Break-out sessions. series (October for engagement as a prospective users. Different interactive – December spin-off to the online Applications: 650 exercises (role-plays, 2020) course. (1stseminar) elevator pitches, etc.) Discuss questions about Participants: 160 from all Instant surveys. online modules. over the world InsSciDE Acquire general A virtual 5-day course in Professionals or advanced Panels and lectures. Historical case studies Warsaw Science knowledge, deepen real-time (preceded by students of all disciplinary Intensive small- on pandemic diplomacy; Diplomacy conceptual and S4D4C MOOC). backgrounds and geographic group exercises and biodiversity protection; School (June historical understanding >30 hours (lessons, team origins interested in SD discussions led by scientists’ role in colonial 2020) of SD. exercises) hosted on and about networking and InsSciDE experts. expansion; the co-construction Grasp the ‘extensive Zoom. contributing to the field. 3 collaborative mock of the UN Law of the Sea. paradigm that is Rigorous application deliverables. Critical questions on risk, safety science’. process (essays, Applications: 84 (complete) Out-of-class online and security in the practice of Network across motivation letter, Participants: 28 from 27 interactions encouraged SD. disciplines. nominations, etc.). countries (e.g. yoga). Power and strategy: concepts Observe transnational Free of charge. Post-course one-on-one and simulations. practices, considering a Completion rewarded guidance from matched Panels of experienced science European perspective. by InsSciDE certificate. science diplomat. diplomats. Source: Own compilation. the already mentioned needs assessment information on the international science survey and vary across objectives and landscape and the conceptualisation of format. Due to the pandemic, InsSciDE’s SD is highly valuable. Case studies were intended face-to-face summer school was welcomed by participants and observed rapidly transferred online. S4D4C had to be highly effective in illustrating the already planned a massive open online possibilities and complexities of the SD course but was surprised by the huge interface (Šlosarčík et al, 2020). enrolment which was, in part, certainly Health diplomacy (HD) cases are fostered by the pandemic. The table easier to use and seem to better accomplish displays the target audience, the profile of the needs of trainings than SD in general. actual participants, teaching approaches These cases can thus be used as an and content, thus, a small number of example in SD teaching (Told, 2019a and criteria allow us to differentiate the 2019b), as the practices of HD and SD trainings in terms of basic characteristics. are closely interrelated. HD has already The criteria that were chosen for this been declared an area in which national systematics form a very simple typology. interests, which are still prevalent in some It is more than obvious that a more arenas of discussion (e.g., health security), complex systemisation or, taxonomy might be overcome (Kickbusch et al, 2007). or the intent to even conceptualise the This is crucial for the development of an trainings against the background of a internationally consolidated narrative theoretical pedagogical framework do lead and agenda to tackle a pandemic crisis to additional needs and challenges. Here, (Valenza, 2020). Still, a holistic vision we can only concentrate on some empirical of influences on the pandemic situation observations and evidence. would usefully integrate cases in related sectors such as biodiversity conservation, Insights from the trainings and water diplomacy and open science. their evaluation Diverse cohorts: the magic happens What are the learnings from these trainings? when different SD backgrounds come Which insights may be valuable for future together training concepts and designs? Formal and About teaching format and participants’ informal feedback from participants and groups, we found that the recent EU SD instructors of the SD trainings in the two trainings overall attracted more scientists projects were collected. In this chapter, than diplomats or other stakeholders we concentrate on the most successful involved in international affairs. The dimensions of the trainings that could be reasons for this might be diverse: is it identified. The results can be bundled by due to training content, to marketing formulating three conclusions: and outreach, to career or intellectual Health diplomacy provides cases and incentives, or perhaps even to the actual content for SD teaching distribution of different professions? This is an area where further research is needed. The central question of training content naturally depends on the trainers’ reach and Our evaluations have shown us that resources. In general, content such as skills trainees perceive the experience to be (e.g., negotiation), science communication, particularly enriching if there is a diverse SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│29 group of participants. Our trainings and skills gained through interactive and welcomed participants from a wide experiential formats provide a strong basis spectrum of backgrounds, disciplines, for the individuals’ sense-making process roles and cultures, and supported their and learning to penetrate complexity. learning to deal with ambiguity - a useful It is furthermore helpful for learners skill to address the diversity of contexts that they are allowed to network and socialize and approaches in SD. Transdisciplinary outside the classroom. “Soft” components, SD training that takes such differences such as joint dinners, excursions or into account, e.g. by setting specific and connecting online contribute to the learning learner-oriented goals, can build the ability success. In the virtual InsSciDE Warsaw to communicate clearly and effectively Science Diplomacy School (WSDS) this and increase mutual understanding on entailed frequent engagement in small the interface between science and foreign teams beginning before the course itself, relations. “When you put all these people as well as the availability of several online together with very specialized knowledge resources for students, who actively seized and a common interest, that’s when the opportunities to engage (for instance, ad magic happens” (Hardy et al, 2020:20). We hoc teams drafted articles reporting and saw that a co-constructive learning process assessing the school that were subsequently supported successful knowledge transfer. published online). Students gave top We also learned that SD is a truly global ratings to “fun” elements of WSDS such topic of interest. While we anticipated as online yoga and dance tutorials. They enrolment by European stakeholders or also expressed great satisfaction with those from the European neighbourhood, being matched with an SD expert for a a vaster set of candidates ranging across personal guidance session following the most continents applied to attend our completion of the course. Similar feedback trainings. A transnational approach was received in the first S4D4C interactive appears thus to be key when focusing on online seminar, where the chat function SD for addressing global challenges. was used for parallel “out of the box” discussions with SD researchers. Pedagogy: experiences beyond the These observations, as said, are the classroom heighten SD learning first collections of signs of empirical While lectures and readings were valuable evidence of significant control variables for conveying general SD knowledge and in the planning and implementation of concepts, opportunities for sharing of trainings in the action field of SD and in practitioners’ personal field experience particular the interconnection between and/or expertise, such as panels, science and diplomacy. They do not yet recorded videos or direct (if virtual) satisfy analytical verification or conceptual meetings, were integral to achieving the model building and need to be specified. learning objectives. Moreover, the active Further aspects may be crucial for future engagement of participants through SD trainings in the global context. Current debate and discussion applied exercises, limitations of SD trainings include a role-plays and simulations were identified geographical choice of training content and as fundamental to the success of both live trainers, cultural differences in learning and virtual trainings. The knowledge

30 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 styles, variety of thematic content and organising institutions with different case studies, transversal characteristics geographical background, a holistic and systemic settings of SD and numbers thematic approach, and the use of available of SD actors involved. Also, about training material on SD practices and trainings. content, a critical reflection of the SD Stakeholders are motivated by different discourse and practices could enrich the systems of incentives that can hamper learning experience (Rungius and Flink, fruitful interactions (Gore et al, 2020), 2020; Flink, 2020; Ruffini, 2020). Possible and they may lack relevant skills in their ways to address these variables would toolbox (Melchor, 2020). Fostering insight be to build transnational partnerships and capacity building at the personal between organisations and actors involved and institutional level, as well as directly in SD practices and teaching to include contributing to network building in the different perspectives and outreach. These training setting, can bridge these gaps partnerships would not necessarily need to to integrate science and diplomacy. We be limited to selective occasions but would assess the MOOC to be a promising and ideally be sustainable, thus facilitating sustainable means of scaling efforts in an open exchange of experiences and building and increasing capacity in SD objectives for SD trainings. In addition, the in times of COVID-19 while requiring quite recent scientific and policy-oriented complementary interactive online seminars publications on SD that address topics or sessions to draw the full benefits. Our such as science diplomacy matters, needs trainings presented above, virtual or in- for systemic change and case studies on SD person, have learning and networking for global challenges would enrich training elements that may help prepare the next content (cf. S4D4C, 2020b; InsSciDE, 2020b; generation of scientists, diplomats, and Young et al, 2020). Furthermore, material boundary-spanning professionals in SD to that deals with SD training design, like anticipate and face global crises. evaluations and training materials, e.g., curricula recommendations and toolkits References for trainers, are also helpful resources, Allegra, Alessandro and Julia Calkins. especially for new players (S4D4C, 2020c 2020.“Fostering trust and openness in and 2020d; Told, 2019b). We would international scientific advice”. Global therefore encourage SD actors to act in Science Advice. Retrieved on January 27, 2021, from https://www.ingsa.org/ the spirit of open access and to make their covidtag/covid-19-featured/allegra- concepts and outputs available. oecd/. Aukes, Ewert. 2020. Towards effective science Conclusion diplomacy practice. S4D4C EU-Project Policy Brief. Vienna: S4D4C.Retrieved on January Scientific research, policy-making and 27, 2021, from https://www.s4d4c.eu/ diplomatic action often share the common wp-content/uploads/2020/01/S4D4C- goal of addressing global challenges, but Towards-effective-science-diplomacy- practice.pdf. current trainings do not sufficiently take Colglazier, E. William. 2020. “Response to the global perspective into account yet. the COVID-19 Pandemic: Catastrophic This could be addressed by ensuring Failures of the Science-Policy Interface”. networking and partnering of SD Science & Diplomacy Vol. 9, No. 1. March 2020. Retrieved on December 15, 2020,

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│31 from https://www.sciencediplomacy. Retrieved on January 22, 2021, from org/editorial/2020/response-covid-19- https://2020.innscidsp.com/. pandemic-catastrophic-failures-science- InsSciDE. 2020a. Inventing a shared Science policy-interface. Diplomacy for Europe. Project under Degelsegger-Márquez, Alexander, Tim Flink the European Union’s Horizon 2020 and Charlotte Rungius. 2019. What it takes research and innovation programme. to do science diplomacy. Practices, identities, Grant agreement No 770523, 2018-2021. needs and challenges of science diplomacy Retrieved on January 22, 2021, from practitioners. Baseline analysis and needs https://www.insscide.eu/. assessment. S4D4C EU-Project Deliverable. InsSciDE. 2020b. Case Study Pitches. Retrieved Vienna: S4D4C. Retrieved on December on January 22, 2021, from https://www. 12, 2020, from https://www.s4d4c.eu/ insscide.eu/about/case-study-pitches/. wp-content/uploads/2019/03/S4D4C_ Kickbusch, Ilona, GaudenzSilberschmidt and WP2_D2.3_ZSI.pdf. PauloBuss. 2007. “Global health diplomacy: FISD. 2020. Forum for Indian Science Diplomacy. the need for new perspectives, strategic Retrieved on January 27, 2021, from approaches and skills in global health”. http://www.fisd.in/. Bulletin of the World Health Organization Vol. Flink, Tim. 2020. “The Sensational Discourse of 85(3), pp. 161-244. Retrieved on January Science Diplomacy – A Critical Reflection”. 22, 2021, from https://www.who.int/ The Hague Journal of Diplomacy. Vol. 15, bulletin/volumes/85/3/06-039222/en/. No. 3, 359-370. Retrieved on January Lo Tempio, Jonathan, D’Andre Spencer, Rebecca 27, 2021, from https://brill.com/view/ Yarvitz, Arthur DelotVilain, Eric Vilain journals/hjd/15/3/article-p359_7. and EmmanuèleDélot. 2020. “We Can xml?body=contentSummary-35539. Do Better: Lessons Learned on Data Gore, Meredith L., Elizabeth S. Nichols and Karen Sharing in COVID-19 Pandemic Can R. Lips. 2020. “Preparing Scientists for Inform Future Outbreak Preparedness and Science Diplomacy Requires New Science Response”. Science & Diplomacy Vol. 9(2). Policy Bridges”. The Hague Journal of June 2020. Retrieved on January 22, 2021, Diplomacy Vol. 15, No. 3, 424-434. Retrieved from https://www.sciencediplomacy. on January 26, 2021, from https:// org/article/2020/we-can-do-better- brill.com/view/journals/hjd/15/3/ lessons-learned-data-sharing-in-covid- article-p424_12.xml. 19-pandemic-can-inform-future. GualSoler, Marga and Tolullah Oni. 2020. Mauduit, Jean-Christophe and MargaGualSoler. “Here’s how ‘science diplomacy’ can help 2020. “Building a SD Curriculum”. Frontiers us contain COVID-19”. World Economic in Education. August 11, 2020. Retrieved Forum COVID Action Platform. Agenda on January 22, 2021, from https:// 2020/05. Retrieved on January 22, 2021, www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ from https://www.weforum.org/ feduc.2020.00138/full. agenda/2020/05/here-s-how-science- Melchor, Lorenzo. 2020. “What Is a Science diplomacy-can-help-us-contain-covid-19/. Diplomat?”. The Hague Journal of Hardy, Sean, Claire Mays, Maria Staszkiewicz, Diplomacy, 15 (3), pp. 409-423. Retrieved Karolina Kyrzyzanowska and on January 22, 2021, from https://doi. NataliaCzajkowska. 2020. Participant org/10.1163/1871191X-BJA10026. evaluation of InsSciDE event: Warsaw Science Melchor, Lorenzo, Ana Elorza and Diplomacy School 2020. Report. Paris: IzaskunLacunza. 2020. Calling for a InsSciDE. Retrieved on January 22, 2021, systemic change. Towards a European Union from https://www.insscide.eu/results/ Science Diplomacy for Addressing Global deliverables/article/insscide-wsds-2020- Challenges. S4D4C EU-Project Policy participant-evaluations. Report. Vienna: S4D4C. Retrieved on InnSciD SP. 2020. The São Paulo School of Advanced January 22, 2021, from https://www. Science on Science Diplomacy and Innovation s4d4c.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ Diplomacy. Organized by the Institute of S4D4C-Calling-for-a-Systemic- International Relations and the Institute Change-Policy-Report-v1.0-1.pdf. of Advanced Studies. August 3-7, 2020.

32 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 Paillette, Céline. 2012. “L’Europe et les Told, Michaela. 2019a. S4D4C Training Material organisations sanitaires internationales. for Workshops on Science Diplomacy. Health Enjeux régionaux et mondialisation, des Diplomacy. S4D4C Presentation. Vienna: années 1900 aux années 1920”. Les cahiers S4D4C. Retrieved on December 12, 2020, Irice 2012/1, No. 9,47-60. DOI: 10.3917/ from https://www.s4d4c.eu/training_ lci.009.0047. Retrieved on January 22, 2021, material/health-diplomacy-a/. from https://www.cairn.info/revue-les- Told, Michaela. 2019b. S4D4C Training Material cahiers-irice-2012-1-page-47.htm. for Workshops on Science Diplomacy. Health Ruffini, Pierre-Bruno. 2020. “Conceptualizing Diplomacy. S4D4C Simulation Exercise. science diplomacy in the practitioner- Vienna: S4D4C. Retrieved on December drivenliterature: a criticalreview”. 22, 2020, from https://www.s4d4c.eu/ Humanities and Social Sciences training_material/global-health-and- Communications, 7(120). Retrieved on science-diplomacy/. November 30, 2020, from https://doi. Valenza, Domenico. 2020. “The Irresistible Rise org/10.1057/s41599-020-00609-5. of Health Diplomacy: Why Narratives Rungius, Charlotte and Tim Flink. 2020. Matter in the Time of COVID-19”. United “Romancing science for global solutions: Nations University Institute on Comparative on narratives and interpretativeschemas Regional Integration Studies. UNU-CRIS. of science diplomacy”. Humanities and 2020. Retrieved on January 15, 2021, from Social Sciences Communications Vol. 7, No http://cris.unu.edu/health-diplomacy- 102. Retrieved on November 30, 2020, narratives. from https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599- Young, Mitchell. 2020. Building Better Science 020-00585-w. Diplomacy for Global Challenges: insights S4D4C. 2020a. Using Science for/in Diplomacy from the COVID-19 crisis. S4D4C EU-Project for Addressing Global Challenges. Project Policy Brief. Vienna: S4D4C. Retrieved under the European Union’s Horizon on January 15, 2021, from https://www. 2020 research and innovation programme. s4d4c.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ Grant agreement No 770342, 2018-2020. S4D4C_PolicyBrief_June2020_ Retrieved on November 22, 2020, from BuildingBetterScienceDiplomacy_ https://www.s4d4c.eu/. COVID-19.pdf. S4D4C. 2020b. S4D4C case studies and matters of Young, Mitchell, Charlotte Rungius, science diplomacy. Retrieved on January EwertAukes, Lorenzo Melchor, Elke Dall, 22, 2021, from https://www.s4d4c.eu/ EliškaČernovská, EliškaTomolová, Laure- s4d4c-cases/. Anne Plumhans, Pauline Ravinet, Tim S4D4C. 2020c. Toolkit for Trainers. Open-Source Flink and Ana Elorza Moreno. 2020. The License. Retrieved on January 22, 2021, ‘Matters’ of Science Diplomacy: Transversal from https://www.s4d4c.eu/toolkit-for- Analysis of the S4D4C Case Studies. S4D4C trainers/. EU-Project Report. Vienna: S4D4C. S4D4C. 2020d. Training Material. Open-source Retrieved on December 22, 2020, from license. Retrieved on January 22, 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4041041. from https://www.s4d4c.eu/training- material. Šlosarčík, Ivo, Nadia Meyer, and Jennifer Chubb. 2020. “Science Diplomacy as a means to tackle infectious diseases: The case of Zika”. In: Mitchell Young, Tim Flink and Elke Dall. Eds.2020. Science Diplomacy in the Making: Case-based insights from the S4D4C project. S4D4C EU-Project Report. Vienna: S4D4C. 4-27. Retrieved on December 22, 2020, from https://www. s4d4c.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/ S4D4C_REPORT_Science-Diplomacy-in- the-Making.pdf.

