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Home , Hathigumpha inscription, Kharavela, Udayagiri Caves

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 7, July 2018, pp. 1713–1723, Article ID: IJCIET_09_07_183 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=7 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

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ASSESSMENT OF CAVE ARCHITECTURE OF KHANDGIRI AND UDAYGIRI CAVES OF ORISSA

Ar. Ravish Kumar Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, NIT Patna,

Dr. Bijay Kumar Das Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, NIT Patna, India

Dr. Fulena Rajak Professor, Department of Architecture, NIT Patna, India

ABSTRACT Jainism is one of the antiquated religions of world. In antiquated times, Orissa was known as Utkal, which implies utkarsh in kala i.e., phenomenal in the arts. Its rich artistic heritage saturates through time, into present day style, never digressing from the nuts and bolts. The Orissa showed their noteworthy innovative power, in the Jain sculptural art. While they constructed their caves like goliaths, they designed the caves like ace artists. The subject of these models was so fluctuated, for the artist and his creative ability so profound that, as though, he was composing an epic on the surface of the stone. KhandagiriUdayagiri is one of the most seasoned and noticeable siddhakshetras of Jain people group. It is one of the most punctual Jaina rock cut sanctuaries which order a one of a kind place in Eastern India in the historical backdrop of rock cut architecture, art and Jaina religion. The MahameghVahana line of is dealt with as the brilliant time of Jainism. His profound vision extended to the boundless point and he partonised Jainism as state religion). The caves in Udayagiri and Khandgiri outline the Jaina legends, folklore and iconography in the Rani and GanesaGumphas and so forth.So in this paper the details assessment of jain cave architecture of Khandgiri and Udaygiri is presented. Key words: Jainism Cave, Architecture, Orissa. Cite this Article: Ar. Ravish Kumar, Dr. Bijay Kumar Das and Dr. Fulena Rajak, Assessment of Jainism Cave Architecture of Khandgiri and Udaygiri Caves of Orissa. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(7), 2018, pp. 1713- 1723. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=7

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1. INTRODUCTION Jainism is one of the old religions of world. The historical backdrop of Jainism in follows back to the times of Parsvanatha, the 23rd . Khandagiri-Udayagiri is one of the most seasoned and noticeable siddhakshetras of Digambara Jain people group. Lord Kharavela has developed these caves around 2000 years prior for the resting of the Jaina priests. The twin hills bear the cost of the genuine feelings of serenity and the sacredness for religious interest. There are upwards of 32 nos. of caves or cells for sramanas or Jaina priests. A few caverns are as right on time as Mahavirs' time and consecrated by the visit of Arhats [1]. Khandagiri and Udayagiri, the twin hills, are arranged at a separation of 8kms toward the west of Railway station. Thehills are associated with the city by NH-5. The entire range was considered as one general name Khandagiri however the north eastern hill bears a local name, Udayagiri (hill of the dawn). It is one of the soonest Jaina rock cut shelters which order a remarkable place in Eastern India in the historical backdrop of rock cut architecture, art and Jaina religion. The MahameghVahana line of Kharavela is dealt with as the brilliant time of Jainism. The initially found by Sterlin and altered by number of researchers give a precise record of the career and accomplishment of Kharavela till his thirteenth regional year. The paleography, dialect and art altogether show that he had a place with 1st century B.C. It is obvious from the inscription that Jainism was the religion he clung to. The HathiGumpha inscription starts with salutes to Arhats and Sidhas. There are the respected pancaparamesthin of Jaina convictions i.e, Arhatparamesthin, sidhaparamesthin, and sadhu paramesthin [2]. Truly the cave architecture backpedals to Mauryan period. The cave architecture was produced by the utilization of stones for development purposes. The caverns in the hillocks and rockcutshelters were basically implied for the nomades for brief period. The most huge and antiquated architectures are the HathiGumpha cavern with the inscription of the Kalinga King Kharavela of the Chedi tradition, the Rani Gumpha, Svargapuri and Manchapuri caves, Ganesa-Gumpha. Jainism is one of the old religions of world. It is one of the soonest Jaina rock cut shelters which order a remarkable place in Eastern India in the historical backdrop of rock cut architecture, art and Jaina religion. The MahameghVahana tradition of Kharavela is dealt with as the brilliant time of Jainism. His profound vision extended to the boundless point and he partonised Jainism as state religion. The caves in Udayagiri delineate the Jaina legends, mythology and iconography in the Rani and GanesaGumphas. The caves in Udayagiri represent the Jaina legends, mythology and iconography in the Rani and GanesaGumphas. The representations of Kalinga regal figures are appeared in the Rani Gumpha and Manchapuri caves [3].

