Camperdown Park Tree Trail

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Camperdown Park Tree Trail Scotland has some of the world’s finest tree collections. The National Tree Collections camperdown park of Scotland is an initiative to celebrate and conserve this tree trail important part of our heritage. come and explore Dundee’s historic tree collection The National Tree Collections For more information about the National Tree Collections of Scotland was established by of Scotland, please visit: www.ntcs.org.uk Forestry Commission Scotland and the Royal Botanic Garden To find out more about Camperdown Park, please visit: Edinburgh to raise awareness of www.camperdownpark.com Scotland’s tree collections, and www.dundeecity.gov.uk to protect and enhance them for the future. tel:Birkhill 01382 434000 (Village) Directions to Camperdown Park KEY: Collections like this one at Entrance Information Camperdown Park are a living Parking /Disabled museum, testament to the skills, No 5 giant redwood Toilets Public road endurance and vision of the early Footpath plant hunters and landowners, Subway Tree trail area who laid the foundations of Scotland’s modern forestry Coupar Angus Road (A923) industry. With our temperate Gourdie Brae Camperdown House climate and expertise in tree Faraday To Liff cultivation, Scotland has a Street vital role to play in securing the future of the world’s conifers, a third of which are threatened by To City Centre West Kingsway habitat destruction and climate No 3 Himalayan birch Liff Road path from change in their native lands. Linton Rd Myrekirk Smeaton Road Road metres path from 0 100 300 500 Balgarthno Rd The numbered trees along this trail (see inside map) (1815) the Battle of Waterloo after established was at the park entrance image - The Lime Avenue cover Front are part of Scotland’s trailblazing tree heritage. We hope you enjoy finding out more about them. www.ntcs.org.uk B i r k h i l l ( V i l l a g e ) T e m p l e t o n Wo o d s from Coupar Angus Rd. This map is based Coupar Angus Road (A923) on Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Camperdown Ordnance Survey Follow this easy trail and find on behalf of the House Controller of Her out more about the magnificent PRIVATE Majesty’s Stationery from 15 Office © Crown trees along the way. They Gourdie Copyright. Unau- 16 thorised reproduc- Brae 17 tion infringes Crown Gourdie Brae 13 are a living monument to the 11 14 10 copyright and may 18 lead to prosecution intrepid Scots gardeners and 1 Duck Pond 12 from or civil proceedings. 100023371 2012. 6 9 Faraday St. naturalists, who searched the 5 2 8 world for new plants in the 7 19 4 19th century. 3 Camperdown House 18 hole Putting Course Green 20 KEY: Faraday Entrance To Liff Information Camperdown Park is an historic planted landscape. Street 21 Parking /Disabled The towering American conifers, weeping ashes and elms, pines Toilets and spruces, firs and larches, cedars and Cypress combine to 22 Public road create a display of arboreal beauty. Footpath 23 18 Tree trail The mature trees you see today 24 25 are the legacy of visionary from Wildlife Centre & play area 19th century landowner Lord Robert Duncan. He built the house and named it to 1 8 14 20 commemorate his father Admiral Adam Duncan’s victory 2 over the Dutch Navy at the No 25 Camperdown elm Oriental spruce 9 Japanese cedar 15 Alerce 21 Spanish chestnut Battle of Camperdown in 1797. Picea orientalis, Caucasus Cryptomeria japonica Fitzroya cupressoides Castanea sativa 3 To City Centre Japan Chile & Argentina southern Europe oak Among the 90 individual Lawson’s cypress Chilean plum yew Quercus robur, Europe 10 16 22 sycamore tree species in the park, the 4 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Prumnopitys andina Acer pseudoplatanus Himalayan birch Camperdown elm (Ulmus W N America Chile & Argentina Europe Betula utilis, Himalaya 23 glabra ‘Camperdownii’) is 5 11 katsura 17 cedar of Lebanon common lime Monterey pine Cercidiphyllum japonicum Cedrus libani Tilia x europaea Europe the most famous. Robert 24 , Pinus radiata China & Japan Near East & Lebanon Duncan’s head forester, David common beech 6 giant redwood western hemlock monkey puzzle Taylor, found a mutant elm 12 18 Fagus sylvatica, Europe Sequoiadendron giganteum Tsuga heterophylla Araucaria araucana tree in 1835. He dug it up coast redwood No 17 monkey puzzle USA (California) W N America Chile & Argentina 25 and replanted it in its present Sequoia sempervirens 7 Caucasian wingnut 13 Douglas fir 19 Noble fir position. Parts were then USA (California) Pterocarya fraxinifolia Pseudotsuga menziesii Abies procera grafted to produce a new Camperdown elm Caucasus W N America W N America cultivar which is grown all over Ulmus glabra Tasmanian cedar eucryphia purple oak the world. The original tree still ‘Camperdownii’ Athrotaxis cupressoides Eucryphia x nymansensis Quercus robur ‘Purpurea’ Dundee(!) stands here at Camperdown. Tasmania garden origin Europe No 16 cedar of Lebanon Linton Road Liff Road Path Myrekirk Smeaton Road Road metres Path 0 100 300 500 Balgarthno Road.