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│33 Authors affiliation: i. S4D4C partner, senior scientific officer at the German Aerospace Center / Project Management Agency DLR-PT, active in science diplomacy on behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research for 15 years. ii. InsSciDE partner and Professor of Northern Studies and inaugural Barents Chair in Politics at UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, head of work package 2 Power with Science Diplomacy in H2020 InsSciDE.eu. iii. InsSciDE partner and Deputy Director at the European Academy of Diplomacy, Master of Laws at the University of Warsaw, MBA in International Business Development. iv. Senior researcher and project manager at the Centre for Social Innovation in Vienna, Austria, coordinator of the S4D4C project. v. S4D4C partner, a biomedical scientist by training; she works on science-policy interfaces as Science Advice and Diplomacy Coordinator at the Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology (FECYT). vi. S4D4C partner and senior scientific officer in the field European and International Cooperation at the German Aerospace Center/Project Management Agency DLR-PT, supports the implementation of the Federal Government’s internationalization strategy in Education, Science and Research on behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. vii. Scientific director of H2020 InsSciDE.eu project, director of the Institute of Science Communication (ISCC) and professor of modern history at Sorbonne University in France. viii. S4D4C partner and head of international projects at the Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology (FECYT) with science diplomacy, science advice and human resources in research as areas of expertise. ix. S4D4C partner and science advice and diplomacy officer in the Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology (FECYT), PhD in Molecular Biology and Masters Student in Policy Analysis, science coordinator at the Spanish embassy in London (2015-2018). x. S4D4C partner and senior scientific officer at the German Aerospace Center / Project Management Agency DLR-PT, PhD in Linguistics, and professor/trainer in Higher Education institutions with intercultural cooperation and conflict as areas of interest (2005-2017). xi. Communication Specialist at H2020 InsSciDE.eu and @InsSciDE.eu, co-leader of impact measuring for the InsSciDE project, an associate of project partner UNESCO. xii. Executive director of H2020 InsSciDE.eu project, a social psychologist specializing in stakeholder engagement, risk governance and communication across disciplinary borders.

34 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 Perspective

Circulation of Science Diplomacy: Exploring the Motion of Ideas

Zane Šime*

Introduction orrowing a phrase associated with the evolution of European studies,1 science diplomacy is Bexperiencing the transformation “from boutique to boom field” (Keeler, 2005). Looking from Europe and 2 Zane Šime beyond three EU supported projects, science diplomacy is characterised by the denationalisation of diplomacy and the internationalisation of science (Arnaldi and Tessarolo, 2020: 12). It is coupled with a remarkable receptivity towards various thematic influences and topics (Soler 2020: 2). The enthusiasm that science holds the potential to transcend strained relations is upheld by new voices keen to explore research cooperation and the role of science diplomacy (Střelcová, 2021: 5). However, this perspective is not aimed at expressing yet another appraisal of the European discussions. Instead, with references to Europe- based scholarly findings, it seeks to promote an outward- looking curiosity about the evolving intellectual circles and infrastructure affiliated with science diplomacy. Science Diplomacy Review is an excellent example of how dedicated intellectual platforms are created and maintained for a continuous interaction on the broad scope of topics that researchers from across the globe are eager to discuss in a science diplomacy context. This perspective is aimed at exploring various avenues of how the Science Diplomacy Review as a study object and a

* Associate Research Fellow, OSCE Academy, Bishkek.

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│35 testimony of its time might be considered Public circulation of knowledge for a more elaborate analysis in the future. The growing body of literature on science Inspired by the latest thinking on histories diplomacy shows that this area of scholarly of science and knowledge, including the and expert debates taps into various circulation of knowledge, this perspective compartments of research. Historical invites the reader to reflect on science case studies discussed during the science diplomacy in two ways. diplomacy consultations and captured in On the one hand, science diplomacy academic publications,3 as well as attempts could be an object of study among those to trace the initial roots of practices of science keen on examining the circulation of diplomacy have encouraged to extend the knowledge. Following this reasoning, horizon (The Royal Society, 2010: 1-2). It Science Diplomacy Review could be is a useful exploratory exercise in terms considered as a promising object for of making some limited attempts to find future studies of how science diplomacy out what science diplomacy might learn is articulated and certain ideas taken from histories of knowledge and science. onboard by this journal that emanates Such an outlook helps to situate science from one of the “hotbeds of innovation and diplomacy within a broader spectrum of fundamental research” (Rüffin, 2020: 6). recent academically approached themes This suggestion is presented considering and phenomena. Eventually, it should the journal’s issues as elements of the contribute to discerning certain traits overall publicly accessible intellectual distinct to science diplomacy. There is infrastructure dedicated to science room for honing what distinguishes diplomacy. Taking inspiration primarily science diplomacy from a plethora of from the recent scholarly thinking on the other intellectual currents far beyond those histories of science and knowledge, science tapped into in this article. diplomacy sets in motion ideas and notions Public circulation of knowledge is a that are worth further consideration. concept that guides elaboration captured On the other hand, science diplomacy by the subsequent paragraphs. The has certain agenda-setting properties. There focus on the public character entails is no single science diplomacy agenda. “that knowledge should be studied as Selectivity generates heterogeneity. Here a broad, societal phenomenon” with again, by learning primarily (but not “social reach and relevance of knowledge exclusively) from the histories of science under scrutiny” (Östling, 2020: 120). A and knowledge, it is worth paying attention broader resonance of certain knowledge to the evolution of distinctive traits of and its interpretations is captured in this science diplomacy discussions in various perspective. It is done by acknowledging geographical locations and intellectual that knowledge is not ‘location less, it is circles. A more nuanced elaboration is situated’(Elshakry, 2020: 3; Fuller, 1992: captured in the subsequent two sections 393; Sarasin, 2020: 3; Traweek, 1992: 435). of the perspective. The concluding part Polycentricity is embraced among the sums up the main points with a cautious recent scoping of the research agenda invitation for future cross-fertilisation. of the history of knowledge (Bod, 2020;

36 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 Felten and von Oertzen, 2020: 10). Thus, not be considered as a monolithic body of the place, time and other contextual knowledge. It gains traction worldwide but factors should be given due attention resonates differently across geographical when attempting to understand the way and intellectual spaces. Science Diplomacy knowledge travels, as well as evolves and Review is a good example. It offers a transforms throughout these intellectual platform for elaborating on dynamics wanderings and structured analysis. evolving in certain places and spaces. Science and technology studies pay Public circulation of knowledge is attention to the entrepreneurial value not the only valuable notion capturing of knowledge. The value of knowledge the motion of intellectual currents that unfolds when it is linked to the right helps to observe the ongoing evolution of network of actors (Olesen, 2018: 39) or science diplomacy. To hone the distinct “knowing subjects in society” (Olesen, characteristics and added value, science 2018: 44). Notably, these characteristics diplomacy advocates would benefit from of knowledge are not conducive to an an awareness of what arguments have outright public character. The reason for guided earlier criticisms of the history bringing this fragment from science and of knowledge. Potential duplication of technology studies into this perspective scholarly enquiry is voiced by referring to is to show concisely that public circulation the history of knowledge touching upon of knowledge is not a catch-all term. To “what historians of science and intellectual a varying degree, it applies to different historians have been doing for the last two domains that are characterised by a decades” (Östling and Heidenblad, 2020: richness of public venues for encounters. 1). Such an awareness would help science There are types of knowledge that are diplomacy writers carve out their distinct more exposed to the public and those that niche. maintain their valuable properties by being Finally, the motion of intellectual guarded against an outright or extensive currents should not be taken as a given. public exposure. Science diplomacy is an Silos and geographic compartmentalisation ever more widely discussed topic among of certain intellectual exchanges and diverse research, policy-making and discussions are not a novelty. With diplomatic compartments receptive to another reference from the European public exposure and exchanges of thoughts. studies, the lack of a more dynamic Therefore, it might be a promising object exchange between various centres of for future study of the public circulation European studies has been voiced through of knowledge. references made to immobility (Weber Public circulation of knowledge brings and Tarlea, 2020). There is a lack of better awareness about the multitude of analysis on the way science diplomacy factors that shape the overall understanding ‘travels’ or ‘rests immobile’ within certain of science diplomacy in various parts of the local, national, regional or disciplinary world. Following the earlier mentioned or institutional contexts. A previously characteristics of knowledge not being witnessed immobility in the European ‘location less,’ science diplomacy should studies area should caution against

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│37 assuming that all individuals discussing shapes science diplomacy. Are these science diplomacy worldwide are talking hyper-enculturated individuals who about the same thing and have the same have been subject to a rigid cloning core framework as the initial point of culture (Petersson and Sternudd, 2020) or departure. One of the best examples in this ‘curasumers’ with individually tailored respect is the diversity of aspects picked up academic paths (Jeong and Kim, 2019: 14)? from the seminal report “New Frontiers This question is aimed at giving further in Science Diplomacy”(The Royal Society, support to Sivertsen’s neatly pinpointed 2010) in more recent publications. Science elusiveness of an “impartial and well- Diplomacy Review is a helpful facilitator informed spectator” (Sivertsen, 2019: 68). for mapping the emerging heterogeneity. Obtained higher education, training and Its published articles offer an insight professional paths may leave a certain into what considerations guide various imprint on the way science diplomacy individuals and institutions interested agenda is shaped in certain geographical in science diplomacy. The way science or professional contexts and perceived by diplomacy sets in various local, national, those keen on describing or commenting regional, or disciplinary or institutional on this process. contexts is worth further consideration. Besides the considerations mentioned in the previous paragraph about the Science diplomacy agenda- individual formative experiences, setting during pandemic prioritisation on an institutional level of Agenda-setting and its effects on what and one theme over another may contribute where is being discussed in the science even further to the development of distinct diplomacy context is also a promising local understandings and meanings of topic for further enquiry. Historians of science diplomacy. Researchers of the humanities pay attention to “Who forgets practice turn point out that academia what, and why?; and Where does scholarly and its outputs are shaped by a range forgetting take place?”, the role of “the of considerations spanning “from the inner circle of academia” in forgetting, office politics of departmental settings, defining what is relevant and what is not to recruitment and promotion panels, (Lamers, Van Hal and Clercx, 2020). This to journal editorial decisions, to the is a good reminder that science diplomacy arrangement and juxtaposition of panels agendas in various parts of the world at conferences, and citation practices” and across diverse expert circles display (Adler-Nissen et al., 2013: 160). To top certain selectivity towards topics chosen up this complexity of the intellectual for elaboration. infrastructure, it is worth bringing into the discussion earlier observation that Furthermore, scholars of the practice, internationalisation directed towards the who share with certain historians of research performance at the universities science, interest in Bourdieu’s work has received a mixed reaction and varying (Burke, 2020; Van Damme, 2020), elaborate degrees of responsiveness (Hokka, on the localisation of professionals (Adler- 2019). These complex processes reveal Nissen et al., 2013: 117). A good point interactions that go way beyond mere to keep in mind when exploring who

38 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 statistical information on academic Way forward publications captured by the Web of Science Diplomacy Review is a noteworthy Science, Scopus, ORCID or an Altmetric component of the overall international badge. All these earlier scholarly intellectual infrastructure of science reflections are taken on board as cross- diplomacy. Its capacity to set a certain cutting trends that can leave an imprint agenda of the overall topics prioritised in on the future heterogeneity of science science diplomacy discussions deserves diplomacy. Keeping in mind this panoply more attention in the future. The journal of considerations, Science Diplomacy could be an interesting object of study from Review proves to be a promising point the perspective of the public circulation of of departure for a more detailed study of knowledge on science diplomacy. Histories the intricacies of knowledge generation of knowledge and science, practice turn, and circulation, or stagnation of certain science and technology studies, and ideas grounded in science diplomacy. The European studies offer some valuable journal embodies a specific agenda that considerations for science diplomacy the Forum for Indian Science Diplomacy and those interested in advancing this supports and suggests as relevant to a field forward. It is worth reflecting on the broad international audience. mobility or stagnation of certain ideas Experts interested in science diplomacy related to science diplomacy as situated have an opportunity to learn from these phenomena with local contexts and considerations and episodes acknowledged traits wherever it is discussed and as a in other relevant research fields and take relatively nascent field of scholarly enquiry a comprehensive look at their practices experiencing a dynamic expansion. in intellectual encounters. To echo some The earlier elaborations on various earlier remarks contributed to the debate factors that shape the way research on science as practice and culture, “[r] findings are conveyed or stop at certain eflexivity asks us to problematize the institutional, disciplinary, or geographic assumption that the analyst (author, self) boundaries indicate that science diplomacy stands in a disengaged relationship with as an internationally discussed topic the world (subjects, objects, scientists, should not be considered as a monolithic things).” (Wooglar, 1992: 334) The motion and monotone thought pattern. The way or stagnation of certain ideas and research science diplomacy is understood in certain findings, chosen prioritisation of themes contexts may vary. It opens a whole new to be incorporated in the elaboration on area for further study. science diplomacy are important items for understanding what type of science (even if a post-normal one (Blok, 2019) feeds into Endnotes the three taxonomies or varieties of science 1 Referenceto the European studies stems from the author’s prior academic training diplomacy. Science diplomacy is not a and on-going research related to this mere subject of study. This is an invitation field, as well as recentengagement in the to look at the Science Diplomacy Review activities of the University Association for as a regular practice of science diplomacy. Contemporary European Studies (UACES). 2 Consult Šime(2020) for anelaboration on the role of three Horizon 2020 funded projects.

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│39 3 Abbé José Correiada Serra, Jeong, B. and Kim, P. S. 2019. ‘Filling the Gap: Portugesebotanist and the first Ambassador Global Masters of Public Administration of Portugalto the United States, analysed and Public Policy Programmes’, in within the framework of InsSciDE (2021) is Stone, D. and Moloney, K. (eds) The a good example. Oxford Handbook of Global Policy and Transnational Administration. Oxford Handbooks Online, pp. 1–20. doi: 10.1093/ References oxfordhb/9780198758648.013.33. Adler-Nissen, R. et al. 2013. Bourdieu in International Keeler, J. T. S. 2005. ‘Mapping EU studies: Relations: Rethinking Key Concepts in IR, The The evolution from boutique to boom New International Relations Series. Edited field 1960-2001’, Journal of Common by R. Adler-Nissen. London, New York: Market Studies. 43(3), pp. 551–582. doi: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. 10.1111/j.0021-9886.2005.00569.x. Arnaldi, S. and Tessarolo, A. 2020. Science Lamers, H., Van Hal, T. and Clercx, S. G. 2020. Diplomacy in CEI Member States. Central ‘How to Deal With Scholarly Forgetting European Initiative. Retrieved from in the History of the Humanities: Starting https://www.cei.int/node/8829. Points for Discussion’ History of Humanities, Blok, A. 2019. ‘How to Deploy STS to Re-Imagine 5(1), pp. 3–29. doi: 10.1086/707690. Sustainable Ways of Instituting Climate Olesen, J. S. 2018. ‘Learning to Become a Science Expertise?’. Nordic Journal of Science and Talent’, Nordic Journal of Science and Technology Studies. 7(2). pp. 27–30. doi: Technology Studies. 6(1), pp. 35–45. doi: 10.5324/njsts.v7i2.3365. 10.5324/njsts.v6i1.2441. Bod, R. 2020. ‘How to Open Pandora’s Box: Östling, J. 2020. ‘Circulation, Arenas, and the Quest A Tractable Notion of the History of for Public Knowledge: Historiographical Knowledge’. Journal for the History of Currents and Analytical Frameworks’. Knowledge. 1(1), pp. 1–7. doi: 10.5334/ History and Theory, (58), pp. 111–126. doi: jhk.28. 10.1111/hith.12184. Burke, P. 2020. ‘Response’, Journal for the History Östling, J. and Heidenblad, D. L. 2020. ‘Fulfilling of Knowledge. 1(1), pp. 1–7. doi: 10.5334/ the Promise of the History of Knowledge: jhk.27. Key Approaches for the 2020s’. Journal for Elshakry, M. 2020. ‘Beyond a Singular History the History of Knowledge, 1(1), pp. 1–6. doi: of Knowledge’, Journal for the History of 10.5334/jhk.24. Knowledge. 1(1), pp. 1–4. doi: 10.5334/ Petersson, A. and Sternudd, C. 2020. ‘The concept jhk.30. of hyperenculturation: An example from a Felten, S. and von Oertzen, C. 2020. ‘Bureaucracy Swedish research school’. Högre utbildning, as Knowledge’, Journal for the History of 10(2), pp. 24–36. doi: 10.23865/hu.v10.1559. Knowledge. 1(1), pp. 1–16. doi: 10.5334/ Rüffin, N. 2020. ‘EU Science Diplomacy in jhk.18. a Contested Space of Multi-Level Fuller, S. 1992. ‘Social Epistemology and the Governance: Ambitions, Constraints and Research Agenda of Science Studies’, in Options for Action’. Research Policy, 49, Pickering, A. (ed.) Science as Practice and pp. 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2019.103842. Culture. Chicago, London: The University Sarasin, P. 2020. ‘More Than Just Another of Chicago Press, pp. 390–428. Specialty: On the Prospects for the History Hokka, J. 2019. ‘Struggles Over Legitimate of Knowledge’, Journal for the History of Science’, Nordic Journal of Science and Knowledge. 1(1), pp. 1–5. doi: 10.5334/ Technology Studies. 7(1), pp. 18–31. doi: jhk.25. 10.5324/njsts.v7i1.2751. Šime, Z. 2020. ‘Why Active Listening is an Essential InsSciDE. 2021. Interview with InsSciDE Ingredient in the EU’s Science Diplomacy Science Diplomats, Maria Paula Diogo. “Laboratories”’, Public Diplomacy Magazine, Retrieved from https://www.insscide. (23), pp. 19–22. Retrieved from https:// eu/news-media/news-and-events/ www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/story/ article/interview-with-insscide-science- new-pd-magazine-issue-ethics-out-now. diplomats-leader-maria-paula-diogo on 14 February 2021.

