DOCSLIB.ORG

From-Taranto-To-Trieste-Introduction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
From-Taranto-To-Trieste-Introduction FROM TARANTO TO TRIESTE Following the 2nd NZ Division’s Italian Campaign, 1943-45 Jennifer Mallinson FROM TARANTO TO TRIESTE Published by Fraser Books, 53 Essex Street, Masterton First published October 2019 ©Jennifer Mallinson, 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a ret- rieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise without the prior permission of the copyright owners. ISBN: 978-0-9941360-6-0 Editor: Diane Grant Design: Anne Taylor, BoulderBay Design Distribution: Nationwide Book Distributors, 351 Kiri Kiri Road, P O Box 65, Oxford, North Canterbury Printed by Printcraft, Masterton Photographs – Historic photographs (all credited in captions) are from the National Library in Wellington, the World War Two official histories and the Wairarapa Archive; today’s colour photographs are from the author’s personal collection. Cover photographs – Front: Taranto today, J. Mallinson. Inset: Street photographer in Taranto in 1943, with Kiwis on leave. George Kaye. (DA 04530F) Back: Top: New Zealand soldiers walking beneath the tower at Lucera Castle near Foggia in 1943. (DA-04560-F); Lucera Castle today, J. Mallinson. Middle: Po River near Felonica today, J. Mallinson; New Zealand artillery crossing the Po on folding boat bridge. (WH2-2ItaP040a) Bottom: 26 Battalion’s antitank section about to leave Trieste from an assembly point overlooking the waterfront, July 1945 (Jock Robinson Collection, Wairarapa Archive); Trieste panorama today from the elevated Castello San Guisto, J. Mallinson. CONTENTS LIST OF MAPS v PREFACE vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS x INTRODUCTION xi PART ONE – FROM TARANTO TO THE SANGRO 1 (October 1943 - January 1944) 1. Taranto – gateway to a new land 3 2. Bari – the supply port 14 3. The journey to the Sangro 18 4. Exploring the Sangro battlefield 31 5. From Ortona to the Maiella 42 PART TWO – FROM THE SANGRO TO CASSINO 49 (January - June 1944) 6. Why Anzio? 50 7. The journey to Cassino 55 8. The Cassino battlefield revisited 64 9. The mountains to the north 79 PART THREE – FROM CASSINO TO FLORENCE 91 (July - August 1944) 10. The journey to Lake Trasimene 93 11. In and around Arezzo 109 12. Chianti and the Arno battlefields 114 13. A glimpse of Florence 129 14. The Gothic Line and the central Apennines 133 PART FOUR – FROM FLORENCE TO FAENZA 141 (September 1944 - March 1945) 15. Back to the Adriatic 143 16. Creeping up to Rimini 156 17. Revisiting the battle zones of Emilia-Romagna 165 18. The haven in the Marches 185 PART FIVE – FROM FAENZA TO TRIESTE 195 (April - June 1945) 19. Across the rivers of Emilia-Romagna 197 20. North to the Po 209 21. The journey from the Po to Trieste 216 22. Trieste – the end of the road 232 POSTSCRIPT: ADDIO ITALIA – FAREWELL ITALY 251 REFERENCES 259 New Zealand war graves in Italy 261 Italian Prisoner of War camps 265 End notes 274 The structure of the 2nd NZ Division 277 Bibliography 278 Index 280 iv LIST OF MAPS The journey of the 2nd New Zealand Division vi The Allied invasion of Italy xii From Taranto to the Sangro 1 The town of Taranto in 1943 4 The Taranto area with the Division's locations 8 The centre of Bari 14 Exploring the Sangro 32 The Gustav Line and suppporting defence lines in southern Italy 43 From the Sangro to Cassino 49 The region of Cassino 64 Significant locations in Cassino 70 The mountainous area north of Cassino and the upper Liri valley 79 From Cassino to Florence 91 The probable route of the Division across central Rome 97 The area around Arezzo 109 The battlefields of Chianti before Florence 120 The Gothic Line and other main defence lines in northern Italy 133 The western Apennines 135 From Florence to Faenza 141 The Rivers of Emilia Romagna 168 The battlefields up to the Senio 170 The Division's rest area in the Esino valley in the Marches 186 From Faenza to Trieste 195 The trail across the rivers between Faenza and Bologna 201 Main locations in Trieste 233 The Division's area of operation around Trieste 247 The post-war administrative division of Trieste and its territory 249 The return route of the Division down the Italian peninsula 253 References Location of NZ War Graves in Italy 260 The distribution of Italian POW camps 267 v The New Zealand 2nd Division in Italy 1943 – 1945 PREFACE In September 1939 New Zealand and other nations of the British Empire joined Britain and France in opposing the expansionist Nazi regime of Germany. In 1940, when France collapsed and the Fascist regime in Italy joined the aggressors, the situation for the western Allies became more difficult. The following year, Japan would also throw in its weight on the side of the Nazi-Fascists. The years 1939-1942 were hard for the Allies. The Axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) were dominant in Europe, North Africa, Western Pacific and South- East Asia, while Allied navies barely maintained the sea-lanes which allowed USA and the