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY  To study the Jainism and its Cave architecture  To study the cave architecture of khandgiri and udaygiri caves of orissa

3. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The main scope of this study is to examine the various Jain cave architecture existed in Kahandgiri and udaygiri.

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4. METHODOLOGY The study is mainly based on primary sources, collected from different museums, archives, libraries and through the means of field study. Interview with the artists, the sculptors and their survivors was undertaken, to know the genesis and the condition of the sculptors, and artists who shed their sweat and blood, and devoted their lives. Checking and cross checking of source materials, were done before their utilization and interpretation. The modern scientific, historical research methodology was also adopted instantly, for the preparation of the paper.

5. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS There are two hills in Orissa named as Udayagiri and Khanagiri. They are near to Bhubaneswar and located in the difference of 150-200 m with each other. These hills itself a place of monuments of ancient Indian culture. These hills are known as the collection of caves of Jain architecture. There are 18 caves in Udayagiri and 14 caves in Khandagiri. Apart from that the area of caves is diverse. If we look out some other sources then there are around 35 caves in both of the hills and some other sources say that there are 27 caves. [4]. Out of all these caves some are double storeyed caves and some are single. The major portion of caves is single storeyed which is presented in figure.

no. of double- Caves on the Basis of number of stories storeyed caves 11%

no. of single- storeyed caves 89%

These all caves belong to Jain culture and heritage. These caves are in rock- cut design and made by jainpriests in the ruling of King Kharavela but some other are naturaly made. CAVES WRT PLAN SHAPE

No. of Square plan caves 11%

No. of Rectangular plan caves 89%

Udayagiri and Khandagiri is a rich heritage of jain architecture. But It can be seen a similarity between Udayagiri and Khanagiri art and contemporaneous art in .

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6. ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS JAINISMCAVES OF KHANDGIRI AND UDAYGIRI 6.1. Caves of Udayagiri

The caves in Udayagiri are to some degree better known because of a few imperative monuments of history and art [5]: Cave 1:Rani Gumpha is also known as Rani kaNaur and Queen's Cave, Queen's Palace Cave. It has a double storeyed monastery. There are seven entry doors with frontal face. Apart from that there is an upper floor which contains 9 columns. There is a monument of women who is dancing and playing musical instrument. There are also depection of royal people in splendour, rampaging elephants, and monkeys. This cave is famous due to exceptional accoustic characteristics. It is possible that the cave was used for chants and theatre performance, most likely - for Samaja celebration. Cave contains also image of riding a chariot. Cave 2:BajagharaGumpha is known as with two massive built columns in front part, also inner columns are built, e.g. not carved of live rock. It is known as a simple and small cave. It has rectangular shaped pillars. There is no other sculture found in this cave. Cave 3:ChotaHathiGumpha is known as a small size. There are six small elephants figures in the facade. The word 'chotahathi' means small elephant'. ChotaHathiGumpha has a front door onboth sides along with the exquisite with elephants. Cave 4:AlkapuriGumpha is known as double storeyed cave. There are part of columns is built. This cave consists of sculpted ornaments and sculptures. There are exquisite reliefs depicting elephants on rock-cut pillars capital. There are some winged creatures people. Cave 5: Jaya-vijaya is known as double storied cave. In this cave there are some rock-cut columns and some built.It has a relief image of Bodhi tree with umbrella on its top and flanked by people worshipping it. Case 6: PanasaGumpha is known as Simple cell along with two built columns. It is another shelter with ochre paintings near to this cave.

