Sequoia Sempervirens) and Its 2 Implications for Explaining the Rarity of Polyploidy in Conifers 3 Alison Dawn Scott, Noah Stenz, David A
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Thuja Plicata Has Many Traditional Uses, from the Manufacture of Rope to Waterproof Hats, Nappies and Other Kinds of Clothing
photograph © Daniel Mosquin Culturally modified tree. The bark of Thuja plicata has many traditional uses, from the manufacture of rope to waterproof hats, nappies and other kinds of clothing. Careful, modest, bark stripping has little effect on the health or longevity of trees. (see pages 24 to 35) photograph © Douglas Justice 24 Tree of the Year : Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don In this year’s Tree of the Year article DOUGLAS JUSTICE writes an account of the western red-cedar or giant arborvitae (tree of life), a species of conifers that, for centuries has been central to the lives of people of the Northwest Coast of America. “In a small clearing in the forest, a young woman is in labour. Two women companions urge her to pull hard on the cedar bark rope tied to a nearby tree. The baby, born onto a newly made cedar bark mat, cries its arrival into the Northwest Coast world. Its cradle of firmly woven cedar root, with a mattress and covering of soft-shredded cedar bark, is ready. The young woman’s husband and his uncle are on the sea in a canoe carved from a single red-cedar log and are using paddles made from knot-free yellow cedar. When they reach the fishing ground that belongs to their family, the men set out a net of cedar bark twine weighted along one edge by stones lashed to it with strong, flexible cedar withes. Cedar wood floats support the net’s upper edge. Wearing a cedar bark hat, cape and skirt to protect her from the rain and INTERNATIONAL DENDROLOGY SOCIETY TREES Opposite, A grove of 80- to 100-year-old Thuja plicata in Queen Elizabeth Park, Vancouver. -
Dying Cedar Hedges —What Is the Cause?
Points covered in this factsheet Symptoms Planting problems Physiological effects Environmental, Soil and Climate factors Insect, Disease and Vertebrate agents Dying Cedar Hedges —What Is The Cause? Attractive and normally trouble free, cedar trees can be great additions to the landscape. Dieback of cedar hedging in the landscape is a common prob- lem. In most cases, it is not possible to pinpoint one single cause. Death is usually the result of a combination of envi- ronmental stresses, soil factors and problems originating at planting. Disease, insect or animal injury is a less frequent cause. Identifying The Host Certain species of cedar are susceptible to certain problems, so identifying the host plant can help to identify the cause and whether a symptom is an issue of concern or is normal for that plant. The most common columnar hedging cedars are Thuja plicata (Western Red Cedar - native to the West Coast) and Thuja occidentalis (American Arborvitae or Eastern White ICULTURE, PLANT HEALTH UNIT Cedar). Both species are often called arborvitae. Common varieties of Western Red ce- dar are ‘Emerald Giant’, ‘Excelsa’ and Atrovirens’. ‘Smaragd’ and ‘Pyramidalis’ are com- mon varieties of Eastern White cedar hedging. Species of Cupressus (Cypress), Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (Yellow Cedar or False Cypress) and Chamaecyparis law- soniana (Port Orford Cedar or lawsom Cypress) are also used in hedging. Symptoms The pattern of symptom development/distribution can provide a clue to whether the prob- lem is biotic (infectious) or abiotic (non-infectious). Trees often die out in a group, in one section of the hedge, or at random throughout the hedge. -
Thuja Occidentalis) Swamps in Northern New York: Effects and Interactions of Multiple Variables
SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Digital Commons @ ESF Dissertations and Theses Fall 12-16-2017 Plant Species Richness and Diversity of Northern White-Cedar (Thuja occidentalis) Swamps in Northern New York: Effects and Interactions of Multiple Variables Robert Smith SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.esf.edu/etds Recommended Citation Smith, Robert, "Plant Species Richness and Diversity of Northern White-Cedar (Thuja occidentalis) Swamps in Northern New York: Effects and Interactions of Multiple Variables" (2017). Dissertations and Theses. 7. https://digitalcommons.esf.edu/etds/7 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ ESF. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ ESF. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. PLANT SPECIES RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY OF NORTHERN WHITE-CEDAR (Thuja occidentalis) SWAMPS IN NORTHERN NEW YORK: EFFECTS AND INTERACTIONS OF MULTIPLE VARIABLES by Robert L. Smith II A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Degree State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse, New York November 2017 Department of Environmental and Forest Biology Approved by: Donald J. Leopold, Major Professor René H. Germain, Chair, Examining Committee Donald J. Leopold, Department Chair S. Scott Shannon, Dean, The Graduate School ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank my major professor, Dr. Donald J. Leopold, for his great advice during our many meetings and email exchanges. In addition, his visit to my study site and recommended improvements to my thesis were very much appreciated. -
Behavioral Responses of American Black Bears to Reduced Natural Foods: Home Range Size and Seasonal Migrations
BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES OF AMERICAN BLACK BEARS TO REDUCED NATURAL FOODS: HOME RANGE SIZE AND SEASONAL MIGRATIONS Spencer J. Rettler1, David L. Garshelis, Andrew N. Tri, John Fieberg1, Mark A. Ditmer2 and James Forester1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS American black bears (Ursus americanus) in the Chippewa National Forest demonstrated appreciable fat reserves and stable reproduction despite a substantial decline in natural food availability over a 30-year period. Here we investigated potential strategies that bears may have employed to adapt to this reduction in food. We hypothesized that bears increased their home range sizes to encompass more food and/or increased the frequency, duration and distance of large seasonal migrations to seek out more abundant food resources. We estimated home range sizes using both Minimum Convex Polygon and Kernel Density Estimate approaches and developed a method to identify seasonal migrations. Male home range sizes in the 2010s were approximately twice the size of those in the 1980s; whereas, female home ranges tripled in size from the 1980s to the 2010s. We found little difference in migration patterns with only slight changes to duration. Our results supported our hypothesis that home range size increased in response to declining foods, which may explain why body condition and reproduction has not changed. However, these increased movements, in conjunction with bears potentially consuming more human-related foods in the fall, may alter harvest vulnerability, and should be considered when managing the bear hunt. INTRODUCTION As a large generalist omnivore, American black bears (Ursus americanus; henceforth black bear or bear) demonstrate exceptional plasticity in response to changes in food availability. -
Biggest Trees of the World Pub 13-2
Dendrology Series WSFNR13-2 January 2013 Tallest, Biggest, & Oldest Trees by Dr. Kim D. Coder, Professor of Tree Biology & Health Care Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia Trees have a long relationship with people. They are both utility and amenity. Trees can evoke awe, mysticism, and reverence. Trees represent great public and private values. Trees most noticed and celebrated by people and communities are the one-tenth of one-percent of trees which approach the limits of their maximum size, reach, extent, and age. These singular, historical, culturally significant, and massive trees become symbols and icons of life on Earth, and our role in environmental stewardship and sustainability. What Is A Tree? Figure 1 is a conglomeration of definitions and concepts about trees from legal and word defini- tions in North America. For example, 20 percent of all definitions specifically state a tree is a plant. Concentrated in 63% of all descriptors for trees are four terms: plant, woody, single stem, and tall. If broad stem diameter, branching, and perennial growth habit concepts are added, 87% of all the descrip- tors are represented. At its most basic level, defining a tree is not species based, but is a structural definition. A tree is represented by a type of plant architecture recognizable by non-technical people. The most basic con- cepts for defining a tree are -- a large, tall, woody, perennial plant with a single, unbranched, erect, self- supporting stem holding an elevated and distinct crown of branches greater than 10 feet in height and greater than 3 inches in diameter. -
