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The Case of Nepal Page 20 Shikha Silwal The Economics of Vol. 8, No. 2 (2013) Peace and Security Articles Journal William C. Bunting on conflict over fundamental rights © www.epsjournal.org.uk Boris Gershman on envy and conflict ISSN 1749-852X Shikha Silwal on the spatial-temporal spread of civil war in Nepal A publication of Smita Ramnarain on the role of women’s cooperatives in Nepalese Economists for Peace peacebuilding and Security (U.K.) Guro Lien on the political economy of security sector reform Editors Jurgen Brauer, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA J. Paul Dunne, University of Cape Town, South Africa The Economics of Peace and Security Journal © www.epsjournal.org.uk, ISSN 1749-852X A publication of Economists for Peace and Security (U.K.) Editors Aims and scope Jurgen Brauer Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA This journal raises and debates all issues related to the political economy of personal, communal, national, J. Paul Dunne international, and global conflict, peace and security. The scope includes implications and ramifications of University of Cape Town, South Africa conventional and nonconventional conflict for all human and nonhuman life and for our common habitat. Web editor Special attention is paid to constructive proposals for conflict resolution and peacemaking. While open to Thea Harvey-Barratt Economists for Peace and Security, Annandale-upon- noneconomic approaches, most contributions emphasize economic analysis of causes, consequences, and Hudson, NY, USA possible solutions to mitigate conflict. Book review editor The journal is aimed at specialist and nonspecialist readers, including policy analysts, policy and Elisabeth Sköns decisionmakers, national and international civil servants, members of the armed forces and of peacekeeping Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, services, the business community, members of nongovernmental organizations and religious institutions, and Stockholm, Sweden others. Contributions are scholarly or practitioner-based, but written in a general-interest style. Articles in The EPS Journal are solicited by the editors and subject to peer review. Readers are, however, Associate editors encouraged to submit proposals for articles or symposia (2 to 4 articles on a common theme), or to correspond Michael Brzoska, Germany Keith Hartley, UK with the editors over specific contributions they might wish to make. In addition, comments on published Neil Cooper, UK Christos Kollias, Greece articles (<500 words) are welcome. Write to us at [email protected] or contact us via the journal’s Lloyd J. Dumas, USA Stefan Markowski, Australia Manuel Ferreira, Portugal Sam Perlo-Freeman, Sweden home page at www.epsjournal.org.uk. David Gold, USA Thomas Scheetz, Argentina Gülay Günlük- ¶enesen, Turkey Elisabeth Sköns, Sweden Peter Hall, Australia Ron Smith, UK Geoff Harris, South Africa Herbert Wulf, Germany Advisory board Hamid Ali, Egypt Richard Kaufman, USA Wolfram Elsner, Germany John Tepper Marlin, USA Jacques Fontanel, France Philip Verwimp, Holland/Belgium James Galbraith, USA David Throsby, Australia Michael D. Intriligator, USA Ruslan Grinberg, Russia EPS trustees Clark Abt Daniel McFadden* George Akerlof* Roger Myerson* Oscar Arias* Douglass C. North* Kenneth J. Arrow* George A. Papandreou* William J. Baumol Robert Reich Barbara Bergmann Thomas Schelling* Andrew Brimmer Amartya Sen* Robert J. Gordon William Sharpe* Sir Richard Jolly Robert M. Solow* Lawrence R. Klein* Joseph E. Stiglitz* Eric Maskin* (*Nobel Laureate) The Economics of Peace and Security Journal , ISSN 1749-852X Contents and abstracts p. 3 © www.epsjournal.org.uk – Vol. 8, No. 2 (2013) Vol. 8, No. 2 (2013) – Contents Abstracts page 4 Litigated conflict over fundamental rights: A static model page 5 William C. Bunting Envy in the process of development: Implications for social page 13 relations and conflict Boris Gershman A spatial-temporal analysis of civil war: The case of Nepal page 20 Shikha Silwal The political economy of peacebuilding: The case of women’s page 26 cooperatives in Nepal Smita Ramnarain Bringing the economy back in: The political economy of page 35 security sector reform Guro Lien Comments and replies as well as book reviews and books available for review are posted at www.epsjournal.org.uk. The Economics of Peace and Security Journal , ISSN 1749-852X Contents and abstracts p. 4 © www.epsjournal.org.uk – Vol. 8, No. 2 (2013) Smita Ramnarain . “The political economy of peacebuilding: Women’s cooperatives Abstracts in Nepal.” Critiques of liberal, top-down approaches to peacebuilding have motivated a discussion of alternative, locally-led, and community-based approaches to achieving William C. Bunting . “Litigated conflict over fundamental rights: A static