DOCSLIB.ORG

Exemplary Cases of Sustainable Forest Management in Latin America and the Caribbean

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Exemplary Cases of Sustainable Forest Management in Latin America and the Caribbean Four million hectares of native forest disappear each year from Latin America and the Caribbean as the result of deforestation that continues at an alarming rate, while bringing economic, social and environmental consequences on a massive scale. STANDING TALL: Despite this depressing scenario, there is a light in the woods. In the last two decades an alternative forest management system, known as Sustainable Forest Management (SFM), has been gaining ground in the EXEMPLARY CASES region. Unlike traditional management systems that tend to overlook long-term forest sustainability, this new system allows companies, OF SUSTAINABLE local communities or state institutions to produce goods and services from the forest while conserving it for future use. Sustainable forest FOREST management is already used in many countries of the region by different actors in different contexts and on varying scales. These experiences show the impressive economic, social and environmental MANAGEMENT benefi ts of this system, but such cases are generally not well known outside their local community. in Latin America and Based on a study by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the the Caribbean United Nations (FAO), these cases have been identifi ed, organized and published in this book with the aim of drawing attention to the progress that has been made in forest management in Latin America and the Caribbean. The study highlights 35 cases in 14 countries where sustainable forest management represents a practical and highly competitive option for local communities. The lessons learned from these experiences should act as a guide for other forest management initiatives, not only in the region but also in the rest of the world. To be successful, however, policies are needed that address land use and tenure issues while promoting more inclusive forms of production and enabling rural families to maintain their way of life and work in harmony with the environment. The knowledge generated by the experiences analyzed in this book can help to meet these challenges and to formulate effective strategies to mitigate climate change. JUNTA DE CASTILLA Y LEÓN FAO GDCP-INT-006-SPA Project In search of Exemplary Cases of Sustainable Forest Management in Latin America and the Caribbean. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Junta de Castilla y León, España Compilation and drafting: César Sabogal y Jessica Casaza Spanish edition: Nelson González English edition and translation: Julián Dowling Graphic design and layout: Guillermo Grebe Photographs: A. Vitale, M. Muriel, S. Mahadeo Singh, L. Chauchard, M. Segur, F. Carrera, C. Alvarado, J. Herrero, M. Morell, V. Outon, H. Moreno, C. Sabogal, P. Bholanath, G. Marshall. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concening the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specifi c companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily refl ect the views of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-106677-5 All rights reserved. FAO encourages reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Non-commercial uses will be authorized free of charge, upon request. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes, including educational purposes, may incur fees. Applications for permission to reproduce or disseminate FAO copyright materials, and all other queries concerning rights and licences, should be addressed by e-mail to [email protected] or to the Chief, Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Offi ce of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy. © FAO 2010 PREFACE Forest cover continues to be lost in Latin America and the Caribbean at a worrying pace, contributing to the poverty that persists in the region. The alarming fi gure of four million hectares of native forest cleared annually in Latin America between 2005 and 20101 is evidence of this trend. But this fi gure does not include forest degradation, which is caused mainly by changes in land-use practices using the powerful weapon of fi re. The important economic, social and environmental consequences of deforestation and forest degradation are hard to quantify. At the same time, the economic value of a forest’s many positive externalities apart from its direct or tangible benefi ts are diffi cult to measure and forest conservation is generally not considered a generator of future income. This problem is the result of various factors including the general lack of political awareness about the goods and services generated by forests, poor land management, disputes over land ownership, population growth and weak governance. But the contribution of forests to mitigating rural poverty is indisputable. The Buenos Aires Declaration at the XIII World Forestry Conference in October 2009 was emphatic in affi rming that “forests play an important role in alleviating poverty.” However, this function needs to be better documented since most of the benefi ts of forests for poor families are experienced at a subsistence level and are therefore not included in national statistics. The important contribution of forests to the economy is also underestimated since only a fraction of the real benefi ts derived from them are measured and included in national accounts. According to recent FAO studies, the