British Empire to supply and fight the war. In total, during World War Two the New Zealand Expeditionary Force (2NZEF) sent over 100,000 troops to serve with the British 8th Army as the 2nd NZ Division; another 40,000 served overseas with the Royal New Zealand Air Force and Navy. Many others served in New Zealand. From 1940 New Zealand’s main army unit fought in the Mediterranean/North African theatre where the Axis forces were finally defeated at El Alamein in late 1942. By then, USA and Russia were also fighting the Axis. The next step was continental Europe; Italy, by then virtually a defeated military power, was the obvious starting point. By October 1943, Sicily was liberated, and the Allies had begun the invasion of mainland Italy, the Americans striking up the west coast towards Naples and the British towards the Adriatic. That month, between 14-15,000 men of the 2nd New Zealand Division, veterans and fresh reinforcements, arrived in Italy from Alexandria, in Egypt, at the ancient southern Italian port of Taranto. The rest of the Division, with the armour and transports, joined them via Bari, on the Adriatic coast. After months in the desert and for the most part far from any kind of civilisation, the Division was coming back to Europe. Those who had served in the Greek Campaign must have felt a grim sense of satisfaction. For the new arrivals, it was their first taste of the old continent. Certainly, all were filled with curiosity about the new land, especially as Italy, since the Armistice of 8 September, was no longer formally an enemy. This, plus the knowledge of the Allied progress in Italy, gave them a false optimism. Morale was high. As the ships came closer to shore, rows of shabby white houses came into view on the hills around the once proud harbour and naval base, now semi-derelict and full of Italian destroyers. The first arrivals had weeks in the area waiting for transport to arrive from Bari, but by the time the second contingent arrived vii FROM TARANTO TO TRIESTE there was no longer cause to tarry. Few of the troops would have been aware of the town’s glorious past, obscured by the present-day scenario of shipwrecks in the harbour, shuttered shops, and a sorry populace reduced to poverty and hunger by three years of a disastrous war and then abandoned to their own devices. First impressions of Italy cannot have been very positive. Taranto, however, was just the starting point of the Italian ‘adventure’. The soldiers were anxious to get on and get the job done, and they had to catch up with the rest of the Allies already in Italy. In front of the New Zealanders all the way was the skilled and unyielding enemy, putting up at times a fanatical defence, who would exact (and pay) a heavy toll for every line ceded. For 'Jerry' or 'the Bosche' or 'Ted' (from the Italian word for Germans, ‘tedeschi’) was not fleeing in disarray but withdrawing in good order ahead of the Allies, to well reconnoitred ground and prepared defence positions. It was to be an unexpectedly arduous campaign for the 2nd New Zealand Div- ision on a circuitous route from this southern Mediterranean port to the beautiful city of Trieste in the far north-east corner of Italy as part of Eighth Army. It would be a journey of 20 months and thousands of kilometres, that would take them over high mountain passes, through scores of unheard-of hilltop villages and famous ancient towns, and across endless swamps, rivers and streams. It would also take them through all the seasonal changes, including the blistering summer of 1944 and the appalling winters of 1943-44 and 1944-45. On this long journey through a country rich in history and culture, the troops came into close contact with the population of Italy for a length of time and in a way that distinguished the Italian Campaign from others involving New Zealaners during World War Two. Most recognised affinities in the rugged landscape and the agricultural environment. Those from rural New Zealand observed Italian farming with interest. Many learnt the language. Others fell in love with the art, the architecture, the music. The Kiwis discovered opera and many learnt the arias and other popular Italian songs of the time. Some took home Italian brides. The New Zealanders saw a country devastated by war, and a civilian population subjected to every kind of deprivation and misery, but they also saw unscathed areas which the front had passed by.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 Battle Weariness and the 2Nd New Zealand Division During the Italian Campaign, 1943-45
