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Biogas and Ecological Sanitation Millennium Development Goals Biogas and ecological sanitation Biogas and ecological sanitation Heinz-Peter Mang Fördergesellschaft für nachhaltige Biogas- und Bioenergienutzung (FNBB) e.V. - German Biogas and Bioenergy Society GERBIO - on behalf of Im Auftrag des: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH FNBB e.V. / GERBIO 1 Biogas and ecological sanitation Millennium development goals (MDGs) ⇒ Achievement of poverty eradication and sustainable development by rapidly increasing access to basic requirements such as clean water, sanitation, energy, health care, food security and the protection of biodiversity ⇒ Set target for water and sanitation: To halve the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and to adequate sanitation by 2015 2 1 3.4 millon peopleBiogas (1.5 milllion and ecological of them sanitation children up to 5 years old) die each year of Challenges diseases arising from inadequate water supply and sanitation 1.0 billion people lack access to drinking water 2.4 billion people (40% of the world population) are without basic sanitation UN’s Millennium Development Goal: To halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation - this will not be achievable by conventional sanitation alone FNBB e.V. / GERBIO 3 Biogas and ecological sanitation Shortcomings of conventional „flush and discharge“ sanitation • Unsatisfactory purification or uncon- trolled discharge of more than 90 % of wastewater worldwide • Pollution of waters by organics, nutrients, hazardous substances, pathogens, pharmaceutical residues, hormones, etc. • Unbearable health risks and spread of disease • Severe environmental damage and eutrophication of the water cycle • Consumption of precious water for transport of waste (water carriage waste disposal system) • High investment, energy, operating and maintenance costs • Frequent subsidization of prosperous areas and neglect of poorer settlements • Loss of valuable nutrients and trace elements contained in excrements due to discharge into waters • Impoverishment of agricultural soils, increased dependence on chemical fertilizers • Combined, central systems are predominant in organised waste- water disposal, resulting in problems with contaminated se-wage sludge 4 • Linear end-of-pipe technology 2 Biogas and ecological sanitation Shortcomings of conventional „drop and store“ sanitation Retention of solids Infiltration of liquids Pathogens Nitrates Polluted groundwater Viruses 5 Biogas and ecological sanitation Phosphate • World demand for phosphate fertilizers continues to expand in relation to increased world population and food requirements. • For the period 2003-07, world phosphate consumption is forecasted to increase by 2.6% annually. • Within about 60 years, all reserved phosphate are expected to be mined. • Future conflicts on the access to phosphate are likely, due to the limited reserves and the concentration of significant minable resources in a very small number of countries. 6 (US Geological survey, 2003) 3 Biogas and ecological sanitation Limitación del fosforo Lifetime of phosphate reserves at different scenarios (parameter:yearly increase of phosphate consumption based on 7,000,000 t P2O5 reserves) 100 80 60 [%] 40 most likely 20 2 % 3% 2,5% 0 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 year 7 Biogas and ecological sanitation Balance of the nutrient cycle: In theory, one person can fertilize with his own ecosan recyclates an agricultural area, needed to feed him with vegetables, cereals German law for and fruits. fertilizer use / water shed protection Extension area for urine and faeces application from Maximum N (Nitrate): one adult person: 150 kg/(ha*a) Maximum P 10000 (Phosphorus): 25 4⋅ = 266m² kg/(ha*a) 150 10000 0,675⋅ = 270m² 25 8 4 Biogas and ecological sanitation Fertilizer equivalent of human excreta Fertilizer Equivalence of Yearly per Capita Excreted Nutrients and Fertiliser Requirements for Producing 6 250 kg of Cereals 5 cereal requirements 4 faeces 3 Nutrient (kg) 2 urine 1 0 NNPPKK (Drangert, 1998) 9 • ImprovementBiogas of and health ecologicalby minimizing sanitation the introduction of pathogens from Biogas as the heart of ecological sanitation human excrements into the water cycle • Promotion of recycling by safe, hygienic recovery and use of nutrients, organics, trace elements, water and energy • Conservation of resources through optimised water and energy consumption, substitution of chemical fertilisers, minimization of water pollution • Preference for modular, decentralised partial-flow systems for more appropriate, energy and cost-efficient solutions • Possibility to integrate on-plot systems into houses, increasing user-comfort and security for women and girls • Preservation of soil