Ecological Sanitation – a Logical Choice? the Development of the Sanitation Institution in a World Society
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Constructing the Ecological Sanitation: a Review on Technology and Methods
Journal of Cleaner Production 125 (2016) 1e21 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Cleaner Production journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro Review Constructing the ecological sanitation: a review on technology and methods * Ming Hu, Bin Fan , Hongliang Wang, Bo Qu, Shikun Zhu State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China article info abstract Article history: Wastewater often contains valuable resources (e.g. organic matter and nutrients). Different from con- Received 29 April 2014 ventional sanitation approaches, the ecological sanitation (Eco-San) system is based on the closure of Received in revised form material flow cycles to recover resources with minimized demands on other resources. The review 29 February 2016 comprehensively summarized the main components of the Eco-San system (user interface, collection Accepted 2 March 2016 and conveyance, storage and primary treatment, and reuse/disposal), the frequently-used evaluation Available online 15 March 2016 methods, and the framework of evaluation index system. Some typical practical cases were discussed to demonstrate the managerial implications and popularize the applications of the Eco-San system. The Keywords: fi fi Ecological sanitation results show that the Eco-San systems are bene cial to resource ef ciency, agricultural use of the organic Evaluation matters and nutrients, and energy recovery although some shortages exist (e.g. high cost, cultural Wastewater treatment constraints, and complex operation and management). The evaluation methods can help to identify the Sustainability restriction factors, contributing factors and measures to improve the efficiency of the future Eco-San Rural system. -
And Rouen.-Befouling the Subsoil of Drvellings. Obviously Should at Once Be Applied
48 CHOLERA IN FRANCE. half the mortality and sickness of those portions that were The probable explanation of such difference will be attri- badly or not at all drained. What is wanted at the present butable to the condition of the subsoil. But, it may be time is a thoroughly exhaustive inquiry into the local spread urged, how can the condition of the subsoil be altered ? of cholera, in places where all the circumstances are known Above all, can this possibly be done before next spring, when and the various factors can be ascertained and determined. cholera may return with increased virulence ? Certainly wa,nt of time, but above all want of money, will render it impossible to carry out extensive works of sanitation between this and next spring. Nevertheless a great CHOLERA IN FRANCE. deal could be done. An entire system of sewers cannot be in a few months, nor can water be brought (FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT.) extemporised to a town in a similar period ; but, if the streets must remain in an unsatisfactory state, there is no reason why DOMESTIC DRAINAGE. the condition of each individual house should not be vastly Necessary Measures and Measures immediately Applicable.- improved. This may not altogether suffice to ward off the ?7M Pail System at Havre.-The Windom Sinks and Slop danger, but it will lessen the damage likely to ensue. In TVater Contamination.-Cholera Dens at Haver, Honfleur Normandy especially there are one or two measures which and Rouen.-Befouling the Subsoil of Drvellings. obviously should at once be applied. -
World Bank Document
WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM: TECHNICAL PAPER Public Disclosure Authorized Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Yunnan Province, Public Disclosure Authorized People’s Republic of China A six-country study conducted in Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Lao PDR, the Philippines and Vietnam under the Economics of Sanitation Public Disclosure Authorized Initiative (ESI) September 2012 Public Disclosure Authorized The Water and Sanitation Program is a multi-donor partnership administered by the World Bank to support poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services. THE WORLD BANK Water and Sanitation Program East Asia & the Pacific Regional Office Indonesia Stock Exchange Building Tower II, 13th Fl. Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 52-53 Jakarta 12190 Indonesia Tel: (62-21) 5299 3003 Fax: (62 21) 5299 3004 Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) reports are published to communicate the results of WSP’s work to the development community. Some sources cited may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are entirely those of the author and should not be attributed to the World Bank or its affiliated organizations, or to members of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank Group concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. -
Valuing Wastes an Integrated System Analysis of Bioenergy, Ecological Sanitation, and Soil Fertility Management in Smallholder Farming in Karagwe, Tanzania