practice of sustainable forest management has not been widely applied in Latin America and the Caribbean where the concept exists more in theory than in practice. This is partly due to lack of information, making it diffi cult to obtain an overall vision of forest management in the region based on the few cases encountered. This publication aims to address this problem by collecting, analyzing and reporting exemplary cases of good forestry management. It includes examples of forest management techniques and practices used in different contexts and conditions throughout the region, highlighting the factors that facilitated their success so that others may follow their example. The book is also designed to help lawmakers create and strengthen forestry policies at different levels of government in Latin America and the Caribbean, while pointing out the major challenges that still must be faced. 1Global Forest Resources Assessments (FRA 2010) 3 The book is based on a FAO study that began in 2007 following recommendations by the Forestry Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (COFLAC in Spa- nish). At its 2010 meeting, the Commission suggested that publishing the study’s re- sults would make them more widely accessible, especially considering that 2011 has been declared the International Year of the Forests. The Commission also fully supported a proposal for a second phase of the project that will include more forest management cases in the region with an emphasis on training and exchanging knowledge and experiences to strengthen the application of sustainable forest management at a national level. We hope that the publication of this book will promote the development of sustainable management practices in the region. But the application of such practices still depends to a large extent on the economic, political and cultural frameworks at a national level, which ultimately determine the balance between forest conservation and conversion, environmental protection and wood production, silviculture and agricultural activities. Ultimately, the meaning of sustainable forest management goes beyond the problem of deforestation and reforestation. It has to do with the needs of people who live in rural communities to maintain and increase the variety of services and economic benefi ts pro- vided by a healthy forest to improve their quality of life. Eduardo Rojas- Briales José Graziano da Silva Assistant Director-General Regional Representative for Latin America Forestry Department and the Caribbean 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) expresses its sincere thanks to organizations and individuals who collaborated in the execution of the study by providing information, advice, services and support at different stages of the process, under the supervision of Carlos Marx Ribeiro Carneiro, Senior Forestry Offi cer at the FAO Regional Offi ce for Latin America and the Caribbean (FAO RLC), José Antonio Prado, director of FAO’s Forest Evaluation, Planning and Conservation Division, and Jessica Casaza, FAO’s regional coordinator and senior consultant on the project. In particular, FAO recognizes the support and dedication of Froylán Castañeda, a retired Forestry Offi cer of FAO Forestry Department, during the fi rst years of the project’s implementation; and César Sabogal, a former consultant from the Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). FAO also appreciates the excellent work carried out by the Ibero-American Panel of Experts comprised of Miguel Segur, Environmental Advisor in the Junta de Castilla y Leon, Spain; Luis Chauchard, Professor at the Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Argentina; Jaén Evelyn Chaves, Former coordinator of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Forestry Books, 1820-1945
    WASHINGTON STATE FORESTRY BIBLIOGRAPHY: BOOKS, 1820‐1945 (334 titles) WASHINGTON STATE FORESTRY BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS (published between 1820‐1945) 334 titles Overview This bibliography was created by the University of Washington Libraries as part of the Preserving the History of U.S. Agriculture and Rural Life Grant Project funded and supported by the National Endowment of the Humanities (NEH), Cornell University, the United States Agricultural Information Network (USAIN), and other land‐grant universities. Please note that this bibliography only covers titles published between 1820 and 1945. It excludes federal publications; articles or individual numbers from serials; manuscripts and archival materials; and maps. More information about the creation and organization of this bibliography, the other available bibliographies on Washington State agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, and the Preserving the History of U.S. Agriculture and Rural Life Grant Project for Washington State can be found at: http://www.lib.washington.edu/preservation/projects/WashAg/index.html Citation University of Washington Libraries (2005). Washington State Agricultural Bibliography. Retrieved from University of Washington Libraries Preservation Web site, http://www.lib.washington.edu/preservation/projects/WashAg/index.html © University of Washington Libraries, 2005, p. 1 WASHINGTON STATE FORESTRY BIBLIOGRAPHY: BOOKS, 1820‐1945 (334 titles) 1. After the War...Wood! s.l.: [1942]. (16 p.). 2. Cash crops from Washington woodlands. S.l.: s.n., 1940s. (30 p., ill. ; 22 cm.). 3. High‐ball. Portland, Ore.: 1900‐1988? (32 p. illus.). Note: "Logging camp humor." Other Title: Four L Lumber news. 4. I.W.W. case at Centralia; Montesano labor jury dares to tell the truth. Tacoma: 1920.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Timber Forest Products