Downloaded from Brill.Com10/02/2021 07:21:54PM Via Free Access 126 IAWA Journal, Vol
IAWA Journal, Vol. 28 (2), 2007: 125-137 WOOD ULTRASTRUCTURE OF ANCIENT BURIED LOGS OF FITZROYA CUPRESSOlDES Maria A. Castro1 and Fidel A. Roig2 SUMMARY The anatomy and ultrastructure of subfossil wood of Fitzroya cup res soides from the late Pleistocene (>50,000 14C years before present) were compared with those of extant F. cupressoides trees from southern Chile, using light microscopy (polarized light and ftuorescence), scanning elec tron microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy system, and transmission electron microscopy. The ancient wood showed an unchanged gross wood structure, loss of cell wall birefringence, loss of lignin autoftuorescence, and a loss of the original microfibrillar pat tern. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis indicated higher than normal contents of S, Cl, and Na in subfossil wood. Ultrastructural modifications in the cell wall of the subfossil wood could have important implications for further studies involving isotopic and wood anatomical measurements of ancient wood. Key words: Fitzroya cupressoides, Pleistocene subfossil wood, cell wall ultrastructure, TEM, SEM-EDXA analysis, wood anatomy. INTRODUCTION The temperate rain forest of South America has a very rich tree species assemblage with a high level of endemism (Arroyo et al. 1993). One of the natural endemies is Fitzroya cupressoides (Molina) I.M.lohnston (alerce, Cupressaceae), a tree species that grows under a relatively low annual mean temperature and high precipitation in areas ofthe southernAndes ofChile and southwesternArgentina. Tree-ring analysis revealed that Fitzroya is a slow-growing tree and is one of the longest-lived tree species in the world, known to reach up to around 3,500 years of age (Lara & Villalba 1993). -
Morphology and Morphogenesis of the Seed Cones of the Cupressaceae - Part II Cupressoideae
1 2 Bull. CCP 4 (2): 51-78. (10.2015) A. Jagel & V.M. Dörken Morphology and morphogenesis of the seed cones of the Cupressaceae - part II Cupressoideae Summary The cone morphology of the Cupressoideae genera Calocedrus, Thuja, Thujopsis, Chamaecyparis, Fokienia, Platycladus, Microbiota, Tetraclinis, Cupressus and Juniperus are presented in young stages, at pollination time as well as at maturity. Typical cone diagrams were drawn for each genus. In contrast to the taxodiaceous Cupressaceae, in Cupressoideae outgrowths of the seed-scale do not exist; the seed scale is completely reduced to the ovules, inserted in the axil of the cone scale. The cone scale represents the bract scale and is not a bract- /seed scale complex as is often postulated. Especially within the strongly derived groups of the Cupressoideae an increased number of ovules and the appearance of more than one row of ovules occurs. The ovules in a row develop centripetally. Each row represents one of ascending accessory shoots. Within a cone the ovules develop from proximal to distal. Within the Cupressoideae a distinct tendency can be observed shifting the fertile zone in distal parts of the cone by reducing sterile elements. In some of the most derived taxa the ovules are no longer (only) inserted axillary, but (additionally) terminal at the end of the cone axis or they alternate to the terminal cone scales (Microbiota, Tetraclinis, Juniperus). Such non-axillary ovules could be regarded as derived from axillary ones (Microbiota) or they develop directly from the apical meristem and represent elements of a terminal short-shoot (Tetraclinis, Juniperus). -
Bovedas Encamonadas: Origen, Evolucion, Geometria Y Construccion Entre Los Siglos Xvii Y Xviii En El Virreinato De Peru