40 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 Sivertsen, S. S. 2019. ‘On the Practical Impossibility Traweek, S. 1992. ‘Border Crossings: Narrative of Being Both Well-Informed and Strategies in Science Studies and among Impartial’. Erasmus Journal for Philosophy Physicists in Tsukuba Science City, Japan’, and Economics, 12(1), pp. 52–72. doi: in Pickering, A. (ed.) Science as Practice and 10.23941/ejpe.v12i1.377. Culture. Chicago, London: The University Soler, M. G. 2020. The Future of Science Diplomacy, of Chicago Press, pp. 429–465. GESDA Scientific Anticipatory Brief. 9. Van Damme, S. 2020. ‘When Practices, Places and Geneva: Geneva Science and Diplomacy Materiality Matter: A French Trajectory Anticipator. Retrieved from https://gesda. in the History of Knowledge’. Journal for global/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/ the History of Knowledge, 1(1), pp. 1–8. doi: GESDA-SAB-9_Future-of-Science- 10.5334/jhk.26. Diplomacy.pdf. Weber, R. and Tarlea, S. 2020. ‘Politics of Střelcová, A. 2021. Engaged, Not Married: The Past, Immobility: Global Knowledge Production Present, and Future of Europe’s Research and the Study of Europe in Asia’. Journal Collaboration with China. Observations, 3. of Common Market Studies, pp. 1–17. doi: doi: 10.17617/2.3286012. 10.1111/jcms.13094. The Royal Society. 2010. New Frontiers in Science Wooglar, S. 1992. ‘Some Remarks About Diplomacy: Navigating the Changing Balance Positionism: A Reply to Collins and of Power. RS Policy Document 01/10. Yearley’, in Pickering, A. (ed.) Science as London: The Royal Society. Retrieved Practice and Culture. Chicago, London: The from https://royalsociety.org/~/ University of Chicago Press, pp. 327–342. media/Royal_Society_Content/policy/ publications/2010/4294969468.pdf.

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│41

Perspective

5th Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP) 2021 and United Nations Multilateral Standard-Setting Bodies: A Perspective

Basir Ahmed*

Introduction s India approaches 75 years of its independence, it is only apt to introspect and reflect on existing Ascience and technology policy. What has been STIP’s impact, whether it was successful in contributing Basir Ahmed to the national development, what is missing and what remains to be done in the context of new and emerging technologies? Is India fully equipped to deal with global challenges and to what extent? What should be its science and technology strategy for the 21st century? United Nations multilateral standard-setting bodies have been playing an important role in setting international standards vis-a-vis new and emerging technologies. Has India been able to fully utilise the platform. From an international diplomacy perspective, which involves, protection of the country’s political interests abroad, to the pursuit of digital interests in the field of new and emerging technologies, it has been a big transition? The global foreign policy agenda is mostly dominated by discussions on science and technology issues including data interests, internet governance, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, block chain technology, robotics and so on. How do we, as a country fare on these issues? The STIP creates a much needed atmosphere for policy discourse. Hence it is only apt that India begins its 21st-century science and technological journey with introspection. India’s participation in international multilateral standard-setting bodies has been noteworthy. It is one of the longstanding members of the United Nations

* First Secretary, Permanent Mission of India, Geneva, Switzerland.

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│43 (UN) and its specialised agencies such individual initiative, local innovations and as the International Telecommunication work done by larger academic, research Union (ITU), Universal Postal Union and and development community. World Meteorological Organisation, etc. From a multilateral perspective, It has remained one of the most consistent science and technology discussions donors for the UN system. India and the dominate the United Nations agenda. A UN were, more or less born together, UN large number of meetings and discussions has completed 75 years of its inception are conducted regularly, throughout the in 2020, while India will be celebrating year, with participation from delegates and 75 years of its independence in 2022. experts, in standards-setting agencies such India and the UN share a close and warm as International Telecommunication Union relationship. However, at the age of (ITU), World Meteorological Organisation 75, it is only apt to ask, whether India’s (WMO), World Intellectual Property partnership with United Nations standard- Organisation (WIPO) and World Health setting bodies has been productive? To Organisation (WHO). The international what extent? Have the technological standards discussed in these bodies aspirations been met? and what needs to represents global consensus. They strive be done? India’s achievements in science to cater to the emerging societal and and technology are noteworthy. Whether market demands. Guided by United it is India’s mission to the Moon and Nations core principles of transparency Mars, or the development of information and openness, these organisations involve communication technology, the deep multistakeholder engagement during the socio-economic impacts were evident. global standard development process, India’s success in the field of Science and relevant for long term and sustainable Technology could be attributed to its initial science and technology policy. For investment in them. Modern India had instance, during the ongoing 5G global always maintained a strong focus on the standards negotiations, the specialised development and promotion of science agency of the UN for ICT has done its and technology at the centre of its policy best to engage different stakeholders discourse. The 5th Science, Technology including various market actors. The and Innovation Policy (STIP) seeks to take strength of global standards developed forward the same momentum. under the auspices of the UN is that they In the current changing times, science are transparent and consensus driven. and technology have emerged as a political Through participation in these bodies, and strategic tool. It exerts a strong in-house capacities and solutions could influence on geopolitics and power be developed, which can save time, relations among countries and their ability money and expertise. One of the major to innovate and support industrial growth benefits, however, is that they facilitate affects their international stature. The 5th trade. International standards developed Draft Science Technology and Innovation through these standard-setting agencies Policy (STIP), is a great initiative as it seeks conform with principles of international to provide tremendous support for the trade. Countries and businesses have science and technology ecosystem within confidence while dealing with products the country. It aims to nurture and reward and services created through them.

44 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 The international standards are technologies. The diffusion of the physical developed by taking into consideration and biological world characterised by wide stakeholder’s interests in a multi- the use of artificial intelligence, cloud stakeholder environment. It ensures computing, and the Internet of Things views embodying diverse socio-economic (IoT) has become critical for developing interests are represented in the process. countries. An engagement with the They enhance acceptability and support international standard development local legislation. In terms of geography, process will enable the countries to stay their reach is large. Their membership is informed about the latest technological comprised of large number of countries. trends and development. It will be useful The members are given equal opportunity to support policy goals and governments to participate in the development of efforts and to gain access to public policy standards, they also get support for challenges, through regular feedback capacity building. They provide direct and and insight. The international standard- indirect support for the implementation of setting agencies could exert a tremendous domestic science and technology policy. impact on socio-economic development by India has a huge domestic pool of facilitating innovation and best practices. resources and technical experts. It has In the rapidly changing global tremendous capacity in Information environment, STIP must strengthen Communication Technology, Space Sector domestic skills and capabilities by ensuring and Pharmaceuticals. India’s technology, effective participation in the multilateral research and management institutes such as standard-setting bodies. It could promote IITs and IIMs are significantly contributing the participation of National Universities, to research and innovation. For instance, Research Institutes, and general academia. during the negotiations on 5G International India’s goals for self-independence and Standards, India’s technology proposal on localisation requires striking the right “Radio Interface” was accepted by ITU balance. The promotion of international as a complete technology. The proposal cooperation with these bodies must form was produced by several leading research the primary focus of the new STIP. An institutions including IIT Madras. This is intergovernmental framework could just one example; these capacities could be be put in place which will coordinate leveraged to facilitate greater interaction nationally funded research at the regional with United Nations multilateral standard- and global level. It can initiate joint and setting bodies. By collaborating in the collaborative research programs with field of science, research, expertise and multilateral standard-setting bodies, to innovation, India could support the produce internationally market-oriented domestic ecosystem. Through regular product and services. information sharing and exchange of STIP could help in bridging the existing resources, the standard-setting bodies gap between technical experts, research, could help in fulfilling India’s national academia, and the market by simplifying interest in science and technology. existing rules and restrictions. India’s The fourth industrial revolution participation in international standard- is primarily led by new and emerging setting agencies is affected by bureaucratic

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│45 indecision and delays. The movement of of setting the roadmap of standardisation technical experts and their participation for a particular technology to framing in international meetings are subjected to those standards. The New STIP could focus various kinds of travel restrictions. There on enhancing India’s participation in these is a need to revamp these age-old rules small study groups. For instance, several and regulations. specialised agencies of the UN regularly India could put in place an integrated constitute these groups and sub-groups approach to facilitate effective participation to discuss standards and technology at international standard-setting agencies. policy. International Telecommunication By creating a robust research and Union (ITU) maintains around 20 similar innovation framework, it could ensure groups which are busy drawing different that scientific and technological decisions parameters of digital technologies. of strategic importance for the country, The World Meteorological Organisation such as new and emerging technologies (WMO), a specialised agency of the are handled urgently at the national United Nations for weather and climate level, by one agency, rather than multiple issues, facilitates the exchange of weather ministries and departments. It will help in information and data across the world avoiding duplication of work and waste of and supports National Meteorological and resources. The national authority should Hydrological Services. It has constituted be able to share data across wide sectors several small committees looking into and stakeholders. India must broaden various aspects of digital data and its the horizon of participation to include impact on current governance structures. diverse stakeholders including small and The observational stations gather data medium enterprises, industry, and female on weather, climate, and other related researchers. fields, it is used by the private sectors The constitution of the National for providing different products and STI Observatory, Technology Support services. It’s committees are looking into Framework and Strategic Technology the parameters of global data regulatory Board (STB), under the new STIP are mechanisms. great initiatives. It will provide the Similarly, the intersection of new required environment for the growth and emerging technologies has a huge of local entrepreneurs and businesses. impact on intellectual property rights. The The harmonised regulations set by World Intellectual Property Organisation international standard-setting bodies will (WIPO) deals with worldwide trademark, help in promoting local products and industrial design, parameters for commerce. geographical indicators, patents, and While India has been very active in copyright issues. It regularly set norms international diplomatic negotiations and for international IP rules and global discourse within the UN, the participation services. WIPO’s services are widely used of technical and domain experts in various by major corporations, small and medium Study and Focus groups is somewhat enterprises, universities, and research limited. These smaller groups in standard- institutions. They provide support for setting agencies play a crucial role in terms innovation, branding, international

46 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 protection for inventions and discoveries. a scientific superpower can be realised The International Union for by facilitating enhanced interaction with Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is them. There is a lot of hope and optimism the world’s largest and most diverse from the new STIP. It must create avenues environmental network of countries, of participation by diplomatic negotiators government agencies and international alongside the technical experts. India’s organisations. It works for the conservation representation, in terms of the number of nature and the protection of ecological of Indians employed in standard-setting biodiversity. It enjoys observer status institutions, is very low. Representation within the UN system. IUCN provides a in top positions means that India’s voice framework for environmental policy and is heard more clearly, and it is able to climate change negotiations and maintains pursue its interests deftly. Enhancing the the “Red List of Threatened Species” representation is a strategic and political which has tremendous international decision, and the new STIP must facilitate trade and commerce implications. IUCN this. is evolving international regulatory The private sector is playing an framework for synthetic biology products, increasingly important role in international new plant breeding techniques, traditional standard-setting bodies. They are regularly knowledge and genetic resources. It participating in technical meetings and is involved in drawing-up the new negotiations. As a member of these international legal instrument on areas bodies, they exert considerable influence of marine biodiversity beyond national on evolving technological parameters. jurisdictions. Therefore, it is only useful They are participating on an equal footing that India’s science and technological along with national technical experts and policy promotes engagement with these specialists. New STIP could facilitate standard-setting bodies. participation from the private sector into The emerging global science and these multilateral standard-setting bodies. technology landscape will be determined Many Indian companies and business by new and emerging technologies. have a strong domestic presence. They International standards harmonising have tremendous potential for growth; in these areas technology will become however, it remains untapped due to geopolitically very important in the future. their lack of participation in multilateral International rules and technological standard-setting bodies. standards will increasingly shape the India could emulate similar practice contours of economic development and followed by other countries and promote global growth. the participation of the private sector. Therefore, collaboration with these Their involvement at the early stages international standard-setting agencies of standardisation will enhance their has become a necessity. The sooner we capacities. They will become market-ready, realise this fact and take corrective action by increasing global competitiveness. the better it is. Early participation will Regionally, India enjoys a leadership strengthen local capabilities. The goals of position in the field of science, technology technological self-reliance and becoming and innovation. Whether it is capacity

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│47 in space, health and information So far, India has been able to consistently communication or other sectors, its record increase its gross expenditure on research is unmatched. The new STIP could support and development. The Global Innovation regional initiatives. It could support Index, 2020, has placed India within the regional capacity building programmes top 50 countries. The recent National and projects, facilitate the establishment Artificial Intelligence Strategy indicates of regional offices, Innovation Centres India’s inclination to engage with the outer and Policy Labs in and around the world more boldly. India is aggressively neighbouring countries. working towards establishing itself as a Additionally, India could also leader in new and emerging technologies. facilitate the launch of regional offices The new STIP by incorporating fresh and innovation centres, sponsored by approaches, and mechanisms has cleared multilateral standard-setting agencies, the way for its global leadership. An within the country. The New STIP could enhanced engagement with United support such initiatives. It will be helpful Nations standards-setting agencies will if international standard-setting bodies are only strengthen the vision of ‘Atmanirbhar integrated with the national science and Bharat’ and ‘New India’, a country is fully technology ecosystem. aware of its roles and responsibilities in the emerging world order.

48 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 Perspective

Standing on the Shoulders of Our Giants: Science Diplomacy for the Future Scientific Progress

Archana Sharma*

Introduction eing an experimental physicist, my focus remains mainly on leveraging and creating a future heritage Bfor physics: defined as a natural science based on experiments, measurements, and mathematical analysis to find quantitative physical laws for everything from the nanoworld of the microcosmos to the planets, solar systems, and galaxies Archana Sharma that occupy the macrocosmos. The laws of nature can be used to predict the behaviour of the world and all kinds of machinery. Many of the everyday technological inventions that we now take for granted resulted from discoveries in physics. The basic laws in physics are universal, but physics in our time is such a vast field that many subfields are almost regarded as separate sciences. Early Greeks established the first quantitative physical laws, such as Archimedes’ descriptions of the principle of levers and the buoyancy of bodies in the water. By the 17th century, however, Galileo Galilei and later Issac Newton helped pioneer the use of mathematics as a fundamental tool in physics, which led to advances in describing the motion of heavenly bodies, the laws of gravity, and the three laws of motion. The laws of electricity, magnetism and electromechanical waves were developed in the 1800s by Faraday and Maxwell while many others contributed to our understanding of optics and thermodynamics. Modern physics can be said to have started around the turn of the 20th century, with the discovery of X-rays (Röntgen, 1895), radioactivity

* Principal Staff Scientist at the CERN Laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland. Dr. Sharma holds a Ph.D. in particle physics from Delhi University and D.Sc. from the University of Geneva. She has been appointed as Senior Advisor at International Organisations.

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│49 (Becquerel, 1896), the quantum hypothesis know is C.V. Raman. Sir Chandrashekhar (Planck, 1900), relativity (Einstein, 1905), Venkat Raman is fondly remembered, and atomic theory (Bohr, 1913). among several other innovations, for his Quantum mechanics (Heisenberg invention of the ‘Raman Effect,’ a unique and Schrödinger), beginning in 1926, also phenomenon in the scattering of light, gave scientists a better understanding of which earned him the Nobel Prize for chemistry and solid-state physics, which Physics in 1930, the first Indian to win in turn has led to new materials and the prize, I must add. Raman was born better electronic and optical components. a prodigy, finishing his schooling with Nuclear and elementary particle physics a scholarship when he was thirteen and have become important fields, and particle receiving a ‘Gold Medal’ in Physics from physics is now the basis for astrophysics his Alma Mater, the University of Madras. and cosmology. As physics developed Raman’s innumerable contributions across the world, from the Greeks to earned him other important recognitions other Europeans and Americans, Physics like the Hughes Medal in 1930, the Bharat enjoyed an equal level of development and Ratna in 1954, and the Lenin Peace Prize gradual advancement across India. in 1957. He was also elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1924 and History of physics in India was knighted in 1929. India celebrates The development of physics in India is National Science Day on 28th February, not one that I would say has enjoyed a the day he discovered the Raman Effect, particularly linear projection, although in his honour. there have been some staggering Also, fondly remembered is reappearances who have been determining Satyendranath Bose, who made vital factors in how India’s physics history has contributions to the field of Quantum been written. Following Indian philosophy, Mechanics. Bose invented the ‘Bose- Maharishi Kanada is attributed to being Einstein Condensate’ with Albert Einstein the first to systematically develop a theory and the ‘Boson’ particle. His inventions of atomism around 200 BCE, although led to the formation of the Large Hadron some authors have allotted him an earlier Collider and the experiments conducted era in the 6th century BCE. in it. He studied in the Presidency College To look at this timeline in a chronology in Calcutta, the institution to some of our would be chaotic, so I will be focusing country’s most known and respected instead on the people who have developed scholars. Bose was conferred with the physics as we have come to understand Padma Vibhushan in 1954 and was elected it today in India. However, I must make as a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). a disclaimer that it is not possible to Another significant contributor is mention all notable contributors and their Meghnad Saha, whom the world of contributions. Hence, I will try to mention science will remember as one of the most those that I believe are fundamental to our prominent astrophysicists to have ever development. existed. Saha was most notable for the ‘Saha Concept’ or the Saha ionisation Top Indian Physicists equation, a concept including theories In terms of developing modern physics and quantum and statistical mechanics, in India, the prime figure we all come to which he developed in 1920. It is also