Recommended publications
  • Biggest Trees of the World Pub 13-2
    Dendrology Series WSFNR13-2 January 2013 Tallest, Biggest, & Oldest Trees by Dr. Kim D. Coder, Professor of Tree Biology & Health Care Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia Trees have a long relationship with people. They are both utility and amenity. Trees can evoke awe, mysticism, and reverence. Trees represent great public and private values. Trees most noticed and celebrated by people and communities are the one-tenth of one-percent of trees which approach the limits of their maximum size, reach, extent, and age. These singular, historical, culturally significant, and massive trees become symbols and icons of life on Earth, and our role in environmental stewardship and sustainability. What Is A Tree? Figure 1 is a conglomeration of definitions and concepts about trees from legal and word defini- tions in North America. For example, 20 percent of all definitions specifically state a tree is a plant. Concentrated in 63% of all descriptors for trees are four terms: plant, woody, single stem, and tall. If broad stem diameter, branching, and perennial growth habit concepts are added, 87% of all the descrip- tors are represented. At its most basic level, defining a tree is not species based, but is a structural definition. A tree is represented by a type of plant architecture recognizable by non-technical people. The most basic con- cepts for defining a tree are -- a large, tall, woody, perennial plant with a single, unbranched, erect, self- supporting stem holding an elevated and distinct crown of branches greater than 10 feet in height and greater than 3 inches in diameter.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com10/02/2021 07:21:54PM Via Free Access 126 IAWA Journal, Vol
    IAWA Journal, Vol. 28 (2), 2007: 125-137 WOOD ULTRASTRUCTURE OF ANCIENT BURIED LOGS OF FITZROYA CUPRESSOlDES Maria A. Castro1 and Fidel A. Roig2 SUMMARY The anatomy and ultrastructure of subfossil wood of Fitzroya cup res­ soides from the late Pleistocene (>50,000 14C years before present) were compared with those of extant F. cupressoides trees from southern Chile, using light microscopy (polarized light and ftuorescence), scanning elec­ tron microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy system, and transmission electron microscopy. The ancient wood showed an unchanged gross wood structure, loss of cell wall birefringence, loss of lignin autoftuorescence, and a loss of the original microfibrillar pat­ tern. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis indicated higher than normal contents of S, Cl, and Na in subfossil wood. Ultrastructural modifications in the cell wall of the subfossil wood could have important implications for further studies involving isotopic and wood anatomical measurements of ancient wood. Key words: Fitzroya cupressoides, Pleistocene subfossil wood, cell wall ultrastructure, TEM, SEM-EDXA analysis, wood anatomy. INTRODUCTION The temperate rain forest of South America has a very rich tree species assemblage with a high level of endemism (Arroyo et al. 1993). One of the natural endemies is Fitzroya cupressoides (Molina) I.M.lohnston (alerce, Cupressaceae), a tree species that grows under a relatively low annual mean temperature and high precipitation in areas ofthe southernAndes ofChile and southwesternArgentina. Tree-ring analysis revealed that Fitzroya is a slow-growing tree and is one of the longest-lived tree species in the world, known to reach up to around 3,500 years of age (Lara & Villalba 1993).