model.” and maintaining sustainable peace. This article uses a case study of women’s savings This article introduces a static, within-country, game-theoretic model of litigated and credit cooperatives in post-violence Nepal to examine the ways in which conflict over fundamental rights. The static model suggests that increased judicial grassroots-based, locally-led peace initiatives can counter top-down approaches. The interference in the determination of fundamental rights through democratic elections article presents ethnographic evidence from fieldwork in Nepal on how cooperatives is never social welfare-increasing, even if judicial and political biases run in opposite expand through their everyday activities the definition of peace to include not only the directions (i.e., if the judicial process is biased in favor of one interest group and the absence of violence (negative peace) but transformatory goals such as social justice political process is biased in favor of an ideologically-opposed interest group). In (positive peace). By focusing on ongoing root causes of structural violence, addition, the analysis identifies a set of parameters where social welfare increases if cooperatives problematize the postconflict period where pre-war normalcy is the extent to which the litigated conflict over fundamental rights in the society is presumed to have returned. They emphasize local agency and ownership over formal “constitutionalized” is decreased (i.e., if litigation effort becomes more expensive peace processes. The findings suggest ongoing struggles that cooperatives face due and/or less effective). A few real-world examples of the implications of this static to their existence within larger, liberal paradigms of international postconflict aid and analysis are examined, including gun control and the possible future reconstitution of reconstruction assistance. Their uneasy relationship with liberal economic structures the judiciary in Syria. [JEL codes: D72, D74, K23, K41, P16] limit their scale and scope of effectiveness even as they provide local alternatives for peacebuilding. [JEL codes: D71, D74, P48, O19] Boris Gershman . “Envy in the process of development: Implications for Social Relations and Conflict.” This article examines envy as an important cultural link Guro Lien . “Bringing the economy back in: The political economy of security sector between inequality, institutions, development, and conflict. It argues that envy can be reform.” The mechanisms underlying the relation between development and security either a source of strife and stagnation or an engine for peaceful competition and are difficult to define and poorly understood. This has not hindered various donor growth. The fundamental conditions that activate the constructive side of envy and countries, NGOs, or international organizations from designing and implementing shut down its destructive side are access to productive investment opportunities, Security Sector Reform (SSR) initiatives with the presumption that increasing equality, security of property rights, and mild social comparisons. The dominant role security, usually by strengthening state capacity, will lead to increased socioeconomic of envy in society gives rise to a set of related cultural norms and beliefs that affect development. However, in many postwar settings, low state capacity is seen as a economic performance and social relations. While constructive envy is manifested in desired outcome. The argument in this article is that an exclusive focus on formal emulation or even envy-provocation—standard features of a consumer society— state structures in SSR efforts makes several assumption that reduce the possibility destructive envy produces a fear-of-envy culture that hampers economic incentives of success. There is no “one size fits all” approach to statebuilding, and designing and creates an environment of suspicion and conflict. [JEL codes: D31, D62, D74, SSR activities without taking into account the premises of the local economic O10, O43, Z10, Z13] structures may only lead to short-term regime security. [JEL codes: P26, F52, F53, O19] Shikha Silwal . “A spatial-temporal analysis of civil war: The case of Nepal.” The study models the spread of Nepal’s civil war across geography and over time. The potential effects of poverty, geography, caste, and prewar election outcomes on the spread and intensity of war-violence is examined, using data from the 1996 to 2006 Nepalese-Maoist civil war. Results suggest, first, that proximity to war-affected area is the key determinant of whether or not war spreads to another area and, second, that the intensity of violence increases as time elapses. Once proximity to areas already affected by war is accounted for, socioeconomic conditions related to poverty and
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