Valuing wastes An Integrated System Analysis of Bioenergy, Ecological Sanitation, and Soil Fertility Management in Smallholder Farming in Karagwe, Tanzania vorgelegt von Dipl.-Ing. Ariane Krause geb. in Freiburg i. Brsg. von der Fakult¨at VI – Planen Bauen Umwelt der Technischen Universit¨at Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktorin der Ingenieurwissenschaften - Dr.-Ing. - genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzende: Prof. Dr. Eva Nora Paton Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Johann K¨oppel Gutachterin: Prof. Dr. Vera Susanne Rotter (Fak. III) Gutachterin: Prof. Dr. Friederike Lang (Albert-Ludwigs-Universit¨at Freiburg) Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 26. Januar 2018 Berlin 2019 make compost not war Abstract My dissertation had as its starting point the intention of two Tanzanian farmer’s initiatives and their German partners to disseminate sustainable cooking and sanitation technologies to smallholder households in Karagwe District, in northwest Tanzania (TZ). These locally developed and adapted technologies include improved cook stoves (ICS), such as microgasifiers, and a system combining biogas digesters and burners for cooking, as well as urine-diverting dry toilets and thermal sterilization/pasteurization for ecological sanitation (EcoSan). Currently, the most common combination of technologies used for cooking and sanitation in Karagwe smallholdings is a three-stone fire and pit latrine. Switching to the new alternatives could potentially lead to (i) optimized resource consumption, (ii) lower environmental emissions, and (iii) a higher availability of domestic residues for soil fertility management. The latter include biogas slurry from anaerobic digestion, powdery biochar from microgasifiers, and sanitized human excreta from EcoSan facilities. These residues are ‘locally available resources’ that can be used for on-farm material cycling. -
Ecological Sanitation - for Mankind and Nature
Ecosan Norway Ecological Sanitation - for mankind and nature NLHNORGES The Norwegian University of Life Sciences LANDBRUKSHØGSKOLE Foreword Last year the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB) was commis- sioned to write a “Think piece” on Ecological sanitation by the Norwegian Ministry of Environment as part of the preparations for 12th Session of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD). This year the Univer- sity of Life Sciences is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to contribute to the 13th Session of the UN Commission on Sustain- able Development in New York, with a focus on “water, sanitation and settlement”. The Norwegian University of Life Sciences is in the forefront in the development of so called ecological sanitation in Norway. Ecological sanitation is part of ecological engineering that was defined by last year’s Stockholm Water Prize laureates professor W. J. Mitch and professor S. E. Jørgensen as: “Development of human society with nature for the benefit of both”. The essence of this sentence is sustainability and this is also the main philosophy guiding the activities at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences. It is unlikely that one single system can solve all current and future sanitation needs. Large investments have been made in conventional cen- tralized sewage systems that will be in operation for decades, but conven- tional systems will evolve as the principles of ecological engineering are communicated throughout the engineering society. Totally new systems, as well as hybrid or combination systems, will appear. With the present and growing focus on water and sanitation and their importance to human health and environmental quality, the interest in ecological engineering is rapidly growing. -
Sustainable Sanitation Systems: Health, Environment and Governance Challenges
Sustainable Sanitation Systems: Health, Environment and Governance Challenges The Case of Human Rights-Based Policy Reform in Alternative Wastewater Management Strategies Florian Thevenon WaterLex Highlights WaterLex is an international public interest development Context: About 2.5 billion people Limits: Field awareness campaigns Policy reform: Integrating the Human organization based in Geneva, Switzerland. It is a UN- do not use an improved sanitation and advocacy actions are Rights to Water and Sanitation Water Partner with UN ECOSOC special consultative status. facility, and about 1 billion people encouraged to improve and monitor into policies and regulations, Its mission is to develop sustainable solutions based on practise open defaecation which is water quality and hygiene practices; including for service providers and human rights to improve water governance worldwide, one of the main causes of drinking because wastewater, even when regulators, could therefore be used particularly in regard to consistent water law and policy water pollution and diarrhoea treated, is highly enriched in to increase the access to safely frameworks. It works with an alliance of interested parties incidences. There is an urgent hazardous pollutants. Wastewater managed sanitation services and to improve water-governance frameworks, bringing them need to increase the access to recycling, safe water reclamation achievement of SDG 6. Local and in line with country obligations under international human safely managed sanitation services, and reuse must therefore be national governments therefore rights law. It is an official member of the UN Environment and a need for a paradigm shift regulated and aligned with national need to integrate their national Global Wastewater Initiative. -