fertility improving of agricultural productivity and, hence contribution to food security • Promotion of a holistic, interdisciplinary approach (hygiene, water supply and sanitation, resource conservation, environmental protection, urban planning, agriculture, food-security, small business promotion, household energy etc) • Material flow cycle instead of 10 disposal 5 Biogas and ecological sanitation Composition of household wastewater 11 Biogas and ecological sanitation Separation of substances greywater urine faeces rainwater organic waste (shower, substances (yellowwater) (brownwater) washing, etc.) constructed anaerobic composting, hygienisation by wetlands, gardening, filtration, digestion, anaerobic storage or wastewater ponds, biol. biological treatment drying, digestion drying composting treatment, membrane- treatment technology irrigation, soil biogas, water supply, liquid or dry groundwater- improvement, utilisation soil groundwater- fertiliser recharge or biogas improvement recharge direct reuse 12 6 Biogas and ecological sanitation Characteristics of substances fraction characteristic 1. faeces • hygienically critical • consists of organics, nutrients and trace elements • improves soil quality and increase its water retention capacity 2. urine • less hygienically critical • contains the largest proportion of nutrients available to plants • may contain hormones or medical residues 3. greywater • of no major hygienic concern • volumetrically the largest portion of wastewater • contains almost no nutrients (simplified treatment) • may contain spent washing powders etc. 13 Biogas and ecological sanitation Agricultural utilisation of nutrients Human faeces and urine can be utilised in agriculture under the following conditions: ¾ Proper pre-treatment (storage, drying, composting, anaerobic fermentation, heating, filtration, irradiation with UV etc.) ¾ Suitable „handling“ (with security measures) ¾ Limitation to specific vegetables and field crops, and to specific vegetation periods, depending on pre-treatment ¾ Regular sampling and hygiene control ¾ Respect of the crops nutrient needs (no over-fertilisation) 14 7 Biogas and ecological sanitation WHO guidelines for agricultural use of treated wastewater Feacal Person / Nematodes coliforms Category Use Group [Eggs / kg] [number / exposed 100 g] worker, Application to field crop A consumer, </= 1 </= 1000 (used for raw food) public Application to field crop no B (for industrial use, worker </= 1 suggested feedstock, trees) standard Local application to fieldcropof cat. B, not C none not relevant without contact to relevant persons 15 Biogas and ecological sanitation Centralized and decentralized system Centralized Partially decentralized Fully decentralized (Larsen, 2001) • centralized sewer system • e.g. separate collection of • cmall-scale closed and treatment urine or blackwater cycles of water • recovery of nutrients and • centralized nutrient and materials water e.g. through reuse processing facility of wastewater • centralised greywater sewer systam and 16 treatment 8 Biogas and ecological sanitation Cost comparison: ecosan vs conventional Vacuum urine-diversion toilet Conventional toilet (WC) Composting urine diversion Cost toilet (Berliner Wasserbetrieb) Time (year) Projected costs for sanitation service for 5000 inhabitants, Germany 17 Biogas and ecological sanitation examples of urine diverting toilets China DRY Wost-Man, Schweden Dubletten, Sweden waterless faeces without, urine with flush WET Roediger, Germany low-flush GTZ,Mali 18 9 Biogas and ecological sanitation waterless urinals Lambertsmühle, Germany Mon Museum, vacuum urinal Sweden KfW-building, Germany 19 Biogas and ecological sanitation examples of composting toilets Norway Sweden Germany 20 10 Biogas and ecological sanitation examples of composting toilets •ecosan technologies Japan, Bio-Lux (Seiwa Denko Ltd) Several mixing mechanisms Mixing chamber with sawdust 21 Biogas and ecological sanitation examples of dehydrating toilets Rear view of a dehydrating toilet, Mali Dehydrating toilet, China “Enviroloo”, South Africa 22 11 Biogas and ecological sanitation vacuum toilets Vacuum toilet, Germany, Roediger GmbH 23 Biogas and ecological sanitation In-house, neighbourhood or central vacuum collection networks Shoshong, Botswana 24 12 ecosan pilot projects Biogas and ecological sanitation ecosan-study and reuse experiments in Havana, Cuba (supported by GTZ) • Study of options for reuse of urine and faeces in existing urban agriculture in Havana 25 ecosan pilot projects Biogas and ecological sanitation participatory development of ecosan solutions in Gibeon and Mariental, Namibia (supported by GTZ) • Information, awareness building, situation and stakeholder analysis • Participatory development
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