50 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 called the Saha-Langmuir equation. Saha As the times changed, the contributions was also famous for his other notable of Physicists equally morphed across other scientific works and his contribution to necessary aspects, building a network of building several scientific institutions mega-science that continues to contribute like the Physics department in Allahabad to other important things today. That is University and the Saha Institute of why the work of Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai Nuclear Physics in Calcutta. Saha was also is very crucial in discussions. Vikram a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). is known as the father of India’s space The father of the Indian Nuclear programme, being one of the pilots of Programme, Homi Jehangir Bhabha, the Indian Space Research Organization is also a prominent figure. Dr. Bhabha (ISRO). He was awarded the Padma started the Tata Institute of Fundamental Bhushan in 1966 and the Padma Vibhushan Research and the Trombay Atomic Energy posthumously in 1972. Establishment, which was renamed as We also have Gopalasamudram Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). Narayana Iyer Ramachandran, who His contribution to nuclear physics is created the ‘Ramachandran Plot.’ He did unfathomable. While we remember Dr. his research work in X-ray microscope Bhabha for the Indian’s nuclear power and crystal physics during his stint as the programme, the world remembers him Head of Department at Madras University. more for creating the process of ‘Bhabha He did his doctoral studies under the Scattering,’ an electron-positron scattering guidance of C.V. Raman. He founded the process. He, too, was a Fellow of the Royal Molecular Biophysics Unit at the Indian Society and was awarded the Adams Prize Institute of Science in Bengaluru. in 1942 by the University of Cambridge Then we have had Jayant Vishnu and the Padma Bhushan in 1954. Narlikar, Indian astrophysicist, who, In 1983, Subrahmanyam alongside Sir Fred Hoyle, developed the Chandrashekhar became another Indian Hoyle-Narlikar Theory, a principal in to win a Nobel Prize in Physics. Like gravitational studies. Harish Chandra, Saha, Subrahmanyam contributed to is known for the Representation Theory, astrophysics and consequently created while Sandip Chakrabarti, is well-known the ‘Chandrashekhar Limit.’ He also for his works in astrophysics and planetary contributed to quantum theory on the motions. There are so many other vital hydrogen anion, radiative transfers, contributors whom I am unable to mention the theory of white dwarfs, and stellar in this short essay. dynamics. Subrahmanyam earned the Adams Prize in 1948, the Royal Medal Merging India’s physics in 1962, the Copley medal in 1968, the development with our present National Medal of Science in 1966, and the Heineman Prize in 1974. He was conferred As India moved into a post-colonial with the Padma Vibhushan in 1968 and phase, the Tryst with Destiny address was was also the Fellow of the Royal Society. delivered on the Red Fort in Delhi on 15 Perhaps he cheated the gene pool by August 1947. Jawaharlal Nehru was a getting the best because C.V. Raman was strong proponent of modern ideas and his paternal uncle. valued science, the most. It was perhaps his cultural upbringing that had a deep

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│51 impact on him. Nehru studied science While I must revert once again to at the Cambridge University, and he mentioning that I am not denying due saw India from the perspective of the credit to people like Birbal Sahni, P.C. European Enlightenment. It was Nehru’s Mahalanobis, Obaid Siddiqui, or M.S. vision to promote science as most of the Swaminathan and Shanti Swaroop scientific stalwarts in the early years Bhatnagar who greatly contributed to of independent India saw science as a the architecture of modern India. But my civilisational tool. The approach was emphasis is on the fact that physicists like empathetic and forward-looking, yet it Homi Bhabha, C. V. Raman, Meghnad was somehow draped in the colonial sense Saha, Vikram Sarabhai, and S. N. Bose of science as a liberating discipline, and had a greater academic depth and traction the development of the native could only with Indian scientific community and be possible in the domain of science. The the political leadership. People like Saha past was frowned upon, and as one can became member of the Indian parliament see in retrospect, there was a desperate in the 1950s. urge to modernise India. Invariably, to As I have subtly hinted, what is advance better and more sophisticated perhaps, the essential catalyst in all this scientific understanding in India, it was is the chain of scientific collaborations the collaborative efforts achieved with across different generations of physicists. physicists that gave birth to the scientific Look at how, for instance, C.V. Raman has revolution which India has built wildly on. been able to help other physicists in their Of course, the journey had its development. All of these are now the tense moments where we struggled to bedrock of the future of physics in modern collaborate, but they were nonetheless India. Ideally, many people would have important. Saha, known for his Ionisation separated our history into the pre-colonial Equation, opposed several policies era, colonial era, and our present era. Still, of Nehru government on science and our physicists have thrived across boards, technology development. He had and we will do better to look at how we arguments with Kriplani, Radhakrishnan, can connect the past to the future. The role and Nehru. These were unapologetic played by these figures led to an essential and unashamed questions in the open aspect of developing mega-science, which house of the Indian parliament. He we must all continue to pay attention to as often had heated discussions with his science diplomacy. It is through all these parliamentary colleagues, especially works, these efforts, that we now begin Nehru. In a letter to Jivatram Bhagwandas to take unprecedented steps in modern Kriplani, Nehru wrote “It is unfortunate, mega-science in India. that Professor Saha’s letter has been written If we look at monumental projects like in a spirit which is far from scientific CERN in which India became an associate or dispassionate.” Saha, an acclaimed member in 2017, we will see that the fruits physicist, was nominated for the Nobel of passion and development planted Prize in Physics six times between 1930 and by the physicists of past generations 1955. Nevertheless, the political opposition are now germinating in collaboration, invariably built a robust collaborative in multinational science project for all environment that has allowed several of humanity.1 As Dr. Fabiola Gianotti scientists, particularly physicists, to thrive. mentioned in 2019 in her capacity as

52 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 CERN Director-General, “India is one are not staged once and then disappear of the biggest contributors to CERN, but continue to have an evolving presence being involved in various programmes in an experimental program (a ‘‘string’’ like computing, power supply systems, of experiments), and sometimes even hi-tech components, and high precision no clear-cut end. The experiment, so to mechanics.” India, however, could speak, becomes a long-term fixture of the leverage a major win-win through new institutional stage itself. collaborations, what then is the future for The operational dimension of mega- India? science means that it is not just a partnership between two scientists but also multiple Why science diplomacy is researchers across different locations. important The multilayered level of knowledge Science diplomacy is not new, but it is sharing also implies an openness between more important than ever due to the governments to encourage multilateral scientific dimension of the current global developments. While the growth and challenges. No nation-state can tackle any advancement of mega-science have been of these challenges alone, thus their foreign sporadic across several continents, an policy needs to integrate new tools for a economic visit to the importance of world of increasing scientific and technical physics-based mega-science is essential. complexity. Unlike in the 19thcentury when world peace depended on who had the Mega-science and science most force, the future of global peace diplomacy for the global hinges on the level of diplomatic relations development between countries, and how scientific advancements are now tied with cross- While there are several examples, a border knowledge sharing. This was why, very crucial example is the declaration unlike in the past, when each country and of the Antarctic Treaty. The Antarctic its scientists guarded their knowledge treaty is a product of sustained science fiercely, and only opened it to allies, the diplomacy, which has merged with mega- development of the particle accelerator science. In the 1950s, scientists working on saw multilateral knowledge sharing developing mega-science projects saw the leading to the advancement of physics in potential hazard of ignoring the Antarctica ways which the world had never known continent. Although inhabited, scientists it. It opened the world of science to mega- were worried that in the future, it may science without borders. become the home to newly discovered resources, or may be used as testing sites Understanding mega-science for nuclear energy projects. To prevent a Historians Lillian Hoddeson, Catherine future escalation of conflicts, diplomatic Westfall, and Adrienne Kolb introduced scientists pressured governments to the term ‘‘Mega-science’’ to characterise consider a treaty that would prevent any experiments that are of an unprecedented such conflict in the future. scale in terms of equipment, experimental According to the U.S department of groups, and budgets; and that involves state, fortunately, international scientific ‘strings.’2 By strings, the authors were associations were able to work out not referring to the controversial ‘‘string arrangements for effective cooperation.3 theory’’; they meant that the experiments SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│53 In 1956 and 1957, American meteorologists Germany 29 per cent, the UK 14.2 per cent, “wintered over” at the Soviet post Mirny, France 12.9 per cent and Italy 10.4 per cent. while Soviet meteorologists “wintered An important takeaway from this report is that over” at Little America. These cooperative European countries invest at least €22 billion activities culminated in the International every year to keep this going. Some of this Geophysical Year of 1957-1958 (IGY), a joint funding comes from the government. And scientific effort by 12 nations -- Argentina, this once again proves the importance of Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, science diplomacy. New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the The development of physics and mega- Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and science through science diplomacy at an the United States - to conduct studies of the international level will foster global peace Earth and its cosmic environment. and encourage economic advancements. The AAAS Centre for Science Consequently, governments need to Diplomacy also informs us that Scientific enforce necessary science diplomacy research and innovation are among the focused plan, not just for their self- most potent forces driving economic interests but also for global peace. This development and social change.4 Yet development has become very necessary while scientific research facilities become and will continue to become important if larger, more complex, and require more the world continues to seek sustainable resources, funding for scientific research science solutions. Governments that, is often not increasing in many countries however, decide to hoard information even as the timescale for projects. Faced and prevent collaboration will suffer from with these intimidating technical and isolation. Global peace will no longer be financial challenges, science can either dependent on might but cooperation. And abandon its exploratory spirit or adapt this collaboration will be led by science, by fostering greater coordination and scientists, and scientific diplomacy. collaboration on a global scale. The need for governments to put attention to mega- Mega-Science Diplomacy science and science diplomacy has been As an experimental scientist working well exemplified in Europe. on large projects envisioning the future In 2019, the Centre for Economics and of my field, may I bring your attention Business Research (CEBR) carried out an to monumental mega-science projects analysis to measure physics’s impact on such as those at the High Luminosity the modern economy.5 CEBR discovered Large Hadron Collider, Future Circular that physics makes a net contribution Collider at CERN; Facility for Antiproton to the European economy of at least and Ion Research (FAIR); India-based €1.45 trillion per year and suggests that Neutrino Observatory (INO); International physics-based sectors are more resilient Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor than the broader economy. Analysing (ITER); Laser Interferometer Gravitational- data available to the public domain, CEBR Wave Observatory’ (LIGO); Thirty Meter found out that between 2011 to 2016 in 28 Telescope (TMT) and Square Kilometre European countries, physics-based goods Array (SKA). These projects do not only and services contributed an average of 44 serve as a reminder of where we have per cent of all exports. According to CEBR, been but also where we could be. They are the top industries are shared as follows: a souvenir of the greatness which Indian scientists, particularly physicists, have

54 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 achieved, and they will be here to usher during the whole life of the project will be in the next generation of Indian scientific explored in detail in a future article with leaders.6 a focus on the exemplary governance of Through steadfast collaboration, the CERN. contribution, and the commitment of scientists before us, we will continue to Endnotes advance as a nation through time and 1 CERN (2020), International Relations – with the aid of science to break more India. CERN, Retrieved from https:// grounds in research and development. international-relations.web.cern.ch/ stakeholder-relations/states/india. The potential which science holds in India 2 Megascience. Phys. Perspect. 18, 355–356 is not only to the merits of researchers, (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016- nor just for winning more Nobel prizes 016-0193-0. 3 but also to develop the economy of India. Department of States. 2021. “Antarctic Treaty”, Bureau of Arms Control, Verification, Megasciences currently supports the And Compliance. Washington DC, December European economy with at least €1.45 1, 1959. Retrieved from https://2009-2017. trillion per year. India is working towards state.gov/t/avc/trty/193967.htm. 4 this, and it is essential, nonetheless, to Lami, S. (2017). Challenges and New Requirements for International Mega- remind ourselves why we should focus Science Collaborations. Science & on our objectives. Diplomacy, 6(2). 5 We have the works and efforts of great Chalmers, M. 2019. “Physics tops finance in economic impact”, CERNCOURIER. 1 people like C.V. Raman to guide us, and November 2019. Retrieved from https:// we can only continue to work earnestly cerncourier.com/a/physics-tops-finance- towards building our future. Our path is in-economic-impact/ . 6 laid before us, and now it is left for us to Sharma, A. and Vijayakrishnan, S. 2020. “Nobel Dreams of India: Inspiring Budding accelerate science and science diplomacy Scientists”. Juggernaut: New Delhi. towards consolidating its impact in our Retrieved from https://www.juggernaut. society. The importance of diplomacy in in/books/nobel-dreams-india-inspiring- arriving at agreements on mega-science budding-scientists-1. projects and the dire need for continued science diplomacy for successful execution

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│55 Obituary

e are deeply saddened by the demise of Prof. M. Anandakrishnan on May 29, 2021. In January-February, 1978, I was a member Wof the Indian delegation for the Preparatory Committee for the United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for Development which met in Geneva. Our small 3-member team was led by Dr. Arcot Ramachandran, the dynamic Secretary of the newly set up (in 1971) Department of Science and Technology (DST) of the Government of India. The team included Dr. M. Anandakrishnan, then the first Indian Science Counsellor in Washington (since 1974). The creation of the post of Indian Science Counsellor in the USA was one of the many initiatives taken by the Department. Dr. Ananadakrishnan was closely involved in the work of the UN Commission on Science and Technology for Development in New York, covering it from Washington. Since, Dr. Ramachandran was the Chairman of the Preparatory Committee, the two of us had to manage the Indian participation in the meeting. This was indeed a great experience for a young diplomat to work with these two experienced scientists, and I benefited a lot from this experience. Later Dr. Ramachandran and Dr. Anandakrishnan went on to take senior positions in the UN system, where they made important contributions as head of UN Habitat (in Nairobi) and in UNCSTD respectively. We sincerely thank Dr. Sadhna Relia, GDC Fellow, Global Development Centre, New Delhi for sharing the paper presented by Prof. Anandakrishnan at the International Workshop on Science and Technology Diplomacy for Developing Countries in Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran during May 13-16, 2012.

- Bhaskar Balakrishnan, Former Ambassador of India and Science Diplomacy Fellow, RIS.

56 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 Perspective

Science Diplomacy Beyond Politics

M. Anandakrishnan* (12 July 1928 - 29 May 2021)

here is a universal recognition that Science and Technology (S&T) are key instruments for Tnational social and economic development and for strengthening the competitive capabilities of institutions and organizations in the country as well as for protecting and enlarging the strategic interests. No matter at what stage of development a country is, it has to devote serious M. Anandakrishnan attempts in two fronts, one to build up its endogenous S&T capabilities in areas of priorities and two, to acquire the needed S&T knowledge and resources for its critical and vital needs (CVN) from external sources by one means or the other. The acquisition of S&T knowledge and resources from external sources might be straight forward in many cases while there could be many imponderables and conditionalities to be fulfilled in many CVN technologies. Herein is the value of understanding the scope of Science Diplomacy (SD). By and large the use of S&T capabilities is for fulfilling the short and long term CVNs. At the same time such capabilities are of immense value in participating bilateral and multilateral forums so as to protect the national strategic interests, especially in the twenty first century context where transformations in S&T domains are taking place at un incredible speed.

The Scope There is no standard definition of Science Diplomacy. Over the years, the evolution of national and international collaborative initiatives has led to commonly used

* Prof. M. Anandakrishnan was the former Vice Chancellor of Anna University, Madras. Paper presented at the International Workshop on Science and Technology Diplomacy for Developing Countries, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, 13-16 May 2012.

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│57 definition. Science diplomacy is the use agricultural productivity, and protection of scientific collaborations among nations of environment. to address the common problems facing These are outstanding examples of 21st century humanity and to build SD where the scientists and technologists constructive international partnerships. played far more effective and influential Many experts and groups use a variety role than the political system. However of definitions for science diplomacy. the practice of SD may require the explicit There are many ways that scientists can or implicit consent of the ruling political contribute to this process (Hormats, 2012). power. Even so, there are many notable It has, nonetheless, become an umbrella examples of scientists establishing fruitful term to describe any number of formal contacts and collaboration even in the or informal technical, research-based, face of political hostility. The availability academic or engineering exchanges. of internet technologies facilities such Science as a tool for diplomacy has been collaborations on a wider canvass. in employment for several decades and There are innumerable instances of among very many countries around the SD having produced lasting benefits to world. Some of the notable achievements the humanity. The Twenty First Century through SD during the last century are: will certainly witness unprecedented Creation of the International Council of developments in the variety of scientific Scientific Unions (ICSU), in 1931 through discoveries and technological innovations partnerships with international science at unimaginable speed. The practice unions and national science members: The of science is increasingly expanding ICSU focuses resources and tools towards from individuals to groups, from single the further development of scientific disciplines to interdisciplinary, and from solutions to the world’s challenges such as a national to an international scope. The climate change, sustainable development, Organisation for Economic Co-operation polar research and the universality of and Development reported that from science. 1985 to 2007, the number of scientific Establishment of the European articles published by a single author Organization for Nuclear Research decreased by 45 per cent. During that same (CERN): It is run by 20 European member period, the number of scientific articles states, with involvement from many non- published with domestic co-authorship European countries. Scientists from some increased by 136 per cent, and those with 608 institutes and universities around the international co-authorship increased by world use CERN’s facilities. 409 per cent. The same trend holds for Other well-known examples are the patents. Science collaboration is exciting Space Station, the Pugwash Conferences, because it takes advantage of expertise that the Arctic exists around the country and around the globe. American researchers, innovators, Council, the Antarctica Treaty, the and institutions, as well as their foreign Kyoto Protocol, Ozone Hole Reduction, counterparts, benefit through these Control of Communicable Diseases international collaborations. Governments and so on. There have been similar that restrict the flow of scientific expertise collaborative efforts in improving

58 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 and data will find themselves isolated, Diplomacy on July 15, 2008. The Center is cut off from the global networks that guided by the over-arching goal of using drive scientific and economic innovation. science to build bridges between countries (Hormats, 2012) and to promote scientific cooperation as Some of these will be protected to gain an essential element of foreign policy. economic and political advantages. It is The AAAS Center for Science Diplomacy the responsibility of the S&T community focuses on three approaches to its core to facilitate unlocking these knowledge activities: and resources for the wider benefit of Inspirational: Raising the profile of humanity. The United Nation System science diplomacy by convening and has played very proactive role in the past building a community of stakeholders for facilitating the diffusion and adaptation science diplomacy activities and initiatives; of scientific knowledge and technological Operational: Initiating exchanges, practices in very many domains through visits, and bilateral activities to put science the UN specialized agencies such as diplomacy into action; and UNESCO, UNIDO, FAO, WHO, WIPO Intellectual: Creating a foundation and so on. Their task will be even more of research and analysis to identify and challenging in the future and would define key issues in science diplomacy and require promotion of SD on a wider scale. to develop science diplomacy strategies. The institutional frame work In particular, the AAAS Center for Science Diplomacy is interested in The practice of effective SD is not an identifying opportunites for science occasional endeavour. It requires a carefully diplomacy to serve as a catalyst between constructed organizational framework societies where official relationships might and availability of sufficient number of be limited and to strengthen civil society practitioners of SD with adequate S&T interactions through partnerships in knowledge and appropriate diplomatic science and technology. skill. These include creation of positions of S&T Attaches in the major countries US approach to science of interest (not just in a few developed countries); the national S&T academies diplomacy to establish a unit dealing with SD; the Science diplomacy is a central component S&T departments of the government to of America’s twenty-first century statecraft support such units of the Academies as agenda. The United States increasingly well as selected university departments recognizes the vital role science and in the country to undertake assigned technology can play in addressing major policy analysis and training functions challenges, such as making their economy and positive framework for binational/ more competitive, tackling global health international agreements and treaties. issues, and dealing with climate change. Innovation policy is part of our science In this context, the example of the diplomacy engagement. More than ever American Association for the Advancement before, modern economies are rooted in of Science (AAAS) may be mentioned. science and technology. It is estimated that AAAS established its Center for Science

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│59 America’s knowledge-based industries Conclusion represent 40 per cent of their economic The idea of using science to pursue growth and 60 per cent of their exports. diplomatic goals is rapidly gaining Sustaining a vibrant knowledge-based popularity. Scientific collaborations can economy, as well as a strong commitment build trust and facilitate progress in vary to educational excellence and advanced many critical and vital areas of national research, provides an opportunity for and international. Many different tools our citizens to prosper and enjoy upward needed to ensure that science diplomacy mobility. America attracts people from operates both effectively and fairly. They all over the world—scientists, engineers, are emerging in the form of special groups inventors, and entrepreneurs—who want in national and international scientific the opportunity to participate in, and organizations and the UN Agencies besides contribute to, our innovation economy. the binational treaties and agreements. At the same time, their bilateral In these various efforts the scientific and multilateral dialogues support and technological community must science, technology, and innovation ensure their independence of advice not abroad by promoting improved education; conditioned by the political environment research and development funding; good at a given point of time. governance and transparent regulatory policies; markets that are open and References competitive; and policies that allow researchers and companies to succeed, Hormats, Robert D. (2012). “Science Diplomacy and Twenty-First Century State Craft”. and, if they fail, to have the opportunity to Science Diplomacy, AAAS Quarterly. March try again. They advocate for governments 2012. Washington DC. to embrace and enforce an intellectual Royal Society (2010), New Frontiers in Science property system that allows innovators Diplomacy . Report of the Royal Society to reap the benefits of their ideas and also UK. http://royalsociety.org. rewards their risk taking.