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Cave 7:ThakuraniGumpha is known as Double storeyed cave. In this cave there are some rock-cut and other are built. It has a relief carving with winged animals.It has few tiny relief sculptures. Cave 8:PatalapuriGumpha is cut cave designed roughly. There are two columns at verandah. The columns are decorated with reliefs depicting winged beings.However, there is no notable feature in this cave. Cave 9:MancapuriGumpha is known as double storeyed cave. There are four columns on the lower floor.There are several sculptures and reliefs, inscriptions in this cave.Out of those inscriptions, two inscriptions resembles about Kudepasiri, the successor of Kharavela and Badukha, the son or brother of Kudepasiri. Cave 10:GanesaGumpha is known because of its stone monuments. It has monuments of Jain Tirthankara and some of like fighting people in action. There is an inscription also. It consists of two dwelling cells with low ceilings along with the verandah with a bench in front. Sometimes later the monuments of were made along with the large sculptures of two elephants in front of cave. Cave 11:JambesvaraGumpha has a two plain door opening with low cell. There is an entrance with one column and two pilasters. There is an inscription also which indicates that the cave of Nakyia, wife of Mahamade. Cave 12:VyaghraGumpha is a small cave temple. The word 'vyaghra' means tiger.It's entrance is shaped like some animal‟s head and entrance door is look like the animal‟s throat. The entrance is decorated with domed elements. The cave is of town-judge Sabhuti.Some inscriptions are also there which talk about this cave which belongs to the city of Judge Sabhuti. Cave 13: SarpaGumpha is a small cave which is unusual and decorated on the upper side of entrance.It names „sarpana‟ because „sarpa‟ mean snake. There are two inscriptions found in this cave. Cave 14:HathiGumphahad a great historyand records of King Kharavela‟s empire. It has a natural artificial structure like columns of Verandah. There is an inscription in this cave. Apart from this there are lots of symbols and footprints drawn on this cave. There is a hollowed boulder with entrance doors and windows in the front of HathiGumpha. Cave 15:DhanagharaGumpha has an enntrance of two columns which are massive and unfinished, decorated adorned with door keeper‟s sculpture. Cave 16:HaridasaGumpha is cut cave designed roughly, verandah with one column. There is a inscription in this cave. Cave 17:JagammathGumpha is a roughly rock cut cave. Cave 18:RosaiGumpha is a very small cave and it has only one entarnce. Udayagiri contains also fundament of some structure - floor is laid with levelled blocks of stone, in the stone hewn post holes. The carpet area of 18 Udayagiri caves is presented in graph:

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No. of Cells within 18 Udayagiri Caves

30 25

s l l 20 e 15 of c

o. 10 N 5 0

Caves …

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No. of Cells within 17 Udayagiri Caves 6 5

s l l 4 3 of Ce

o. 2 N 1 0

Caves

6.2. Caves of Khandagiri

Khandagiri hill contains to some degree less caves. Jaina caves in Khandagiri are progressively infringed by neighborhoodBrahmins transforming them into Hindu shrines [6]

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Caves on the Basis of Number of Stories

14%

86%

Cave 1: TatowaGumpha is named this because of the portrayal of parrots cut over the entrance curve. Cave is luxuriously enhanced, decorated with two door-attendants also. The two entrances in the cells thusly are "watched" by two bulls and two lions. Cave 2:TatowaGumpha has a veranda decorated with pilasters;capitals of pilasters contain impeccable carvings. Cave 3:AnantaGumphaconsists of dazzling figures of women, elephants, athletes, geese conveying blossoms. Cave 4:TentuliGumpha is a small rock-cut chamber. There is a verandah with one column. Entrances in shrones decorated with portals. Cave 5:KhandagiriGumphais known as cut cave double storeyed. Cave 6:DhyanaGumpha is generally has a cut cell architecture. Cave 7:NavamuniGumpha is generally has a cut cell, raise wall embellished with Jain Thirtankaras, Sasanadevis and Ganesh. Inscription is carved here. There is a small figure of Chandrparbha seated on alotus. There is a figure of Naga also. Cave 8:BarabhujiGumpha is embellished with Jain Thirtankaras and SasanaDevis. Rock-cut footprints. There are two relief images found in this cave which talk about 12 armed SasanaDevis, hence it is called as BarabhujiGumpha. Some Tirthankara sculptures are also found in this cave. Cave 9:TrusulaGumpha was displayed in medieval circumstances through a few changes. There are three models of Rishabha were found in this collapse the standing posture and look excellent. Aside from these figures there are models of 24 Jain which look rough. Cave 10:AmbikaGumphahas a Few relief images of SasanaDevis are found here Cave 11:LalatendukesariGumpha has a raise wall embellished with reliefs of Mahavira, Parsvanatha, JainThirtankaras. Cave 14: EkadasiGumpha has a basic cell structure. It is very small and simple. No inscriptions are found here.

