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Bovedas Encamonadas: Origen, Evolucion, Geometria Y Construccion Entre Los Siglos Xvii Y Xviii En El Virreinato De Peru

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Bovedas Encamonadas: Origen, Evolucion, Geometria Y Construccion Entre Los Siglos Xvii Y Xviii En El Virreinato De Peru UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE ARQUITECTURA DEPARTAMENTO DE ESTRUCTURAS DE EDIFICACION PROGRAMA: MECANICA DE LAS ESTRUCTURAS ANTIGUAS Tesis Doctoral: BOVEDAS ENCAMONADAS: ORIGEN, EVOLUCION, GEOMETRIA Y CONSTRUCCION ENTRE LOS SIGLOS XVII Y XVIII EN EL VIRREINATO DE PERU Doctorando: Arq. PEDRO AUGUSTO HURTADO VALDEZ Directores: Dr. Arq. ENRIQUE NUERE MATAUCO Dr. Arq. JOSE LUIS FERNANDEZ CABO MADRID – 2011 Tribunal nombrado por el Mgfco. y Excmo. Sr. Rector de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, el día _____ de _______________ de 20_____ . Presidente D. _____________________________________________________ Vocal D. _____________________________________________________ Vocal D. _____________________________________________________ Vocal D. _____________________________________________________ Secretario D. _____________________________________________________ Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de la Tesis el día _____ de _______________ de 20_____ . En ________________________ . Calificación: _________________________ EL PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL SECRETARIO II RESUMEN Desde la creación del Virreinato del Perú, en el siglo XVI, los arcos, bóvedas y cúpulas se acostumbraban a levantar con piedra y fábrica. Sin embargo estas tierras eran sacudidas periodicamente por terremotos, produciendo el colapso de la mayoría de estas edificaciones. Para el siglo XVII los alarifes ya habían experimentado diversas maneras de levantar bóvedas, sin haberse encontrado una respuesta razonable en términos de tiempo, economía y estabilidad frente a los sismos. En medio de este panorama se produjo la introducción de las bóvedas encamonadas a mediados del siglo XVII, consolidandose en el resto de la centuria hasta el punto de terminar convirtiéndose en un recurso tradicional y de estimada elaboración dentro de la arquitectura virreinal peruana. Las bóvedas encamonadas se realizaban con tablas de madera (camones) que se solapaban entre sí para formar arcos (cerchas), los cuales definían la forma que tendrían las bóvedas, y eran estabilizados lateralmente mediante correas. Sobre los arcos y correas se colocaba un cerramiento que podía ser un entablado, unos listones de madera o simplemente un tendido a base de cañas. En la mayoría de casos se finalizaba con un recubrimiento aislante de barro por el extradós y otro decorativo de yeso por el intradós. Precisamente estas bóvedas constituyen el objeto de la presente tesis, específicamente en su devenir histórico entre los siglos XVII y XVIII en el ámbito territorial del Virreinato del Perú, partiendo del examen de los tratados de arquitectura coetáneos y del estudio de las bóvedas de madera en España, para finalizar con el análisis de las características geométricas y constructivas que lograron definir en ellas los alarifes peruanos. III ABSTRACT Since the creation of the Viceroyalty of Peru, in the sixteenth century, arches, vaults and domes were accustomed to build with stone and masonry. However, these lands were periodically shaken by earthquakes, causing the collapse of most of these buildings. For the seventeenth century the master masons had already experienced several ways to build vaults, without having found a reasonable response in terms of time, economy and stability against earthquakes. Into this context the master carpenters introduced the wooden vaults since seventeenth century, and this constructive system was consolidated around the rest of the century to the end point of becoming a traditional and estimated resource of the Peruvian colonial architecture. The wooden vaults were made with timber planks (camones) that overlapped each other to form arches (cerchas), which defined the shape of the vaults, and were stabilized laterally by purlins. Above the arches and purlins placed planks, wooden strips or just cane. In most cases ended with a mud plaster insulating the extrados and a decorative gypsum plaster on the intrados. Precisely these vaults are the subject of this thesis, specifically in its historical way between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in the territory of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Since an examination of the architectural treatises and the Spanish wooden vaults, and concluding with the analysis of the geometric and constructive system that Peruvian builders were able to define on them. IV A la memoria de Astor, un pequeño ser, bello y tierno que nos abandonó tan tempranamente. A mis padres, Pedro y Juanita, por todo el apoyo recibido a pesar de la distancia. A mi amiga