    [Show full text]
  • Bovedas Encamonadas: Origen, Evolucion, Geometria Y Construccion Entre Los Siglos Xvii Y Xviii En El Virreinato De Peru
    UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE ARQUITECTURA DEPARTAMENTO DE ESTRUCTURAS DE EDIFICACION PROGRAMA: MECANICA DE LAS ESTRUCTURAS ANTIGUAS Tesis Doctoral: BOVEDAS ENCAMONADAS: ORIGEN, EVOLUCION, GEOMETRIA Y CONSTRUCCION ENTRE LOS SIGLOS XVII Y XVIII EN EL VIRREINATO DE PERU Doctorando: Arq. PEDRO AUGUSTO HURTADO VALDEZ Directores: Dr. Arq. ENRIQUE NUERE MATAUCO Dr. Arq. JOSE LUIS FERNANDEZ CABO MADRID – 2011 Tribunal nombrado por el Mgfco. y Excmo. Sr. Rector de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, el día _____ de _______________ de 20_____ . Presidente D. _____________________________________________________ Vocal D. _____________________________________________________ Vocal D. _____________________________________________________ Vocal D. _____________________________________________________ Secretario D. _____________________________________________________ Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de la Tesis el día _____ de _______________ de 20_____ . En ________________________ . Calificación: _________________________ EL PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL SECRETARIO II RESUMEN Desde la creación del Virreinato del Perú, en el siglo XVI, los arcos, bóvedas y cúpulas se acostumbraban a levantar con piedra y fábrica. Sin embargo estas tierras eran sacudidas periodicamente por terremotos, produciendo el colapso de la mayoría de estas edificaciones. Para el siglo XVII los alarifes ya habían experimentado diversas maneras de levantar bóvedas, sin haberse encontrado una respuesta razonable en términos de tiempo, economía
    [Show full text]
  • Supporting Information
    Supporting Information Mao et al. 10.1073/pnas.1114319109 SI Text BEAST Analyses. In addition to a BEAST analysis that used uniform Selection of Fossil Taxa and Their Phylogenetic Positions. The in- prior distributions for all calibrations (run 1; 144-taxon dataset, tegration of fossil calibrations is the most critical step in molecular calibrations as in Table S4), we performed eight additional dating (1, 2). We only used the fossil taxa with ovulate cones that analyses to explore factors affecting estimates of divergence could be assigned unambiguously to the extant groups (Table S4). time (Fig. S3). The exact phylogenetic position of fossils used to calibrate the First, to test the effect of calibration point P, which is close to molecular clocks was determined using the total-evidence analy- the root node and is the only functional hard maximum constraint ses (following refs. 3−5). Cordaixylon iowensis was not included in in BEAST runs using uniform priors, we carried out three runs the analyses because its assignment to the crown Acrogymno- with calibrations A through O (Table S4), and calibration P set to spermae already is supported by previous cladistic analyses (also [306.2, 351.7] (run 2), [306.2, 336.5] (run 3), and [306.2, 321.4] using the total-evidence approach) (6). Two data matrices were (run 4). The age estimates obtained in runs 2, 3, and 4 largely compiled. Matrix A comprised Ginkgo biloba, 12 living repre- overlapped with those from run 1 (Fig. S3). Second, we carried out two runs with different subsets of sentatives from each conifer family, and three fossils taxa related fi to Pinaceae and Araucariaceae (16 taxa in total; Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Sequoia Sempervirens) and Its 2 Implications for Explaining the Rarity of Polyploidy in Conifers 3 Alison Dawn Scott, Noah Stenz, David A
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/030585; this version posted November 3, 2015. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Whole genome duplication in coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and its 2 implications for explaining the rarity of polyploidy in conifers 3 Alison Dawn Scott, Noah Stenz, David A. Baum 4 Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 430 Lincoln Dr., Madison WI 53706 5 SUMMARY 6 • Whereas polyploidy is common and an important evolutionary factor in most land 7 plant lineages it is a real rarity in gymnosperms. Coast redwood (Sequoia 8 sempervirens) is the only hexaploid conifer and one of just two naturally 9 polyploid conifer species. Numerous hypotheses about the mechanism of 10 polyploidy in Sequoia and parental genome donors have been proffered over the 11 years, primarily based on morphological and cytological data, but it remains 12 unclear how Sequoia became polyploid and why this lineage overcame an 13 apparent gymnosperm barrier to whole-genome duplication (WGD). 