Ecological Sanitation and Sustainable Nutrient Recovery Education: Considering the Three Fixes for Environmental Problem-Solving
sustainability Article Ecological Sanitation and Sustainable Nutrient Recovery Education: Considering the Three Fixes for Environmental Problem-Solving Julian Junghanns 1,* and Thomas Beery 2 1 Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kristianstad University, SE-291 88 Kristianstad, Sweden 2 Faculty of Education, Kristianstad University, SE-291 88 Kristianstad, Sweden; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 March 2020; Accepted: 25 April 2020; Published: 28 April 2020 Abstract: In the context of phosphorus as a finite resource and the unsustainable character of current sanitation in Europe, this paper examined social factors in a technological transition towards sustainable sanitation. The evaluation is based on the idea of cognitive, structural, and technological fixes to achieve environmental protection. The cognitive fix has been evaluated through literature and a European-wide survey with universities that offer civil and environmental engineering programs. Contrary to an initial hypothesis, ecological sanitation and nutrient recycling are taught by the majority (66%) of responding programs. There are, however, local differences in terms of context and detail of the education. The main impediments for teaching were identified as academic resources (especially in Belgium, Germany and Denmark) and the technological status quo (Ireland, Italy, Spain and some programs of the United Kingdom). Instructors’ personal commitment and experience was evaluated to be a key factor for an extensive coverage of sustainable sanitation in higher education programs. The role of higher education has a critical role to play in changing sanitation practices, given the unique professional developmental stage of students and the potential for a cognitive fix to contribute to meaningful change. -
Recycling Improves Soil Fertility Management in Smallholdings in Tanzania
agriculture Article Recycling Improves Soil Fertility Management in Smallholdings in Tanzania Ariane Krause 1,* ID and Vera Susanne Rotter 2 1 Postgraduate program ‘Microenergy Systems Research Group’, Center for Technology & Society, Technische Universität (TU) Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany 2 Department of Environmental Technology, Chair of Circular Economy and Recycling Technology, TU Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-179-3274543 Received: 21 December 2017; Accepted: 21 February 2018; Published: 26 February 2018 Abstract: Residues from bioenergy and ecological sanitation (EcoSan) can be utilized to sustain soil fertility and productivity. With regard to certain cooking and sanitation technologies used in smallholder households (hh), we systematically analyzed how utilization of the respective potentials to recover residues for farming affects (i) soil nutrient balances, (ii) the potential for subsistence production of composts, and (iii) environmental emissions. On the example of an intercropping farming system in Karagwe, Tanzania, we studied specific farming practices including (1) current practices of using standard compost only; (2) a combination of using biogas slurry, urine, and standard compost; (3) a combination of using so-called “CaSa-compost” (containing biochar and sanitized human excreta, Project “Carbonization and Sanitation”), urine, and standard compost. The system analysis combines a soil nutrient balance (SNB) with material flow analysis (MFA). Currently, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are depleted by −54 ± 3 and −8 ± 1 kg·ha−1·year−1, respectively. Our analysis shows, however, a clear potential to reduce depletion rates of N, and to reverse the SNB of P, to bring about a positive outcome. -
An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa
An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa A compilation of experiences Peter Morgan (2004) Table of Contents Table of contents .......................................................................................................1 Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………....2 Part 1. An Introduction 1. An Introduction - Understanding the concept of ecological sanitation……………..1 2. The Answer lies in the soil……………………………………………………………..6 3. Modifications of the pit toilet …………………………………………………………12 Part 2. The toilets 4. The Arborloo – the single pit compost toilet…………………………………………14 5. The Fossa alterna – the double pit compost toilet………………………………...…46 6. The urine diverting toilet…………………………………………………………...…90 7. Upgrading the toilet system……………………………………………………….…105 8. Odour and fly control……………………………………………………………...…108 Part 3. Toilets and agriculture 9. The eco-toilet and agriculture…………………………………………………….…110 10. The value of Fossa alterna compost ………………………………………….……115 11. Methods of using Fossa alterna compost in the garden …………………….…….127 12. Growing trees on composted toilet pits……………………………………….……142 13. Plant trials using Fossa alterna compost …………………………………….….…154 14. The usefulness of urine……………………………………………………….…..…173 15. Further plant trials using urine as a liquid feed…………………………..………190 16. Gardening techniques that assist eco-san supported food production………..…228 17. Some special constructional techniques related to eco-san activities……………245 Part 4. Eco-san and Health 18. Health implications of handling compost derived from -
