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Jorge Fallas 1 XLStatistics ANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICO CON EXCEL La información independientemente de lo costosa que haya sido crearla, puede ser replicada y compartida a un costo mínimo o nulo. -- Thomas Jefferson Jorge Fallas 2010 i Contenido ¿Qué es estadística? ...................................................................................................................... 1 Exactitud y precisión ....................................................................................................................... 1 Variables: medición y clasificación .................................................................................................. 2 Variables cualitativas ................................................................................................................ 2 Variables cuantitativas ............................................................................................................. 3 El proceso de investigación ............................................................................................................. 4 Terminología ................................................................................................................................... 5 Prueba de hipótesis: Error tipo I y II ............................................................................................... 12 Sugerencias para el análisis de datos ........................................................................................... 13 Estadística: Software gratuito ........................................................................................................ 13 ¿Qué es XLSTatistics? .................................................................................................................. 16 Instalación ..................................................................................................................................... 17 Desinstalación ............................................................................................................................... 17 XLStatistics: interfaz grafica y funciones ....................................................................................... 17 Otros complementos gratuitos para análisis estadístico en Excel .................................................. 23 Complementos comerciales para Excel ......................................................................................... 23 Programas gratuitos y en línea para análisis estadístico ............................................................... 24 Sitios de interés ............................................................................................................................. 25 Análisis de una variable numérica (variable cuantitativa discreta ó continua) ................................ 28 Data and Description: Datos y su descripción ........................................................................ 29 Summaries: Síntesis de datos (Tabla de frecuencia y gráficos).............................................. 30 Tests: Pruebas estadísticas ................................................................................................... 31 Prueba “t” para una muestra (requisitos muestra independiente y normalidad) ...................... 31 Análisis de Residuos .............................................................................................................. 31 Prueba de Normalidad ........................................................................................................... 33 Análisis de poder y determinación de tamaño de muestra ...................................................... 33 Análisis de error marginal para IC de la media ....................................................................... 34 Pruebas no paramétricas ....................................................................................................... 35 Prueba de signos (prueba de mediana) .................................................................................. 35 Prueba de Chi-2 para la varianza ........................................................................................... 35 Intervalos de tolerancia y de predicción .................................................................................. 36 Herramientas adicionales ....................................................................................................... 36 Datos agrupados 1NumGD.xls ............................................................................................... 36 Gráfico de probabilidad normal ............................................................................................... 37 Análisis de una variable cualitativa (nominal-ordinal) .................................................................... 38 Data and Description: Datos y su descripción ........................................................................ 38 ii Summaries: Tabla de frecuencia y gráficos ............................................................................ 39 Tests: Intervalo de confianza y prueba de hipótesis para proporciones (N grande) ................ 39 Análisis de poder y determinación de tamaño de muestra ...................................................... 40 Análisis de error marginal para IC de proporciones ................................................................ 40 Intervalo de confianza y prueba de hipótesis para proporciones (muestras pequeñas) .......... 40 Prueba de Bondad de ajuste (ji-cuadrado) ............................................................................. 41 Prueba de corridas o de Wald–Wolfowitz ............................................................................... 41 Análisis de dos variables numéricas (continuas ó discretas): Correlación y regresión simple ........ 43 Conceptos básicos sobre regresión lineal simple ................................................................... 44 Data and Description: Datos y su descripción ........................................................................ 45 Análisis de correlación y regresión lineal ................................................................................ 45 Prueba de hipótesis (intercepto, pendiente) ........................................................................... 45 Análisis de varianza: significancia del modelo ........................................................................ 46 Análisis de residuos: Evaluación de los supuestos del modelo............................................... 46 Intervalo de predicción y banda de predicción ........................................................................ 50 Herramientas adicionales ....................................................................................................... 50 Ajuste de funciones ................................................................................................................ 51 Transformaciones lineales ...................................................................................................... 51 Ecuación polinomial ............................................................................................................... 51 Regresión no lineal ................................................................................................................. 51 Cambio de pendiente (tendencia) en el set de datos .............................................................. 52 Media móvil ............................................................................................................................ 52 Media con barras ó bandas de error ....................................................................................... 53 Regresión lineal localmente ponderada .................................................................................. 53 Estadísticos descriptivos y gráficos para la variable predictora (X) y la dependiente (Y) ........ 55 Análisis de correlación no paramétrico ................................................................................... 56 Series de tiempo .................................................................................................................... 56 Ejercicio ................................................................................................................................. 57 Modelos matemáticos para datos cuantitativos bivariados ..................................................... 57 Precauciones al realizar un análisis de correlación-regresión ................................................ 57 Ejemplo de análisis de regresión utilizando software en línea ................................................ 59 Análisis de una variable numérica y otra nominal (1Num1Cat) ...................................................... 65 Datos y estadísticos descriptivos ............................................................................................ 65 Grafico de frecuencia comparativo por categoría ................................................................... 66 Grafico de Columna ............................................................................................................... 67 Grafico de medias con barra de error ..................................................................................... 67 Grafico de medias con mas categorías .................................................................................. 68 Análisis de varianza paramétrico de 1 vía .............................................................................. 68 iii Supuestos del
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