y compañera, Renée, por todo su afecto y por el tiempo que no le dedique, y que ella nunca me lo reprochó. A mis directores, Enrique Nuere Matauco y Jose Luis Fernandez Cabo, por su amistad y la invalorable transmisión de sus conocimientos, consejos y sugerencias. Mucho de esta tesis no se hubiese materializado sin su asistencia. A Rafael Diez Barra del INIA, por sus acertados comentarios. A todo el personal del Departamento de Estructuras de Edificación de la ETSAM por las facilidades brindadas en el desarrollo del doctorado. A las muchas personas e instituciones que hicieron posible este trabajo, por permitirme el acceso a sus edificios y fondos documentales. V «Estrenase en el tiempo de esta entrega el dia treinta y uno de Julio (1724) la Hermosa y suntuosa Iglesia que tiene este Colegio (de Pisco) que toda (bóveda) es de maderas optimas caña y lleso…» (Archivo General de la Nación, Cuentas de colegios, Leg.39, Pisco 1713-1745). VI INDICE INDICE DEL CONTENIDO PRIMERA PARTE: CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES CAPITULO 1. INTRODUCCION 1.1 Presentación de la tesis. 9 1.2 Justificación del tema y estado de la cuestión 11 1.3 Objetivos. 13 1.3.1 Objetivo general. 13 1.3.2 Objetivos específicos. 14 1.4 Hipótesis. 14 1.5 Definición de los límites del estudio. 15 1.5.1 Límite temporal. 15 1.5.2 Límite geográfico. 16 1.6 Limitaciones y alcances. 19 1.6.1 Límitaciones. 19 1.6.2 Alcances. 21 1.7 Metodología. 21 1.7.1 Estudio de textos. 21 1.7.2 Toma de datos. 22 1.7.3 Análisis de documentación y datos. 22 1.7.4 Presentación del estudio. 23 CAPITULO 2. DEFINICIONES 2.1 Camón y contracamón. 27 2.2 Cercha y cerchón. 32 2.3 Bóveda encamonada. 36 2.4 Quincha. 38 SEGUNDA PARTE: EL VIRREINATO DEL PERU CAPITULO 3. EL TERRITORIO COMO CONDICIONANTE DE LA CONSTRUCCION 3.1 La costa central sudamericana y la capital virreinal. 43 3.1.1 Geografía y clima. 43 3.1.2 Materiales disponibles en la región para construcción de bóvedas. 48 3.1.2.1 Piedra. 48 1 INDICE 3.1.2.2 Ladrillo. 50 3.1.2.3 Adobe. 52 3.1.3 Aspectos sísmicos. 54 3.1.3.1 Características sísmicas del territorio. 54 3.1.3.2 Principales sismos documentados hasta el siglo XVIII. 58 3.1.3.3 Consideraciones sismorresistentes en la construcción 63 virreinal. TERCERA PARTE: AMBITO HISTORICO DE LAS BOVEDAS ENCAMONADAS CAPITULO 4. TRATADOS DE ARQUITECTURA 4.1 Los tratados de arquitectura anteriores al siglo XVIII y las bóvedas de 75 madera. 4.1.1 Tratados anteriores al siglo XVI. 75 4.1.2 Tratados del siglo XVI. 79 4.1.3 Tratados del siglo XVII. 82 4.2 Características de las propuestas de armaduras abovedadas. 88 4.2.1 Tratados de «traza geométrica». 88 4.2.1.1 Diego López de Arenas. 88 4.2.1.2 Fray Andrés de San Miguel. 90 4.2.2 Tratados de construcción. 92 4.2.2.1 Philibert De L’Orme. 92 4.2.2.2 Sebastiano Serlio. 96 4.2.2.3 Fray Lorenzo de San Nicolás. 97 4.3 Comparación de las características constructivas mencionadas en textos. 98 4.3.1 Philibert De L’Orme. 98 4.3.1.1 Elementos de confinación al muro. 98 4.3.1.2 Estructura portante. 99 4.3.1.3 Elementos de cerramiento. 99 4.3.1.4 Decoración. 100 4.3.2 Sebastiano Serlio. 101 4.3.2.1 Elementos de confinación al muro. 101 4.3.2.2 Estructura portante. 101 4.3.2.3 Elementos de cerramiento. 101 4.3.2.4 Decoración. 101 4.3.3 Fray Lorenzo de San Nicolás 102 2 INDICE 4.3.3.1 Elementos de confinación al muro. 102 4.3.3.2 Estructura portante. 102 4.3.3.3 Elementos de cerramiento. 102 4.3.3.4 Decoración. 102 4.4 Consideraciones sobre tratados posteriores. 104 4.5 Empleo de tratados de arquitectura en el Virreinato de Perú. 108 CAPITULO 5. LA CONSTRUCCIÓN NAVAL 5.1 Los carpinteros y la construcción naval. 113 5.1.1 El papel de los gremios de carpintería. 113 5.1.2 La actividad de los carpinteros de ribera. 116 5.1.3 Los tratados de arquitectura y la construcción naval. 118 5.2 Características de la construcción naval entre los siglo XVI y XVIII. 122 5.2.1 La obtención de piezas curvas. 122 5.2.2 El sistema de ligazones superpuestas. 123 5.2.3 El sistema de «cuadernas sencillas». 125 5.2.4 El sistema de «cuadernas dobles». 126 CAPITULO 6. BOVEDAS DE MADERA EN ESPAÑA 6.1 Bóvedas de «costillas». 130 6.1.1 Curvado de piezas de gran longitud. 130 6.1.2 Bóveda de pares curvos e hilera. 133 6.1.3 Bóvedas de nervaduras. 134 6.2 Bóvedas encamonadas. 137 6.2.1 Aparición de las cúpulas encamonadas en Madrid. 137 6.2.2 El desarrollo de las bóvedas encamonadas en España. 144 6.2.3 Características constructivas. 154 6.2.3.1 Elementos de confinación al muro. 155 6.2.3.2 Estructura portante. 155 6.2.3.3 Elementos de cerramiento. 156 6.2.3.4 Decoración. 159 CAPITULO 7. BOVEDAS ENCAMONADAS EN EL VIRREINATO DE PERU 7.1 La periferia del Virreinato. 164 7.1.1 La vertiente del Atlántico. 164 3 INDICE 7.1.2 La vertiente del Pacífico. 167 7.2 La capital virreinal y las ciudades de su influencia inmediata. 170 7.2.1 La introducción de las bóvedas encamonadas en Lima.
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