14 • We sequenced transcriptomes and used phylogenetic inference, Bayesian 15 concordance analysis, and paralog age distributions to resolve relationships 16 among gene copies in hexaploid coast redwood and its close relatives. 17 • Our data show that hexaploidy in the coast redwood lineage is best explained by 18 autopolyploidy or, if there was allopolyploidy, this was restricted to within the 19 Californian redwood clade. We found that duplicate genes have more similar 20 sequences than would be expected given evidence from fossil guard cell size 21 which suggest that polyploidy dates to the Eocene.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Report South American Chronology
    Fitzroya Cupressoides Yields 1534- Year Long South American Chronology Item Type Article Authors Boninsegna, José A.; Holmes, Richard L. Citation Boninsegna, J.A., Holmes, R.L. 1985. Fitzroya cupressoides yields 1534-year long South American chronology. Tree-Ring Bulletin 45:37-42. Publisher Tree-Ring Society Journal Tree-Ring Bulletin Rights Copyright © Tree-Ring Society. All rights reserved. Download date 29/09/2021 16:30:06 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/261336 TREE -RING BULLETIN, Vol. 45, 1985 RESEARCH REPORT FITZROYA CUPRESSOIDES YIELDS 1534 -YEAR LONG SOUTH AMERICAN CHRONOLOGY JOSÉ A. BONINSEGNA Instituto Argentino de Nivolo gia y Glaciología Mendoza - Argentina and RICHARD L. HOLMES Laboratory of Tree -Ring Research University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona ABSTRACT The longest tree -ring chronologies for the Southern Hemisphere published to date go back to A.D. 1011 in central Chile; 1028 in Tasmania, Australia; 1140 in western Argentina; and 1256 on the North Island, New Zealand. For paleoclimatic and other studies longer time series would be very desirable. Here we report on the first successful crossdating and chronology development for Fitzroya cupressoides,a redwood -like conifer in western Argentina, which goes back to 441 and exhibits desirable statistical characteristics. INTRODUCTION Fitzroya cupressoides (Molina (Johnson)), common name "alerce," is a tall conifer which grows in the subantarctic forest of Argentina and Chile. The species is long - lived, a highly desirable characteristic in the development of tree -ring chronologies. Increment core samples of Fitzroya cupressoides were collected from adjacent sites by Schulman in 1949, Lerman in 1962, and by a group of us under the direction of LaMarche, in 1975.
    [Show full text]
  • CITES and Timber (PDF)
    This guide covers the main timber species regulated CITES and Timber by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). It provides information CITES and Timber on the key issues regarding the implementation of the Convention for this important group of plants. A guide to CITES-listed tree species Written for the non-expert, individual sections cover the species found in significant trade, with details on their distribution, uses, traded parts and derivatives, and scientific and common names. Madeleine Groves Madeleine Groves Additional sections cover timber identification and measurement, guidance on CITES documentation and key resources. and Catherine Rutherford shop.kew.org/kewbooksonline Madeleine Groves Catherine Rutherford CITES and Timber A guide to CITES-listed tree species Madeleine Groves Catherine Rutherford © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2015 Illustrations and photographs © Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, unless otherwise stated in the captions The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher unless in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988. Great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of the information contained in this work. However, neither the publisher, the editors nor authors can be held responsible for any consequences arising from use of the information contained herein.