    Agrodok 39 Non-timber forest products the value of wild plants Tinde van Andel This publication is sponsored by: ICCO, SNV and Tropenbos International © Agromisa Foundation and CTA, Wageningen, 2006. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photocopy, microfilm or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. First edition: 2006 Author: Tinde van Andel Illustrator: Bertha Valois V. Design: Eva Kok Translation: Ninette de Zylva (editing) Printed by: Digigrafi, Wageningen, the Netherlands ISBN Agromisa: 90-8573-027-9 ISBN CTA: 92-9081-327-X Foreword Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are wild plant and animal pro- ducts harvested from forests, such as wild fruits, vegetables, nuts, edi- ble roots, honey, palm leaves, medicinal plants, poisons and bush meat. Millions of people – especially those living in rural areas in de- veloping countries – collect these products daily, and many regard selling them as a means of earning a living. This Agrodok presents an overview of the major commercial wild plant products from Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific. It explains their significance in traditional health care, social and ritual values, and forest conservation. It is designed to serve as a useful source of basic information for local forest dependent communities, especially those who harvest, process and market these products. We also hope that this Agrodok will help arouse the awareness of the potential of NTFPs among development organisations, local NGOs, government officials at local and regional level, and extension workers assisting local communities. Case studies from Cameroon, Ethiopia, Central and South Africa, the Pacific, Colombia and Suriname have been used to help illustrate the various important aspects of commercial NTFP harvesting.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Transmission Weekly Update on the Global Electricity Transmission Industry
    September 03, 2012 Global Transmission Weekly Update on the global electricity transmission industry INSIDE THIS ISSUE NORTH AMERICA 2 PJM cancels PATH and MAPP projects 2 Rock Island Clean Line project faces opposition in Illinois 2 Opposition against Champlain-Hudson Power Express transmission line growing 2 Clean Line hosts public meetings for Grain Belt Express line 3 Entergy Arkansas files testimony with state PSC 3 Entergy proposal of shifting ICT services to MISO attracts strong opposition 3 MISO approves scaled down version of Bay Lake Project 3 Enbridge repays USD151 million federal loan 4 I-5 Corridor to cost USD12 million to tax payers 4 NWE and BPA announce transmission upgrades in Montana 4 CWL proposes third route option for Mill Creek substation transmission lines 4 TVA hosts public meeting for 161 kV line in Mississippi 5 MEC selects route for 69 kV transmission line 5 PPM files request with Texas PUC against high congestion cost 5 SDG&E’s ECO project receives approval from DoI 5 PAR Electrical bags high voltage contracts from SCE 5 ABB receives USD60 million HVDC contract from AEP 6 LATIN AMERICA 6 Brazilian bank extends BRL1 billion loan for HPP lines 6 Brazilian power utility to spend BRL700 million to link wind projects 6 Argentinean regulator to hold hearing for 500 kV Santa Fe project 7 Chilean power company submits environmental request for 220 kV project 7 Chilean solar company submits environmental declaration for 110 kV line 7 Mexican energy regulator formulates smart grid plan 7 Venezuelan power utility to auction
    [Show full text]
  • Planting Power ... Formation in Portugal.Pdf
    Promotoren: Dr. F. von Benda-Beckmann Hoogleraar in het recht, meer in het bijzonder het agrarisch recht van de niet-westerse gebieden. Ir. A. van Maaren Emeritus hoogleraar in de boshuishoudkunde. Preface The history of Portugal is, like that of many other countries in Europe, one of deforestation and reafforestation. Until the eighteenth century, the reclamation of land for agriculture, the expansion of animal husbandry (often on communal grazing grounds or baldios), and the increased demand for wood and timber resulted in the gradual disappearance of forests and woodlands. This tendency was reversed only in the nineteenth century, when planting of trees became a scientifically guided and often government-sponsored activity. The reversal was due, on the one hand, to the increased economic value of timber (the market's "invisible hand" raised timber prices and made forest plantation economically attractive), and to the realization that deforestation had severe impacts on the environment. It was no accident that the idea of sustainability, so much in vogue today, was developed by early-nineteenth-century foresters. Such is the common perspective on forestry history in Europe and Portugal. Within this perspective, social phenomena are translated into abstract notions like agricultural expansion, the invisible hand of the market, and the public interest in sustainably-used natural environments. In such accounts, trees can become gifts from the gods to shelter, feed and warm the mortals (for an example, see: O Vilarealense, (Vila Real), 12 January 1961). However, a closer look makes it clear that such a detached account misses one key aspect: forests serve not only public, but also particular interests, and these particular interests correspond to specific social groups.
