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Assessment of Jainism Cave Architecture of Khandgiri and Udaygiri Caves of Orissa

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 7, July 2018, pp. 1713–1723, Article ID: IJCIET_09_07_183 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=7 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed ASSESSMENT OF JAINISM CAVE ARCHITECTURE OF KHANDGIRI AND UDAYGIRI CAVES OF ORISSA Ar. Ravish Kumar Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, NIT Patna, India Dr. Bijay Kumar Das Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, NIT Patna, India Dr. Fulena Rajak Professor, Department of Architecture, NIT Patna, India ABSTRACT Jainism is one of the antiquated religions of world. In antiquated times, Orissa was known as Utkal, which implies utkarsh in kala i.e., phenomenal in the arts. Its rich artistic heritage saturates through time, into present day style, never digressing from the nuts and bolts. The Orissa showed their noteworthy innovative power, in the Jain sculptural art. While they constructed their caves like goliaths, they designed the caves like ace artists. The subject of these models was so fluctuated, for the artist and his creative ability so profound that, as though, he was composing an epic on the surface of the stone. KhandagiriUdayagiri is one of the most seasoned and noticeable siddhakshetras of Digambara Jain people group. It is one of the most punctual Jaina rock cut sanctuaries which order a one of a kind place in Eastern India in the historical backdrop of rock cut architecture, art and Jaina religion. The MahameghVahana line of Kharavela is dealt with as the brilliant time of Jainism. His profound vision extended to the boundless point and he partonised Jainism as state religion). The caves in Udayagiri and Khandgiri outline the Jaina legends, folklore and iconography in the Rani and GanesaGumphas and so forth.So in this paper the details assessment of jain cave architecture of Khandgiri and Udaygiri is presented. Key words: Jainism Cave, Architecture, Orissa. Cite this Article: Ar. Ravish Kumar, Dr. Bijay Kumar Das and Dr. Fulena Rajak, Assessment of Jainism Cave Architecture of Khandgiri and Udaygiri Caves of Orissa. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(7), 2018, pp. 1713- 1723. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=7 http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1713 [email protected] Assessment of Jainism Cave Architecture of Khandgiri and Udaygiri Caves of Orissa 1. INTRODUCTION Jainism is one of the old religions of world. The historical backdrop of Jainism in Odisha follows back to the times of Parsvanatha, the 23rd Tirthankara. Khandagiri-Udayagiri is one of the most seasoned and noticeable siddhakshetras of Digambara Jain people group. Lord Kharavela has developed these caves around 2000 years prior for the resting of the Jaina priests. The twin hills bear the cost of the genuine feelings of serenity and the sacredness for religious interest. There are upwards of 32 nos. of caves or cells for sramanas or Jaina priests. A few caverns are as right on time as Mahavirs' time and consecrated by the visit of Arhats [1]. Khandagiri and Udayagiri, the twin hills, are arranged at a separation of 8kms toward the west of Bhubaneswar Railway station. Thehills are associated with the city by NH-5. The entire range was considered as one general name Khandagiri however the north eastern hill bears a local name, Udayagiri (hill of the dawn). It is one of the soonest Jaina rock cut shelters which order a remarkable place in Eastern India in the historical backdrop of rock cut architecture, art and Jaina religion. The MahameghVahana line of Kharavela is dealt with as the brilliant time of Jainism. The HathiGumpha inscription initially found by Sterlin and altered by number of researchers give a precise record of the career and accomplishment of Kharavela till his thirteenth regional year. The paleography, dialect and art altogether show that he had a place with 1st century B.C. It is obvious from the inscription that Jainism was the religion he clung to. The HathiGumpha inscription starts with salutes to Arhats and Sidhas. There are the respected pancaparamesthin of Jaina convictions i.e, Arhatparamesthin, sidhaparamesthin, and sadhu paramesthin [2]. Truly the cave architecture backpedals to Mauryan period. The cave architecture was produced by the utilization of stones for development purposes. The caverns in the hillocks and rockcutshelters were basically implied for the nomades for brief period. The most huge and antiquated architectures are the HathiGumpha cavern with the inscription of the Kalinga King Kharavela of the Chedi tradition, the Rani Gumpha, Svargapuri and Manchapuri caves, Ganesa-Gumpha. Jainism is one of the old religions of world. It is one of the soonest Jaina rock cut shelters which order a remarkable place in Eastern India in the historical backdrop of rock cut architecture, art and Jaina religion. The MahameghVahana tradition of Kharavela is dealt with as the brilliant time of Jainism. His profound vision extended to the boundless point and he partonised Jainism as state religion. The caves in Udayagiri delineate the Jaina legends, mythology and iconography in the Rani and GanesaGumphas. The caves in Udayagiri represent the Jaina legends, mythology and iconography in the Rani and GanesaGumphas. The representations of Kalinga regal figures are appeared in the Rani Gumpha and Manchapuri caves [3]. 2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To study the Jainism and its Cave architecture To study the cave architecture of khandgiri and udaygiri caves of orissa 3. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The main scope of this study is to examine the various Jain cave architecture existed in Kahandgiri and udaygiri. http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1714 [email protected] Ar. Ravish Kumar, Dr. Bijay Kumar Das and Dr. Fulena Rajak 4. METHODOLOGY The study is mainly based on primary sources, collected from different museums, archives, libraries and through the means of field study. Interview with the artists, the sculptors and their survivors was undertaken, to know the genesis and the condition of the sculptors, and artists who shed their sweat and blood, and devoted their lives. Checking and cross checking of source materials, were done before their utilization and interpretation. The modern scientific, historical research methodology was also adopted instantly, for the preparation of the paper. 5. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS There are two hills in Orissa named as Udayagiri and Khanagiri. They are near to Bhubaneswar and located in the difference of 150-200 m with each other. These hills itself a place of monuments of ancient Indian culture. These hills are known as the collection of caves of Jain architecture. There are 18 caves in Udayagiri and 14 caves in Khandagiri. Apart from that the area of caves is diverse. If we look out some other sources then there are around 35 caves in both of the hills and some other sources say that there are 27 caves. [4]. Out of all these caves some are double storeyed caves and some are single. The major portion of caves is single storeyed which is presented in figure. no. of double- Caves on the Basis of number of stories storeyed caves 11% no. of single- storeyed caves 89% These all caves belong to Jain culture and heritage. These caves are in rock- cut design and made by jainpriests in the ruling of King Kharavela but some other are naturaly made. CAVES WRT PLAN SHAPE No. of Square plan caves 11% No. of Rectangular plan caves 89% Udayagiri and Khandagiri is a rich heritage of jain architecture. But It can be seen a similarity between Udayagiri and Khanagiri art and contemporaneous art in sanchi. http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1715 [email protected] Assessment of Jainism Cave Architecture of Khandgiri and Udaygiri Caves of Orissa 6. ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS JAINISMCAVES OF KHANDGIRI AND UDAYGIRI 6.1. Caves of Udayagiri The caves in Udayagiri are to some degree better known because of a few imperative monuments of history and art [5]: Cave 1:Rani Gumpha is also known as Rani kaNaur and Queen's Cave, Queen's Palace Cave. It has a double storeyed monastery. There are seven entry doors with frontal face. Apart from that there is an upper floor which contains 9 columns. There is a monument of women who is dancing and playing musical instrument. There are also depection of royal people in splendour, rampaging elephants, and monkeys. This cave is famous due to exceptional accoustic characteristics. It is possible that the cave was used for chants and theatre performance, most likely - for Samaja celebration. Cave contains also image of Surya riding a chariot. Cave 2:BajagharaGumpha is known as with two massive built columns in front part, also inner columns are built, e.g. not carved of live rock. It is known as a simple and small cave. It has rectangular shaped pillars. There is no other sculture found in this cave. Cave 3:ChotaHathiGumpha is known as a small size. There are six small elephants figures in the facade. The word 'chotahathi' means small elephant'. ChotaHathiGumpha has a front door onboth sides along with the exquisite relief with elephants. Cave 4:AlkapuriGumpha is known as double storeyed cave. There are part of columns is built. This cave consists of sculpted ornaments and sculptures. There are exquisite reliefs depicting elephants on rock-cut pillars capital. There are some winged creatures people. Cave 5: Jaya-vijaya is known as double storied cave. In this cave there are some rock-cut columns and some built.It has a relief image of Bodhi tree with umbrella on its top and flanked by people worshipping it. Case 6: PanasaGumpha is known as Simple cell along with two built columns. It is another shelter with ochre paintings near to this cave.
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  • Iasbaba's Daily Quiz

    Iasbaba's Daily Quiz

    IASbaba’s Daily Quiz February 8, 2018 Q.1) Consider the following statements about inverted duty structure 1. The issue of inverted duty structure arises mainly because of import duty on finished products is lower than import duty on raw materials 2. The natural corollary of an inverted duty structure is that it affects the competitiveness and sustainability of the domestic manufacturing industry Select the correct statements a) 1 Only b) 2 Only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q.1) Solution (c) Inverted duty structure is a situation where import duty on finished goods is low compared to the import duty on raw materials that are used in the production of such finished goods. For example, suppose the tariff (import tax) on the import of tyres is 10% and the tariff on the imports of natural rubber which is used in the production of tyres is 20%; this is a case of inverted duty structure. When the import duty on raw materials is high, it will be more difficult to produce the concerned good domestically at a competitive price. Several industries depend on imported raw materials and components. High tax on the raw materials compels them to raise price. On the other hand, foreign finished goods will be coming at a reduced price because of low tax advantage. In conclusion, manufactured goods by the domestic industry becomes uncompetitive against imported finished goods. What inverted duty structure brings to the home country is that its industries are less protected as the tariff on the imported finished commodities are low.