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE ARQUITECTURA DEPARTAMENTO DE ESTRUCTURAS DE EDIFICACION PROGRAMA: MECANICA DE LAS ESTRUCTURAS ANTIGUAS Tesis Doctoral: BOVEDAS ENCAMONADAS: ORIGEN, EVOLUCION, GEOMETRIA Y CONSTRUCCION ENTRE LOS SIGLOS XVII Y XVIII EN EL VIRREINATO DE PERU Doctorando: Arq. PEDRO AUGUSTO HURTADO VALDEZ Directores: Dr. Arq. ENRIQUE NUERE MATAUCO Dr. Arq. JOSE LUIS FERNANDEZ CABO MADRID – 2011 Tribunal nombrado por el Mgfco. y Excmo. Sr. Rector de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, el día _____ de _______________ de 20_____ . Presidente D. _____________________________________________________ Vocal D. _____________________________________________________ Vocal D. _____________________________________________________ Vocal D. _____________________________________________________ Secretario D. _____________________________________________________ Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de la Tesis el día _____ de _______________ de 20_____ . En ________________________ . Calificación: _________________________ EL PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL SECRETARIO II RESUMEN Desde la creación del Virreinato del Perú, en el siglo XVI, los arcos, bóvedas y cúpulas se acostumbraban a levantar con piedra y fábrica. Sin embargo estas tierras eran sacudidas periodicamente por terremotos, produciendo el colapso de la mayoría de estas edificaciones. Para el siglo XVII los alarifes ya habían experimentado diversas maneras de levantar bóvedas, sin haberse encontrado una respuesta razonable en términos de tiempo, economía -
The Ecology and Biogeography of Athrotaxis D. Don
THE ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF ATHROTAXIS D. DON. ,smo,e5 by Philip J. Cullen B.Sc. (Forestry) submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA HOBART February 1987 DECLARATION This thesis contains no material which has been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university and contains no copy or paraphrases of material previously published or writtern by another person, except where due reference is made in the text. P. J. Cullen. CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEGEMENTS ABSTRACT II LIST OF FIGURES IV LIST OF TABLES VI LIST OF PLATES VIII CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION , 1 CHAPTER 2: DISTRIBUTION AND SYNECOLOGY 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2 Methods 14 2.3 Results and Discussion 2.3.1 Stand Classification 19 2.3.2 Stand Ordination 32 CHAPTER 3: THE REGENERATION MODES OF ATHROTAXIS CUPRESSOIDES AND ATHROTAXIS SELAGINOIDES 3.1 Introduction 38 3.2 Methods 3.2.1 Stand demography 40 3.2.2 Spatial distribution of seedlings 43 3.2.3 Seed dispersal 44 3.2.4 Vegetative reproduction 45 3.3 Results and Discussion 3.3.1 Size/age correlations 48 3.3.2 Seed production and dispersal 52 3.3.3 Vegetative regeneration 55 3.3.4 Stand demography and seedling distribution of Athrotaxis cupressoides 60 3.3.5 Stand demography and seedling distribution of Athrotaxis seiaginoides 82 3.3.6 The presence of Athrotaxis laxifolia . 88 3.4 Conclusion 89 CHAPTER THE RELATIVE FROST RESISTANCE OF ATHROTAXIS CUPRESSOIDES AND ATHROTAXIS SELAGINOIDES SEEDLINGS 4.1 Introduction 92 4.2 Methods 93 4,3 Results 96 4.4 Discussion 99 CHAPTER 5: THE EFFECT OF GRAZING ON THE SEEDLING REGENERATION OF ATHROTAXIS CUPRESSOIDES 5.1 Introduction 107 5.2 Methods 107 5.3 Results 109 5.4 Discussion 111 CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION 116 REFERENCES 135 APPENDIX A: REGENERATION PATTERNS IN POPULATIONS OF ATHROTAXIS SELAGINOIDES D. -
The Pine Genome Initiative- Science Plan Review
ProCoGen Training Workshop 2013 Umeå An Undiscovered Country: What Comparative Genomics Tells Us of Gymnosperm Genomes Ujwal R. Bagal, W. Walter Lorenz, Jeffrey F.D. Dean Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources & Institute of Bioinformatics University of Georgia Diverse Form and Life History JGI CSP - Conifer EST Project Transcriptome Assemblies Statistics Pinaceae Reads Contigs* • Pinus taeda 4,074,360 164,506 • Pinus palustris 542,503 44,975 • Pinus lambertiana 1,096,017 85,348 • Picea abies 623,144 36,867 • Cedrus atlantica 408,743 30,197 • Pseudotsuga menziesii 1,216,156 60,504 Other Conifer Families • Wollemia nobilis 471,719 35,814 • Cephalotaxus harringtonia 689,984 40,884 • Sequoia sempervirens 472,601 42,892 • Podocarpus macrophylla 584,579 36,624 • Sciadopitys verticillata 479,239 29,149 • Taxus baccata 398,037 33,142 *Assembled using MIRA http://ancangio.uga.edu/ng-genediscovery/conifer_dbMagic.jnlp Loblolly pine PAL amino acid sequence alignment Analysis Method Sequence Collection