    [Show full text]
  • The Volcanic Ash Soils of Chile
    ' I EXPANDED PROGRAM OF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE No. 2017 Report to the Government of CHILE THE VOLCANIC ASH SOILS OF CHILE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ROMEM965 -"'^ .Y--~ - -V^^-.. -r~ ' y Report No. 2017 Report CHT/TE/LA Scanned from original by ISRIC - World Soil Information, as ICSU World Data Centre for Soils. The purpose is to make a safe depository for endangered documents and to make the accrued information available for consultation, following Fair Use Guidelines. Every effort is taken to respect Copyright of the materials within the archives where the identification of the Copyright holder is clear and, where feasible, to contact the originators. For questions please contact [email protected] indicating the item reference number concerned. REPORT TO THE GOVERNMENT OP CHILE on THE VOLCANIC ASH SOILS OP CHILE Charles A. Wright POOL ANL AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OP THE UNITEL NATIONS ROME, 1965 266I7/C 51 iß - iii - TABLE OP CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 RECOMMENDATIONS 1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION 3 The nature and composition of volcanic landscapes 3 Vbloanio ash as a soil forming parent material 5 The distribution of voloanic ash soils in Chile 7 Nomenclature used in this report 11 A. ANDOSOLS OF CHILE» GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS, FORMATIVE ENVIRONMENT, AND MAIN KINDS OF SOIL 11 1. TRUMAO SOILS 11 General characteristics 11 The formative environment 13 ÈS (i) Climate 13 (ii) Topography 13 (iii) Parent materials 13 (iv) Natural plant cover 14 (o) The main kinds of trumao soils ' 14 2. NADI SOILS 16 General characteristics 16 The formative environment 16 tö (i) Climat* 16 (ii) Topograph? and parent materials 17 (iii) Natural plant cover 18 B.
    [Show full text]
  • Module Objective
    Section I. Introduction and Basic Principles Module I. Analysis of the Global Ecological Situation Module Objective Aware of the global ecological situation and the importance to adopt practices and behaviors promoting the sustainable management and conservation of the natural resources. Introduction Our world is suffering unpredictable changes in the natural world. Everywhere, destruction and profound degradations of the natural habitats are found and their implications for biodiversity conservation and resources sustainability have global impact (1). Increasingly more, people of all disciplines – scientists, economists, business people and world leaders, along with professional environmental activists – recognize that our population’s habits are not sustainable. Because of these tendencies, we are on a collision course threatening not only our basic human needs, but also the fundamental systems that maintain the planet’s ability to support life (2). A finite planet cannot continue adding 90 million people each year to the global population, nor can we endure the loss of top soil, atmosphere changes, species extinction, and water loss without re- establishing sufficient resources levels in order to permit life support (2). The planet that we know today is very different from the planet that existed immediately after its start date. Approximately 4.5 billion years ago the world began. It was not affected by the appearance of human life. Within 200 thousand years, human beings evolved to act as the agent of change that sparked the many changes occurring in our planet’s natural habitats: threatened and extinct species and the deterioration of the air, water and soils of the Earth’s habitats.
    [Show full text]
  • Biggest Trees of the World Pub 13-2
    Dendrology Series WSFNR13-2 January 2013 Tallest, Biggest, & Oldest Trees by Dr. Kim D. Coder, Professor of Tree Biology & Health Care Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia Trees have a long relationship with people. They are both utility and amenity. Trees can evoke awe, mysticism, and reverence. Trees represent great public and private values. Trees most noticed and celebrated by people and communities are the one-tenth of one-percent of trees which approach the limits of their maximum size, reach, extent, and age. These singular, historical, culturally significant, and massive trees become symbols and icons of life on Earth, and our role in environmental stewardship and sustainability. What Is A Tree? Figure 1 is a conglomeration of definitions and concepts about trees from legal and word defini- tions in North America. For example, 20 percent of all definitions specifically state a tree is a plant. Concentrated in 63% of all descriptors for trees are four terms: plant, woody, single stem, and tall. If broad stem diameter, branching, and perennial growth habit concepts are added, 87% of all the descrip- tors are represented. At its most basic level, defining a tree is not species based, but is a structural definition. A tree is represented by a type of plant architecture recognizable by non-technical people. The most basic con- cepts for defining a tree are -- a large, tall, woody, perennial plant with a single, unbranched, erect, self- supporting stem holding an elevated and distinct crown of branches greater than 10 feet in height and greater than 3 inches in diameter.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Surface Activity and Pursuit-Plunging by Olivaceous Cormorants
    SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 327 At the Missouri site, eagles had access to large numbers of crippled and dead geese, which presumably were the primary source oflead shot. In South Dakota, Steenhof(1976) reported finding waterfowl remains in 285 of 363 egested pellets including 10 (2.7%) with lead shot. Based upon her observations, she concluded eagles obtained most of the waterfowl in upland fields. Likewise, at our Nebraska site, eagles ate waterfowl that had been feeding in upland fields (obtained by kleptoparasitizing other raptors [Jorde and Lingle, in press]). In March 1980, they also scavenged waterfowl that had died of avian cholera (Lingle and Krapu 1986). Infrequent ingestion of lead shot by Bald Eagles in Nebraska probably stems from a low incidence of lead shot among waterfowl wintering along the Platte and North Platte rivers. The frequency of occurrence of lead shot in wintering waterfowl in Nebraska is not known; however, only about 1% of waterfowl wintering in the Texas High Plains region during the same period had lead shot in their digestive tracts (Wallace et al. 1983). It is probable that field-feeding Mallards obtained in lightly hunted uplands contain fewer lead shot than cripples or segments of the population feeding principally in wetlands where hunting activity and lead shot contamination arc likely to be concentrated. Acknowledgments.-We thank the following field technicians: R. Atkins, J. Cochnar, M. Hay, C. House, D. Janke, D. Jenson, and W. Norling. T. Baskett, D. Johnson, D. Jorde, and P. Pietz critically reviewed the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED GRIFFIN,C. R., T. S. BASKETT,AND R.
    [Show full text]
  • Chile: a Journey to the End of the World in Search of Temperate Rainforest Giants
    Eliot Barden Kew Diploma Course 53 July 2017 Chile: A Journey to the end of the world in search of Temperate Rainforest Giants Valdivian Rainforest at Alerce Andino Author May 2017 1 Eliot Barden Kew Diploma Course 53 July 2017 Table of Contents 1. Title Page 2. Contents 3. Table of Figures/Introduction 4. Introduction Continued 5. Introduction Continued 6. Aims 7. Aims Continued / Itinerary 8. Itinerary Continued / Objective / the Santiago Metropolitan Park 9. The Santiago Metropolitan Park Continued 10. The Santiago Metropolitan Park Continued 11. Jardín Botánico Chagual / Jardin Botanico Nacional, Viña del Mar 12. Jardin Botanico Nacional Viña del Mar Continued 13. Jardin Botanico Nacional Viña del Mar Continued 14. Jardin Botanico Nacional Viña del Mar Continued / La Campana National Park 15. La Campana National Park Continued / Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve Valdivian Temperate Rainforest 16. Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve Valdivian Temperate Rainforest Continued 17. Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve Valdivian Temperate Rainforest Continued 18. Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve Valdivian Temperate Rainforest Continued / Volcano Osorno 19. Volcano Osorno Continued / Vicente Perez Rosales National Park 20. Vicente Perez Rosales National Park Continued / Alerce Andino National Park 21. Alerce Andino National Park Continued 22. Francisco Coloane Marine Park 23. Francisco Coloane Marine Park Continued 24. Francisco Coloane Marine Park Continued / Outcomes 25. Expenditure / Thank you 2 Eliot Barden Kew Diploma Course 53 July 2017 Table of Figures Figure 1.) Valdivian Temperate Rainforest Alerce Andino [Photograph; Author] May (2017) Figure 2. Map of National parks of Chile Figure 3. Map of Chile Figure 4. Santiago Metropolitan Park [Photograph; Author] May (2017) Figure 5.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Newsletter
    newsFall 2018 LEARNING WHILE SERVING Students from across disciplines unite to conduct service projects in Haiti with local non-profit organization One Foot Raised CONTENTS COLLEGE NEWS 4 ATCOFA enters partnership with Jilin Provincial Academy of Forestry Sciences 5 National Center for Pharmaceutical Crops receives patent 6 Dr. Craig Morton named Agriculture Educator of the Year ARTHUR TEMPLE 7 Resource Management Service offers new COLLEGE OF forestry scholarship FORESTRY AND AGRICULTURE 8 Spatial science program provides key imagery for local non-profit 9 Faculty, staff highlights Sarah Fuller, outreach coordinator 10 New ATCOFA faculty and [email protected] staff STUDENT NEWS 419 East College St. 12 Students receive first place at statewide GIS P.O. Box 6109, SFA Station forum Nacogdoches, TX 75962 13 Student chapter wins national championship (936) 468-3301 14 Top scholar named Office email: [email protected] 15 Sylvans win Southern Forestry Conclave Send photos to or news to: 16 Summer ‘18 internships [email protected] 18 Graduate Research FEATURE 20 Learning While Serving ALUMNI AFFAIRS 22 Alumni Spotlight 26 ATCOFA at a glance CONTENTS from the dean Dear ATCOFA alumni and friends, As the fall 2018 semester draws to 5 a close and the holidays approach, it is appropriate to reflect on the 13 opportunities and recent achievements of the ATCOFA faculty, staff and students. Dr. Craig Morton, professor of agriculture, and Dr. Kenneth Farrish, Arnold Distinguished Professor of forest soils, were honored for their sustained innovation in teaching. Research conducted by Dr. Chris Schalk, assistant professor of forest wildlife management, was featured in a recent issue of Texas Parks and Wildlife magazine.
