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6297 Revista Filosofie Nr 2 Tipar.Indd SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONScientifi c contribution OF of MEDICALmedical scientists SCIENTISTS in middle ages in Azerbaijan IN MIDDLE AGES IN AZERBAIJAN Farid ALAKBARLI, Vuqar MAMMADOV, Aida BANDALIYEVA, Department of Information and Translation of the Institute of Manuscripts of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Azerbaijan Medical University Rezumat Azerbaidjanul este o țară la intersecția a numeroase culturi, religii și civilizații. Ca ur- mare, medicina antică a fost influențată de diferite sisteme de vindecare, cum ar fi: turcă, iraniană, semitică și greacă. Locuitorii antici ai Azerbaidjanului au manifestat anumite cunoștințe în domeniul medicinei. Institutul de Manuscrise al Academiei Naționale de Științe din Azerbaidjan (IMANAS) conține o colecție de 390 de documente ale medicinei timpurii, inclusiv 363 de manuscrise ce datează din secolul IX, incluse de UNESCO în Registrul Internațional al Programului „Memoria Lumii”. Cuvinte-cheie: istorie, manuscrise medicale, farmacie, spital, farmaceutic. A zerbaijan is a country at the crossroads of numerous cultures, religions and civilizations. Th erefore, ancient Azerbaijani medicine was infl uenced by various healing systems, such as Turkic, Iranian, Semitic and Greek medicine. Ancient inhabitants of Azerbaijan had certain knowledge in the fi eld of medicine. New era in medicine began aft er the invasion of Arabs and the spread of Islam in Azerbaijan. Th e development of various sciences, including medicine in Azerbaijan, occurred when Islam was introduced (7th century AD). Th e great empire created by Arabs and named Khalifat rapidly merged various cultures of the Islamic domain. Since then, the Azeri, Turkish, Persian, Indian, Greek, Arabic, Turkish schools of medicine deeply infl uenced each other. Various scientifi c traditions located within the boundaries of this common empire led to an unprecedented era of mixing infusion in all branches of science [1]. Arabic, the language in which the Holy Koran had been written, gradually became the offi cial language of culture and science, including medicine. Th is facilitated understanding between Azerbaijani physicians and those from various eastern countries. By the 10th century, a single language linked peoples from Spain to India. Since then, the Arabic language became for Azerbaijan what Latin and Greek had been to the West - the language of literature, the arts and sciences, and the common tongue of the educated. Th e Memory of the World Program is carried out by UNESCO to discover and protect the most important, rare and unique written documents which are crucial and irreplaceable not only for separate regions, states or nations, but for the humankind in the whole. Now several medieval manuscripts from Azerbaijan have been added to this list. Th e Institute of Manuscripts of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (IMANAS) named aft er Muhammad Fuzuli, has a collection of 390 early medical documents, which include 363 manuscripts dating from the 9th century. Most are written in Arabic - the 239 66297297 RRevistaevista FFilosofieilosofie nnr_2_Tipar.inddr_2_Tipar.indd 223939 225.08.20155.08.2015 99:05:22:05:22 Farid Alakbarli, Vuqar Mammadov, Aida Bandaliyeva literary script of the day. Of these, 70 are in the Arabic language, 71 in Turkic languages (Azeri, Ottoman Turkish, Tatar, Kumyk, Uzbek), and the remainder in Persian. Th e Manuscript Institute is fortunate to have some unique treasures in their collection. In 29 July 2005, UNESCO adopted the decision on inclusion of the collection of medieval medical manuscripts on medicine and pharmacy presented by the Institute of Manuscripts of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences in the İnternational Register of the „Memory of the World” Programme. Th ree items are beinq nominated for insription on the Register as a set of documents on a specifi c theme. Th ere are: „Zakhirai-Nazimshahi” (Supplies of Nizamshah) by Rustam Jurjani, „al-Qanun fi at-Tibb” ( Canon of Medicine, the Second Book) by Abu Ali İbn Sina (Avisenna) and „al-Makala as-Salasun” (Th irtieth Treatise) by Abu al-Qasim al-Zahravi (Abulcasis). Th e Manuscript Institute is fortunate to have some real treasures in their collection. For example, it preserves one of the oldest copies of the second volume of „Canon of Medicine” (1030) by Ibn Sina, known in the West as Avicenna (980-1037). Th e manuscript was copied in 537 Hijra (1143) in Baghdad. Th e second book is primarily devoted to pharmacology. It contains pharmaceutical descriptions of hundreds of natural medicines: plants, minerals and animal substances. Th e uniqueness of the manuscript is in that it is one of the most ancient manuscripts of „Canon” in the world which was copied only 104 years aft er the author’s death. Avicenna’s manuscript is considered to be the most reliable in the world. Th e second volume of „Canon of Medicine” was translated