A Bucket Toilet, Also Called a Honey Bucket Or Bucket Latrine, Is a Very Simple, Basic Form of a Dry Toilet Which Is Portable
Bucket toilet - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_toilet From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A bucket toilet, also called a honey bucket or bucket latrine, is a very simple, basic form of a dry toilet which is portable. The bucket (pail) may be situated inside a dwelling, or in a nearby small structure (an outhouse), or on a camping site or other place that lack waste disposal plumbing. These toilets used to be common in cold climates, where installing running water can be difficult, expensive, and subject to freezing-related pipe breakage.[1] The bucket toilet may carry significant health risks compared to an improved sanitation system.[2] In regions where people do not have access to improved sanitation – particularly in low-income urban areas of developing countries – a bucket toilet might sometimes be an improvement compared to pit latrines or open defecation.[3] They are often used as a temporary measure in emergencies.[4] More sophisticated versions consist of a bucket under a wooden frame supporting a toilet seat and lid, possibly lined with a plastic bag, but A plastic bucket fitted with a toilet many are simply a large bucket without a bag. Newspaper, cardboard, seat for comfort and a lid and plastic straw, sawdust or other absorbent materials are often layered into the bag for waste containment bucket toilet. 1 Applications 1.1 Developing countries 1.2 Cold climates 1.3 Emergencies 2 Usage and maintenance 2.1 Disposal or treatment and reuse of collected excreta 3 Health aspects 4 Upgrading options 4.1 Two bucket system 4.2 Composting toilets 5History 6 Examples 6.1 Ghana 6.2 Kenya 6.3 Namibia 6.4 United States 6.5 Canada 6.6 South Africa 6.7 India 1 of 7 1/3/2017 2:53 PM Bucket toilet - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_toilet 7 See also 8 References Developing countries Bucket toilets are used in households[3] and even in health care facilities[5] in some developing countries where people do not have access to improved sanitation. -
Ecological Sanitation- an Overview
Ecological sanitation- an overview Professor Dr. Petter D. Jenssen The Norwegian University of Life Sciences Course: ”Appropriate sanitation for the developing world”, August 15. 2005 Ecosan toilet center Bangalore India Faeces Urine Wash water Ecosan toilet center Bangalore India • Serves 800 people • Produces 50 tonn bananas/year • Produces compost for sale • Employs 10 people • Annual cost 10 US$/user Experience from Bangalore • Application of compost increases the plants tolerance to water stress • Application of compost is essential for nutrient utilization in weathered (red) tropical soil 1st. generation 2nd. generation Bangalore - India design: Lin Jiang, China 20 - 40% water consumption in sewered cities is due to the water toilet (Gardner 1997) Ecological engineering The development of human society with nature for the benefit of both. (W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jørgensen in Ecological engineering, 1989) Design of ecological sanitation systems • System approach (Urban Water 2001) Resources in wastewater Annual discharge from one person • Nitrogen (N) 4.5 kg • Phosphorus (P) 0.6 kg • Potassium (K) 1.0 kg • Organic matter (BOD) 35 kg Loss of Soil Fertility (slow but dramatic, global scale) Can be counteracted by returning treated biowaste (Map from WWW.FAO.ORG) The wastewater resource The fertilizer value of the nutrients dicharged to the sewer systems in Norway 30 million USD per year The wastewater resource The fertilizer value of the blackwater from 900 Mio people in rural China 2.5 billion USD per year (UNESCO 2001) Phosphorus is a limited resource. Present mineral P-sources Recycle? will last 100 - 200 years. (Bøckman et al. 1991) Production of 1kg mineral nitrogen fertilizer requires 38 MJ = 10.5kWh of energy. -
Infrastructure and Sanitation in Colonial and Postcolonial Bombay.', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research., 32 (2)
Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 07 August 2009 Version of attached le: Accepted Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: McFarlane, C. (2008) 'Governing the contaminated city : infrastructure and sanitation in colonial and postcolonial Bombay.', International journal of urban and regional research., 32 (2). pp. 415-435. Further information on publisher's website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2008.00793.x Publisher's copyright statement: The denitive version is available at www.blackwell-synergy.com. Additional information: Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk Governing the Contaminated City: Infrastructure and Sanitation in Colonial and Postcolonial Bombay International Journal of Urban and Regional Research Colin McFarlane Department of Geography Science Site Durham University Durham DH13LE Tel: 00 44 (0)191-334-1959 Fax: 00 44 (0)191-334-1801 Email: [email protected] Acknowledgements For their helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper, I am grateful to Jonathan Anjaria, Amita Baviskar, Matthew Gandy, Steve Graham, Jonathan Rutherford, Jeremy Seekings, to members of the School of Geography, University of Nottingham for useful feedback during a seminar, and to two anonymous referees.