    ‘As a matter of fact I’ve just about had enough’;1 Battle weariness and the 2nd New Zealand Division during the Italian Campaign, 1943-45. A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History at Massey University New Zealand. Ian Clive Appleton 2015 1 Unknown private, 24 Battalion, 2nd New Zealand Division. Censorship summaries, DA 508/2 - DA 508/3, (ANZ), Censorship Report No 6/45, 4 Feb to 10 Feb 45, part 2, p.1. Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Abstract By the time that the 2nd New Zealand Division reached Italy in late 1943, many of the soldiers within it had been overseas since early 1941. Most had fought across North Africa during 1942/43 – some had even seen combat earlier, in Greece and Crete in 1941. The strain of combat was beginning to show, a fact recognised by the division’s commanding officer, Lieutenant-General Bernard Freyberg. Freyberg used the term ‘battle weary’ to describe both the division and the men within it on a number of occasions throughout 1944, suggesting at one stage the New Zealanders be withdrawn from operations completely. This study examines key factors that drove battle weariness within the division: issues around manpower, the operational difficulties faced by the division in Italy, the skill and tenacity of their German opponent, and the realities of modern combat.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Logistics and Logistical Strategies: How the Allies
    Strategic Logistics and Logistical Strategies: How the Allies Triumphed in Europe Military Historical Society of Massachusetts ROTC Essay Contest 2020 Cadet Kyle Hammalian Detachment 355, Air Force ROTC Boston University 1 April 2020 Contents Introduction 1 The Importance of Logistics in War 4 How American Logistics Changed After the Attack on Pearl Harbor 6 Invading North Africa: Lessons from Planning Operation TORCH 10 The Invasion of Italy: Amphibious Assault, Again 14 The Buildup to France: Operation BOLERO 17 The Invasion of France: Operation OVERLORD 20 Conclusion 26 Notes 30 Bibliography 35 Hammalian 1 Introduction Victory in Europe (V-E) Day celebrates the victorious Allies of World War II and the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany, which occurred on 8 May 1945. This year marks the 75th anniversary of V-E Day. Victory in Europe was the outcome of many years of sustained human conflict, supported by an unprecedented mobilization of military forces and the movement of massive amounts of materiel. Strategic decisions drove theater logistical requirements. Strategy includes both grand strategy and operational strategy. From a grand strategic perspective, war aims were set by political leaders such as President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Operation strategy, which includes planning military campaigns, was determined by military leaders like General George Marshall, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, and theater staff. Successful execution of operations at the tactical level can be attributed to the valor and dedication of Soldiers, Sailors, Marines, Airmen, and Coast Guardsman in battle. Logistical parameters constrained strategy. Leadership could set any strategy, and faithful service members could dedicate themselves to that objective, but no strategy can succeed without accounting for logistical considerations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of the Marshall Plan in the Italian Post-WWII Recovery
    The Role of the Marshall Plan in the Italian Post-WWII Recovery⇤ NicolaBianchi MichelaGiorcelli February 27, 2018 Abstract This paper studies the e↵ects of international aid on long-term economic growth. It exploits plausibly exogenous di↵erences between Italian provinces in the amount of grants disbursed through the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of public in- frastructures. Provinces that received more reconstruction grants experienced a larger increase in the number of industrial firms and workers after 1948. Individuals and firms in these areas also started developing more patents. The same provinces experienced a faster mechanization of the agricultural sector. Motorized machines, such as tractors, replaced workers and significantly boosted agricultural production. Finally, we present evidence that shows how reconstruction grants induced economic growth by allowing Italian provinces to modernize their transportation and communication network. JEL Classification: H84, N34, N44, O12, O33 Keywords: international aid, economic growth, reconstruction grants, Marshall Plan, innovation ⇤Contact information: Nicola Bianchi, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, and NBER, [email protected]; Michela Giorcelli, University of California, Los Angeles, [email protected]. We thank Ran Abramitzky, Nicholas Bloom, Dora Costa, and Pascaline Dupas. Antonio Coran, Zuhad Hai, Jingyi Huang, and Fernanda Rojas Ampuero provided excellent research assistance. We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Economic History Association through a Arthur H. Cole Grant. 1 Introduction International aid is one of the main sources of revenues for many developing countries. Starting in 1970, the United Nations set an explicit target for member countries of OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC): 0.7 percent of national income spent for de- velopment assistance.1 In recent years, the UN re-endorsed this target by including it in the 2005 Millennium Development Goals and the subsequent 2015 Sustainable Development Goals.