into Uzbek and Russian basically from the abovementioned Baku manuscript (Tashkent, 1980-1982). Avicenna, born in the town of Afshana nearby Bukhara (Uzbekistan), did much of his medical observation later on in Persia and Azerbaijan. „Canon”, an encyclopedic work in Arabic, is considered to be the single, most famous book in medical history - both in the East and in the West. During the Middle Ages, the „Canon of Medicine” infl uenced the development of medical sciences in the whole Muslim World and Christian Europe. In the 12th century, the Canon was translated from Arabic to Latin by Gerard of Cremona (1140-1187) and used as a medical textbook in European universities. Th e book was held in such reverence that Michelangelo was recorded as saying: „It is better to be mistaken following Avicenna than to be true following others” [2]. Th e manuscript is written on the thick white paper. Th e text is black, titles are written in red ink. Format: 18x20 cm, number of leaves: 186, code: M136/17026 Th is book was written in the 13th century and imitates the famous medical book by Zeynaddin Jurjani. Rustam Jurjani’s manuscript is unique, because it is the only manuscript of this book in the world. „Zakhirai-Nizamshahi” by Rustam Jurjani is the original work resembling „Zakhirai Kharazmshahi” by Zeynaddin Ibn Abu Ibrahim Jurjani (12th century), the famous Central Asian author. Th e manuscript is unique and is not found in other manuscripts deposits in the world. In any case, its name is not shown in any known catalogues of the world. 240 66297297 RRevistaevista FFilosofieilosofie nnr_2_Tipar.inddr_2_Tipar.indd 224040 225.08.20155.08.2015 99:05:22:05:22 Scientifi c contribution of medical scientists in middle ages in Azerbaijan Th e date of compilation is not known, but the manuscript was copied in the 16th century (954 by Hijra). Th e book provides descriptions of pharmaceutical properties of medicinal herbs, animal substances, minerals and complex medicines. It infl uenced the development of medicine and pharmacology in Persian-speaking countries and those areas where Persian was in use. It was partially researched in Azerbaijan. Th e work is preserved as a manuscript and still is not translated and published. Th e manuscript was written in the nasta’lik script on white paper in black ink. Th e titles are written in red ink. Th e binding is of black leather. Th e fi rst page is decorated with an ornament. Th e format: 16x25 cm, number of leaves - 487, code M220/5305. One of the tomes of a comprehensive book about „Surgery and Surgical Instruments” written in Arabic. Th is unique manuscript is one of the rarest and most ancient manuscripts of this book in the World. Th e book contains pictures of approximately 200 medieval surgical instruments. Zahravi (who died in 1013) is the only medieval author who provides pictures of so many surgical instruments, and explains methods of their application. Th is work infl uenced the development of surgery in the Muslim East and Europe. Abulkasim was born in Andalusia (Spain) when this country was under the Arab rule. During many centuries Zakhravi’s book was the most authoritative textbook on surgery both in East and West. In medieval Europe Abu al-Qasim was known as Abulcasis or Albucasis (the Latinized form of „Abulkasim”). Al-Zahrawi is believed to have been born in the city of al-Zahra, six miles northwest of Cordoba, sometime between 936 and 940. It was here that he lived, studied, taught and practiced medicine and surgery until shortly before his death in about 1013, two years aft er the sacking of al-Zahra. Because al-Zahra was pillaged and destroyed, little is known about its illustrious son El Zahrawi. He was fi rst mentioned by the Andalusian scholar Abu Muhammad bin Hazm (993-1064), who listed him among the great physician- surgeons of Moorish Spain. Th e fi rst known biography of al-Zahrawi, however, appeared in al-Humaydi’s Jadhwat al- Muqtabis (On Andalusian Savants), completed six decades aft er al- Zahrawi’s death.It is clear from al-Zahrawi’s life history and from his writings that he devoted his entire life and genius to the advancement of medicine as a whole and surgery in particular. Al-Zahrawi wrote a medical encyclopedia spanning 30 volumes which included sections on surgery, medicine, orthopedics, ophthalmology, pharmacology, nutrition etc. Th is book was known as al-Tasrif and contained data that al-Zahrawi had accumulated during a career that spanned almost 50 years of training, teaching and practice. He apparently traveled very little but had wide experience in treating accident victims and war casualties [3]. Th e most importance treatise is the one on surgery. Th is monumental work was the fi rst in Arabic to treat surgery independently and in detail. It included many pictures of surgical instruments, most invented by al-Zahrawi himself, and explanations of their use. Al-Zahrawi was the fi rst medical author to provide illustrations of instruments used in surgery.
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