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Size of 14 Khandagiri Caves

400 ) .

t 350 300 q.F S

( 250

a 200 e

r 150 A

t 100

pe 50 r 0 Ca

Caves

No. of Cells within 14 Khandagiri Caves

6 ) . t 5

q.F 4 S ( 3 a e

r 2 A

t 1 pe

r 0 Ca

Caves

Cell Size within 14 Khandagiri Caves

300 ) . t 250

q.F 200 S (

a 150 e r 100 A

t 50 pe

r 0 Ca

Caves

7. CONCLUSIONS Subsequently, it is concluded from this study sculptural art convention in Odisha is an interesting subject in perspective of the way that, the monuments related with it have made

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1721 [email protected] Assessment of Jainism Cave Architecture of Khandgiri and Udaygiri Caves of Orissa due, all things considered, through the assaults of time. Distinctive leaders of various decision dynasties of Odisha fabricated various temples, caves and artifacts contending with each other. They made due close around two thousand years through the changes of time bearing an intriguing study to the understudies and scientists of history and sculptural art in particular. The portrayal of flying Gandharvas, watches, section figures crowing creatures alongside improving themes in the caves demonstrate the rich art custom of Odisha and also the cave architecture once in a while found in India. Kharavela being a Jain was the harbinger of peacefulness and peace, are reflected in the cave architecture of both Khandagiri and Udayagiri in a one of a kind way which bring the general population of the world together [7].As per analysis, there are in total 32 caves (18 in Udaygiri and 14 in Khandgiri). The area of these caves are diverse.On Udaygiri hill 11 % cave cells are Square in Plan while 89 % caves are rectangular in plan. 11% of caves are double storeyed and 89 % are single storeyed. Rani gumpha is the largest cave with 27 numbers of caves and RasuiGumpha is the smallest cave.On Khandgiri hill all caves are rectangular in plan. 14% of caves are double storied and 86 % are single storied. Khandgirigumpha having 6 numbers of highest number of cell and NavamuniGumpha is the largest cave in area. On both of these hills the roof height in most of the cells are 3‟-6” with flat roof and some of the caves having gable roof configuration varies from 5‟-6” to 6‟-6”. The verandah roof height is 6‟-3 to 6‟9”. With the exception of HathiGumpha.

REFERENCES

[1] Banarjee, SatyaRanjan, Jainism in Different States of India, Jain Bhawan, P-25, Kalakar Street, Calcutta-7, 2001

[2] Basa, K.K and Mohanty, P. (Ed.). 2000. Archaeology of Orissa. Vol. I & II. : PratibhaPrakasan.

[3] TirtharajBhoi (2004) “A Study Of Jain Activity In Western Orissa (From c.B.C. 200– 600A.D.)”, OHRJ, Vol. 5I, No. 1, 131-136

[4] Bandyopadhyay, B. 2007. Excavations at Udaygiri-2. (1997-2000), Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey India.

[5] Suchitra Das (2015) “Kharavela and Jain Cave Architectures in Udayagiri”, SHRINKHALA, VOL-II, ISSUE-V, 38-40

[6] Akhaya Kumar Mishra (2017) “Sculptural Art Of Jains In Odisha: A Study”, International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (IJHSS), Vol. 6, Issue 4, 115-126.

[7] Ar. PranotiKiranMeghal (2018) “Development of Jain Architecture from Caves to Temple Architecture in ”, International Journal of Engineering Research, Volume No.7, Issue Special 2, pp: 188-19

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