    [Show full text]
  • Los Alerces National Park
    LATIN AMERICA / CARIBBEAN LOS ALERCES NATIONAL PARK ARGENTINA Lake Futalaufquen © IUCN / Tilman Jaeger Argentina - Los Alerces National Park WORLD HERITAGE NOMINATION – IUCN TECHNICAL EVALUATION LOS ALERCES NATIONAL PARK (ARGENTINA) – ID N° 1526 IUCN RECOMMENDATION TO WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE: To inscribe the property under natural criteria. Key paragraphs of Operational Guidelines: Paragraph 77: Part of the nominated property meets World Heritage criteria. Paragraph 78: Part of the nominated property meets integrity, protection and management requirements. 1. DOCUMENTATION prioridades de inversión en áreas protegidas andinopatagónicas. Ediciones Universidad Atlántida a) Date nomination received by IUCN: 24 March Argentina, 240 pp + ilustraciones. Napolitano C., 2016 Gálvez N., Bennett M., Acosta-Jamett G., and Sanderson J. 2015. Leopardus guigna. The IUCN Red b) Additional information officially requested from List of Threatened Species 2015: and provided by the State Party: Following the IUCN e.T15311A50657245. Premoli A.C., Kitzberger T., and World Heritage Panel, an interim report was sent to the Veblen T.T. 2000. Conservation genetics of the State Party on 20 December 2016. The letter updated endangered conifer Fitzroya cupressoides in Chile and the State Party on progress and sought additional Argentina. Conservation Genetics 1: 57-66. Premoli, responses on several points. These included A., Quiroga, P., Souto, C. & Gardner, M. 2013. clarifications on the rationale for only nominating this Fitzroya cupressoides. The IUCN Red List of property when the nature conservation values Threatened Species 2013: e.T30926A2798574. proposed are evident from a wider region and more Rovere A.E., Premoli A.C., and Newton A.C. 2002. comparative analysis to confirm the nominated Estado de conservación del ciprés de las Guaitecas property’s relative value within this context; details of (Pilgerodendron uviferum (Don) Florín) en Argentina.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation Composition, Structure, and Biomass of Two Unpolluted Watersheds in the Cordillera De Piuchue,´ Chiloe´ Island, Chile
    Plant Ecology 158: 5–19, 2002. 5 © 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Vegetation composition, structure, and biomass of two unpolluted watersheds in the Cordillera de Piuchue,´ Chiloe´ Island, Chile John J. Battles1,JuanJ.Armesto2,DavidR.Vann3,DanielJ.Zarin4, Juan Carlos Aravena2, Cecilia Perez´ 2 & Arthur H. Johnson3 1University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, 151 Hilgard Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3110, USA (e-mail: [email protected]); 2Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile; 3University of Pennsylvania, Department of Earth and Environmental Sci- ence, 240 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6316, USA; 4University of New Hampshire, Durham, Department of Natural Resources, Durham, NH 03824, USA Accepted in revised form 1 May 2000 Key words: Fitzroya cupressoides, Old-growth temperate rainforests, Pilgerodendron uviferum, Vegetation gradient Abstract Research in pristine forests provides a necessary reference of energy and nutrient cycling in absence of anthro- pogenic influence. Therefore two unpolluted watersheds in the Cordillera de Piuchué of southern Chile (42 ◦30 S) were chosen for detailed ecosystem analysis. The goals of this study were to quantify the distribution of the living biomass in the research watershed and to document topographic gradients in the vegetation. Across a small spatial gradient from ravine bottom to ridgetop (approximately 60 m in elevation and < 300 m in length) in the Cordillera de Piuchué watersheds, there were significant shifts in vegetation composition, structure, and biomass. Based on sampling in 18, 100 m2 plots, we identified three distinct community associations: a Fitzroya forest at the bottom of the watershed, a mid-slope Pilgerodendron-Tepualia transition zone, and a ridgetop moorland community.