PlantTribe, PlantGDB, GenBank, Conifer DBMagic assemblies 25 taxa comprising of 71 sequences Phylogenetic analysis Maximum Likelihood: RAxML (Stamatakis et. al) Bayesian Method: MrBayes (Huelsenbeck, et al.) Tree reconciliation: NOTUNG 2.6 (Chen et al.) Phylogenetic Tree of Vascular Plant PALs Phylogenetic Analysis of Conifer PAL Gene Sequences Conifer-specific branch shown in green Amino Acids Under Relaxed Constraint Maximum Likelihood analysis Nested codon substitution models M0 : constant dN/dS ratio M2a : rate ratio ω1< 1, ω2=1 and ω3>1 M3 : (ω1< ω2< ω3) (M0, M2a, M3, M2a+S1, M2a+S2, M3+S1, M3+S2) Fitmodel version 0.5.3 ( Guindon et al. 2004) S1 : equal switching rates (alpha =beta) S2 : unequal switching rates (alpha ≠ beta) Variable gymnosperm PAL amino acid residues mapped onto a crystal structure for parsley PAL Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms Jiao et al. -
Tasmania - from the Wet West to the Dry East
This collection is maintained with the assistance of the Tasmania - from the wet west to the dry east. Regional Branch of the Australian Plant Society. Influences on the development of the Tasmanian plant mix Montane moorland and cool oceanic heathland When Gondwana existed as a super Geology of Tasmania Vegetation Map of Tasmania The Tasmanian highland vegetation developed in isolation from the Australian Alps. Even during ice continent, Australia and Tasmania, Africa, ages, hundreds of kilometres of lowland vegetation separated the two high altitude environments. South America, New Zealand and Antarctica shared many plant families and some Montane plants have to cope with wide temperature fluctuations, with periods of below 0°C and Genera. exposure to winds. Cold may be prolonged if the ground freezes. Plants may be blanketed by snow or BASS STRAIT the mountains by cloud. Snowmelt or clear weather can cause intense rays of light, resulting in high For example, the protea family has members temperature. Wind or sun can dry the plant and soil. in all those land masses except Antarctica. The Southern Africa panel covers the protea family more fully. Plants require moisture and warmth. Small hard leaves offer Tasmania was the last land mass to break protection from the drying away from Antarctica. The opening of the effects of sun and wind. Low gap between these land masses allowed the ocean to circulate growth avoids wind. Branches around Antarctica, cooling the earth’s climate and so locking up grow close together to shelter vast quantities of water as ice. the parts of each plant. -
Aneides Vagrans Residing in the Canopy of Old-Growth Redwood Forest 1 1 1 James C
Herpetological Conservation and Biology 1(1):16-26 Submitted: June 15, 2006; Accepted: July 19, 2006 EVIDENCE OF A NEW NICHE FOR A NORTH AMERICAN SALAMANDER: ANEIDES VAGRANS RESIDING IN THE CANOPY OF OLD-GROWTH REDWOOD FOREST 1 1 1 JAMES C. SPICKLER , STEPHEN C. SILLETT , SHARYN B. MARKS , 2,3 AND HARTWELL H. WELSH, JR. 1Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA 95521, USA 2Redwood Sciences Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, 1700 Bayview Drive, Arcata, CA 95521, USA 3Corresponding Author, email: [email protected] Abstract.—We investigated habitat use and movements of the wandering salamander, Aneides vagrans, in an old-growth forest canopy. We conducted a mark-recapture study of salamanders in the crowns of five large redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens) in Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park, California. This represented a first attempt to document the residency and behavior of A. vagrans in a canopy environment. We placed litter bags on 65 fern (Polypodium scouleri) mats, covering 10% of their total surface area in each tree. Also, we set cover boards on one fern mat in each of two trees. We checked cover objects 2–4 times per month during fall and winter seasons. We marked 40 individuals with elastomer tags and recaptured 13. Only one recaptured salamander moved (vertically 7 m) from its original point of capture. We compared habitats associated with salamander captures using correlation analysis and stepwise regression. At the tree-level, the best predictor of salamander abundance was water storage by fern mats. At the fern mat-level, the presence of cover boards accounted for 85% of the variability observed in captures.