    [Show full text]
  • World War II
    Comprehensive Info #5 Second World War 1938 March German annexation of Austria (Anschluss) April Start of systematic "Ayranization" of Jewish businesses Sept Munich Conference gives Sudentenland to Germany Nov Mass pogroms: "Night of Broken Glass" (Kristallnacht) against Jews 1939 March Germany annexes Czech lands (Bohemia & Moravia), sets up rump Slovakia Germany annexes the Memel region (Klaipeda) from Lithuania April Italian invasion and occupation of Albania Aug Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact Sept German invasion of Poland precipitates World War II Soviet occupation of eastern Poland (western Belorussia & Ukraine) Oct German decree subjects Poles to "compulsory public labor" Nov Soviet invasion of Finland initiates "Winter War" 1940 March Finnish surrender to Soviets at Vyborg after formidable resistance April German invasion & occupation of Denmark & Norway May Germans launch attack against France, enter Paris in June June Italy enters the war on Germany's side USSR annexes Baltic states, Bessarabia & Bukovina Aug Germans begin bombing Britain, initiating "Battle of Britain" (until Nov) Oct Unsuccessful Italian invasion of Greece Dec Hitler issues orders for preparation of Operation Barbarossa (against USSR) 1941 Jan Romanian General Antonescu crushes fascist Iron Guard; later joins attack on USSR March US initiates Lend-Lease (supply of materials to friendly nations) Creation of Einsatzgruppen for murder of communists, Jews, etc. April German invasion of the Balkans (Yugoslavia & Greece) to bail out Mussolini June German invasion
    [Show full text]
  • Special Edition 2019
    September 2019 September The Magazine of the NATO Rapid Deployable Corps - Italy EAGLE TOUR 19 Special Edition #WEARENATO / 1 NATO Rapid Deployable Corps - Italy Ubique Celere CONTENTS BATTLEFIELD TOUR/STAFF RIDE DIDACTIC VALUE: THE IMPORTANCE AND ROLE OF MILITARY HISTORY, BATTLEFIELD TOURS AND STAFF RIDES FOR MULTINATIONAL HEADQUARTERS IN THE 21ST CENTURY. /NRDCItaly Maj. Gen. (retd.) Scollo, Italian Army THE GOTHIC LINE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND @NRDCITA 1 Col. Cacciagrano, Italian Army JOINT FIRE PLAN NRDC ITA 2Col. Smith, British Army CONDUCT AN ARMORED ATTACK AGAINST A DEFENSIVE LINE NRDC-Italy 3Col. Cacciagrano, Italian Army MOUNTAIN WARFARE, TERRAIN EXPLOITATION AND LOGISTIC CONSTRAINTS 4Ltc. Sotlar, Slovenian Army, Ltc. Baessato, Italian Army Everywhere Rapidly is the authorized of- and Maj. Hoxhaj, Albanian Navy cial publication of the NATO Rapid De- ployable Corps, Italy. All editorial content EXPLOITATION OF SUCCESS AND RESERVE COMMITMENT of the Everywhere Rapidly is approved Maj. Snitko-Dottarelli, Lituanian Army by the NRDC-ITA Commander, at “ Ugo 5 Mara” barracks, via per Busto Arsizio, 20 - AIR AND NAVAL SUPPORT 21058 Solbiate Olona , Varese, Italy. TO OPERATIONS 6Col. Andreozzi, Italian Air Force Everywhere Rapidly is published by the Public Affairs Ofce. Contents of the and Commander Marzollo Italian Navy Everywhere Rapidly are not necessarily the ofcial views of, or endorsed by the HOW TO INTEGRATE COMBAT AND COMBAT SUPPORT UNITS North Atlantic Treaty Organization and IN DIFFICULT ENVIRONMENTS IN ORDER the Nations thereby represented. All 7 TO MAINTAIN TEMPO intellectual property rights, including Col. Cacciagrano, Italian Army copyright in the content displayed on the everywhere rapidly, belong to their INVOLVEMENT OF A NEUTRAL COUNTRY IN THE WAR respective owners.