    [Show full text]
  • Exemplary Cases of Sustainable Forest Management in Latin America and the Caribbean
    Four million hectares of native forest disappear each year from Latin America and the Caribbean as the result of deforestation that continues at an alarming rate, while bringing economic, social and environmental consequences on a massive scale. STANDING TALL: Despite this depressing scenario, there is a light in the woods. In the last two decades an alternative forest management system, known as Sustainable Forest Management (SFM), has been gaining ground in the EXEMPLARY CASES region. Unlike traditional management systems that tend to overlook long-term forest sustainability, this new system allows companies, OF SUSTAINABLE local communities or state institutions to produce goods and services from the forest while conserving it for future use. Sustainable forest FOREST management is already used in many countries of the region by different actors in different contexts and on varying scales. These experiences show the impressive economic, social and environmental MANAGEMENT benefi ts of this system, but such cases are generally not well known outside their local community. in Latin America and Based on a study by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the the Caribbean United Nations (FAO), these cases have been identifi ed, organized and published in this book with the aim of drawing attention to the progress that has been made in forest management in Latin America and the Caribbean. The study highlights 35 cases in 14 countries where sustainable forest management represents a practical and highly competitive option for local communities. The lessons learned from these experiences should act as a guide for other forest management initiatives, not only in the region but also in the rest of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of Anthropogenic Land-Use Change on Populations of The
    Impacts of anthropogenic land-use change on populations of the Endangered Patagonian cypress Fitzroya cupressoides in southern Chile: implications for its conservation J AMES R ODRÍGUEZ-ECHEVERRY,CRISTIAN E CHEVERRÍA and L AURA N AHUELHUAL Abstract Land-use change can have negative effects on Introduction threatened species by modifying their habitat and popu- lation dynamics. The habitat of the Endangered and-use change can lead to habitat loss and fragmen- Patagonian cypress Fitzroya cupressoides (Mol.) Johnst. Ltation, and these are two of the greatest threats to forest (Cupressaceae), a conifer endemic to the temperate forests ecosystems (Noss, ; Baillie et al., ). Land-use of southern Chile and Argentina, has been transformed by change modifies connectivity, and patch density and area land-use change and overexploitation. The impact of land- of forest (Lindenmayer & Fischer, ). These changes use change on the spatial pattern of F. cupressoides habitat can influence ecological attributes at the species and com- from to was evaluated at the landscape level, using munity levels, such as species richness and individual den- satellite images. Additionally, eight × m plots were es- sity (Laurance et al., ; Bustamante et al., ; tablished in four populations to assess their status. In each Simonetti et al., ). Habitat loss and fragmentation can ’ plot the density of F. cupressoides and the species richness of affect species survival by reducing the quality and quantity the associated plant communities were recorded and ana- of habitat available (Tomimatsu & Ohara, ), both of ’ lysed, together with spatial patterns at the population and which can alter the dynamics of a species population. community levels. The loss of potential F.
    [Show full text]
  • Regeneration and Stand Dynamics of Fitzroya Cupressoides
    Forest Ecology and Management 165 (2002) 213–224 Regeneration and stand dynamics of Fitzroya cupressoides (Cupressaceae) forests of southern Chile’s Central Depression Fernando Sillaa,1, Shawn Fravera,*, Antonio Laraa, Theo R. Allnuttb,2, Adrian Newtonb,3 aInstituto de Silvicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile bInstitute of Ecology and Resource Management, The University of Edinburgh, Darwin Building, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, UK Received 26 February 2001; accepted 1 June 2001 Abstract Several populations of Fitzroya cupressoides (Mol.) Johnst. (Cupressaceae, common name ‘‘alerce’’), a threatened, long- lived conifer endemic to southern Chile and parts of Argentina, have recently been found in Chile’s Central Depression, where the species was thought to have been extirpated. The objective of this study was to determine, on eight sites in the Depression, Fitzroya’s regeneration behavior in relation to disturbance, its substrate and cover requirements for establishment, and whether regeneration is by seed or vegetative means. This objective required inspection of tree age-class distributions, analyses of microsite conditions and spatial distributions of Fitzroya individuals, and genetic analysis of Fitzroya trees using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Age-class distributions indicated a ‘‘catastrophic’’ regeneration mode, in which seedling establishment follows stand-devastating disturbance, such as fire. Regeneration was both by seed and vegetative means (root sucker sprouting and layering), although overall, vegetative reproduction was more prevalent (63% of all regeneration). Regeneration from seed occurred primarily under open canopies (<40% cover) and on substrates of humus, moss beds, and coarse woody debris. Spatial analyses revealed clumping at various scales for Fitzroya seedlings, saplings, and trees.
    [Show full text]