60 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 Report review

Technology & Innovation Report 2021 Catching the Technological Wave - Innovation with Equity

Kapil Patil*

echnological change has historically brought with it immense socio-economic gains and transformed the Thuman society in innumerable ways. Technology has not only been an essential constituent of economic growth and development but also an important marker of societal progress. Starting from the first industrial Kapil Patil revolution in the eighteenth century, successive industrial waves opened-up new economic opportunities afforded by new technologies and transformed human lives via new technological solutions. The benefits of technological progress, however, also resulted in the creation of economic inequalities as technological progress was mostly concentrated in countries of the global north many excluded a large number of countries from the southern hemisphere. Over time, every new technological wave served to deepen the divide between the so-called technological ‘haves’ and ‘have nots’. For the technological ‘haves’, the scientific progress served to enhance industrial productivity, trade, and economic well-being whereas for the large number of ‘have nots’, the technological change involved an arduous process of catch-up, and intense learning and technological capability building efforts. In recent decades, the rapid industrialisation in many developing countries has led to the emergence of a global middle class. However, the chronic persistence of poverty in many regions of the world, especially the low and

* Research Associate, RIS. He holds a Ph.D. in Science Policy from Centre for Studies in Science Policy, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│61 middle-income countries (LMICs) poses a marks a timely effort towards addressing serious challenge for creating an equitable existing inequalities between and within international economic order. the countries arising from technological 1 A crisis like the ongoing COVID-19 transformation . The report mainly pandemic has amplified such gaps as contends that frontier technologies hold many countries reported the annulment immense potential to transition towards of gains on SDGs like poverty alleviation. sustainable development and that it As the world is transitioning to yet another is important to bear in mind that such industrial wave popularly called the ‘fourth transformation depends on the ability industrial revolution’ or ‘industry 4.0’, the of countries to match the pace of rapid concerns surrounding new technologies to technological change and to adapt and deepen the existing economic inequalities steer the growth of frontier technologies. or creating new ones have once again The five thematic chapters of the report become critical. Enabled by convergences deal with key issues associated with in digitalisation, connectivity, and new technologies such as drivers of the rise of frontier technologies like technological change, impact on labour artificial intelligence, robotics, energy markets, economic risks, and opportunities, storage systems, the internet of things bridging innovation with equity, and (IoT), additive engineering, etc., the policy reforms to foster an equitable future. fourth industrial revolution promises to significantly increase productivity, trade, Catching Technology Waves and economic development. The embrace The report begins by highlighting that of industry 4.0 technologies, however, different technological waves from 1800 can also have serious downsides if they to 2002 have increased the contribution of outpace the society’s ability to adapt between-country economic inequality to since many low and middle-income global inequality from 28 per cent to 85 per countries (LMICs) continue to operate cent. Furthermore, the widening ‘between far away from the technological frontier. country’ and ‘within country’ inequalities The lack of access and adoption to digital resulted in the intergenerational solutions severely affected the ability transmission of inequalities in many of several under-developed countries countries. Along with the dire socio- to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. economic conditions of citizens in many Consequently, the new technological LMICs, the technological advancements revolution, if left unregulated, could pose a have adversely affected the environment, serious challenge for creating an equitable abetted military conflicts, which in turn international economic order, and ensuring stifled social progress. As the world is the social well-being of large sections of encountering yet another technological the global population. In this context, revolution, the report highlights that the 2021 Technology and Innovation new technologies, products, industries, Report, “Catching Technological Waves: infrastructure, and institutions created by Innovation with Equity”, brought out new technological wave risks intensifying by the United Nations Conference on existing economic inequalities or create Trade and Development (UNCTAD) new ones by leaving behind many poor

62 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 and catching-up countries. Drawing report identifies India as an ‘outperformer’ insights from past experiences, the report in terms of its technology readiness. India’s thus cautions that “new technologies can out performance in the adoption and have serious downsides if they fail to development of frontier technologies arises outpace a society’s ability to adapt” and not so much from its R&D expenditure calls for policymakers in both developed which remains far lower but from the and developing countries to prevent new abundant supply of highly skilled and technologies from deepening existing relatively inexpensive human resources. divides. For other developing countries, the report The report describes frontier cautions that the failure to match the pace technologies as a group of new technologies of technological adaptation could only that take advantage of digitalization and accentuate initial inequalities, and in the connectivity to combine and multiply long run would either overwhelm or leave their impacts. Marking the emergence behind poor communities and countries. of a new ‘technological revolution’, the Much will therefore depend on whether developing and least developing countries eleven frontier technologies identified in are catching up, forging ahead, or falling the report such as artificial intelligence behind. The progress of these countries in (AI), the Internet of things (IoT), big data, the new technological revolution would blockchain, 5G, 3D-printing, robotics, be shaped by their national policies and drones, gene editing, nanotechnology by their involvement in international trade. and solar photovoltaic (Solar PV) have immense potential for transforming production and business processes. Technologies affecting Together, these technologies represent a inequalities $350-billion market, which could grow The report attempts to measure the over $3.2 trillion by 2025. However, only impact of new technologies on economic a handful of countries like the United inequalities by focussing on their impact States and China produce most frontier on jobs, wages, and profits. A major technology-related products and that all concern surrounding the use of frontier countries need to prepare for adopting and technologies like AI and robotics relates producing these technologies. To assess to the potential reduction in employment national capabilities to equitably use, since these technologies would automate adapt and adopt these technologies, the many routine non-cognitive jobs as well as report has developed a ‘readiness index’ tasks. Historically each technological wave comprising five building blocks namely has destroyed several existing jobs but also ICT deployment, skills, R&D activity, created several new ones. The industry 4.0 industry activity and access to finance. technologies however are perceived to be structurally distinct as their use would Since industries in much of the global result in large-scale automation of several south largely operate away from the existing jobs without creating new ones. technological frontier, there is a need to fast- Considering the dynamics of technological track the adoption of these technologies in change in many developing countries, the catching up and in the least ready regions report rightly highlights that adoption of of sub-Saharan Africa. Incidentally, the AI and robotics would be contingent upon

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│63 a range of technological and economic placed by new technologies on labour factors and as such the estimates of job markets and promotion of digital skill losses based on technological feasibility development programmes for students would not necessarily translate into actual and the workforce constitute key priorities automation of jobs. for policymakers in developing countries In the context of automation, the and to close the digital divides. Similarly, report rightly infers that “much will upholding the human-centric approach to depend on relative prices”, and that technological adoption, the report calls for technological feasibility and supply of enacting a slew of social safety measures capital alone would not result in the for workers who would lose their jobs substitution of labour in many industries. and are unlikely to trained or retrained. Another important concern for developing In the context of frontier technologies, countries in the wake of industry 4.0 the idea of ‘automation tax’ has gained pertains to the reshoring of industrial much traction. Such ideas however would production by multinational firms as new only put pressure on firms in developing technologies reduce incentives for these countries to resist technological change firms to offshore production to low-cost and in turn, lose out on opportunities for destinations. The report examines the economic progress. feasibility of reshoring holistically and identifies various factors that shape firms’ Innovation with equity decision to adopt industry 4.0 technologies. Lastly, to promote equitable growth and These mainly include factors such as low adoption of frontier technologies, the wages in developing countries, low report underlines the need to balance technological and innovation capabilities, innovation with equity. Arguing that poor adoption of new technologies, and technologies have historically been a weak financing mechanisms, etc. Instead source of inequalities, the report notes of being overly worried about the spectre that it is important to remove the systemic of job losses, the report makes a strong bias and discriminations inherent in case for countries to “prepare for a period technological development. For instance, of deep and rapid technological change”. technological effort across the countries is To enable the rapid transition towards predominantly male-dominated and most industry 4.0, the report calls for setting technologies are created by firms in the strategic directions and national plans for Global North. Such technologies poorly research and innovation. Among other, serve the needs of developing countries it calls for national innovation policies and crowd out innovations that might be to align with industrial policies and beneficial for the poor and marginalised harness frontier technologies for achieving sections of their society. To overcome progress on sustainable development such challenges, the report appeals to the goals (SDGs) like poverty reduction, governments to launch policy measures sustainable livelihoods, food security that are context-specific, all-encompassing, and smart agriculture, and employment and support sustainable development generation, etc. More importantly, it goals. The need for developing countries argues that anticipating the demand to pursue science, technology, and

64 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 innovation policies appropriate to role to play in this regard in terms of their development stage and economic, orienting technological change towards social, and environmental conditions sustainable and inclusive development. are therefore far more urgent than ever. In particular, the use of frugal approaches Through focussed policy interventions, can be particularly valuable in terms of the poor and catching-up economies of the crafting efficient responses to innovation southern world can improve strengthen needs and making design and usage their innovation system and pursue all- of frontier technologies to support round development. sustainable societal goals. The findings of this report are particularly valuable Priorities for international for countries like India, which is shown cooperation as one of the ‘overperformer’ in frontier technologies given its low levels of per Towards achieving these goals, the report capita gross domestic products (GDP). strongly calls for fostering international India must leverage its early gains to cooperation to build innovation build competitive advantages in frontier capacities in developing countries technology-based products and services. and facilitate technology transfer and India clearly cannot afford to miss the bus undertake technological foresight studies. on the fourth industrial revolution and Furthermore, it calls for addressing gender should launch all possible interventions to gaps in digital policy formulation and foster the transition towards a sustainable implementation. A key takeaway from the growth pathway. report is that it is possible to balance the opportunities and risks associated with frontier technologies through appropriate Endnote policy interventions. Based on strong 1 UNCTAD. 2021. “Catching technological evidence, the policy interventions can waves: Innovation with equity”. Technology and Innovation Report, 2021. United Nations help developing countries to overcome Conference on Trade and Development. many structural limitations and rapidly Retrieved from https://unctad.org/ forge ahead in the new technological webflyer/technology-and-innovation- revolution. Civil society has an abiding report-2021.

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│65

event Review

Using Future Scenarios of Science Diplomacy for Addressing Global Challenges

Elke Dall* Mitchell Young**

he effective handling of global challenges requires that we consider the position and role of science Tdiplomacy within various possible future structuring of the world order. The EU-funded project, “Using Science in/for Diplomacy for Addressing Global Challenges” Elke Dall (S4D4C), organised several events to discuss the future of science diplomacy. Networking events resulted in policy briefs (Melchor et al., 2020) and focus groups were used to develop the transversal analysis (Young et al., 2020a) of our case studies (Young, Flink, and Dall, 2020b). In this context, we engaged also in scenario-based forecasting to assist in our analysis. Scenarios are ‘stories’ illustrating critical aspects of possible futures and have a long history of being used in Mitchell Young foresight processes (Poli, 2018; Wright et al., 2011). In this review, we would like to present the approach of using scenarios to spark discussions among a group of science diplomacy practitioners and academics about the future of science diplomacy and to explore evolving stakeholder relationships and governance trends that follow from our case study findings. The use of scenarios represents for us a mechanism to think about the next era of science diplomacy. The COVID-19 crisis compels us to envision societal change and to consider alternative futures that seemed previously unlikely (Nye, 2020). In that way, it also urges us to reimagine approaches to addressing global challenges through science diplomacy. Scenarios for science diplomacy addressing global challenges For the focus group in Budapest (Hungary) in November

* Centre for Social Innovation, Vienna, Austria. ** Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│67 2019, i.e., well before COVID-19 had come mean (at least partially) overriding the to dominate our lives, we developed four national interest. The world becomes more future scenarios for science diplomacy. multilateral and the power of international The scenarios were designed to capture organisations as sites for addressing what we considered, based on extensive global challenges is elevated. Science takes case study work and the outcome of precedence over political interests and several large stakeholder meetings in ideologies and is open for everyone. Madrid and Berlin (Young et al., 2020a; Young, Flink, and Dall, 2020b; Melchor Reluctant but principled approach et al., 2020), to be the key parameters and Countries agree in principle on the trajectories that would impact on science need to resolve global challenges, but diplomacy over the next decade. First, national priorities and interests still play the role, importance, and positioning a major role. Bilateral negotiations are of science vis-à-vis policymaking was predominantly complemented by some considered on a continuum from being multilateral efforts. Science is seen to deeply integrated to being politicized, have a supporting role but is subservient instrumentalised and marginalised. In to politics. Science is open only when the classic typology of science diplomacy it is sure that there is no competitive (Royal Society, 2010) this connects with advantage to be gained from restricting it. both ‘science in diplomacy’ and ‘science While politicians seek accurate scientific for diplomacy’ and relates to the uptake advice, they do not consider it decisive in and use of science in foreign relations policymaking. activities. Second, we wanted to bring in the growing geopolitical emphasis “Lip service” model on national interests and the potentially Countries still talk about the importance of emerging bipolar global order, and to global challenges but provide few resources contrast that with transnational interests and little diplomatic effort. In negotiations, and global goods, drawing in this way the national interest is dominant. Science on the so-called pragmatic perspective on science diplomacy (Gluckman et al., is seen as an instrument for countries 2017). This also captures the elements of to gain competitive advantage, both in multilateralism, bilateralism, and the role economic terms and in ideological ones. of International Organisations. Finally, to Politicians pick and choose their science round out the scenarios, we brought in the and undermine it when it does not suit more general tension between competition their purposes. and cooperation that pervades science diplomacy’s context and practices. Mixing Conflict and contraction these various ingredients, we came up with Countries are increasingly isolated and the following four scenarios to present: in conflict with one another. Global challenges become litmus tests for allies, “All-in” Multi-lateral world order and countries divide and align themselves As global challenges become increasingly in a cold-war-like manner between the urgent, countries begin to cooperate more major powers. Science is highly politicized deeply and devote significant resources to and not shared except with countries that resolve them, accepting that this can even share values and alliances.