    [Show full text]
  • World War II (1939-1945)
    From http://www.rhodesia.nl/sadfhist.htm. World War II (1939-1945) The outbreak of war in September 1939 found South Africa with a very small and ill-equipped Defence Force. Permanent Force strength stood at just 352 officers and 5,033 other ranks. Other administrative changes in 1937 included plans for the further extension and improvement of the ranks, while the ACF comprised only 918 officers and 12,572 other ranks. Once the decision to enter the war had been taken, the first priority was to make arrangements for a greatly expanded UDF needed to sustain South Africa's war effort. In September 1939 ACF units were authorized to accept volunteers (in addition to those in the age group 17 to 21 ) for the duration of the war. In February 1940 the ACF was reorganized on a totally voluntary basis as a result of strong opposition from a section of the nation that did not favour the Union's participation in the war. Soldiers willing to serve anywhere in Africa took the Africa Oath and were issued with a strip of orange cloth (the orange flash) which was worn at the outer aspect of the shoulder strap. Despite an initial shortage of equipment, the recruitment campaign for the reorganized ACF proceeded very satisfactorily, and within a short period three divisions had been established. These included 1 SA Division under Maj Gen G.E. Brink, comprising 1, 2 and 5 Brigades; 2 SA Division consisting of 3, 4 and 6 Brigades under Maj Gen l.P. de Villiers, and 3 SA Division comprising the reserve brigades and commanded by Maj Gen M.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of World War Two on the British Stock Market
    War and stock markets: The effect of World War Two on the British Stock Market Robert Hudson Hull University Business School University of Hull Andrew Urquhart† Southampton Business School University of Southampton †Corresponding author: Southampton Business School, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, email: [email protected] 1 © 2016, Elsevier. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Abstract This paper studies the effect of World War Two (WWII) on the British stock market. It contributes to the literature in several ways. First, this paper thoroughly investigates the impact of historically major events on the British stock market using a variety of empirical approaches in order to ensure a comprehensive examination of the impact of WWII on British stock returns. We utilise an event study of pre-selected historically major events, an investigation of the possible causes of the largest price movements as well as utilising an endogenous procedure testing for structural breaks. Secondly we extend the literature on behavioural finance and investor sentiment in extreme circumstances. In particular we examine the ‘negativity effect’, documented by Akhtar et al (2011) and determine whether stock returns reacted more strongly to negative events or positive events. Overall we find limited evidence of strong links between war events and market returns although there is support for the ‘negativity effect’. Keywords: Investor Sentiment; WWII; Structural Breaks; Event Study; FT30 JEL Classification: G10; G11; G12; G14 2 © 2016, Elsevier. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Confidence Men the Mediterranean Double-Cross System, 1941-45 By
    Confidence Men The Mediterranean Double-Cross System, 1941-45 by Brett Edward Lintott A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Department of History, in the University of Toronto © Copyright by Brett Edward Lintott, 2015 Abstract Confidence Men The Mediterranean Double-Cross System, 1941-45 Brett Edward Lintott Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto, 2015 This dissertation provides an analysis of the Mediterranean double-cross system of the Second World War, which was composed of a number of double agents who were turned by the Allies and operated against their ostensible German spymasters. Utilizing many freshly released archival materials, this study assesses how the double-cross system was constructed, why it was an effective instrument, and how it contributed to Allied success in two areas: security and counter-intelligence, and military deception. The focus is thus on both organization and operations. The chapters cover three chronological periods. In the first — 1941-42 — the initial operational usage of a double agent is assessed, along with the development of early organizational structures to manage and operate individual cases as components of a team of spies. The second section, covering 1943, assesses three issues: major organizational innovations made early that year; the subsequent use of the double agent system to deceive the Germans regarding the planned invasion of Sicily in July; and the ongoing effort to utilize double agents to ensure a stable security and counter-intelligence environment in the Mediterranean theatre. The third and final section analyzes events in 1944, with a focus on double-cross deception in Italy and France, and on the emergence of more systematic security and counter-intelligence double-cross operations in Italy and the Middle East.
    [Show full text]
  • Bombing the European Axis Powers a Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1939–1945
    Inside frontcover 6/1/06 11:19 AM Page 1 Bombing the European Axis Powers A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1939–1945 Air University Press Team Chief Editor Carole Arbush Copy Editor Sherry C. Terrell Cover Art and Book Design Daniel M. Armstrong Composition and Prepress Production Mary P. Ferguson Quality Review Mary J. Moore Print Preparation Joan Hickey Distribution Diane Clark NewFrontmatter 5/31/06 1:42 PM Page i Bombing the European Axis Powers A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1939–1945 RICHARD G. DAVIS Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama April 2006 NewFrontmatter 5/31/06 1:42 PM Page ii Air University Library Cataloging Data Davis, Richard G. Bombing the European Axis powers : a historical digest of the combined bomber offensive, 1939-1945 / Richard G. Davis. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58566-148-1 1. World War, 1939-1945––Aerial operations. 2. World War, 1939-1945––Aerial operations––Statistics. 3. United States. Army Air Forces––History––World War, 1939- 1945. 4. Great Britain. Royal Air Force––History––World War, 1939-1945. 5. Bombing, Aerial––Europe––History. I. Title. 940.544––dc22 Disclaimer Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of Air University, the United States Air Force, the Department of Defense, or any other US government agency. Book and CD-ROM cleared for public release: distribution unlimited. Air University Press 131 West Shumacher Avenue Maxwell AFB AL 36112-6615 http://aupress.maxwell.af.mil ii NewFrontmatter 5/31/06 1:42 PM Page iii Contents Page DISCLAIMER .
