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A History of the Canadian Missionaries and Korean Protestants in Northern Korea and Manchuria, 1893 - 1928

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A History of the Canadian Missionaries and Korean Protestants in Northern Korea and Manchuria, 1893 - 1928 University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2018-09-12 Dispatches from the Wilderness: A History of the Canadian Missionaries and Korean Protestants in Northern Korea and Manchuria, 1893 - 1928 Glover, Frederick James Glover, F. J. (2018). Dispatches from the Wilderness: A History of the Canadian Missionaries and Korean Protestants in Northern Korea and Manchuria, 1893 - 1928 (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/32960 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/107797 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Dispatches from the Wilderness: A History of the Canadian Missionaries and Korean Protestants in Northern Korea and Manchuria, 1893 - 1928 by Frederick James Glover A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HISTORY CALGARY, ALBERTA SEPTEMBER, 2018 © Frederick James Glover 2018 Abstract This thesis examines the motivations of the Canadian missionaries and Korean Protestants in Hamgyeong Province (Northeastern Korea) and Gando (Southeastern Manchuria) as well as the influence they had on one another during the first few decades of the twentieth century. The analysis of Canadian motivations demonstrated that they were wholly consumed with building the mission and would do nearly anything to ensure that it succeed, including: working themselves to exhaustion, co-operating with Protestant nationalists, vigorously protesting against the Japanese colonial government’s brutal suppression of the Koreans in 1919 and 1920 as well as capitulating to the demands of their constituency when they were forcefully expressed in the 1920s. The Korean Protestants wanted changes to be made to the educational and financial policies of the mission and some resorted to violence in an effort to spur the Canadians into action. The examination of Korean motivations shows that they gravitated toward the Church for a variety of reasons, one of the most salient being, their desire to reclaim their nation from the Japanese imperialists. The discussion of the influence that the Canadians had on the Koreans revealed, among other things, that their decision to work with, rather than against the nationalists, contributed to further radicalizing the Church, and their “women’s work” helped to transform the nature of gender relations in Hamgyeong and Gando. The investigation of the Koreans showed that they too had much influence. The Canadians understood they had to “do the bidding” of the Koreans for the mission to succeed, as is most clearly seen in their resolve to transform the mission in the 1920s. The study of the Canadians and Koreans in Hamgyeong and Gando enhances our understanding of the missionizer and the missionized in the overseas mission field by providing a different way of viewing the motivations of the former and emphasizing the agency and power of the latter; enriches our knowledge of Korean Christian history by revealing how and why the Canadians and Koreans built a distinct mission and Church; and illuminates the role that the Presbyterian Maritime Church played in the Canadian missionary movement. ii Acknowledgements I owe a great debt of gratitude to my supervisor Dr. David B. Marshall. Throughout my course of studies he has not only provided me with the guidance I needed to complete this project, he has also been encouraging, patient, and inspiring. I am also grateful to Dr. David Wright for rekindling my interest in North Korean history and Dr. George Colpitts for all of the support he has given me over the past few years. I also wish to thank Dr. Jane Samson and the other members of my thesis committee for their questions, criticism, and advice. I am most grateful to my wife Unchu. iii Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... iv List of Figures and Illustrations ...................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 Objectives of this Study .............................................................................................. 5 The Missionizer: Handmaiden to the Imperialist and Humanitarian ........................... 10 The Missionizer: Cultural Imperialist, Civilizer and Christianizer ............................. 18 The Overseas Missionary in Canadian Historiography............................................... 27 The Historiography of the Canadian Mission in Korea .............................................. 31 Chapter Breakdown ................................................................................................... 36 Sources and Final Comments .................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER ONE: FROM PERIPHERY TO PERIPHERY: THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A CANADIAN MISSIONARY PRESENCE IN NORTHEASTERN KOREA ........ 48 King Gojong, Crisis, and Protestant Missionaries ...................................................... 50 The Donghak Rebellion and the Sino-Japanese War .................................................. 57 The Toronto Group of Four and Korea in the Central Canadian Imagination ............. 60 William John MacKenzie: Linking Atlantic Canada to Korea .................................... 63 The Campaign for Korea in the Maritimes ................................................................. 72 MacKenzie’s Friends................................................................................................. 84 Establishing the Mission in Hamgyeong Province ..................................................... 89 CHAPTER TWO: THROUGH THE FIELDS, UP THE MOUNTAINS, AND IN THE INSTITUTIONS: BUILDING A PROTESTANT COMMUNITY IN HAMGYEONG AND GANDO ...................................................................................................... 95 Itinerating and Setting up Mission Stations ................................................................ 97 The Doctors ............................................................................................................ 104 Education – Formal Schooling ................................................................................ 116 The Students of the Mission .................................................................................... 122 CHAPTER THREE: FISHERS OF MEN, WOMEN, AND THE HOME CROWD ..... 133 Direct Evangelism ................................................................................................... 134 Women’s Work ....................................................................................................... 148 Propaganda ............................................................................................................. 155 CHAPTER FOUR: TO SERVE AND PROTECT ....................................................... 171 Overwork ................................................................................................................ 174 Deaths ..................................................................................................................... 180 The Russo-Japanese War ......................................................................................... 188 First Glimpses of Japanese Imperialism and the Canadian Reaction ........................ 194 Inter-Station Rivalry ................................................................................................ 204 iv Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 207 CHAPTER FIVE: THE CANADIAN RESPONSE TO THE NATIONALISTS .......... 209 Lee Dong Hwi, Robert Grierson, and the Canadian Mission .................................... 222 Gando ..................................................................................................................... 232 The Canadians in Gando ......................................................................................... 237 Preparing for an Uprising ........................................................................................ 244 CHAPTER SIX: TRIBULATION UPON TRIBULATION: THE MARCH FIRST INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT AND THE GANDO MASSACRES .............. 246 The Uprising in Hamgyeong and Gando .................................................................. 253 Missionary Reactions .............................................................................................. 257 A.E. Armstrong ....................................................................................................... 262 A Return to Ordinary Time ....................................................................................
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