68 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 Reception of the scenarios at raised in the discussion is that scientists the event are increasingly asked “who do you work for?” which implies that they represent a The scenarios proved to be an effective way government or institution; instead, it was to provide crisp, even a bit provocative, argued that the primary question should starters for a discussion about the future be “what do you work for?”, which allows of science diplomacy. They were discussed them to orient themselves towards global in depth at a side-event at the World challenges and contribute to broader Science Forum in Budapest (Hungary) in societal goals. The label itself may in certain November 2019 with a small group of senior instances do a disservice to the noble experts selected to represent different ambitions emphasised in some scenarios. areas such as social as well as natural What is clear is that the term is understood sciences, international organisations as differently by academics and practitioners well as national ones, experts focused on who nevertheless find themselves in a Europe as well as globally, junior as well science diplomacy interaction space that as senior profiles, science diplomats with requires them to understand each other. a focus on the scientific as well as scientific When discussing the scenarios, the management and international relations, aim was to explore how the negative female and male participants, including scenarios could be avoided and aspects selected members of the research team. of the scenarios that were regarded more The idea that anyone scenario was desirably could be attained. One of the first either currently predominant or likely conclusions was based on the observation to become so was quickly quashed. that “where are we now” differs depending It was pointed out that we currently on what part of the world we consider. occupy all of them, depending on the Different national and regional opinions, perspective we come from: geographical, positions, and perspectives mean that issue area or sector, and actor type. Also, elements of each of the scenarios are the dominant role of the nation-state in already a reality somewhere in the world framing the scenarios was questioned as today. Geography, for example, can be a international organisations, networks and critical factor – as conflict and contraction social movements across borders have can be seen between the US and China – as become more prominent. can the policy sector – water issues create Furthermore, thinking through the a very different context from inner and scenarios from the perspective of the outer space. As a result, hybrid scenarios science actors may help to avoid politicising and nuances need always to be considered. science. Science diplomacy is a term that Another observation was that the focus can give scientists, a feeling that they are on countries as the most important factor part of some kind of ‘lip service model’ should be challenged. The participants where talk about their role is not supported raised the point that a nation state-centred and taken seriously by other policymakers; approach is not necessarily the best way as one participant clarified, protecting to accomplish planetary management. their integrity is important to scientists The scenarios, which are grounded in who are ‘rightly careful about not being the model of national, cross-border and manipulated’ or instrumentalised for global interests (Gluckman et al., 2017), vested national interests. One of the points brought out critical comments regarding

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│69 the organisational principles and pleas to results, vaccine nationalism, the push for think outside of the notion of the nation open science, and exchange of pre-prints) and “inter-national” cooperation. Social shows us that the different scenarios were movements and scientific communities all in play at different phases and with should be considered; other non-state different aspects and actors during the actors need also to be involved. Issues (and crisis. In the March 2021 final conference external events including catastrophes) of the S4D4C project, there was a call for have the potential to bring together a global treaty on pandemics; success different stakeholders, including citizens, in that endeavour would be aided by who show the ability to self-organize. understanding the scenario under which This ‘non-state’ turn would make science it would be developed. A policy brief diplomacy less concerned with linking developed in the project (Young, 2020c) has to political process and politicisation but identified several key recommendations would rather emphasise civic science suggesting ways to move towards the and scientific transnationalism or trans- more globally inclusive and cooperative governmentalism, the concept of which models. These recommendations as well arose in the discussion. as the scenarios can provide ideas for In this context, academic freedom, future science diplomacy by inspiring scientific integrity, and ethics are starting points for discussions among key as ways of avoiding scientific stakeholders. They could be employed in instrumentalisation for national interests. the ‘interactive spaces’ that are called for On the other hand, the panellists reflected in a governance framework for addressing on the fact that scientists are members global challenges (Aukes et al., 2021) as a of organisations that are often paid by a way for participants to better understand country’s taxpayers and that they can be the viewpoint of others. In short, the influenced by national and commercial scenarios provide a framework for interests. Finally, it was discussed that thinking through issues that have arisen sometimes scientists can inadvertently in the COVID-19 crisis, and conversely, find themselves in a space of science they can be used to think through the ways diplomacy, and even when the context that responses to COVID-push the world is not explicit and actors may not self- towards each of these scenarios. identify as diplomatic, they nevertheless act diplomatically, and their actions can In general, future scenarios provide have diplomatic consequences. foresight for road-mapping processes. In our discussions of them, we find ideas Application to the COVID-19 crisis for a roadmap of future research agendas and beyond the event that are both practical and academic. The concept of science diplomacy remains When we created the scenarios, a global fuzzy and needs theoretical development pandemic and socio-economic crisis was to get past its current boundaries set out in not on our horizon; however, observing the the Royal Society’s three-fold typology to discussions following the start of COVID-19 better explain how science and diplomacy (science advise being transferred but also interact and co-develop each other. at times ignored, closing of borders, While the addition of a serious strain of exchange of gene sequences and research thought related to interests is an important

70 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 development, it should not be treated as an Melchor, Lorenzo, Elorza, Ana, Lacunza, evolution of the concept, but rather as an Izaskun. 2020. Calling for a Systemic Change: Towards a European Union additional layer of sophistication, which Science Diplomacy for Addressing Global as we saw in the focus group raises as Challenges. V 1.0. S4D4C Policy Report, many questions as it answers. More such Madrid: S4D4C. Retrieved from https:// layers of sophistication are needed. In our www.s4d4c.eu/calling-for-a-systemic- change-towards-a-eu-science-diplomacy- report on the matters of science diplomacy for-addressing-global-challenges/. (Young et al., 2020a) we have suggested Nye, Joseph S. Jr. 2020. Post-Pandemic nine others, but these do not foreclose on Geopolitics. Retrieved from https:// adding others. Specifically, more work www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/ both practically and academically on many five-scenarios-for-international-order-in- 2030-by-joseph-s-nye-2020-10. of the themes that arose in the focus group Poli, R. 2018. “A note on the classification of are needed: specifying the role of global future-related methods”. European Journal goods as a core element in global affairs, of Futures Research. 6:15. understanding the effects and impacts Royal Society & AAAS. 2010. New Frontiers in of global science and innovation divides Science Diplomacy. Navigating the changing and how to overcome them, and refining balance of power. RS Policy document 01/10. Wright G., Cairns G. 2011. Scenario Thinking. the role of scientists as independent Practical Approaches to the Future. and integrity-driven players in global Palgrave Macmillan. policymaking. With the world teetering Young, M., Rungius, C., Aukes, E., Melchor, between geopolitical interest domination L., Dall, E., Černovská, E., Tomolová, E., (not just between the USA and China but Plumhans, L.A., Ravinet, P., Flink, T., Elorza A. 2020a.The ‘Matters’ of Science now also part of the EU’s global discourse), Diplomacy: Transversal Analysis of the and an increasingly critical need to address S4D4C Case Studies. September 2020. global challenges, science diplomacy’s role S4D4C. Retrieved from https://www. is more important than ever. We share s4d4c.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ S4D4C_REPORTS_The-Matters-of- these scenarios in the hope that they can Science-Diplomacy_Sept2020.pdf. prove helpful to others in the pursuit Young, M., Flink, T., & Dall, E. (eds.). 2020b. Science of stronger and more effective science Diplomacy in the Making: Case-based diplomacy. insights from the S4D4C project. Vienna: S4D4C. Retrieved from https://www. s4d4c.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/ References S4D4C_REPORT_Science-Diplomacy-in- the-Making.pdf. Aukes, Ewert, James Wilsdon, Gonzalo Ordóñez- Matamoros and Stefan Kuhlmann. 2021. Young, M. 2020c.Building Better Science Global resilience through knowledge-based Diplomacy for Global Challenges: insights cooperation: A New Protocol for Science from the COVID-19 crisis. S4D4C POLICY Diplomacy – Policy recommendations BRIEF, June 2020. With contributions from brief, Vienna: S4D4C. Aukes, E.J., Dall, E., Elorza, A., Kuhlmann, S., Lacunza, I., McGrath, P., Melchor, Gluckman, P. D., Turekian, V. C., Grimes, R. L., Meyer, N. Vienna: S4D4C. Retrieved W., & Kishi, T. 2017. Science diplomacy: from https://www.s4d4c.eu/policy- A pragmatic perspective from the inside. brief-building-better-science-diplomacy- Science & Diplomacy, 6(4), 1-13. for-global-challenges-insights-from-the- covid-19-crisis/.

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│71

NOTE ON INSTITUTION

The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS)

Sneha Sinha*

Foundation of TWAS t the meeting of the UN General Assembly in 1953, President of the United States Eisenhower Agave the famous ‘Atoms for Peace’ speech. He proposed the creation of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) under the aegis of the UN to ensure non- Sneha Sinha military and promote peaceful use of nuclear energy for lessening international tensions and peace.1 A group of 12-nations (1956) negotiated and elaborated on the statute for the proposed IAEA, which came into force in 1957. IAEA aimed to promote research, development and practical applications of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, and foster exchange of scientific and technical information ‘with due consideration for the needs of the under-developed areas of the world’.2 The proposal for the creation of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) by Abdus Salam during its fourth General Conference in 1960 can be viewed as first significant step towards IAEA’s efforts for promotion of East-West cooperation. A panel consisting of eminent theoretical physicists, representatives of international organisations was convened to discuss possibilities for its foundation. ICTP started to operate in Trieste on 5 October 1964, jointly supported by the Italian government, IAEA and UNESCO.3 It acquired a worldwide reputation and continues to provide research training opportunities to physicists from developing countries, and has worked extensively towards reducing

* Research Associate, RIS. She holds a Ph.D. in Science Policy from Centre for Studies in Science Policy, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│73 brain drain from developing countries.4 the South; facilitate contacts between It provides them opportunity to interact individual scientists and institutions in with the scientists from institutions across the South; and encourage North-South the world. Indian scientist, MGK Menon cooperation between institutions and recognised role of science in society and in centres.9 Today, TWAS has a network building bridges between countries.5 of 1200 member scientists across various The origins of another milestone in fields and subfields of science, including 10 this direction can be traced to the meeting social and economic sciences. In order to of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in encourage young scientists, it also elects 1981. During this meeting, Abdus Salam young affiliates from various scientific and MGK Menon noted that only scientists disciplines. with high calibre could become members of international academies of science. They Building South-South and discussed limitations faced by the scientific North-South collaboration community in developing countries and TWAS provides a rare forum for the lack of institutions that confirmed their bringing together and shaping a scientific academic credentials, advocated science, community for scientists and researchers established standards of excellence and belonging to varied disciplines of science promote social, cultural, and economic from developing countries. At the same development. Therefore, in a meeting with time, TWAS recognises and rewards nine scientists (mostly from developing scientific achievements of scientists in the countries), Salam proposed the creation South through prizes in various fields, of an academy of sciences for developing including the TWAS-Lenovo Science countries. It sought to help the scientists Prize and young scientists’ awards, etc.1112 from the developing countries of Asia Taking note of the limitations faced by and South America, by electing eminent scientists in developing countries, TWAS scientists from developing countries provides research grants, fellowships, and helping them nurture a community training and access to advanced research of scientists and promote research and facilities. It institutes various research exchange programmes to advocate fellowships like postdoctoral and PhD 6 science. This led to the foundation of fellowship, Grants for Scientific Meetings the Third World Academy of Sciences for organising international, regional (later renamed as The World Academy of scientific meetings, workshops, symposia, 7 Sciences) in 1983. conferences, etc. Research and Training in TWAS is hosted at the ICTP Italian Laboratories and TWAS Research headquarters in Trieste, Italy. Its 42 Grants for specialised equipment and founding fellows included scientists consumable supplies. TWAS has initiated both from developed and developing various opportunities for visiting scientists countries. Nine of them were Nobel for sharing expertise in developing Laureates.8 It aims to recognise excellence countries. The visiting Scientists in scientific research, provide research programmes also allow developing nations facilities, promote scientific research to invite professors and researchers to by mitigating the challenges faced in build expertise in the given field.13 TWAS

74 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 partners with institutions in developing from developing countries).18 Another countries like India, and invites for international organisations on the ICTP proposals from scientists and technologists campus is the Inter Academy Partnership as well as young scientists in basic sciences which also plays a significant role in and other fields.14 Contributing to ongoing capacity building, forming networks, COVID-19 outbreak, TWAS recently focusing on science-based advice on has called proposals on COVID-19 from national, regional, and global issues Islamic Development Bank member including sustainable development. countries.15 There are also fellowships TWAS, IAP and International Science for women to support research related Council (ISC) have initiated a project for to SDGs.16 Through these, TWAS has coordinated response to support refugee undertaken various capacity-building scientists and displaced researchers.19 It’s programmes to strengthen science in the Science in Exile Initiative is also a step developing countries of the global South. in this direction. TWAS facilitated the Apart from encouraging and providing establishment of the Third World Network facilities for research to the researchers of Scientific Organisations (TWNSO) in from the developing countries through 1988 to promote science-based South- its grants, awards and fellowships, the South and South-North partnership for Academy has also developed institutional sustainable economic development in linkages and networks across the world, the South. TWAS and TWNSO have both in developed and developing various programmes including South- countries. Thus, facilitating cooperation South collaboration for scientists in 20 between scientific institutions in the Global developing countries. In 2013, TWAS South as well as North-South collaboration. together with the Chinese Academy of It has established a global network with Sciences organised six centres of excellence partners across the world including 43 to provide scientists from developing institutions in Global North, 9 in Latin countries an opportunity to undertake 21 America and the Caribbean, 13 in Africa advanced research at these centres. and Arab region and 21 in Asia-Pacific.17 TWAS has played an instrumental role Science diplomacy and TWAS in the creation of institutions dedicated to TWAS recognises the importance of serving the scientific needs of developing science-based policy advice and has nations. Recognising the role of women been taking initiatives to facilitate the in advancing science, the Organization application of science in solving societal for Women in Science for the Developing issues. Global scientific issues require World (OWSD), formerly known as the global response and stronger partnerships. Third World Organisation for Women North-South linkages towards a global in Science (TWOWS) was established outlook of science to tackle issues and in 1989 and was jointly sponsored by challenges that we face today. It collaborates TWAS and Canadian International with international organisations for Development Agency (CIDA). Currently, solving global challenges including it has more than 6000 members across Global Research Council, Big Data, Solar 147 countries (with greater participation Radiation Management Global Initiative,

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│75 etc. In this direction, TWAS hosted the The opportunities for science diplomacy UN Conference in 2016, which brought in tackling national, regional, and global together scientists of the UN Secretary- issues have been flagged by TWAS General’s Scientific Advisory Board to through its lectures, training programmes, provide inputs to the UN Secretary- roundtables, workshops, etc.24 General, Ban Ki-Moon on science in For wider outreach and furthering achieving SDGs. TWAS was one of the research, TWAS publishes its annual seven partners of the CATALYST Project reports which give a snapshot of its training which aimed to collect and disseminate programmes, opportunities provided to best practices and knowledge in Climate researchers from the developing world 22 Change and Disaster Risk Reduction. and networking activities. The Academy TWAS also attaches great importance also publishes TWAS Newsletters quarterly to science diplomacy and is increasingly focusing on various issues and challenges engaging itself in furthering science faced by the developing countries. The diplomacy through its training bi-monthly TWAS Plus provides a look programmes, lectures, regional workshops, into the initiatives including fellowship, etc. It’s capacity-building programmes grants, prizes, awards, etc. undertaken by include ASSAF-TWAS-AAAS regional the Academy to support scientists from training workshop in science diplomacy developing countries. TWAS also publishes in South Africa (2018), BA-TWAS-AAAS a series of book ‘Excellence in Science’ to regional workshop in Egypt (2019), explore the historical development of TWAS-IAP workshop science policy and science centres, challenges faced and diplomacy for scientists in Italy (2019), their role in the nation’s sustainable TWAS-AAAS training programme for economic development. The first volume trainers in Italy (2019), S4D4C Workshop, was published in 2007 which focused on AAAS-TWAS Course (2020) and TWAS- the Central Drug Research Institute in ASM regional workshop (2021), etc. Lucknow, India. Since then, 11 volumes AAAS and TWAS will be organising a have been published on various institutions course on science diplomacy this year in Colombia, Pakistan, Tanzania, in the virtual mode.23 In 2019, TWAS Botswana, Uganda, China, Madagascar, joined the Big Research Infrastructures Tunisia. Costa Rica, etc. The latest issue for Diplomacy and Global Engagement delves into the International Centre for through Science (BRIDGES) network Integrated Mountain Development, an which deals with international research intergovernmental science centre involving organisations, science diplomacy and eight nations. The Research Reports cover international relations. TWAS organises issues concerning both North and the science diplomacy lectures by experts and South like safe drinking water, sustainable practitioners. Regional examples of science energy, and capacity building. TWAS also diplomacy and its role in solving issues publishes on contemporary issues like and challenges facing them have been the COVID-19. In a statement, last year, it given some attention in the case of Africa called for an inclusive and global approach and other areas after the outbreak of Ebola, to tackle the ongoing pandemic.25 TWAS sustainable water management, climate research brings forth the issues of the change, sustainable fisheries, energy. developing world as well as its scientific

76 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 achievements to link science with their obvious that TWAS will also be addressing socio-economic issues and strengthen them. From a science diplomacy and North-South cooperation. science policy perspective, it’s work and role will be all the more important Conclusion in the years to come, given the multiple Since its inception, TWAS served as one challenges before humankind and the of the ‘most articulate and forceful voices critical role of science and technology in for the promotion of excellence in scientific finding sustainable and equitable solutions research and the advancement of science- in tackling them and the dire need for based development in the developing better harnessing of Science, Technology world. Beyond being an honorary society and Innovation in the global South. for recognizing prominent scientists of developing countries, TWAS has made Endnotes efforts to link scientific research to issues 1 Address by Mr. Dwight D. Eisenhower, related to problems faced by developing President of the United States of America, countries as well as sustainable economic to the 470th Plenary Meeting of the United 8 December 1953. 26 Nations General Assembly on development’. TWAS recognises the role Retrieved from https://www.iaea.org/about/ of science diplomacy in building bridges history/atoms-for-peace-speech. and solving various regional and global 2 Fischer, David. History of the International issues, therefore has been contributing Atomic Energy Agency: The First Forty years. towards capacity building in Science Vienna: The Agency, 1997. 3 Diplomacy and building networks with Ibid. institutions. Greater participation and 4 Hassan, M., & Schaffer, D. (2001). The Third World Academy of Sciences: Celebrating two closer collaboration in science diplomacy decades of progress. Current Science, 81(8), 920- and related fields between institutions 926. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/ in the Global South and TWAS will stable/24106515. be significant in evolving a Southern 5 Naba K. Mondal and Sreerup Raychaudhuri. Perspective of science diplomacy, which at (2019) ‘M.G.K. Menon – Statesman of Indian Science’ in Resonance. Indian Academy of present remains largely restricted mostly Sciences: Bengaluru. DOI: https://doi. to the North. This will draw attention org/10.1007/s12045-019-0891-4. Retrieved on issues that are specific to the South from https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/ and help in finding relevant solutions. reso/024/11/1189-1233. 6 Enhanced engagement of scientists, science Ibid. academies and S&T institutions, with 7 Sharma, D. (2015). A Noble First: Abdus Salam, the founder-director of the Third World TWAS will be significant for showcasing Academy of Sciences at Trieste, was the first the issues faced by developing countries Indian Muslim Nobel Laureate. Economic and to the Global North as well as facilitating Political Weekly, 50(4), 79-80. Retrieved from greater North-South cooperation. TWAS http://www.jstor.org/stable/24481552. represents collective voice of scientists 8 The details of TWAS founding fellows can be retrieved from https://twas.org/directory/ from the South and has global aspirations. founding-fellows. As science academies and funding agencies 9 See https://twas.org/sites/default/files/ are grappling with various issues that are about_twas.pdf. at the interface of science and society, it is

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│77 10 The first fellow in social and economic sciences 18 For details, seehttps://owsd.net/ was elected in 1984, followed by only 3-4 until membership/membership. 2001. Mostly after 2004, we see greater number 19 For details, see https://www.interacademies. of social and economic scientists being elected org/displacedsci. as members of TWAS. 20 M.H.A. Hassan. The role of the Third World 11 History of Sciences Prize by The Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS), Advances in Academy Of Sciences, Italy. (1986). Current Space Research, Volume 17, Issue 8, 1996, Science, 55(19), 971-971. Retrieved from Pages 105-106, ISSN 0273-1177, https://doi. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24090629. org/10.1016/0273-1177(95)00668-5. Retrieved 12 The Third World Academy of Sciences from https://www.sciencedirect.com/ Award in Biology For 1986. (1987). Current science/article/pii/0273117795006685. Science, 56(18), 935-935. Retrieved from 21 Details available at https://twas.org/cas- http://www.jstor.org/stable/24091357. twas-centres-excellence. 13 For details, see https://twas.org/ 22 For further details see https://twas.org/ opportunities. science-policy. 14 These include TWAS-CSIR Postdoctoral 23 The details are available at https://twas.org/ Fellowship Programme, in various S&T fields. opportunity/2021-aaas-twas-course-science- Also, TWAS with S. N. Bose offers Doctoral diplomacy. and Post-Doctoral Fellowships in Physics to young scientists from developing countries, 24 Information on TWAS Science Diplomacy etc. initiatives is available at https://twas.org/ science-diplomacy. 15 More information can be accessed at https:// twas.org/opportunity/isdb-twas-joint- 25 See https://twas.org/publications for details research-technology-transfer-grant-2021- on TWAS publications. quick-response-research-covid-19. 26 Hassan, M., & Schaffer, D. (2001). The Third 16 Information availableathttps://twas.org/ World Academy of Sciences: Celebrating two opportunity/isdb-twas-postdoctoral- decades of progress. Current Science, 81(8), fellowship-programme-women. 920-926. Retrieved from http://www.jstor. org/stable/24106515. 17 See https://twas.org/twas-network.