    [Show full text]
  • War and Stock Markets: the Effect of World War Two on the British Stock Market
    ÔØ ÅÒÙ×Ö ÔØ War and stock markets: The effect of World War Two on the British Stock Market Robert Hudson, Andrew Urquhart PII: S1057-5219(15)00097-6 DOI: doi: 10.1016/j.irfa.2015.05.015 Reference: FINANA 854 To appear in: International Review of Financial Analysis Received date: 10 November 2014 Revised date: 16 March 2015 Accepted date: 13 May 2015 Please cite this article as: Hudson, R. & Urquhart, A., War and stock markets: The effect of World War Two on the British Stock Market, International Review of Financial Analysis (2015), doi: 10.1016/j.irfa.2015.05.015 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT War and stock markets: The effect of World War Two on the British Stock Market Robert Hudson Hull University Business School University of Hull Andrew Urquhart† Southampton Business School University of Southampton †Corresponding author: Southampton Business School, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, email: [email protected] ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT War and stock markets: The effect of World War Two on the British Stock Market ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 2 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Abstract This paper studies the effect of World War Two (WWII) on the British stock market.
    [Show full text]
  • Military History Anniversaries 16 Thru 30 September
    Military History Anniversaries 16 thru 30 September Events in History over the next 15 day period that had U.S. military involvement or impacted in some way on U.S military operations or American interests Third Friday of Sep – National POW/MIA day to pay tribute to the lives and contributions of the more than 83,000 Americans who are still listed as Prisoners of War or Missing in Action. Sep 16 1776 – Revolutionary War: The Battle of Harlem Heights - General George Washington arrives at Harlem Heights, on the northern end of Manhattan, and takes command of a group of retreating Continental troops. The day before, 4,000 British soldiers had landed at Kip’s Bay in Manhattan (near present-day 34th Street) and taken control of the island, driving the Continentals north, where they appeared to be in disarray prior to Washington’s arrival. Casualties and losses: US 130 | GB 92~390. Sep 16 1779 – Revolutionary War: The 32 day Franco-American Siege of Savannah begins. Casualties and losses: US/FR 948 | GB 155. Sep 16 1916 – WWI: Siegfried Line - One month after succeeding Erich von Falkenhayn as chief of the German army’s general staff, General Paul von Hindenburg orders the construction of a heavily fortified zone running several miles behind the active front between the north coast of France and Verdun, near the border between France and Belgium. This “semi-permanent” defense line, as Hindenburg called it, would be the last line of German defense; its aim was to brutally crush any Allied breakthrough on the Western Front in France before it could reach the Belgian or German frontier.
    [Show full text]
  • The Italian War Economy's Contribution to the German War Effort, (1943-1945)
    Liberty University DigitalCommons@Liberty University Faculty Publications and Presentations Department of History 2004 Hidden Treasure: The tI alian war economy's contribution to the German war effort (1943-1945) Timothy Saxon Liberty University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/hist_fac_pubs Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Saxon, Timothy, "Hidden Treasure: The tI alian war economy's contribution to the German war effort (1943-1945)" (2004). Faculty Publications and Presentations. Paper 2. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/hist_fac_pubs/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at DigitalCommons@Liberty University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Liberty University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Hidden treasure: The Italian war economy's contribution to the German war effort, (1943-1945) Dr. Timothy D. Saxon (Etat-Unis) Introduction Gerhard Schreiber has described the German conquest, occupation. and exploitation of Italy in 1943 as th e Wehrmacht's "last victory" of the Second World War.' His description is correct in that th e German seizure of Fa scist Italy produced a substantial economic windfall that material ly assisted Ger­ many in continuing the Second World War until the economic collapse of Hitler's Reich. Italy, eve n after the bitter war years from 1940-1943, remai­ ned a prize 1V0rth winning.
    [Show full text]