    [Show full text]
  • THE FOREST for the TREES? Government Policies and the Misuse of Forest Resources
    THE FOREST FOR THE TREES? Government Policies and the Misuse of Forest Resources Robert Repotto VV () R L D R IE S C) U R CES INS T ITUT Q THE FOREST FOR THE TREES? Government Policies and the Misuse of Forest Resources Robert Repetto WORLD RESOURCES INSTITUTE A Center for Policy Research May 1988 Kathleen Courrier Publications Director Don Strandberg Marketing Manager Hyacinth Billings Production Supervisor FAO Photo Cover Each World Resources Institute Report represents a timely, scientific treatment of a subject of public concern. WRI takes responsibility for choosing the study topics and guaranteeing its authors and researchers freedom of inquiry. It also solicits and responds to the guidance of advisory panels and expert reviewers. Unless otherwise stated, however, all the interpretation and findings set forth in WRI publications are those of the authors. Copyright © 1988 World Resources Institute. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 88-050465 ISBN 0-915825-25-2 Contents I. Overview 1 The Extent and Rate of Deforestation 3 The Reasons for Deforestation in Tropical Countries 12 Forest Sector Policies 17 Policies Outside the Forest Sector 27 Conclusions and Recommendations 32 Policy Reforms by National Governments 32 Policy Changes by Industrial Countries and International Agencies 40 II. Country Studies 43 Indonesia 43 Malaysia 52 Philippines 59 China 66 Brazil 73 West Africa 81 United States 90 References 99 Acknowledgments e wish to thank the authors of Gregersen, Roberto Lopez C, Norman Myers, country case studies, whose schol- Jeffrey Sayer, John Spears, William Beattie and W arly insights contributed so much Roger Sedjo.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com10/02/2021 07:21:54PM Via Free Access 126 IAWA Journal, Vol
    IAWA Journal, Vol. 28 (2), 2007: 125-137 WOOD ULTRASTRUCTURE OF ANCIENT BURIED LOGS OF FITZROYA CUPRESSOlDES Maria A. Castro1 and Fidel A. Roig2 SUMMARY The anatomy and ultrastructure of subfossil wood of Fitzroya cup res­ soides from the late Pleistocene (>50,000 14C years before present) were compared with those of extant F. cupressoides trees from southern Chile, using light microscopy (polarized light and ftuorescence), scanning elec­ tron microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy system, and transmission electron microscopy. The ancient wood showed an unchanged gross wood structure, loss of cell wall birefringence, loss of lignin autoftuorescence, and a loss of the original microfibrillar pat­ tern. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis indicated higher than normal contents of S, Cl, and Na in subfossil wood. Ultrastructural modifications in the cell wall of the subfossil wood could have important implications for further studies involving isotopic and wood anatomical measurements of ancient wood. Key words: Fitzroya cupressoides, Pleistocene subfossil wood, cell wall ultrastructure, TEM, SEM-EDXA analysis, wood anatomy. INTRODUCTION The temperate rain forest of South America has a very rich tree species assemblage with a high level of endemism (Arroyo et al. 1993). One of the natural endemies is Fitzroya cupressoides (Molina) I.M.lohnston (alerce, Cupressaceae), a tree species that grows under a relatively low annual mean temperature and high precipitation in areas ofthe southernAndes ofChile and southwesternArgentina. Tree-ring analysis revealed that Fitzroya is a slow-growing tree and is one of the longest-lived tree species in the world, known to reach up to around 3,500 years of age (Lara & Villalba 1993).
    [Show full text]