78 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 NOTE ON INSTITUTION

Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES): Open to International Cooperation

Debanjana Dey*

ryabhatta Research Institute of Observational- Sciences (ARIES) specialises in observational AAstronomy and Astrophysics and Atmospheric Sciences. It is one of the premier institutions in India which provides national optical observing facilities for research along with in-house research capacity which Debanjana Dey conducts research in solar astronomy, stellar astronomy, star clusters, stellar variability and pulsation, photometric studies of nearby galaxies, quasars, transient events, understanding the complex physical and chemical processes governing Earth’s atmosphere etc. The institute was established as a ‘State Observatory’ at Varanasi in 1954, later shifted to Manora Peak, Nainital, Uttarakhand in 1956 and hosts the largest telescope of aperture 104 cm in India since 1972.1 The telescope provides an observation facility and has contributed to several photometric, spectrophotometric and polarimetric studies. Located at an opportune geographic position, almost in the middle of 180° wide longitude band, between Canary Island (20° West) and Eastern Australia (157° East) and at an altitude of 1951 metres, ARIES has benefited and made unique contributions to astronomical research, particularly those involving time-critical phenomena. One such was the first successful attempt to observe the optical afterglow of gamma-ray bursts.

* Research Assistant, RIS. She holds a Ph.D. from the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research at CSIR-NISTADS, New Delhi.

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│79 Scientific research and Project Investigators are either from Indian equipments at ARIES Institutions or from Belgium. There are no usage charges levied for the telescope In 2016, ARIES set up India’s largest time but based on prior commitments, of 3.6-metre Devasthal Optical Telescope the total observing time on 3.6 metre DOT, (DOT) at Devasthal (79.7 E, latitude of 29.4 33 per cent guaranteed time is reserved N, altitude of approximately 2450 metres for astronomers from ARIES and 7 per above mean sea-level), a site selected cent guaranteed time is for astronomers for its dark and transparent skies, low from Belgium instead of their financial perceptible water vapour content, minimal contribution of 7 per cent of telescope fluctuations in the ambient temperature construction cost. during the night, and distance from Also, installed in Devasthal is a city lights.2 The 3.6 metre DOT is the 1.3-metre diameter Devasthal Fast Optical largest fully steerable optical telescope Telescope (DFOT). The focal length to in Asia. It is equipped with instruments diameter ratio (focal-ratio) of the overall providing spectral as well as imaging telescope optics is four, making it a very capabilities at optical and near-infrared fast system with a total field view of the wavelengths. Scientists at ARIES have sky up to 66 arc minutes in diameter. DFOT built an indigenously developed optical has been installed by DFM Engineering spectrograph on the 3.6 metre DOT that Inc., the USA in 2010 and is run by ARIES can achieve various science goals such as since then. The darkness and sub-arcsec locating sources of faint light from distant observation at the Devasthal site make quasars and galaxies in a very young DFOT a superior facility for carrying out universe, regions around supermassive valuable astronomical research in the field black-holes around the galaxies, and of faint objects. Though this telescope is cosmic explosions.3 In addition to optical dedicated to the core scientific programs studies of a wide variety of astronomical carried out at ARIES like monitoring topics, it can be used for optical follow-up of transients’ events (like gamma-ray observations of cosmic sources identified in bursts, supernovae explosions, transiting the radio, ultraviolet, x-ray and gamma-ray exoplanets), variability of stars in the wavelengths.4 The proposals from national Milky way, wide-field imaging of star and international researchers for observing clusters, variability in stars, stars clusters, through the telescope are accepted in etc, it is also being used for diverse two cycles through the DOT Online scientific topics by various researchers Proposal Submission System (DOPSES).5 through joint projects with the ARIES The successful proposers are granted researchers. Scientists from Belgium, observation rights and exclusive access Thailand, Taiwan, etc. have been using to their scientific data for the duration of this facility for various scientific programs a proprietary period, which expires one and foreign scientists and researchers are year after the date of observation.6 Beyond welcome to use this facility and collaborate that, all data are made public globally with ARIES scientists. which enable the wider international astronomical community to access the Along with the astronomical data for research. At present, most of the infrastructures, the Atmospheric science division of ARIES (established in 2002)

80 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 has also set up a facility for wind profiling for astronomical research. Also, the ST using stratosphere-troposphere radar (ST Radar provides a unique opportunity Radar) in Monera peak along with lidar, to study 3D wind structure, monsoon balloon-borne measurements of trace gases troughs, turbulence parameters, gravity etc. The ST Radar is an active aperture waves in the troposphere, jet streams, phased array designed for operating at troposphere-stratosphere exchange a frequency of 206.5 MHz, used as an processes, climatology of the horizontal experimental tool to measure various wind field and wind shear etc. At present, atmospheric parameters used for basic the ARIES has signed Memorandum of atmospheric research, weather forecasting Understandings with various institutes and disaster management. Such high- and universities for accessing the facilities altitude radar in the VHF band (~200 MHz) and observation time are provided on along with antenna arrays over the rooftop mutual basis to facilitate collaborative has been built for the first time in India. scientific programs. Further, all these three The ST Radar is operated in the common- facilities have been opened up for national mode observation at 06 GMT and 12 GMT and international participation. and the data is available to all researchers. However, researchers from national and Endnotes international institutes can access the 1 Sinvhal, S.D. 2006. “The Uttar Pradesh radar facility through joint projects with State Observatory – some recollections and the ARIES researchers and for specific somehistory (1954 – 1982)”. Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India. 34. pp.65-81. observation, interested researchers can 2 Sagar, R. Kumar, B. and Omar, A. 2019. “The send research proposals to ARIES. For both 3.6 metre Devasthal Optical Telescope: from ST Radar and 1.3 m DFOT, no guaranteed inception to realization”. Current Science. time is reserved for the international 117(3). pp. 365-381. scientific community but observing time 3 DST (2021). “Made in India spectrograph, commissioned on Devasthal Optical is allocated to international collaborators Telescope, can locate faint light from distant 7 without any usage charge. celestial objects”. Department of Science & Technology. Retrieved from https:// Facilities for National and dst.gov.in/made-india-spectrograph- commissioned-devasthal-optical-telescope- International participation can-locate-faint-light-distant on 26th March, All the three major facilities at ARIES 2021. – DOT, DFOT and ST Radar have well 4 Details on capabilities of DOT and its developed infrastructure and connectivity instruments can be accessed at https:// www.aries.res.in/. between the locations enabling excellent 5 The Call for proposals is announced twice observational facilities. All these three a year on 1st July and 1st November and major facilities at ARIES have well- proposals can be submitted at http:// developed infrastructure and connectivity dopses.aries.res.in. 6 between the locations enabling excellent Policies and procedures for carrying out with 3.6m DOT can be found at Science observational facilities. The geographic observing policy document. location of the observatory at Devasthal 7 Once observing time is allocated, on site has global importance for time-critical accommodation is provided to visiting observations and time-domain astronomy, observers with minimal fee. Canteen is a feature that makes this facility exclusive also available to cater food to the visiting observers.

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Webinar report

Promoting India-Taiwan Cooperation in Science, Technology & Innovation (STI): Way Forward

Introduction ilateral engagement between India and Taiwan has improved significantly over the years in the realm of trade, Binvestment, tourism, culture, and education. Scientific exchanges, people-to-people interactions etc. between the two countries have also increased along with growing trade and investments. The India-Taiwan Joint Committee on Cooperation in Science and Technology holds regular meetings, to foster science, technology and innovation (STI) cooperation between the two countries. The India-Taiwan S&T cooperation programme extends financial support through a joint call for proposals to researchers in India to carry out research and scientific experimentation with their Taiwanese counterparts. The programme has recently in February 2021 invited research proposals in several priority areas like renewable energy, clean energy, IoT, big data, cybersecurity, micro/nano-electronics, embedded systems & sensors, biotechnology, healthcare, including, functional genomics, drug development and biomedical devices, etc.1 The scope of cooperation between Taiwan, a fast-growing industrialised economy with a deep footprint in global supply chains for medium and high-tech goods and an emerging economy like India is immense and will be mutually beneficial. Presently, there are about 100 Taiwanese companies in sectors such as steel, engineering, electronics, machinery, construction, and financial services, and most importantly in the ICT sector in India. Taiwan through its New Southbound Policy aims to diversify its trade and investment partners and boost STI engagement between Indian and Taiwanese academic and research institutions. The two countries held a virtual exhibition on Taiwan-India exchanges under the New Southbound Policy in

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│83 December 2020. STI cooperation between outlined greater opportunities/prospects India-Taiwan can aid innovation and the for S&T cooperation between India- manufacturing sector through capacity Taiwan, and the need for S&T collaboration building/skill development and creating in tackling global challenges like the employment opportunities. COVID and climate change, which require To foster STI collaboration between coordinated efforts of several countries. the two countries, RIS and the Prospect India has taken proactive measures to Foundation, Taipei organized a webinar lower the carbon intensity of GDP and on the theme, ‘Promoting India-Taiwan make a gradual transition towards a Cooperation in Science, Technology and greener mode of energy. The participation Innovation (STI): Way Forward’ on 25th in global mega-science projects like CERN February 2021. The opening remarks by large Hadron collider, ITER fusion energy Prof. Sachin Chaturvedi, Director General, research etc. have provided access to RIS and Dr. I-Chung Lai, President, Prospect cutting-edge S&T. India has invested Foundation stressed the need for greater substantial resources and efforts in projects collaboration between India and Taiwan like International Solar Alliance (ISA) in S&T, especially focusing on electronics and has been at the forefront in building and high technology areas. Various areas collaboration in renewable energy and of S&T collaboration were identified by biotechnology. He emphasised that there Prof. Chaturvedi including big data, clean is a need for greater collaboration of the energy, embedded system, functional kind used for ITER and CERN for S&T to genomics, biomedical, etc. The partnership enhance climate science and global climate between RIS and Prospect Foundation modelling to predict climate change and may help in developing policy roadmaps time, intensity, and location of extreme to facilitate collaboration. Sectors like IT, climate events. International cooperation AI, automatic engineering was highlighted in S&T between countries can foster S&T by Dr. Lai where India and Taiwan development which can permeate into all could collaborate in facilitating S&T sections of the society and mitigate global intervention for mutual benefit. The challenges. webinar included four sessions namely, Recognising the ongoing paradigm Science, Technology and Global Economic shift in the global economic order with a Order; ICT and Semiconductor Industry; focus on economic and national security, Smart Manufacturing and Industry 4.0 Dr. Roy Lee, Senior Deputy Director, Taiwan and Science Parks in India and Taiwan- WTO & RTA Center, Chung-Hua Institution Experiences and Scope for Mutual for Economic Research (CIER)stressed the Learning. need for global supply chain reform. Critical sectors, infrastructures and processes for Science, technology and global economic security depend on government economic order intervention, and vulnerability could arise from the supplier and natural resource In the session, Science, Technology and dependence, espionage, and leakage of Global Economic Order, Amb. Bhaskar sensitive information, etc. The recent Balakrishnan, Science Diplomacy Fellow, RIS executive order of the US President on

84 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 American Global Supply Chain seeks to A holistic view of the Taiwanese review the vulnerabilities and risks faced companies in India and the Indian in semiconductors, high efficient batteries, industrial sector is important for assessing pharmaceuticals, defence and energy why some areas/sectors were growing sectors. It may trigger a change towards faster than others, according to Mr. Stanley minimising dependence on supplies from Wang, Deputy Director-General, International China. Similarly, the EU is also reviewing Division, Institute for Information Industry. its policy about the global supply chain, There is a need for a robust supply chain which opens opportunities for the to boost sectoral development. The success development of new generation supply of Taiwanese companies rests on their chains. India-Taiwan STI cooperation ability to understand the needs of the should facilitate supply chain relocation consumers and the market which dictates to support next-generation technologies the development and relocation of their (5G to 6G, green technologies, computing supply chains. Recently Taiwan has capacity for AI, etc.), and ensure security relocated its supply chain to Japan, UK, and and trust in technologies and data sharing. Europe but not to India. Therefore, India must provide an enabling ecosystem to ICT and semiconductor foster market dynamics and supply chain industry needs to facilitate Taiwanese companies to set up their units in India. India’s strength During the second session on ICT and in IC design can initiate collaborative Semiconductor Industry, Professor V. endeavors between the two countries Kamakoti, IIT-Madras highlighted the and offer India immense potential to growing market and steady increase in develop and strengthen its ICT industries. demand in India for the 180-nanometre A strong base of ICT industries is often semiconductor technology which followed by a boost in manufacturing could provide opportunities and offer automatically. Taiwan’s success in the a suitable environment for Taiwan to ICT and semiconductor industry has increase its investments. Indian designs been based on both technology push and and IP namely, 5Gi and SHAKTI can market pull. A similar combination of boost collaboration between the two pull and push can lead India to be a big countries. Telecommunications Standards player in ICT and increase its footprint in Development Society’s 5G Radio Interface the global supply chain. Investments and Technology named as 5Gi has cleared the infrastructural support by the Government rigorous processes of the International of India for the development of ICT Telecommunication Union (ITU) and industries will be critical. conforms with the International Mobile Telecommunications -2020 vision and stringent performance requirements. Smart manufacturing and SHAKTI is an open-source processor industry 4.0 development initiative. The scope of During the third session on Smart collaboration between Indian-Taiwanese Manufacturing and Industry 4.0, Mr. industries, academic institutions and Kalyan Ram, CEO, Electronic Solutions Pvt. individuals in these technologies is Ltd & Dy. Director, Automation Industry immense. Association, focused on the need for

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│85 a technology-driven manufacturing fostering collaboration with them. Training ecosystem with reduced waste and programmes and sharing best practices optimum utilisation of resources in India. were central to the success of smart Recent developments include a joint manufacturing industries in Taiwan. India initiative by IIT Delhi and Automation and Taiwan should focus on academic Industry Association (AIA) to set up a collaboration between the two countries fully integrated Smart Manufacturing and involve Indian universities and IITs to and Learning Facility, and Common work with Taiwanese institutions towards Engineering Facility Centre (CEFC) to the development of smart manufacturing. promote innovation and adopt Industry 4.0 solutions. India’s collaboration with Science parks in India and Taiwan can strengthen the enablers Taiwan- experiences and scope for Industry 4.0 like big data analytics, for mutual learning cybersecurity, simulation, autonomous robots, industrial internet of things etc. In her presentation, Dr.Deepanwita Taiwan is ahead of India in global machine Chattopadhyay, Chairman and CEO, IKP tool production, while India was the sixth Knowledge Park, described Indian Science largest consumer of machine tools in the parks with a focus on IKP, Hyderabad and world. The collaboration between the two its evolving roadmap. Indian science parks countries will cater to the demand and have evolved as research and innovation supply. Setting up manufacturing facilities hubs, while Taiwanese Science parks have by Taiwanese companies in India will open focused on industrial and manufacturing a market and boost smart manufacturing activities for development. India being th processes, which would be mutually the 6 largest economy with a nominal rd beneficial. GDP of US$ 2.61 trillion is the 3 largest start-up economy and ranked 48th in the Dr.Yau-Jr Liu, Vice President, Taipei Global Innovation Index ranking. India University of Marine Technology mentioned has 6,149 industrial parks and 60 software that there has been reports on several technology parks India, with about industries relocating their production 95,000 start-ups and small businesses site from China to India during the post- incorporations. Three Indian cities namely, pandemic era. Taiwan occupies 4th position Bengaluru, New Delhi, and Mumbai in terms of global export of machine tools figure in the top 100 global innovative and has excelled in smart manufacturing clusters, while the Hyderabad cluster is in aviation, medical devices, electronics yet to figure in the list. The Hyderabad and semiconductors. Its progress in the cluster - IKP has been instrumental in smart manufacturing and machine tools creating an innovation and knowledge industry rests on skill development hub locally as well as extending them and capacity building through vibrant to other parts of the country. This has training programmes and industry- been possible by nurturing start-ups academia collaboration. Taiwan has also to enhance their innovative potential initiated measures to strengthen ties and subsequently develop a sustainable between overseas Taiwanese firms and innovation cluster. IKP was the first Life local immigrants for furthering overseas Science Research Park in India. It became development of Taiwanese industries or

86 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 a hub for pharma companies and a base first phase of construction and CDC has to produce APIs, agri-seed companies, made several investments to develop vaccine companies etc. The presence infrastructure, including electronic waste of genome valley, academic and R&D processing centre and common amenities. institutions in and around IKP provides The industrial park will be developed the ecosystem to build a knowledge as an integrated industrial township for economy through research and innovation Taiwanese high-tech industries, targeting clusters. IKP brings together Indian and electronics, smart machinery, electric global partners to nurture and fund over vehicle and biotechnology industries. 700 innovation projects and early startups, In October 2019, the Japanese company and its development goals and strategies Mitsui & Co announced the setup of have evolved over the years. It has evolved a joint venture with Taiwanese motor from fostering an ecosystem for start-up manufacturer TECO Electric & Machinery incubation in 2005; to enabling faster Co Ltd. to create a manufacturing facility scale up, rapid prototyping and maker for electric vehicle (EV) motors with a space and innovation culture in 2014; capacity of 110000 sets per year. Ms. and to transit from program implementer Huang also presented a map to indicate to orchestrator for advancements in major industrial parks in Taiwan like deepening and co-creation of solutions in Science Park, Software Park, Biotech Park, health and plant systems in 2021. Startup Innovation Park and Agriculture Ms. Vivian Huang, Director General, Tech Park. International Division, Institute for Information Industry emphasized the scope Way forward for experience sharing between India and The closing remarks for the webinar were Taiwan on IT parks. She presented a brief delivered by Dr. Lai and Dr. Balakrishnan overview of Indian industries focusing on and and it was suggested to pursue the market share of smartphones where collaboration between RIS and Prospect China’s mobile phone brands have 75% of Foundation for joint policy reports and the Indian market share in 2020, an increase studies, the formation of working groups of 4% in comparison to 2019, thereby setting from academicians, industry personnel a record. She also mentioned the status of from both sides for collaboration, Taiwanese IT companies in India located research, studies, and mutual stakeholder in the Bengaluru – Chennai Industrial engagement on the themes like ICT Corridor and Taiwan sees value for their and Semiconductor Industry, Smart science parks and IT parks in this corridor. Manufacturing and Industry 4.0 and Two case studies include the Technology Science Parks. Innovation International Park (TIIP) of Century Development Corporation in Bangalore and Taiwan Major IT Related Endnotes Park. Century Development Corporation 1 See, the Joint Call for Proposal 2021 (INDIA- (CDC), a Taiwanese company has TAIWAN Programme of Cooperation in Science and Technology). Retrieved developed the Taiwan industrial cluster from https://www.most.gov.tw/india/ - Technology Innovation International en/detail/e119af15-e301-4716-b0c2- Park (TTIP) in Bengaluru. TIIP is in its 412ce373f658.

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SYNTHESES

Science Diplomacy Events

Global Young Academy (GYA) Workshop on Science Diplomacy in South Asia The Global Young Academy’s South Asia working group represents a unique initiative that seeks to forge new scientific collaborations by bringing together scientific and policy experts from three countries in the region, namely Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. The South Asian region faces many common challenges, and the GYA provides a common platform for discussions on these problems and to promote a common understanding of these problems and attract the attention of scientific communities in these countries to such problems. Science diplomacy is an important tool in these efforts and the GYA Working Group mainly looks at scientific diplomacy between the three nations from South Asia, namely which share a long history of cultural ties and familial ties. To promote science diplomacy related awareness and initiatives in South Asia, the GYA held a five-day online workshop on Science Diplomacy in South Asia in November and December 2020. The GYA workshop included a total of 100 participants from seven countries in the region (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Maldives, and Bhutan). The participation of a large number (about 61 per cent) of female participants in the workshop was seen as an encouraging sign for promoting the role of women in the STEM and science diplomacy field. The workshop mainly aimed to raise awareness on Science Diplomacy among the South Asian populace, impart conceptual and practical knowledge, and allow participants to share their ideas and views in a structured manner. The first session of the workshop was held on 21st November 2020 and the opening remarks were delivered by the GYA Co-Chair Dr Anindita Bhadra (India), and by chairpersons from National Young Academies in the region. Dr Bhaskar Balakrishnan, former Indian Ambassador and Science Diplomacy Fellow at RIS New Delhi delivered the lectures on “History of Science Diplomacy”. Other distinguished speakers included Mr. Rômulo Neves, a practicing diplomat from Brazil, who spoke on “Art of Science Diplomacy” and a special lecture by Professor Pierre Bruno Ruffini, a renowned French academic on Science Diplomacy. The second session held on 28th November 2020 included a lecture by three eminent global experts. The first lecture was delivered by Dr Marga Gual Soler on the topic ‘Science Diplomacy in Action: Strategies, Tools & Skills’. The lecture was followed by a detailed discussion with participants. The second lecture delivered by Dr Jauad El Kharraz on ‘Lesson from Middle Eastern water diplomacy for South Asia’. The third

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│89 lecture was delivered by Dr. Chagun Basha on the ‘Role of Multilateral Organisations in Science Diplomacy’. The last lecture was delivered by GYA member and working group co-lead Dr Monir Uddin Ahmed (Saudi Arabia) on the topic “Present scenario of scientific collaboration in South Asia”. The third session held on 5 December 2020 started with the lecture by Brazilian Diplomat Mr Pedro lvo Ferraz da Silva on the ‘Scope and importance of science and Innovation Diplomacy for developing economies”’ Dr Gihan Kamel’s lecture focussed on the theme ‘Regional peace and science diplomacy – middle-eastern experiences for South Asia’. Muhammad Adeel delivered the lecture on ‘Careers for early career researchers in science Diplomacy and Science Policy’. This was followed by a breakout session in which participants were clustered into different small groups to discuss the UN SDGs, their importance and achievement through science diplomacy concerning the south Asian region. The fourth session held on 12th December 2020 started with a talk by GYA member Mr. Suraj Bhattarai (Nepal) on the theme, ‘Science Diplomacy for Scientific Achievements in South Asia’. This was followed by GYA alumnus, Mr. Aftab Ahmed’s(Pakistan) talk on the theme, ‘Need of science diplomacy in South Asia’. Another GYA alumnus, Mr Uttam Babu Shrestha (Australia) shared his thoughts on the topic, ‘Reinventing Science diplomacy in South Asia’ and then GYA member Mr. Meghnath Dhimal (Nepal) discussed the ‘Recommendations for South Asia’. The last lecture of the workshop was delivered by GYA member Mr. Almas Taj Awan (Brazil) on ‘Communication as a tool for Science Diplomacy’. Finally, the workshop participants delivered presentations in small groups on their chosen UN SDG and the role of science diplomacy to achieve the same in the region. The closing ceremony of the workshop was held in the last session of the workshop on 13th December 2020. The closing ceremony of the workshop saw participation from guests from the Asian region. The GYA workshop provided an important platform for various GYA members, global experts, and participants to share their thoughts on science diplomacy in South Asia and made a good beginning on initiating conversation on these issues in the region. For more details, please see the GYA webpage on the science diplomacy workshop in South Asia.1

India International Science Festival (IISF-2020) The sixth India International Science Festival was held from 22nd to 25th December 2020. The Council for Scientific Research (CSIR) spearheaded the annual event IISF 2020 with the support of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and Vijnana Bharati (VIBHA). The event with the theme ‘Science for Atmanirbhar Bharat and Global Welfare’ was held in virtual mode. IISF celebrates the achievements of India’s S&T advancements. On an opening day, the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Chennai; ICMR, Gorakhpur; and Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), Pune organised their curtain-raiser events. Dr Harsh Vardhan addressed the virtual curtain raiser program. Prime Minister, Narendra

90 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 Modi delivered the inaugural address at IISF 2020. An outreach programme to sensitize young minds was organised by Bharatiya Vidya Bhawan’s Mehta Vidyalaya and Hubs School for the IISF 2020. Popular Science lectures were delivered, and the vision, history and importance of the India International Science Festival were discussed. Numerous plenary sessions were arranged on different aspects of S&T. Some new themes included History of Indian Science, Philosophy and Science, Agri-tech, Clean Air, Energy, Waste & Sanitation, Biodiversity, Science Diplomacy etc. Its participants included students, industrialists, entrepreneurs, innovators, teachers, science communicators, technocrats and scientists. Science Diplomacy was introduced in the event to spread awareness and bring forth the importance of S&T in diplomacy among scientists and policymakers. The three sub-themes of the session included ‘Science Diplomacy for Aatmanirbhar Bharat’; ‘Setting Science Agenda for Diplomacy during India’s Presidency of G20, BRICS & SCO’; and ‘Science for Diplomacy and Diplomacy for Science’. Policymakers, diplomats, researchers, academics, and industrial leaders were among fifteen eminent panelists’ in these sessions. They put forth their views on the role of science diplomacy in economic growth, industrial research & trades, diplomatic relations, mega-science projects and gender equality. The session saw wide participation, and apart from eminent speakers, Dr Harsh Vardhan; India’s G20 Sherpa, Shri. Suresh Prabhu; and Prof. Ashutosh Sharma also addressed the gathering and underlined the importance of science diplomacy for fostering national goals and enrich India’s image at the global level. The event also ran an Essay Writing Competition on the topic ‘Necessity for Science Diplomacy’. The IISF valedictory session was attended by the Vice President, M. Venkaiah Naidu, Dr. Harsh Vardhan, Dr. Shekhar C. Mande and other dignitaries. Various events were held on different aspects of S&T to highlight the role of Indian Science in elevating society and tackling the ongoing pandemic.

S4D4C Final Networking Meeting S4D4C’s final networking meeting ‘Addressing Global Challenges Together: The Role of Science Diplomacy’ was held during March 15-19, 2021. The week-long meeting was attended by nearly 765 attendees and brought together 120 speakers during 31 sessions dealing with various aspects of science diplomacy. The event saw diversity in the choice of speakers, belonged to 30 countries from across the world. Numerous plenaries, parallel and round tables were organised on varied themes of science diplomacy. The opening ceremony gave a snapshot of S4D4C’s initiatives in furthering science diplomacy. The meeting captured views of various stakeholders including ministers, policy-makers, diplomats, scientists, representatives of international organisations, science diplomacy institutions, experts and researchers. Apart from Europeans, a representative from developing countries also discussed issues, challenges and steps taken in their country. The meeting reflected on the existing theoretical understanding of science diplomacy and issues concerning cooperation versus collaboration and its north-centric discourse. The role of scientists and issues facing science and policymaking, the need for an ecosystem with all stakeholders and adapting science advice mechanism

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│91 were also underlined. Capacity building in science diplomacy and the lack of visibility of universities in science diplomacy were integral to the discussions.2 International STI cooperation will entail sharing lessons learnt, best practices and evolving governance mechanisms. Therefore, a roundtable brought together speakers from the United Kingdom, South Africa, Netherlands and Switzerland, who gave an account of the science diplomacy initiatives in their respective countries. Apart from involving multiple stakeholders, the meeting also stressed the role of multilateral and inter-governmental organisations in catalyzing science diplomacy for addressing societal challenges. The São Paulo Innovation and Science Diplomacy School (InnSciD SP) brought together speakers from Brazil, Nigeria and India. The networking meeting also included breakfast sessions with practitioners of science diplomacy. It allowed attendees to engage actively through Q&As, live chats and other networking options. One of the most striking outcomes was the launch of the EU Science Diplomacy Alliance launched with the three Horizon 2020 projects i.e. EL-CSID, InsSciDE and S4D4C at its core along with other institutions.

Endnotes 1 For details, see https://globalyoungacademy.net/gya-science-diplomacy-in-south-asia-webinar- series/. 2 A detailed article on the event ‘Dear Science Diplomacy – Where do you want to go (From Here)?’ is available at https://www.s4d4c.eu/guest-article-on-the-s4d4c-networking-meeting/.

92 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 Forum for Indian FISD Science Diplomacy

Call for PAPERS SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW (SDR) SEPTEMBER 2021 ISSUE (Volume 3, No. 3) Editors: Prof. Sachin Chaturvedi, Amb. Dr. Bhaskar Balakrishnan and Dr. Krishna Ravi Srinivas Science Diplomacy Review (SDR) a multidisciplinary, peer-reviewed international journal, is a forum for scholarship on theoretical and practical dimensions in science diplomacy. It seeks to discuss and engage with the developments, issues, perspectives and institutions in science diplomacy. We invite contributions on issues related to science diplomacy in the form of research articles, perspectives, essays, book reviews and review articles. We welcome manuscripts on history of science diplomacy, historical case studies in science diplomacy. The role and relevance of science diplomacy in understanding and mitigating the present COVID-19 outbreak as well as epidemics in future, SDGs, and issues of global ‘commons’ and other global challenges in the post-COVID world are also welcome. We encourage contributions from scientists, diplomats, policymakers, researchers, research scholars and representatives of civil society for the forthcoming September 2021 SDR issue. SDR is an open access journal published by Forum for Indian Science Diplomacy (FISD) based at Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS), New Delhi, India. RIS is an autonomous independent policy research think tank with the Ministry of External Affairs. The Science Diplomacy Programme funded by the Department of Science & Technology is being implemented by RIS. Most challenges facing the world today including the present COVID-19 outbreak, climate change, environmental degradation are complex, interdependent and transnational. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which seek to address numerous global challenges also require a multilateral and internationally coordinated response. Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) lies at the core of these efforts. Finding relevant solutions to these challenges require leveraging STI through effective multilateral and global partnerships between scientists, policymakers and diplomats. Science diplomacy assumes a crucial role in achieving SDGs, and for development cooperation to address global concerns. It calls for international science cooperation, dialogues and engagements between various stakeholders and countries. Science diplomacy is increasingly adopted as a useful tool by many governmental and non- governmental organisations in both developed and developing countries. SDR has been launched as a journal, inter alia, to reflect upon and debate on the above-mentioned themes. Categories: Submit manuscripts including, full length articles and essays (4,000 – 6000 words), perspective (2,500 - 4,000 words) or book reviews/report reviews/ event reviews (1,000 - 1,500 words) by July 21, 2021 to [email protected]. in with “SDR – September 2021 Issue” in the subject. We are open to considering longer articles as long as they are relevant to the overall objectives of SDR. Previous SDR Issues can be accessed on http://www.fisd.in/science-diplomacy-review.

SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW | Vol. 3, No. 1 | April 2021│93 G20: Call for Papers G20 is gaining importance as a global platform for articulation of economic, social and development issues, opportunities, concerns and challenges that the world is confronting now. Over the years, G20 has witnessed a significant broadening of its agenda into several facets of development. India is going to assume G20 presidency in 2022 which would be important not only for the country but also for other developing countries for meeting the Sustainable Development Goals and achieving an inclusive society. India can leverage this opportunity to help identify G20 the suitable priority areas of development and contribute to its rise as an effective global platform. In that spirit, Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS), a leading policy research institution based in New Delhi, has launched a publication called G20 Digest to generate informed debate and promote research and dissemination on G20 and related issues. This bi-monthly publication covers short articles of 3000 to 4000 words covering policy perspectives, reflections on past and current commitments and proposals on various topics and sectors of interest to G20 countries and its possible ramifications on world economy along with interviews of important personalities and news commentaries. The Digest offers promising opportunities for academics, policy makers, diplomats and young scholars for greater outreach to the readers through different international networks that RIS and peer institutions in other G20 countries have developed over the years. The interested authors may find more information about the Digest and submission guidelines on the web link:http://www.ris. org.in/journals-n-newsletters/G20-Digest.

Guidelines for Authors 1. Submissions should contain institutional affiliation and contact details of author(s), including email address, contact number, etc. Manuscripts should be prepared in MS-Word version, using double spacing. The text of manuscripts, particularly full length articles and essays may range between 4,000- 4,500 words. Whereas, book reviews/event report shall range between 1,000-15,00 words. 2. In-text referencing should be embedded in the anthropological style, for example ‘(Hirschman 1961)’ or ‘(Lakshman 1989:125)’ (Note: Page numbers in the text are necessary only if the cited portion is a direct quote). Footnotes are required, as per the discussions in the paper/article. 3. Use‘s’ in ‘-ise’ ‘-isation’ words; e.g., ‘civilise’, ‘organisation’. Use British spellings rather than American spellings. Thus, ‘labour’ not ‘labor’. Use figures (rather than word) for quantities and exact measurements including per centages (2 per cent, 3 km, 36 years old, etc.). In general descriptions, numbers below 10 should be spelt out in words. Use fuller forms for numbers and dates— for example 1980-88, pp. 200-202 and pp. 178-84. Specific dates should be cited in the form June 2, 2004. Decades and centuries may be spelt out, for example ‘the eighties’, ‘the twentieth century’, etc. Referencing Style: References cited in the manuscript and prepared as per the Harvard style of referencing and to be appended at the end of the manuscript. They must be typed in double space, and should be arranged in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author. In case more than one work by the same author(s) is cited, then arrange them chronologically by year of publication.

Invitation to Join Mailing List Interested readers, who wish to receive the soft-copy version of Science Diplomacy Review (SDR), may kindly send details, along with institutional affiliation to [email protected]. Also specify if hard-copy is desired.

94 │ SCIENCE DIPLOMACY REVIEW| Vol. 3, No. 1| April 2021 About FISD As part of its ongoing research studies on Science &Technology and Innovation (STI), RIS together with the National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Bengaluru is implementing a major project on Science Diplomacy, supported by the Department of Science and Technology. The programme was launched on 7 May 2018 at New Delhi. The Forum for Indian Science Diplomacy (FISD), under the RIS–NIAS Science Diplomacy Programme, envisages harnessing science diplomacy in areas of critical importance for national development and S&T cooperation. The key objective of the FISD is to realise the potential of Science Diplomacy by various means, including Capacity building in science diplomacy, developing networks and Science diplomacy for strategic thinking. It aims to leverage the strengths and expertise of Indian Diaspora working in the field of S&T to help the nation meet its agenda in some select S&T sectors.

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REPORT REVIEW Technology & Innovation Report 2021: Catching the Technological Wave - Innovation with Equity Kapil Patil

EVENT REVIEW Using Future Scenarios of Science Diplomacy for Addressing Global Challenges Elke Dall and Mitchell Young

NOTE ON INSTITUTIONS The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Sneha Sinha Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES): Open to International Cooperation Debanjana Dey

WEBINAR REPORT Promoting India-Taiwan Cooperation in Science, Technology & Innovation (STI): Way Forward

SYNTHESES Science Diplomacy Events Global Young Academy (GYA) Workshop on Science Diplomacy in South Asia India International Science Festival (IISF-2020) S4D4C Final Networking Meeting

Forum for Indian FISD Science Diplomacy

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